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Статті в журналах з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Costs"
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Hannah, Griffiths, and N. Carr Amanda (Mandi). "Potential for silvopastoral systems to control nematode burden in livestock farming in winter rainfall areas of South Australia, Australia." International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research 8, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr.000124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gastrointestinal nematode infections cause significant production losses in ruminants. In southern Australia, the estimated annual cost of internal parasites in sheep, cattle and goats are $436million, $82m and $2.54m, respectively. An over-reliance on anthelmintic treatments has resulted in anthelmintic resistance becoming an increasing concern for producers. Reducing the need for chemical anthelmintics is desirable to lower producer costs and limit the development of anthelmintic resistance. Condensed tannins found in many trees and forages are a plant secondary compound receiving considerable interest as an alternative anthelmintic strategy. Direct anthelmintic effects from condensed tannins are associated with the binding of larval proteins; slowing egg hatching, larval development and exsheathment. Indirect effects are associated with improvements to protein metabolism and immune function within the animal. Several native Australian tree extracts have demonstrated anthelmintic properties, but further research is required to assess their suitability for silvopastoral systems in South Australia.
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Wheeler, Sarah Ann. "Contrasting the beliefs of Australian agricultural professionals about the benefits and costs of genetic engineering and organic agriculture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 12 (2007): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06294.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most research about genetic engineering and organic agriculture has concentrated on the views of consumers and farmers. Given the important role that scientists, extension officers and academics play in creating innovations, influencing farmer adoption and informing the public, a telephone survey targeting these individuals (n = 185) was conducted in mid 2004. The purpose of this survey was to identify the beliefs of agricultural professionals employed in the Australian public sector towards organic agriculture and genetic engineering. The beliefs of agricultural professionals about the benefits and costs of organic agriculture and genetic engineering are compared and contrasted, providing an important benchmark on their views towards these innovations. More professionals believe in the positive net benefits of genetic engineering than those who believe in the positive net benefits of organic agriculture. They believe that genetic engineering will play a vital role in influencing the sustainability of Australian agriculture in the future, namely by increasing production and improving pest and disease management. However, many professionals voiced concerns about the potential costs of genetic engineering, with many citing risk and uncertainty issues and the lack of long-term testing. At the same time, beliefs towards organic agriculture in Australia by agricultural professionals seem to be changing, with nearly two-fifths of those surveyed saying that their beliefs had become more positive towards organic agriculture in the past 5 years. The main benefit of organic agriculture is seen to be a reduction in chemicals. The main limitations are seen to be economic and production difficulties.
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Thomas, P. R., D. Allen, and D. L. McGregor. "Evaluation of combined chemical and biological nutrient removal." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0383.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was undertaken to optimise phosphorus removal by incorporating a chemical dosing facility in an existing biological nutrient removal activated sludge plant at Albury in Australia. Results of pilot plant trials and jar tests indicated that both alum and ferric chloride successfully reduced the orthophosphate concentrations with only a minor variation in the chemical costs. However, alum was chosen as the preferred chemical for use in the full-scale plant and tests showed that alum precipitation combined with biological nutrient removal lowered the orthophosphate (ortho-P) concentrations to as low as 0.01 mg/L with average total phosphorus (total-P) levels of around 0.5 mg/L. It is concluded that maximising total phosphorus removal in the treatment plant would require optimising biological phosphorus removal, applying correct chemical dosages to varying mixed liquor orthophosphate concentrations, adequate mixing, suitable pH values and minimising suspended solids in the clarifier effluent.
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Quayle, Wendy C., Alison Fattore, Roy Zandona, Evan W. Christen, and Michele Arienzo. "Evaluation of organic matter concentration in winery wastewater: a case study from Australia." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 10 (November 1, 2009): 2521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.688.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) remains a key indicator for proof of compliance with environmental regulators in the monitoring and management of winery effluent. Inter-conversion factors from alternative tests that are more rapid, accurate and simpler to perform have been determined that allow prediction of BOD5 in winery wastewaters, generally, and at different stages of production and treatment. Mean values obtained from this dataset offer rule of thumb inter-conversion factors: BOD5 = 0.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), BOD5 = 2.3 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and BOD5 = 2.7 Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). Specific predictive linear relationships are also provided. Out of the relationships between BOD5vs COD, TOC and DOC, in winery wastewater, irrespective of vintage or non-vintage production periods and stage of treatment, TOC offered the most reliable prediction of BOD5. Ethanol, glucose and fructose were evaluated in untreated wastewater as predictors of BOD5 due to their high specificity in winery effluent. A significant relationship was determined between BOD5 and (ethanol + glucose + fructose; R2 = 0.64, n = 19; p < 0.05), but relationships between BOD5 and ethanol and BOD5vs (glucose + fructose) were weak (R2 = 0.45 and 0.34; n = 19; p < 0.05 respectively,). There was a very strong linear correlation (y = 0.9767x + 52.8; R2 = 0.97; n = 23; p < 0.05) in COD data in winery effluents when using a commercially available mercury free test kit compared with using a traditional COD test kit that contained mercury. This suggests that mercury free COD test kits could be used by the wine industry for organic pollution assessment with associated reductions to user and environmental risk, as well as reducing the costs of kit waste disposal.
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Dave, N., T. Do, D. Palfreyman, and P. H. M. Feron. "Impact of liquid absorption process development on the costs of post-combustion capture in Australian coal-fired power stations." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 89, no. 9 (September 2011): 1625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2010.09.010.
Повний текст джерела
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Charles, W., R. Cord-Ruwisch, G. Ho, M. Costa, and P. Spencer. "Solutions to a combined problem of excessive hydrogen sulfide in biogas and struvite scaling." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 6 (March 1, 2006): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.198.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Woodman Point Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Western Australia has experienced two separate problems causing avoidable maintenance costs: the build-up of massive struvite (MgNH4PO4· 6H2O) scaling downstream of the anaerobic digester and the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels in the digester gas to levels that compromised gas engine operation and caused high operating costs on the gas scrubber. As both problems hang together with a chemical imbalance in the anaerobic digester, we decided to investigate whether both problems could be (feasibly and economically) addressed by a common solution (such as dosing of iron solutions to precipitate both sulfide and phosphate), or by using separate approaches. Laboratory results showed that, the hydrogen sulfide emission in digesters could be effectively and economically controlled by the addition of iron dosing. Slightly higher than the theoretical value of 1.5 mol of FeCl3 was required to precipitate 1 mol of dissolved sulfide inside the digester. Due to the high concentration of PO43− in the digested sludge liquor, significantly higher iron is required for struvite precipitation. Iron dosing did not appear an economic solution for struvite control via iron phosphate formation. By taking advantage of the natural tendency of struvite formation in the digester liquid, it is possible to reduce the risk of struvite precipitation in and around the sludge-dewatering centrifuge by increasing the pH to precipitate struvite out before passing through the centrifuge. However, as the Mg2+ /PO43− molar ratio in digested sludge was low, by increasing the pH alone (using NaOH) the precipitation of PO43− was limited by the amount of cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+ ) available in the sludge. Although this would reduce struvite precipitation in the centrifuge, it could not significantly reduce PO43− recycling back to the plant. For long-term operation, maximum PO43− reduction should be the ultimate aim to minimise PO43− accumulation in the plant. Magnesium hydroxide liquid (MHL) was found to be the most cost-effective chemical to achieve this goal. It enhanced struvite precipitation from both, digested sludge and centrate to the point where more than 95% PO43− reduction in the digested sludge was achieved.
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Thomas, M., P. Wright, L. Blackall, V. Urbain, and J. Keller. "Optimisation of Noosa BNR plant to improve performance and reduce operating costs." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (June 1, 2003): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Noosa WWTP is publicly owned and privately operated by Australian Water Services. The process includes primary sedimentation, raw sludge fermentation, biological nutrient removal (BNR), sand filtration and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. An innovative feature of the plant is the supplementary carbon dosing facility to avoid the use of metal salts (alum or ferric) for phosphorus removal. The average flow treated during 2000 was 9.0 ML/d. The annual 50 percentile effluent quality requirements for nutrients are total N < 5 mg/L and total P < 1 mg/L. The objectives of this project were to: determine the cause of variability in phosphorus removal; develop a strategy to control the variability in phosphorus removal; and minimise the operating cost of supplementary carbon dosing while achieving the effluent quality requirements. An investigation of chemical and microbiological parameters was implemented and it was concluded that there were several factors causing variability in phosphorus removal, rather than a single cause. The following four major causes were identified, and the control strategies that were adopted resulted in the plant achieving annual 50 percentile effluent total P = 0.37 mg/L and total N = 3.0 mg/L during 2001. First, phosphorus removal was limited by the available VFA supply due to consumption of VFA by other organisms competing with phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO), and due to diurnal variations in the sewage VFA and phosphate concentrations. Therefore, supplementary carbon dosing was essential to make allowance for competing reactions. Second, increasing the fermenter VFA yield via supplementary carbon dosing with molasses was found to be an effective and economic way of ensuring reliable phosphorus removal. Third, nitrate in the RAS resulted in consumption of VFA by denitrifying bacteria, particularly with process configurations where the RAS was recycled directly into the anaerobic zone. Incorporating a RAS denitrification zone into the process rectified this problem. Finally, glycogen accumulating organisms (GAO) were observed in BNR sludge samples, and consumption of VFA by GAO appeared to cause decreased phosphorus removal. Better phosphorus removal was obtained using VFA derived from the fermenter than dosing an equivalent amount of acetic acid. It was hypothesized that GAO have a competitive advantage to use acetate and PAO have a competitive advantage to use propionate, butyrate or some other soluble COD compound in the fermenter effluent. Contrary to popular belief, acetate may not be the optimum VFA for biological phosphorus removal. The competition between PAO and GAO for different VFA species under anaerobic conditions requires further investigation in order to control the growth of GAO and thereby improve reliability of biological phosphorus removal processes.
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Varshavsky, A. E., and V. V. Dubinina. "Global Trends and Directions of Development of Industrial Robots." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 11, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 294–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2020.11.3.294-319.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: the main purpose of this article is to analyze the main trends and directions of development of industrial robots, as well as the problems associated with their distribution. To achieve these goals, the following tasks were solved: analysis of the dynamics of the stock of industrial robots, the structure of the stock of robots by region (Europe, America, Asia / Australia), as well as the annual volumes and structure of world sales of robots by key industries; analysis of the main tasks of industrial robots, performed by them in these industries, and the directions of their use; analyze the dynamics of the robot fleet by industry in different countries (Japan, USA, South Korea, China, Germany, etc.); analysis of indicators and problems of using industrial robots in Russia.Methods: the research methodology consists in a comparative analysis of the use of industrial robots in different industries (automotive, food, chemical, electronic, etc.) based on statistical data by country. A systematic approach, tabular and graphical interpretation of information was applied, analysis of the dynamics of the levels of the time series, the calculation of growth indices of indicators.Results: the analysis showed that the use of industrial robots reduces injuries at the workplace, production costs and improves the quality of the final product, productivity, flexibility and safety, which contributes to a significant increase in their use in both developed and developing countries.Conclusions and Relevance: recently, robotization has become available even in non-industrial countries. The introduction of robotization into production processes increases the competitiveness of the economy. The acceleration of digitalization and automation, as well as the ease of use of industrial robots, are driving their proliferation. In Russia, the wider use of industrial robots, the development of the industrial Internet of things and the implementation of digitalization are possible only on the basis of the restoration and further development of mechanical engineering, electronic and other manufacturing industries.
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Engelhardt, F. R. "Remote Sensing for Oil Spill Detection and Response." Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971010103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Remote sensing is useful in several modes of oil spill control, including large area surveillance, site specific monitoring and tactical assistance in emergencies. Remote sensing is able to provide essential information to enhance strategic and tactical decision-making, potentially reducing incidence of spills by providing a deterrent factor, decreasing response costs by facilitating rapid oil recovery and ultimately minimising impact. Marine oil spills can be separated into two categories of relevance to the type of remote sensing technology which might be used to detect and respond to the incident. A first category is non-accidental discharges, which can include incidental losses from vessels due to hull or equipment leaks, as well as oil discharged intentionally during deballasting and tank-cleaning activities. While these non-accidental discharges tend to be small in themselves, they are frequent and contribute much more to the overall introduction of oil to the marine environment than accidental spills, and are of increasing international regulatory concern. Accidental spills are much less frequent, but typically involves much larger releases of oil. Such oil spills are high profile events for which rapid and effective emergency response is needed to contain and recover the spilled oil. In many countries, an appropriate and effective response capability is required by law, such as demanded by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 in the US, as well as by recent amendments to the Canada Shipping Act in Canada. There is a growing recognition that using remote sensing, especially airborne, to aid cleanup response efforts can mitigate the effects of oil on the environment, as well as reduce cleanup costs. Airborne remote sensing sensing in the support of spill response operations has a mixed level of interest by spill responders when viewed globally. In the US, for instance, airborne remote has had varying degrees of success in meeting operational expectations, and thus is not yet fully integrated into national, regional and area response plans and operations. By comparison, the record of successful use in the UK, for instance, is such that remote sensing support is contracted by the UK Coast Guard on a stand-by basis and used routinely when a significant spill occurs. As another example, airborne remote sensing technologies are now being adopted by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority to support its spill response actions. Low altitude aircraft have proven to be the most effective tactical method for obtaining information about spills and assisting in spill response. Combined with accurate oil drift computer model forecasting, these two methods were the primary strategic tools used for environmental response planning during the IXTOC-1 and Arabian Gulf spills, although less useful for guiding tactical operations (Pavia and Payton, 1983; Cekirge et al., 1992). Conversely, essential tactical support was provided by aerial remote sensing for the application of dispersants, a major spill response in the Sea Empress spill in Southwest Wales (Harris, 1997; Lunel et al., 1997). Currently, the use of imaging satellites for spill response is restricted because of limited spatial resolution, slow revisit times and often long delays in receipt of processed image data. The topic of oil spill monitoring by imaging satellites has been reviewed by Bern (1993a,b). There are significant advances being made, however, to increase resolution and coverage, as well as in the speed of image product delivery. Sensing oil on water by satellites appears best suited for routine surveillance purposes. There are synergisms in protecting the environment and property from oil spills which can be achieved by an integrated approach which draws on the remote sensing advantages of airborne and satellite imaging technology. There are many potential users of such remote sensing information, in government and private sector organisations. Government authorities use such information in surveillance, for example in the North and Baltic Seas, detecting spills when they occur and for identification of the spiller, which could be a vessel discharging illegally. Many government organisations also maintain an organised oil spill response capability, which would be supported by remote sensing information in oil spill response operations. The private sector includes the primary oil industry operating globally, and oil transporters, which carry responsibility and potential liability in the event of a spill. Other potential users are oil spill response organisations which might offer a sub-contracted remote sensing capability to their clients. Other private sector groups include the insurers for the shipping industry, who are directly and immediately interested in keeping both the costs of the response and oil spill impact damage as low as possible. The news media is a additional potential user, interested in quality graphical representation of the oil spill, as is true for any disaster event.
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Techera, Erika. "Australia." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-07010008.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Costs"
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Leamon, Gregory Robert Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Petroleum well costs." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Petroleum Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30599.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is the first academic study of well costs and drilling times for Australia???s petroleum producing basins, both onshore and offshore. I analyse a substantial database of well times and costs sourced from government databases, industry and over 400 recent well completion reports. Three well phases are studied - Pre-Spud, Drilling and Completion. Relationships between well cost factors are considered, including phase time, phase cost, daily cost, rig day rate, well depth, basin, rig type, water depth, well direction, well objective (e.g. exploration), and type of completion (P&A or producer). Times and costs are analysed using scatter plots, frequency distributions, correlation and regression analyses. Drilling times are analysed for the period 1980 to 2004. Well time and variability in well time tend to increase exponentially with well depth. Technical Limits are defined for both onshore and offshore drilling times to indicate best performance. Well costs are analysed for the period 1996 to 2004. Well costs were relatively stable for this period. Long term increases in daily costs were offset to some extent by reductions in drilling times. Onshore regions studied include the Cooper/Eromanga, Surat/Bowen, Otway and Perth Basins. Offshore regions studied include the Carnarvon Basin shallow and deepwater, the Timor Sea and Victorian Basins. Correlations between regional well cost and well depth are usually high. Well costs are estimated based on well location, well depth, daily costs and type of completion. In 2003, the cost of exploration wells in Australia ranged from A$100,000 for shallow coal seam gas wells in the Surat/Bowen Basins to over A$50 million for the deepwater well Gnarlyknots-1 in the Great Australian Bight. Future well costs are expected to be substantially higher for some regions. This study proposes methods to index historical daily costs to future rig day rates as a means for estimating future well costs. Regional well cost models are particularly useful for the economic evaluation of CO2 storage sites which will require substantial numbers of petroleum-type wells.
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Clare, Steven S., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Optimising the antioxidant content of red wine." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Clare_S.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/569.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the study presented in this thesis was to assess the impact of manipulations to red winemaking unit operations on the concentration of cis- and trans-resveratrol and resveratrol glucoside isomers in the resultant wines. An existing sensitive reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography 'RP-HPLC' method was optimised to detect these compounds in wine, which permitted excellent peak resolution. The influence of four fermentative yeast strains belonging to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae species on the content of these compounds in Vitis Vinifera L. cv. Shiraz grape musts during alcoholic fermentation was assessed.The influence of malo-lactic fermentation 'MLF' in Shiraz wine was assessed using three different commercial strains. The kinetics of extraction during extended maceration was studied over a period of 21 days.The effect of various pomace contacting maceration methods on the level of cis- and trans-resveratrol and resveratrol glucoside isomers was investigated in Vitus Vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grape musts during alcoholic fermentation. The fate of resveratrol and piceid isomers in fortified red wine(port) was studied during the first six months of maturation in either glass or new oak vessels. The primary wine was derived from Shiraz concentrate. The various tests are discussed in detail and results givenDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Altman, Arthur H. "Applying run-by-run process control to chemical-mechanical planarization and assessing insertion costs versus benefits of CMP." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37766.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1995, and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-89).
by Arthur H. Altman.
M.S.
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Hashtroudi, Hanie. "Using agricultural wastes to treat lead-contaminated water in Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aqueous solutions are becoming increasingly contaminated in all parts of the world (2015). Heavy metals are toxic contaminants that are mainly distributed in urban stormwater run-off and industrial wastewaters as a result of some mining operations, electronic assembly planting, battery manufacturing, and etching operations (Kadirvelu et al. 2001). Pb (II) is a heavy metal that causes significant damage in the human body. Drinking lead-contaminated water even at low concentrations may cause lifethreatening conditions such as cancer, kidney damage, brain damage, and liver problems (El-Said 2010). Therefore, it is necessary to remove lead from aqueous solutions.
Several conventional physical, chemical, and biological systems have been used to eliminate Pb (II) ions from contaminated aqueous solutions, including membrane filtration (Song et al. 2011), electrolysis (Deng et al. 2010), chemical precipitation (Cort 2005), magnetic base methods (Ma et al. 2017), water filtration (Gohari et al. 2013, Magni et al. 2015), and adsorption techniques (Pehlivan et al. 2009). However, the cost of some of the cited techniques is prohibitively high, while others cannot remove low Pb (II) ion concentrations efficiently (Babel and Kurniawan 2003, Volesky and Holan 1995). Although adsorption is a reasonable process for removing dissolved lead from contaminated water, the cost of using conventional media (e.g. activated carbon and resin) make it cost inhibitive for the treatment of large quantities of wastewater (Cutillas-Barreiro et al. 2016, Demirbas 2008). It also takes a long time in some cases to achieve adsorption equilibrium (Czinkota et al. 2002).
In recent decades, interest in the use of cost-effective adsorbents to reduce the expense of water treatment processes has intensified. Attention has been focused on natural agricultural waste materials such as seeds (Gilbert et al. 2011), fruit peel (Mallampati et al. 2015), nut shells (Taşar et al. 2014) , crop residues (El-Said 2010), and fruit shells (Zein et al. 2010) as low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbents which are highly efficient and generally available in large quantities (Ibrahim et al. 2010).
Against this backdrop, many agricultural residues are being produced every day, and they need to be managed. Using agricultural wastes to treat contaminated water is a low-cost and effective approach that deal with waste management and water treatment at the same time. This project describes an economically viable and practical way to utilize crop residues as adsorbents to remove toxic Pb (II) ions from lead-contaminated water. These agricultural waste adsorbents have a number of advantages; they are cheap and biodegradable, they have a porous surface, and are able to eliminate Pb (II) ions from contaminated water quickly and effectively.
Therefore, in this research two Western Australian crop residues were used as adsorbents to eliminate lead ions from aqueous solutions. The study was carried out in four phases: the first phase involved the selection and preparation of different local Western Australian agricultural wastes. Lupin straw and canola stalk were collected from local farms and studied for their efficiency as two low-cost natural adsorbents that can remove dissolved Pb2+ ions from synthetic wastewater.
In the second phase, experiments were carried out to understand the equilibria of Pb (II) adsorption onto adsorbents. The effect of various environmental conditions such as contact time, pH, initial adsorbent dosage and adsorbate concentration were investigated.
The presence of different functional groups, chemical compositions, and the surface characteristics of the adsorbents were analysed in the third phase using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) devices. In the final phase, the obtained experimental data were validated using different isotherm models developed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Harkins-Jura, Redlich- Peterson and Halsey to describe the adsorption process based on the homogeneity of the surfaces of the adsorbents. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, Elovich, and fractional power kinetic models were utilized to investigate the dynamic mechanism of lead adsorption onto adsorbents over time.
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Tirado, Sandra M. "Effects Of Turning Frequency, Pile Size And Season On Physical, Chemical And Biological Properties During Composting Of Dairy Manure/Sawdust (Dm+S)." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1218133685.
Повний текст джерела
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Assis, Camilla Abbati de. "Análise técnico-econômica em estágios preliminares de projeto de processos - estudo de caso : planta de ácido nítrico." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266679.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientadores: Roger Josef Zemp, Valdir Apolinário de FreitasDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:39:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assis_CamillaAbbatide_M.pdf: 6993835 bytes, checksum: 7d87e3705f4d5bf8e95ea91406ca5a5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Um projeto de engenharia e realizado em cinco etapas consecutivas: planejamento do negocio, desenvolvimento do escopo, definição do projeto, execução (engenharia de detalhamento e construção) e, finalmente, partida e operacao. Muitas vezes percebe-se, na conclusão das etapas de desenvolvimento do escopo e de definição do projeto, apos intenso uso de tempo e de recursos, que o projeto não e mais viável economicamente, sendo abandonado ou reestudado. Decisões de projeto tomadas no inicio da concepção determinam configurações que afetarão permanentemente investimentos e custos operacionais. A engenharia de processos pode aliar conhecimentos técnicos a conceitos econômicos nas etapas iniciais, a fim de avaliar o impacto das decisões de configuração na viabilidade do projeto. Apesar de parecer natural, essa não e uma pratica comum na industria. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma analise técnico-econômica de alternativas de configuração em estágios preliminares de um projeto. Para tal, será utilizado como estudo de caso o processo produtivo de acido nítrico a partir da combustão de amônia, em duas situações distintas: projeto de uma planta nova (síntese) e projeto de modificação de uma planta existente (revamp). A partir de analises simples, utilizando ferramentas que facilitam a avaliação da influencia de parâmetros no projeto, serão analisados os impactos das variações desses parâmetros em diferentes propostas de configurações
Abstract: An Engineering Project happens in 5 consecutive steps: business assessment, scope development, project definition, execution (detailed engineering and construction) and, finally, startup and operations. Many times, in the conclusion of the scope development and project definition steps, after intense use of time and resources, one realizes that the project is not economic feasible anymore, being abandoned or restudied. Project decisions taken in the early stages of design determine configurations that will affect permanently the investments and operational costs. The process engineering can combine technical knowledge to economic concepts at the early stages, to evaluate the impact of configurations decisions in the feasibility of the project. Although this may seem natural, it's not a common practice in the industry. In this context, this work aims to make a techno-economic analysis of configuration alternatives at the preliminary stages of a project. For this purpose, it will be used as a case study the production process of the nitric acid through the ammonia combustion, in two different situations: project of a new plant (synthesis) and project of modification in an existing plant (revamp). Through simple analysis, using tools that facilitate the evaluation of the parameters influence in the project, the impacts of the variations of these parameters in different alternatives of configuration will be evaluated
Mestrado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Mestra em Engenharia Química
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Svanberg, Frisinger Maja-Stina. "Technoeconomical evaluation of small-scale CO2 liquefaction using Aspen Plus." Thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299662.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Syftet med den här studien är att göra en teknoekonomisk utvärdering av processer för förvätskning av CO2 med hjälp av Aspen Plus. Ett flertal förvätskningsprocesser från tidigare studier jämfördes och från dessa valdes två förvätskningsprocesser ut för fortsatta studier och simuleringar. Dessa två förvätskningsprocesser var ett internt kylt förvätskningssystem och ett externt kylt förvätskningssystem av Øi et al., Energy Procedia 86 (2016) 500-510, som kallats system A, samt av Seo et al., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 35 (2015) 1-12 kallat system B. Dessa två olika processer simulerades för teknisk analys med hjälp av Aspen Plus. Aspen Economical Analyzer (AEA) användes för att göra den ekonomiska analysen. I dessa simuleringar användes ett massflöde på 45 ton/h inkluderat vatteninnehåll, i jämförelse med tidigare studier med högre massflöden runt 100 ton/h. Elektricitet-och kylbehovet undersöktes i ett flertal olika fall med varierande kyltemperatur mellan kompressorerna. Två fall med integrering av fjärrvärme samt två fall med en värmepump undersöktes också med varierande återgående temperatur på fjärrvärmevattnet. Detta gjordes för att undersöka hur mycket värme som kan tillvaratas från förvätskningsprocessen. Vidare bestämdes även investeringskostnader samt driftskostnader med hjälp av AEA. Från detta bestämdes även den årliga kostnaden av kapitalet, CAPEX, och kostnaden att förvätska CO2 räknades ut i form av €/ton. Resultaten visade att integrering av fjärrvärme samt värmepumpar är användbart för att tillvarata på så mycket värme som möjligt från förvätskningssystemen. I de fall med en värmepump samt en återgående temperatur på 47°C i fjärrvärmenätet hade ett COP på 3.07 samt 3.15 för system A samt system B vardera. Kostanden att förvätska CO2 var 17.42 €/ton för system A samt 17.75 €/ton för system B utan använding av en värmepump samt en återgående temperatur på 47°C i fjärrvärmenätet. Vid integrering av en värmepump gick kostnaden av förvätskning upp till 20.85 €/ton för system A samt 21.69 €/ton för system B. Kostnaden av förvätskning dominerades av driftskostnader med kostnaden av kapitalet har en mindre påverkan. Utnyttjandegraden har även en stor påverkan på kostanden av förvätskning, då lägre kapaciteter visade sig leda till markant högre förvätskningskostnader. När intäkterna från fjärrvärmeproduktionen adderades till kostnadskalkylen, minskade kostnaden av förvätskning, speciellt för de system med en värmepump, där priset minskade till 10.26 €/ton för system A eller 10.98 €/ton för system B. I linje med tidigare studier pekar även dessa resultat på att det ekonomiska optimumet sammanfaller med energioptimum. Resultaten visade även att system A, det internt kylda systemet, hade den lägsta förvätskningskostanden och minsta elektricitetsförbrukningen med och utan värmepump, och därför är system A optimalt för småskalig CO2 förvätskning.The aim of this study is to do a technoeconomical analysis on CO2 liquefaction systems using Aspen Plus. Several liquefaction systems from previous studies were compared, and from these, two liquefaction systems were chosen for further studies and simulations. These liquefaction systems were namely an internal liquefaction system and an external liquefaction system by Øi et al., Energy Procedia 86 (2016) 500-510, called system A and Seo et al., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 35 (2015) 1-12, called system B. These systems were simulated for technical analysis using Aspen Plus, and Aspen Economical Analyzer (AEA) was used for economical studies. A small-scale liquefaction system was studied with a mass flow rate of 45 tonne/h including the water content, as compared to other studies with higher mass flow rates of around 100 tonne/h. The electricity demand and cooling demand were studied in several cases of interstage cooling between compressors. Furthermore, two cases of district heating as well as two cases of heat pumps were studied with varying return temperatures of the district heating water. This was done to study how much heat could be recovered from the liquefaction process. Furthermore, the capital expenses as well as the operating expenses were also determined using AEA. From this, the annual CAPEX and the cost of CO2 was calculated in terms of €/tonne CO2. The results showed that district heating and heat pumps can be useful to recover heat from the liquefaction processes. The simulations that included a heat pump and assumed a return temperature of 47°C had a COP of 3.07 and 3.15 for system A and B respectively. The determined cost of production was 17.42 €/tonne for system A and 17.75 €/tonne for system B when not using a heat pump and a return temperature of 47°C in the district heating grid. However, when adding a heat pump the total production cost (TPC) increased to 20.85 €/tonne for system A, and 21.69 €/tonne for system B. It was also shown that the TPC is highly dominated by the operating expenses while the total capital investment has a smaller impact on the TPC. The capacity is also important for the TPC as lower capacities was shown to lead to significantly increased production costs. When taking the revenue streams from district heating into account the TPC was decreased, in particular for the systems including the heat pumps, where the TPC for system A was 10.26 €/tonne while for system B it was 10.98 €/tonne. In accordance with previous studies it was shown that the economical optimum is closely related to the energy optimum. It was concluded that as system A, the internal liquefaction system, had the lowest TPC and electricity input with and without the heat pump and thus it is the optimal configuration for small-scale CO2 liquefaction.
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Biscos, Cedric P. G. "Optimal operation of a water distribution network by predictive control using MINLP." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this research project is to develop new software tools capable of operational
optimisation of existing, large-scale water distribution networks. Since pumping operations
represent the main operating cost of any water supply scheme, the optimisation problem is
equivalent to providing a new sequence for pumping operations that makes better use of the
different electricity tariff structures available to the operators of distribution systems. The
minimisation of pumping costs can be achieved by using an optimal schedule that will allow
best use of gravitational flows, and restriction of pumping to low-cost power periods as far as
possible.
A secondary objective of the operational optimisation is to maintain the desired level of
disinfectant chlorine at the point of delivery to consumers. There is a steady loss of chlorine
with residence time in the system. If the level drops too low there is a risk of bacterial activity.
Re-dosage points are sometimes provided in the network. Conversely, too high a level produces
an unacceptable odour.
The combinatation of dynamic elements (reservoir volumes and chlorine concentration responses)
and discrete elements (pump stati and valve positions) makes this a challenging Model
Predictive Control (MPC) and constrained optimisation problem, which was solved using
MINLP (Mixed Integer Non-linear Programming). The MINLP algorithm was selected for its
ability to handle a large number of integer choices (valves open or shut / pumps on or off in this
particular case).
A model is defined on the basis of a standard element, viz. a vessel containing a variable volume, capable of receiving multiple inputs and delivering just two outputs. The physical properties of
an element can be defined in such a way as to allow representation of any item in the actual
network: pipes (including junctions and splits), reservoirs, and of course, valves or pumps. The
overall network is defined by the inter-linking of a number of standard elements. Once the
network has been created within the model, the model predictive control algorithm minimises a
penalty function on each time-step, over a defined time horizon from the present, with all
variables also obeying defined constraints in this horizon. This constrained non-linear
optimization requires an estimate of expected consumer demand profile, which is obtained from
historical data stored by the SCADA system monitoring the network. Electricity cost patterns,
valve positions, pump characteristics, and reservoir properties (volumes, emergency levels,
setpoints) are some of the parameters required for the operational optimisation of the system.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2004.
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Ordorica, Garcia Jesus Guillermo. "Development of Optimal Energy Infrastructures for the Oil Sands Industry in a CO₂-constrained World." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3345.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Western Canadian bitumen is becoming a predominant source of energy for North American markets. The bitumen extraction and upgrading processes in the oil sands industry require vast quantities of energy, in the form of power, H2, steam, hot water, diesel fuel, and natural gas. These energy commodities are almost entirely produced using fossil feedstocks/fuels, which results in significant CO2 atmospheric emissions.
CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies are recognized as viable means to mitigate CO2 emissions. Coupling CCS technologies to H2 and power plants can drastically reduce the CO2 emissions intensity of the oil sands industry. The CO2 streams from such plants can be used in Enhanced Oil Recovery, Enhanced Coal Bed Methane, and underground CO2 storage. The above CO2 sinks currently exist in Alberta and roughly half of its territory is deemed suitable for geological storage of CO2.
This study investigates the relationship between energy demands, energy costs and CO2 emissions associated with current and proposed oil sands operations using various energy production technologies. Accordingly, two computer models have been developed to serve as energy planning and economic optimization tools for the public and private sectors. The first model is an industry-wide mathematical model, called the Oil Sands Operations Model (OSOM). It serves to quantify the demands for power, H2, steam, hot water, process fuel, and diesel fuel of the oil sands industry for given production levels of bitumen and synthetic crude oil (SCO), by mining and/or thermal extraction techniques. The second model is an optimal economic planning model for large-scale energy production featuring CCS technologies to reduce CO2 emissions in the oil sands industry. Its goal is to feasibly answer the question: What is the optimal combination of energy production technologies, feedstocks, and CO2 capture processes to use in the oil sands industry that will satisfy energy demands at minimal cost while attaining CO2 reduction targets for given SCO and bitumen production levels?
In 2003, steam, H2, and power production are the leading sources of CO2 emissions, accounting for approximately 80% of the total emissions of the oil sands industry. The CO2 intensities calculated by the OSOM range from 0.080 to 0.087 tonne CO2 eq/bbl for SCO and 0.037 tonne CO2 eq/bbl for bitumen. The energy costs in 2003 are $13.63/bbl and $5.37/bbl for SCO and bitumen, respectively.
The results from the OSOM indicate that demands for steam, H2, and power will catapult between 2003 and 2030. Steam demands for thermal bitumen extraction will triple between 2003-2012 and triple again between 2012-2030. The H2 demands of the oil sands industry will triple by 2012 and grow by a factor of 2.7 thereafter. Power demands will roughly double between 2003 and 2012 and increase by a factor of 2.4 by 2030.
The optimal energy infrastructures featured in this work reveal that natural gas oxyfuel and combined-cycle power plants plus coal gasification H2 plants with CO2 capture hold the greatest promise for optimal CO2-constrained oil sands operations.
In 2012, the maximum CO2 reduction level attainable with the optimal infrastructure is 25% while in 2030 this figure is 39% with respect to “business as usual” emissions. The optimal energy costs at maximum CO2 reduction in 2012 are $21.43/bbl (mined SCO), $22.48/bbl (thermal SCO) and $7.86/bbl (bitumen). In 2030, these costs are $29.49/bbl (mined SCO), $31.03/bbl (thermal SCO), and $10.32/bbl (bitumen). CO2 transport and storage costs account for between 2-5% of the total energy costs of SCO and are negligible in the case of bitumen.
The optimal energy infrastructures are mostly insensitive to variations in H2 and power plant capital costs. The energy costs are sensitive to changes in natural gas prices and insensitive to changes in coal prices. Variations in CO2 transport and storage costs have little impact on SCO energy costs and a null impact on bitumen energy costs. Likewise, all energy costs are insensitive to changes in the length of the CO2 pipeline for transport.
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Xie, Zongli. "Hybrid organic-inorganic pervaporation membranes for desalination." Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/21443/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Membrane desalination using reverse osmosis (RO) has been the leading candidate technology
for supplying fresh water in recent years. However, there is a strong motivation for improving
the established membrane process and/or developing alternative membrane technologies to
overcome the limitations of high energy cost and brine discharge problems of RO technology. In
the later context, pervaporation is a potential membrane technology as it has the advantage that
the energy need is essentially independent of the concentration of the salt feed water. The
pervaporation process combines the evaporation of volatile components of a mixture with their
permeation through a nonporous polymeric membrane under reduced pressure conditions. In
desalination applications, pervaporation has the advantage of near 100% of salt rejection. The
pervaporation of an aqueous salt solution can be regarded as separation of a pseudo-liquid
mixture containing free water molecules and bulkier hydrated ions formed in solution upon
dissociation of the salt in water. Previous studies have demonstrated the possibility of applying
pervaporation to produce distilled water from aqueous salt solutions. However, the water flux
reported in the literature so far is generally quite low (<6 kg/m2·hr). It is believed that one of the
main limitations for desalination using pervaporation is the lack of the high performance
membranes with both high permeate flux and good salt rejection.
Книги з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Costs"
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Chemical engineering economics. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989.
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2
Brennan, David. Process industry economics. Warwickshire: Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1998.
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3
Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference (23rd 1995 Adelaide, S. Aust.). CHEMECA '95: 23rd Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference proceedings : winning in world markets : Adelaide, South Australia, September 24-27, 1995. Barton, A.C.T: Institution of Engineers, Australia, 1995.
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Foundation, Hermon Slade Raiatea, ed. The polymer story: A family's journey in Australian chemical science. Mona Vale, NSW: Hermon Slade Raiatea Foundation, 2007.
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Perth), Chemica '94 (Chemical Engineering Conference) (1994. Chemica '94: Chemical Engineering Conference : process technology : Australia's opportunity : conference proceedings : 25-28 September 1994, Hyatt Regency, Perth, Western Australia. [S.l.]: [S.n.], 1994.
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6
Australasian Asian Pacific Conference on Aluminium Cast House Technology (8th 2003 Brisbane, Australia). Aluminium cast house technology: Eighth Australasian Conference [on] Aluminium Cast House Technology : this International Conference was supported by the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Melbourne, and was held during 14-17 September, 2003, at the Sheraton Hotel & Towers, Brisbane, Australia. Warrendale, Pa: Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2003.
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Garrett, Donald E. Chemical Engineering Economics. Springer, 2012.
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Process Industry Economics: Principles, Concepts and Applications. Elsevier, 2020.
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Process Industry Economics: Principles, Concepts and Applications, 2nd Ed. Elsevier, 2020.
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CHEMECA '95: 23rd Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference proceedings : winning in world markets : Adelaide, South Australia, September 24-27, 1995. Institution of Engineers, Australia, 1995.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Costs"
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Shi, Yingkun, and Ruili Xu. "Influence of terrains and weather on wildfires in Australia." In Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering Volume 1, 639–50. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003330165-93.
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Towler, Gavin, and Ray Sinnott. "Estimating Revenues and Production Costs." In Chemical Engineering Design, 355–87. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-096659-5.00008-0.
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Towler, Gavin, and Ray Sinnott. "Estimating revenues and production costs." In Chemical Engineering Design, 279–304. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821179-3.00008-x.
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Hadera, Hubert, Iiro Harjunkoski, Ignacio E. Grossmann, Guido Sand, and Sebastian Engell. "Steel Production Scheduling Optimization under Time-sensitive Electricity Costs." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 373–78. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63456-6.50063-6.
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Bongers, Peter, and Cristhian Almeida-Rivera. "Optimal run length in Factory operations to reduce overall costs." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 900–904. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53711-9.50180-2.
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Serna-González, Medardo, José María Ponce-Ortega, and Oscar Burgara-Montero. "Total Cost Trageting for Heat Exchanger Networks Including Pumping Costs." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 1135–40. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-7946(10)28190-7.
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Mota, Bruna, Maria Isabel Gomes, and Ana Paula Barbosa-Póvoa. "Towards supply chain sustainability: balancing costs with environmental and social impacts." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 895–900. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63234-0.50150-0.
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Deng, Yushi, Shuang Xu, Kylie Webb, Harrison Wright, Paul S. Dimick, Selen Cremaschi, and Mario R. Eden. "Sensitivity Analysis of Desulfurization Costs for Small-Scale Natural Gas Sweetening Units." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 973–78. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823377-1.50163-4.
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Bique, Anton Ochoa, Leonardo K. K. Maia, Fabio La Mantia, Davide Manca, and Edwin Zondervan. "Balancing Costs, Safety and CO2 Emissions in the Design of Hydrogen Supply Chains." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 603–8. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64235-6.50108-x.
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Furtado, Pedro, Maria Isabel Gomes, and Ana Paula Barbosa-Povoa. "Design of an electric and electronic equipment recovery network in Portugal - Costs vs. Sustainability." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 1200–1204. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-54298-4.50019-2.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Costs"
1
Rahman Sabuj, Md Atikur, Umesh Chandra Biswas, and Kamrul Hasan Talukder. "A Modified Approach to Huffman Algorithm for Unequal Bit Costs." In 2018 International Conference on Computer, Communication, Chemical, Material and Electronic Engineering (IC4ME2). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic4me2.2018.8465656.
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O’Neill, Lee, Geoff Cole, and Beverley Ronalds. "Development of a Decommissioning Cost Model for Australian Offshore Platforms." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67367.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Experience has shown that regional factors can contribute to significant variability in decommissioning costs for offshore platforms. Nevertheless, previous studies aimed at estimating decommissioning costs have been valuable inputs for operators, regulators and decommissioning contractors as they develop abandonment and decommissioning strategies and public policy. Estimated costs associated with decommissioning offshore oil and gas platforms in Australia have not been reported widely in the open literature. This paper summarises the physical and regulatory environment in Australia, and develops a cost model which reflects the decommissioning challenges for fixed platforms in this remote region. This cost model could be readily applied to other remote petroleum provinces provided that mobilization times and the nature of the local ocean environment are known. The total cost of decommissioning all 39 current fixed platforms in Australian waters is estimated to be between US$845 and US$1044 million.
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Schiehlen, Werner, and Marko Ackermann. "Estimation of Metabolical Costs for Human Locomotion." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84229.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Metabolical energy is the chemical energy consumed by skeletal muscles to generate force. This quantity is useful to understand the comfort of human gait and to evaluate, in terms of effort required, the performance of devices or therapies designed to improve gait quality of persons presenting gait disorders. Firstly, this paper presents the frequently used estimations of energy expenditure based lonely on joint torques and mechanical costs obtained by inverse dynamics of passive and active walking devices. Secondly, a more advanced approach is discussed consisting of modeling the musculoskeletal system with Hill-type phenomenological muscle models and computing the metabolical expenditure adopting expressions recently proposed in the literature. As an example a musculoskeletal model of the lower limb in the sagittal plane consisting of thigh, shank and foot with three degrees of freedom and actuated by eight muscles is considered. This model is used to estimate metabolical costs for known normal gait kinematical data obtained in a gait analysis laboratory.
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Chan, C. C. S., D. Thorpe, and M. Islam. "An evaluation of life long fly ash based geopolymer cement and ordinary Portland cement costs using extended life cycle cost method in Australia." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2015.7385607.
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Li, Bosui, Duane A. Robinson, and Ashish Agalgaonkar. "Identifying the wheeling costs associated with solar sharing in LV distribution networks in Australia using power flow tracing and MW-Mile methodology." In 2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aupec.2017.8282392.
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Howlader, Harun Or Rashid, Ahmed Yousuf Saber, and Tomonobu Senjyu. "Demand-side Fuel-cells and Controllable Loads to Reduce Operational Costs of Micro-grid through Optimal Unit Commitment." In 2019 International Conference on Computer, Communication, Chemical, Materials and Electronic Engineering (IC4ME2). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic4me247184.2019.9036589.
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Almodaris, Mohamed, Sara Khorasani, Jocin James Abraham, and Nesrin Ozalp. "Simulation of Solar Thermo-Chemical Hydrogen Production Techniques." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44387.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents material and energy process-step models of hydrogen production via concentrated solar energy using Aspen Plus®. The paper provides a thorough comparison of solar cracking and solar reforming of methane processes against conventional steam methane reforming. The material and energy balances show that solar cracking is the most environmentally friendly hydrogen production technique. Some of the primary advantages of solar cracking include (1) elimination of CO2 emission, (2) elimination of costs associated with CO2 sequestration, transportation, and storage, and (3) generation of two commercially viable products, namely carbon black and hydrogen which can be used both as a fuel and a commodity. Considering the hydrogen shortage for different hydrogenation and fuel upgrading processes that the petrochemical industry is facing today, hydrogen production from solar cracking may offer an alternative solution. Therefore, it is important to find less energy intensive and more environmentally friendly hydrogen production techniques to meet the demand of industry. The results show that solar cracking is a more environmentally friendly and commercially competitive process compared to solar reforming and steam reforming considering that it produces virtually no carbon dioxide, but produces the commercially viable carbon black as a by-product.
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Alam, Firoz, and Reza N. Jazar. "An Experimental Study of Acid Exposed Fibre Reinforced Plastic Gratings." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) generally have greater advantages over conventional materials for their structural properties. However, the service life can significantly be shortened if the fibre reinforced plastics are exposed to adverse environmental conditions especially acid vapour, humidity and high temperature. In many chemical industrial plants in Australia and elsewhere fibre reinforced plastic gratings are used as structural components of stairs and passages where they are subjected to varying degrees of fluosilicic acid, a byproduct of the industrial manufacturing process. As currently no experimental data on the effects of fluosilicic acid on FRPs is available in the public domain, it is difficult to predict the service life of FRPs with some certainty. In order to understand the structural strength of fluosilicic acid exposed FRPs, an experimental study was undertaken. A series of specimens from various locations of a chemical plan in Australia were acquired and studied. Some new specimens (not exposed to acid, humidity and high temperature) were also studied to provide a benchmark for the comparison. The results indicated that the long time exposure to harsh environment and acid vapour can significantly deteriorate the flexural strength and service life of FRPs.
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Bahadori, Morteza, and Hassan Ghassemi. "Performance Analysis of Offshore Mono-Pile Wind Turbine Co-Located With Floating Photovoltaic Systems in Shark Bay, Australia." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63852.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In recent years, as more offshore wind farms have been constructed, the possibility of integrating various offshore renewable technologies is increased. Using offshore wind and solar power resources as a hybrid system provides several advantages including optimized marine space utilization, reduced maintenance and operation costs, and relieving wind variability on output power. In this research, both offshore wind and solar resources are analyzed based on accurate data through a case study in Shark Bay (Australia), where bathymetric information confirms using offshore bottom-fixed wind turbine regarding the depth of water. Also, the power production of the hybrid system of co-located bottom-fixed wind turbine and floating photovoltaic are investigated with the technical characteristics of commercial mono-pile wind turbine and photovoltaic panels. Despite the offshore wind, the solar energy output has negligible variation across the case study area, therefore using the solar platform in deep water is not an efficient option. It is demonstrated that the floating solar has a power production rate nearly six times more than a typical offshore wind farm with the same occupied area. Also, output energy and surface power density of the hybrid offshore windsolar system are improved significantly compared to a standalone offshore wind farm. The benefits of offshore wind and solar synergies augment the efficiency of current offshore wind farms throughout the world.
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Lambert, Jamie, Melanie Bok, and Azivy Aziz. "Integrating Underwater Data into GIS for Offshore Decommissioning in Bass Strait, Australia." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205823-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Through asset lifecycle, data is collected for a variety of purposes across multiple disciplines, and exists in various formats and repositories. Decommissioning projects utilize and repurpose a multitude of these datasets; from use in analysis and planning, to facilitating systematic environmental assessments, and meaningful discussion with stakeholders. The key challenge is how do we consolidate historical data, incorporate new data, and make it evergreen to support planning and informed decision making; and how do we coordinate large volumes of previously disparate data in a meaningful way for all users with a simple access model? A team of geographic information system (GIS) practitioners and subject matter contacts in technical and health, safety and environment (HSE) disciplines was convened to collect, sort, and compile known historical offshore data, including, but not limited to; pipeline and structural inspections and environmental studies, all captured via Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV), Side Scan Sonar (SSS), and sampling programs. Data was reformatted to standardize headers and attributes allowing for merging of existing like-data and to support new data integration. To this end, we also worked collaboratively with vendors to optimize data collection and improve alignment with our internal data structures. The Esri GIS technology was utilized for data integration, specifically the web and mobile environments. Through these environments, non-GIS users could easily access data and focused applications, supporting ease of data visualization and allowing for a single view of data spanning decades and covering multiple themes. This enabled an enhanced understanding of the offshore environment, allowing us to identify gaps and focus areas for future data capture, helping to facilitate cross-discipline discussions, and identification of operational synergies; improving access, efficiency, and reducing decommissioning costs. Data integration resulting from this initiative and delivery through a spatially aware GIS environment is providing unprecedented access to a vast scope of cross-disciplinary data previously not possible with more traditional engineering methods and data formats. Data accessibility aids communication, and when combined with early engagement across multi-disciplinary teams, the path to decision making is reduced, synergies gained, and costs are reduced through improved efficiency and optimization.
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1
Moore, David, Damarys Acevedo-Acevedo, and Philip Gidley. Application of clean dredged material to facilitate contaminated sediment source control. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45342.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Navigation channels, turning basins, and other US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)–managed navigation infrastructure often serve as repositories for contaminated sediment from off-site sources. As much as 10% of the material that USACE dredges on an annual basis is contaminated such that it requires additional and more costly management (for example, rehandling and placement in managed confined disposal facilities). Presence of contaminated sediments constrain potential management options resulting in additional costs and opportunity loss from the inability to beneficially use the material. One potential solution is applying clean dredged material to stabilize and isolate contaminated sediment sources, preventing further transport and introduction to USACE-managed infrastructure. This document summarizes a comprehensive literature review of laboratory and field case studies relevant to using clean dredged material to isolate or stabilize contaminated sediments, focusing on the physical, chemical, and biological parameters critical to establishing its feasibility and long-term effectiveness. Potentially effective engineering control measures were also reviewed where erosion and site hydrodynamics are facilitating the transport of contaminated sediments to USACE-maintained navigation infrastructure. This literature review documents and summarizes those factors considered in establishing feasibility and long-term effectiveness of the approach as well as the applicable engineering tools employed and constraints encountered.
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities