Дисертації з теми "Chemical and fuel properties"
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Goldsmith, Claude Franklin III. "Predicting combustion properties of hydrocarbon fuel mixtures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59876.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-201).
In this thesis, I applied computational quantum chemistry to improve the accuracy of kinetic mechanisms that are used to model combustion chemistry. I performed transition state theory calculations for several reactions that are critical in combustion, including a detailed analysis of the pressure dependence of these rate coefficients. I developed a new method for rapidly estimating the vibrational modes and hindered rotor parameters for molecules. This new method has been implemented in an automatic reaction mechanism generation software, RMG, and has improved the accuracy of the density of states computed in RMG, which in turn has improved RMG's ability to predict the pressure-dependence of rate coefficients for complex reaction networks. I used statistical mechanics to compute the thermochemistry for over 170 of the most important species in combustion. These calculations form a new library of thermodynamic parameters, and this library will improve the accuracy of kinetic models, particularly for fuel lean conditions. I measured reaction rate coefficients using both laser flash-photolysis absorption spectroscopy in a slow-flow reactor and time-of-flight mass spectrometry and laser Schlieren densitometry in a shock tube. Based upon these experimental projects, I helped design a one-of-a-kind instrument for measuring rate coefficients for combustion-relevant reactions. The new reactor combines photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with multi-pass absorption spectroscopy in a laser-flash photolysis cell. The cumulative effect of these efforts should advance our understanding of combustion chemistry and allow us to make more accurate predictions of how hydrocarbons burn.
by Claude Franklin Goldsmith, III.
Ph.D.
Ashcraft, James Nathan. "Tuning the transport properties of layer-by-layer thin films for fuel cell applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54207.
Повний текст джерелаThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-148).
The increasing global focus on alternative energy sources has led to a renewed interest in fuel cells. For low power, portable applications, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are the most promising type of fuel cell. DMFCs can operate at ambient conditions and only require dilute methanol solutions and air to be input to the devices. At the core of these devices is a proton exchange membrane (PEM) that allows rapid proton transport through the polymer matrix while preventing fuel from permeating across. Additionally, PEMs must have long-term stability in the fuel cell environment, the ability to operate over a wide range of conditions (temperature and humidity), and be cost effective. A promising, robust method for fabricating polymer films with tunable properties is layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. This technique consists of building a polymer film by sequential dipping into polymer solutions with complementary interactions, such as opposite electrostatic charges. The LbL method allows the formation of thin films that have perm-selective properties and high ionic conductivity values. This work describes the optimization of multilayer systems for use as the PEM in DMFCs. First, LbL assembled films of poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)-phosphazene] (MEEP) and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) are demonstrated by utilizing the hydrogen bonding between these two polymers. These films show controlled thickness growth, high ionic conductivity, and excellent hydrolytic stability. The ionic conductivity of these films is optimized by tuning the assembly pH of initial polymer solutions and thereby controlling the hydrogen bonding characteristics.
(cont.) Despite similar film composition, MEEP/PAA LbL films assembled at higher pH values have enhanced water uptake and transport properties, which play a key role in increasing ion transport within the films. At fully humidified conditions, the ionic conductivity of MEEP/PAA is over one order of magnitude higher than previously studied hydrogen bonded LbL systems. The next LbL systems studied consist of a highly sulfonated aromatic polyether (sPPO) paired with amine containing polycations. The best performing sPPO system has ionic conductivity values which are the same order of magnitude as commercially relevant PEMs and has the highest ionic conductivity ever obtained from a LbL assembled film. Additionally, these LbL systems have methanol permeability values over two orders of magnitude lower than traditional PEMs. Incorporating the sPPO systems into DMFCs results in a 53% improvement in power output as compared with DMFCs using traditional PEMs. In-depth structure property studies are performed to understand the nature of the high ionic conductivity of the sPPO LbL systems with respect to film growth, composition, water uptake, and ionic crosslink density. Lastly, the mechanical properties of highly conducting LbL films are improved by forming the LbL matrix on highly tunable electrospun fiber mat (EFM) supports. Free-standing LbL films have moderate mechanical properties when dry, but are mechanically deficient when hydrated. Coating an EFM with the LbL dipping process produces composite membranes with interesting "bridged" morphologies, while still maintaining high ionic conductivity values.
(cont.) The spray LbL assembly is studied as a means for the rapid formation of LbL films on EFMs. At optimized conditions, the LbL materials conformally coat the individual fibers throughout the bulk of the EFM and have uniform surface coatings. The mechanical properties of the spray coated EMFs are shown to be superior to the pristine LbL systems.
by James Nathan Ashcraft.
Ph.D.
El-Kharouf, Ahmad. "Understanding GDL properties and performance in polymer electrolyte fuel cells." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5211/.
Повний текст джерелаTaylor, Kevin Brian. "Comparative Study of Alternative Fuel Icing Inhibitor Additive Properties and Chemical Analysis of Metal Speciation in Aviation Fuels." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1280850044.
Повний текст джерелаZhang, Lipeng. "Theoretical study of oxygen reduction reaction catalytic properties of defective graphene in fuel cells." Thesis, The University of Akron, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3718274.
Повний текст джерелаIn this dissertation density functional theory (DFT) was applied to study the electronic structure and catalytic properties of graphene containing different types of defects. These defects includes hetero-atoms such as nitrogen, sulfur doped graphene, point defects such as Stone-Wales defects, single vacancy, double vacancies and substituting pentagon ring at zigzag edge, line defects such as pentagon-heptagon carbon ring chains, pentagon-pentagon-octagon carbon ring chains locating at the middle of graphene. The mechanisms of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were studied on these defective graphene, and electron transfer processes were simulated. Using DFT methods, we also explored the effect of strains to ORR electronic catalytic properties on pure and nitrogen doped graphene.
Our simulaltion results show that nitrogen, sulfur doped graphene, graphene containing point defects, substituting pentagon ring at zigzag edge, graphene containing line defects, pentagon-heptagon chain or pentagon-pentagon-octagon chains which have odd number of heptagon or octagon carbon ring perform high catalytic properties for ORR. Four electron transfer reactions could occur, and there are also two electrons transfer occuring on these defective graphene. The Stone-Wales defect itself cannot generate the catalytic activity on the graphene, but can facilitate the formation of hetero atom doping on graphene, which could show high catalytic activities to ORR. The catalytic active sites on defective graphene are atoms possessing high spin or charge density, where the spin density plays more important effect on the catalytic properties. For the N-doped graphene, the identified active sites are closely related to doping cluster size and dopant-defect interactions. Generally speaking, a large doping cluster size (number of N atoms >2) reduces the number of catalytic active sites per N atom. In combination with N clustering, Stone-Wales defects can strongly promote ORR. For four-electron transfer, the effective reversible potential ranges from 1.04 to 1.15 V/SHE, depending on the defects and cluster size. The catalytic properties of graphene could be optimized by introducing small N clusters in combination with material defects. For S-doped graphene, sulfur atoms could be adsorbed on the graphene surface, substitute carbon atoms at the graphene edges in the form of sulfur/sulfur oxide, or connect two graphene sheets by forming a sulfur cluster ring. Catalytic active sites distribute at the zigzag edge or the neighboring carbon atoms of doped sulfur oxide atoms, which possess large spin or charge density. For those being the active catalytic sites, sulfur atoms with the highest charge density take two-electron transfer pathway while the carbon atoms with high spin or charge density follow four-electron transfer pathway. Stone-Wales defects not only promote the formation of sulfur-doped graphenes, but also facilitate the catalytic activity of these graphenes. The ORR catalytic capabilities of the graphene containing point or line defects denpend on whether the defects could introduce spin density into the system or not. The axial strain field applied on the graphene could change its electronic properties. Neither the compressive nor the tensile strain along the zigzag or armchair direction could facinitate the catalytic activities of perfect graphene without any defects. Tensile strain along zigzag direction could change the electronic properties of nitrogen doped graphene, which are favorable to its ORR catalytic property.
Our simulation results explored the ORR on defective graphene in essence and provide the theoretical base for searching and fabricating new high efficient catalysts using the carbon based materials for fuel cells.
Nerva, Jean-Guillaume. "An Assessment of fuel physical and chemical properties in the combustion of a Diesel spray." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/29767.
Повний текст джерелаNerva, J. (2013). An Assessment of fuel physical and chemical properties in the combustion of a Diesel spray [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/29767
Palancia
Liu, David ShinRen. "Controlling the mechanical and transport properties of layer-by-layer films and electrospun mat composite membranes for fuel cell applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91061.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
There is an ever increasing need for clean, portable energy devices, such as fuel cells and high energy batteries to replace or reduce the world's dependence on fossil fuels. The continued development of thin-film solid polymer electrolytes with improved mechanical and ion transport properties is critical for the further advancement of such electrochemical energy devices. For hydrogen and methanol fuel cells, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) has to have high protonic conductivity, low fuel crossover, and be mechanically and chemically stable. In particular, for direct methanol fuel cells and for high temperature (>100 °C), low relative humidity (< 60% RH) hydrogen fuel cells, the current industrial standard PEM, Nafion®, does not have all the required attributes. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly allows for the controlled deposition of alternating polyelectrolytes at the nanometer scale. This technique can be used with highly proton conductive water soluble polymers as well as doped polymers. In addition, LbL assembly can be used to coat a variety of substrates of various shapes and sizes. An LbL system composed of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDAC) and sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4- phenylene oxide) (sPPO) has shown to have relatively high proton conductivity and very low methanol permeability compared to that of Nafion@, but lacking in mechanical strength when hydrated and losing significant proton conductivity at lower RH conditions. Herein this thesis work describes the selection, optimization, and utilization of multilayer systems and system composites as the PEM in hydrogen and methanol fuel cells, focusing on improving and understanding the improvements to the properties of layer-by-layer films and composite membranes for fuel cell applications by targeting two main areas: the mechanical properties and the conductive properties. In addition, characterization and film analysis work was done to correlate and explain how the changing of the LbL system and fabrication techniques impacted the membrane's mechanical and conductive properties. First, the mechanical strength and stability were greatly improved by spray-assembling the films on an electrospun fiber mat to form a composite membrane. Spray-LbL assembly was performed both with and without vacuum assistance, which had complementary effects on the film properties. By combining these techniques, composite membranes with methanol permeability twenty times lower than Nafion® and through-plane proton selectivity five times greater than Nafion@ were fabricated. In addition, the planar swelling of the composite membranes in water was significantly reduced. This large reduction in swelling is hypothesized to be due to the electrostatic interaction of the LbL system with the underlying electrospun fibers and would not occur in a typical polymer blend. Second, to improve the conductivity of the LbL films overall and specifically at lower RH conditions, two approaches were used. In the first approach, divalent salts were added to the polyanion solution to provide a stronger shielding effect than monovalent salts. The divalent salts allowed for ion bridging and increased both the number and the mobility of protons associated with sulfonic acid groups in the LbL film; thus increasing the film's conductivity. Through optimization of salt type and concentration, the protonic conductivity of PDAC/sPPO films was increased fourfold, and the humidity dependence of the conductivity was decreased. In the second approach, PDAC was replaced with a phosphoric-acid-doped polymer, poly(2- vinyl pyridine) (P2VP). The phosphoric acid concentration in the LbL film and the number of free sulfonic acid groups could be controlled post film fabrication by changing the concentration of the phosphoric acid dopant. The resulting P2VP/sPPO films exhibited greater conductivity than similarly doped P2VP films and under stronger doping conditions (0.4 M - 1.0 M phosphoric acid), the film's conductivity increases seventy-fivefold (110 mS/cm at 50% RH at room temperature), resulting in a conductivity an order of magnitude greater than Nafion®. The large increases in conductivity, particularly at low RH conditions further support a recently reported and very promising proton transport mechanism that utilizes both phosphoric and sulfonic acid groups.
by David ShinRen Liu.
Ph. D.
Zhang, Lipeng. "Theoretical Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalytic Properties of Defective Graphene in Fuel Cells." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1374245184.
Повний текст джерелаCheng, Xinwei. "Development of reduced reaction kinetics and fuel physical properties models for in-cylinder simulation of biodiesel combustion." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33397/.
Повний текст джерелаShen, Chen. "Application of Fuel Element Combustion Properties to a Semi-Empirical Flame Propagation Model for Live Wildland Utah Shrubs." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3550.
Повний текст джерелаZysman-Colman, Eli. "The chemical and physical properties of polychalcogens." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84864.
Повний текст джерелаTheoretical modeling on the relative ground state energies of dialkoxy disulfides is also described. It has been ascertained that the equilibrium position between the two isomers can be influenced by the ring size of the molecule; larger rings promote the dialkoxy disulfide isomer. These modeling studies were successfully corroborated experimentally. Of note is the synthesis of a new 8-membered ring dialkoxy disulfides as well as novel 7-membered ring thionosulfites. These compounds were also confirmed by single X-ray crystallography.
The kinetics of desulfurization of acyclic aromatic tri- and tetrasulfides is described. Tetrasulfides were found to transfer a sulfur atom to triphenylphosphine over ten times faster than their trisulfide analogues.
Young, Dominique Emma. "Characterisation of the chemical properties and behaviour of aerosols in the urban environment." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/characterisation-of-the-chemical-properties-and-behaviour-of-aerosols-in-the-urban-environment(27de7e50-5069-40a0-b5cd-1370747f646a).html.
Повний текст джерелаSchollin, Mårten. "Formulation and Assessment of Hexamethylene-tetramine Filled Solid Fuel Grains." Thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297507.
Повний текст джерелаHybrid propellant rockets has not seen as much use as its liquid and solid propellant counterparts. The main reasons for this can be attributed to hybrid propellant rockets historically having lower regression rate and fuel density. However, the impact of these disadvantages have been diminished over the years as a result of increased research. This together with the safety and economic advantages of hybrid propellant rockets, the hybrid system have become a more competitive system to use. Hexamine basedsolid fuel grains have been formulated and evaluated with emphasis on enhancing pot-life and tensile proprieties. By including plasticisers and altering the NCO/OH ratio, a solid fuel grain was successfully produced, overcoming earlier encountered problems with short pot-life as well as having promising tensile properties.
Demarquette, Nicole Raymonde. "Nonlinear viscoelastic properties of polystyrene solutions." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60004.
Повний текст джерелаThe steady shear stress was found to be independent of shear rate at high shear rates. The Cox-Merz rule was found to be valid for concentrations less than 0.199 g.cm$ sp{-3}$, but a deviation from the rule was observed for higher concentrations. Sigmoidal damping functions, based on both the shear stress measurements and the birefringence measurements, were determined. The exponential stress coefficient and the third normal stress difference were calculated from experimental data for different values of exponential rate constant and different strain scale factor. The exponential rate constant was shown to have a strong influence on both the exponential stress coefficient and the third normal stress difference.
Robert, Mylène. "Impact of degradation and aging on properties of PFSA membranes for fuel cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0004.
Повний текст джерелаAlthough proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are nowadays considered as a safe and clean energy technology, they still suffer from durability and reliability issues restricting their widespread commercialization. Innumerable studies have already led to a better understanding of aging phenomena and highlighted membrane degradation as one of the main factors limiting PEMFC lifetime. This study aims at bringing some clarifications on the chemical and mechanical degradation mechanisms of membranes through ex-situ aging protocols as well as understanding the impact of these degradations on the membrane structure and functional properties. First, it was necessary to clarify the influence of Fenton’s reaction, an ex-situ aging protocol widely recognized in the literature, on the chemical degradation of Nafion™ membranes. The results confirmed that Fenton’s reagents concentration significantly influenced polymer chemical decomposition, both from a chemical and morphological point of view. Subsequently, we chose to monitor the evolution of pure chemical degradation of Nafion™ membranes as a function of time and to study its impact on the membrane structure, water sorption and diffusion properties, as well as operability in fuel cells. In that respect, various characterization techniques such as 19F or 1H-NMR as well as FTIR spectroscopies allowed us to correlate physico-chemical properties of the membrane to its structural characteristics and to thus highlight several indicators of chemical degradation. Finally, a custom-made device has been developed to study the impact of conjoint mechanical and chemical stress on Nafion™ membranes. The objective of this device was to replicate aging conditions close to those encountered during fuel cell operation
Imafidon, Gilbert Idolo. "Genetic polymorphism and physico-chemical properties of milk proteins." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74578.
Повний текст джерелаPulido-Cejudo, Gabriel. "Chemical and biological properties of iron-pyruvate-transferrin complexes." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74529.
Повний текст джерелаGlenns, Robert N. "Structures and properties of Sophorolipids from Candida bombicola." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80015.
Повний текст джерелаThe surface properties of the sophorolipids were analyzed using a modified evaporating drop technique. The lactone sophorolipids were more effective at reducing the surface tension of water than the acid sophorolipids. This could be part of the explanation for the fact that the lactones have been shown to be more effective than the acid form of the sophorolipids for several different applications.
COSTA, GUSTAVO C. C. da. "Sintese, caracterizacao estrutural, termoquimica e eletrica de materiais ceramicos para celulas a combustivel de oxido solido." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11784.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
FAPESP:05/54171-4
Dionne, Jean-Philippe. "Chapman-Jouguet properties of heterogeneous explosives." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24055.
Повний текст джерелаLarge deviations are observed for heterogeneous explosives with a large mass fraction of inert material. This is credited to the different relaxation times of the various equilibration processes in the detonation zone, as well as the complex shock interactions between the fluid and solid phases. The equations of state used for the detonation products are found to have only a small effect on the equilibrium CJ state. A more realistic EOS for solids is proposed.
Saban, Waheed. "Synthesis, characterization and physicochemical properties of platinum naboparticles on ordered mesoporous carbon." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8474_1320738516.
Повний текст джерелаPorubská, Jana. "Microstructure and properties of TMP papers." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33343.
Повний текст джерелаA thorough understanding of the effects of different materials, such as fines and fillers, on optical and mechanical properties of paper can only be obtained from a systematic study. Therefore, this research focused on elucidating the relationship between the nature and amount of fines and fillers and paper properties. The studies were mainly limited to papers made from thermomechanical pulps (TMP), although occasionally comparisons with other pulps were made as well.
Swanson, Edward. "Dual-plasma synthesis of coated metal nanoparticles with controlled surface properties." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21906.
Повний текст джерелаIl existe plusieurs procédés de transfert de chaleur qui pourraient bénéficier d'une amélioration d'efficacité énergétique, particulièrement les procédés faisant usage d'un liquide pour le transport thermique. Récemment, il a été démontré qu'il est possible d'augmenter la conductivité thermique d'un liquide en y dispersant des particules ayant au moins une dimension spatiale inférieure à 100 nm (nanoparticules). Les suspensions résultantes sont appelées « nanofluides ». Les nanofluides présentent un problème important, soit la tendance des particules en suspension à former des agglomérats qui sédimentent rapidement. La méthode conventionnelle pour contrer ce phénomène est d'ajouter un surfactant à la suspension. Toutefois, plusieurs surfactants perdent leur efficacité à des températures moyennement élevées. Une solution plus permanente et davantage fiable serait de fonctionnaliser la surface des nanoparticules afin d'améliorer l'interaction de ces dernières avec le liquide hôte. Cette thèse présente un système innovateur à plasma hybride, faisant usage d'un procédé d'érosion par arcs électriques pulsés à basse pression pour la synthèse de nanoparticules métalliques et d'une décharge radio-fréquentielle pour assurer, par polymérisation plasma, le revêtement et la fonctionnalisation des nanoparticules en vol. La géométrie du réacteur est adaptée aux trajectoires des nanoparticules ainsi générées afin d'augmenter l'efficacité d'échantillonnage. De ce fait, il a été déterminé que la collecte stratégique des nanoparticules permet de filtrer les microgouttelettes engendrées par le procédé d'arcs pulsés. Le revêtement organique issu de la polymérisation par plasma a un comportement allant de légèrement non-polaire à polaire, selon des mesures d'angle de contact. Le comportement hydrophile ou hydrophobe de la surface dépend fortement des gaz plasmagènes utilisés.
CASTANHEIRA, MYRTHES. "Analise dos mecanismos de degradacao de varetas combustiveis falhadas em reatores PWR." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11141.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09634.pdf: 20502766 bytes, checksum: d7ca137617708ba2e112264b734dcd6e (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
Liao, Xiangjun 1970. "Dielectric properties and their application in microwave-assisted organic chemical reactions." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38220.
Повний текст джерелаThe dielectric properties of the model systems showed that they depended on the frequency applied, concentration of the material, and temperature. Most of the predictive models showed that there exists a linear or quadratic relationship between dielectric constant and concentration or temperature. However, the quadratic equation is better than the linear one to describe the variation of the loss factor with temperature or concentration.
Esterification showed great advantages for the use of microwave irradiation in chemical reaction. It included reduction in reaction time, and provided distinct temperature profiles due to microwave environment during chemical reactions. The reason for rate enhancement of this type of reaction was also demonstrated from the temperature profile.
Microwave-assisted solvent free Maillard reaction model system, consisting of glucose and lysine, demonstrated that the heating method applied was not one of the crucial factors, but the temperature level was important during the chemical reaction.
The relationship of loss factor with yield of reaction showed that it is possible to use dielectric data to analyze, and monitor the chemical reaction. It provided a new methodology to analyze the reaction.
The relationship between the loss factor, loss tangent and the reaction time, and concentration of the material showed that it is also possible to use dielectric data at microwave frequencies of 2450 and 915 MHz to study chemical reactions, especially the kinetics.
Wang, Lei 1972. "Morphology and optical properties of polyolefin blown films." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36728.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work, a number of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) resins of different molecular and structural characteristics were studied. Intrinsic properties such as refractive index and absorption coefficient were estimated from resin compositions using group contribution models. The refractive indices of sample films were also measured using the method of Transmission Spectrum.
The morphology of polyethylene films was investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM). Both the surface and bulk morphologies were evaluated. The observation shows the dominant spherulitic structure on the surface as well as in the bulk, as the result of nucleation and crystallization during the film blowing process. In addition to qualitative observations and comparisons; quantitative characterization methods were employed to describe the features of the morphology.
Based on the morphology characterization, the surface reflection was described by the Beckmann-Davies theory of reflection of electro-magnetic waves by rough surface. The directional distribution of reflected intensity was computed according to the surface roughness information. The gloss values of sample films were computed accordingly and compared with experimental measurements. Furthermore, the problem of light transmission and scattering was investigated. A scattering geometry was proposed from the observations of the morphology of sample films. The light scattering by the surface of polymer films was analyzed using a model that is based on the Mie theory of scattering. The haze values of sample films were computed and compared with experimental measurements.
Browne, Thomas 1955. "Viscoelastic properties of paper in a calender nip." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28698.
Повний текст джерелаMeasurements of paper thickness in the nip, immediately after the nip and 24 hours after calendering were made with newsprint sheets running through an experimental calender operating at industrial conditions. The calculated strains were first related to the operating conditions using empirical curve-fitting methods, then using linear viscoelastic models. Empirical results describe the data well, and can be used to design improved control systems. Linear viscoelastic modeling was less successful since the material behaviour is not linear. Photomicrographs of sheet cross-sections were taken, and the observed non-linearities were discussed qualitatively in terms of paper and fibre properties.
Park, Hee Eon 1972. "Effect of pressure on the rheological properties of three polyethylenes." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31066.
Повний текст джерелаThe effect of pressure on the creep behavior of polyethylenes was also studied. It was observed that pressure decreases the creep compliance. Careful tuning the controller is required to obtain reliable data when operating the rheometer in the creep mode.
Tavares, Jason. "Dual plasma synthesis of functionalized metal nanoparticles: from enhanced surface properties to stable nanofluids." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=94917.
Повний текст джерелаCette thèse présente un procédé à plasma hybride permettant la synthèse en une seule étape de nanoparticules métalliques fonctionnalisées en surface. Le procédé utilise une décharge pulsée par arc cathodique pour assurer la synthèse de nanoparticules à partir d'une cible métallique. Ces particules sont ensuite revêtues et fonctionnalisées en vol au moyen d'une polymérisation par plasma dans une décharge radio fréquentielle. Cette dernière décharge a été soutenue dans une variété de précurseurs organiques, le choix duquel affectera les propriétés de surface des particules. Lorsque l'éthane est utilisé comme gaz plasmagène, une surface super hydrophobe est engendrée. En contrepartie, lorsque l'éthylène glycol est utilisé comme monomère pour la polymérisation par plasma, une surface super hydrophile en résulte. Ce dernier traitement améliore notamment les propriétés de dispersion des particules dans des solvants polaires. De plus, les nanoparticules modifiées en surface à l'aide d'éthylène glycol peuvent être collectées dans un liquide à même le réacteur pour former un nanofluide. Les suspensions nanométriques formées de cette façon sont stables sur une plus grande plage de température que les suspensions de nanoparticules stabilisées au moyen d'un surfactant. Aussi, la nature hydrophile du revêtement organique à base d'éthylène glycol (lorsqu'il est déposé sur des nanoparticules de titane) peut aider à réduire le caractère thrombogénique d'implants en acier inoxydable, sans diminuer leur résistance à la corrosion. Une investigation détaillée de la production en phase gazeuse des radicaux utilisés pour la fonctionnalisation est présentée, ainsi qu'une caractérisation approfondie de la morphologie et de la chimie de surface des nanoparticules produites.
Park, Hee Eon 1972. "Effects of pressure and dissolved carbon dioxide on the rheological properties of molten polymers." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85949.
Повний текст джерелаLi, Ruonan. "Surface properties and pore structure of superheated steam dried paper." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55414.
Повний текст джерелаTMP paper dried in superheated steam has a slightly higher surface roughness, by about 0.5 $ mu$m at a roughness around 8 $ mu$m. This difference decreases with drying fluid temperature. It is also reduced by about half after a very light blade coating. Surface roughness of paper from 50/50 TMP/kraft blend is unaffected.
Superheated steam drying reduces substantially the linting propensity of TMP paper, by about 30%-60% depending on the criteria used. Improved lignin softening by higher web temperature from the beginning of drying in superheated steam drying is believed an important mechanism in improving bonding of surface fines and short fibre fragments.
The Z-direction bond strength of TMP paper after surface treatment with water is about 20% higher for sheets dried in steam. Time for water absorption is 100%-150% longer for superheated steam dried TMP paper and contact angle of water is also substantially increased.
Superheated steam drying substantially reduces the volume of micropores of diameter 0.2-0.6 $ mu$m while having no significant effect on larger pores. Thus superheated steam drying affects only the pore structure of the micronetwork. The decrease of micropore volume in superheated steam drying is associated with an increase of Z-direction bond strength and a decrease of light scattering coefficient.
Addona, Tony. "The effect of quench conditions on the properties of fumed silica produced using an arc process." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26108.
Повний текст джерелаIn general, high pre-quench temperatures, high quench rates, and low pre-quench supersaturation ratios, produced high surface area powders. Quench stoichiometry did not have an effect here, but the use of a large excess of steam in the quench caused the degree of surface hydroxylation to be high. In all cases, the characteristic chain-like aggregate shape and an amorphous morphology were produced. The thickening and thixotropic ability of the powders was found to be significant compared to commercial brands of fumed silica. The best fumed silica produced during the study was found to be 46% as effective as Aerosil$ sp circler$ 200 and 60% as effective as Cab-O-Sil$ sp circler$ M-5. The experimentally generated powders were not equivalent to the commercial brands due to a lack of surface area. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Poirier, Nicole A. "The effect of superheated steam drying on the properties of paper." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41057.
Повний текст джерелаIt was found that the results depended on the type of pulp from which the sheet was made. For thermomechanical pulp sheets, superheated steam drying resulted in improved strength properties; burst index, tensile index and elastic modulus were 20-30% higher relative to the air dried sheets. The increase in strength was found to be due to an increase in bonded area, especially of the fine fraction, caused by the higher sheet temperatures occurring in the constant rate period of steam drying. As a result of the increased bonding but not due to any color change, brightness of the steam dried sheet decreased by 5 points. Steam drying of TMP sheets results in strength and optical properties more characteristic of paper made from CTMP.
Superheated steam drying of kraft pulp sheets had a smaller and opposite effect, as strength properties decreased and optical properties increased relative to the properties of sheets dried in air. Unlike mechanical pulp, no increase in bonded area was observed because of the already high bonding potential of kraft fibres; a thermally induced drying stress relaxation is thought to be the cause of the decreased strength properties.
Carignan, Alain. "The influence of cofactors on the flocculation properties of polyethylene oxide." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24053.
Повний текст джерелаDynamic Light Scattering (DLS) of polymer solutions revealed that each of the three cofactors are forming complexes with PEO. CAR radically increased the apparent diameter of the PEO chains, and MPR seems to decrease it. In latex suspensions, the SNS was found very efficient in the sequence latex-polymer-cofactor (LPC), increasing the PEO hydrodynamic layer thickness (HLT).
Flocculation experiments with the help of a Photometric Dispersion Analyser (PDA), with PEO only (no cofactor) suggested that the fines are composed of more than one component. SNS was found to make all the fines alike by adsorbing on them. Adding the PEO after SNS gave homoflocculation. As a result, the specific surface of fines, calculated by PEO adsorption was found to be 0.223 m$ sp2$/g.
The association-induced polymer bridging mechanism can happen in three different manners depending if the cofactor and the polymer are adsorbing onto fines. When neither of PEO nor cofactor adsorb onto the collector, the PEO/cofactor association-complexes bridge the particles (van de Ven and Alince (1996)). When the cofactor (e.g. SNS) and the polymer adsorb onto the fines, in the sequence fines-cofactor-polymer (FCP), with a chemical ratio cofactor/PEO of 3/1, adsorption of the PEO chains onto cofactor-coated fines is likely to occur at the beginning followed by the flocculation of the fines. In the sequences fines-polymer-cofactor (FPC), when the polymer adsorbs onto the fines and the cofactor adsorbs (e.g. SNS) or not (e.g. MPR), a reenforcement of the bondstrength was noticed. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Karczewska, Hanna. "The effects of acid leaching on some physico-chemical properties of Quebec soil /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64017.
Повний текст джерелаLi, Hailong. "Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 Mixtures and Their Applications in Advanced Power Cycles with CO2 Capture Processes." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9109.
Повний текст джерелаQC 20100819
Hossain, A. "Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of complex oxides with the perovskite structure based on neodymium, alkaline earth and 3d-transition metals : dissertation for the degree of candidate of chemical sciences : 02.00.04." Thesis, б. и, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/82032.
Повний текст джерелаArghyris, Laurent. "Modification of the impact properties of blends of polypropylene and poly(ethylene-vinyl alcohol)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60574.
Повний текст джерелаThe batch mixing studies showed that it is possible to bring the impact properties of maleated PP (MAPP)-based blends to the range of those exhibited by MAPP, by incorporation of both EPR and PE. The sequence of addition of EPR and PE is very important. The products obtained exhibited good adhesion at the interface between the dispersed phase and the matrix. The presence of EPR and PE did not affect the final oxygen permeabilities of the blends.
The extrusion studies showed that the morphology of the blends, and therefore their final properties, depend on the method of compounding. Different MAPP resins were used as the major phase. The best impact properties were found in the case of addition of the EPR-PE phase in a twin screw extruder. The oxygen permeabilities were disappointing, and appeared to be only slightly influence by compositional or processing parameters. One possible explanation is that moisture might have contaminated the EVOH phase, inhibiting its effectiveness as an oxygen barrier.
Mailhot, Hélène. "The use of some physico-chemical properties to predict algal uptake of ogranic compounds /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65504.
Повний текст джерелаWeber, Mark 1964. "The processing and properties of electrically conductive fiber composites." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40279.
Повний текст джерелаTwo models for predicting volume resistivity are proposed. One model assumes that the fibers are aligned end-to-end, and the effect of fiber orientation and concentration is obtained. The results agree qualitatively with experimental data, and give a lower bound or resistivity. More realistic fiber-fiber contacts are considered in the second model. The resistivity is expressed in terms of the area of contact, and orientation, length, and concentration of the fibers. Model predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental results.
Chandran, Davannendran. "Experimental investigation into the physico-chemical properties changes of palm biodiesel under common rail diesel engine operation for the elucidation of metal corrosion and elastomer degradation in fuel delivery system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35228/.
Повний текст джерелаCheung, Mee Chu. "Comparative study of the structural, chemical and physical properties of activated sludge floc from different full-scale wastewater treatment systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0013/MQ33959.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSani, Rababe. "Étude des transformations microstructurales de mélanges argile/Combustibles Solides de Récupération (CSR) lors de la cuisson : relations entre propriétés physico-chimiques, mécaniques et thermiques." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0005/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe valorization of co-products rich in organic and inorganic materials as additives in formulations based on clay matrix can improve both the mechanical and thermal performances of ceramic materials as well as the energy balance of the manufacturing processes of these products. This study focused on the incorporation of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) into the clay ceramics for civil engineering in close collaboration with TERREAL as part of the ANR funded LabCom RESPECTc project. Firstly, two SRF were selected and used as additives to improve the properties of ceramic materials from to clay mixture deposits named ML and MC from TERREAL. The influence of the nature, the amount of SRF, the grain size of SRF and the nature of clay matrix on the physico-chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of the clay/SRF mixtures were studied between 30°C and 1100°C. In all cases, the addition of SRF into the clay mixture (ML or MC) has enhanced the insulating nature of the ceramic materials by reducing their thermal conductivity. The addition of SRF has also improved the mechanical properties of the ceramic materials, depending on the nature and the amount of SRF added, the rate and the nature (shape, size and distribution) of the porosity created. The study demonstrated that interactions between clay minerals and inorganic elements of SRF have a significant effect on mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed that the addition of 4 wt.% of SRF15-1 containing an ash content of 65.7 wt.% into clay matrix ML led to increase the mechanical strength of the material based on the clay matrix ML of the order of 32%. Then, a kinetic model of thermal sintering based on the dimensional variations of ceramic materials between 650°C and 1000°C was developed from thermomechanical analysis (TMA) of the clay mixtures (with or without SRF). The main objective is to better understand the mechanism of the thermal sintering involved. The model developed showed a good adequacy with the experimental data. The results showed that the thermal sintering step of these mixtures is carried out by the presence of a liquid phase and that the addition of SRF has accelerated the densification of ceramic materials. This has led to decrease the usual firing temperature of ceramic materials, allowing a significant energy savings. Finally, an environmental assessment was carried out during the firing of clay/SRF mixtures. This study was particularly focused on the contribution of SRF to the energy balance and impact of critical gas emissions such as CO2, CO and HCl. The results showed that CO2 and CO emissions during firing of clay/SRF mixtures increased due to the thermal decomposition of the organic matter of SRF and that less than 50 wt.% of chlorine was converted to HCl (18-31 ppm). The energy balance showed that the addition of SRF into the ML matrix compensates for a significant part of the natural gas usually used as fuel during firing of these ceramic materials. This was reflected by a thermal energy saving and reduction of CO2 emissions from the decarbonatation of the clay matrix
USSUI, VALTER. "Preparacao e caracterizacao de ceramicas de ZrOsub(2)-Ysub(2)Osub(3)-TiOsub(2) para aplicacoes em celulas a combustivel do tipo oxido solido." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2003. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11081.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09454.pdf: 6331407 bytes, checksum: 3ee8d9f10149c12100a0263857d5bcca (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
Zenith, Federico. "Control of Fuel Cells." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1537.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with control of fuel cells, focusing on high-temperature proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells.
Fuel cells are devices that convert the chemical energy of hydrogen, methanol or other chemical compounds directly into electricity, without combustion or thermal cycles. They are efficient, scalable and silent devices that can provide power to a wide variety of utilities, from portable electronics to vehicles, to nation-wide electric grids.
Whereas studies about the design of fuel cell systems and the electrochemical properties of their components abound in the open literature, there has been only a minor interest, albeit growing, in dynamics and control of fuel cells.
In the relatively small body of available literature, there are some apparently contradictory statements: sometimes the slow dynamics of fuel cells is claimed to present a control problem, whereas in other articles fuel cells are claimed to be easy to control and able to follow references that change very rapidly. These contradictions are mainly caused by differences in the sets of phenomena and dynamics that the authors decided to investigate, and also by how they formulated the control problem. For instance, there is little doubt that the temperature dynamics of a fuel cell can be slow, but users are not concerned with the cell’s temperature: power output is a much more important measure of performance.
Fuel cells are very multidisciplinary systems, where electrical engineering, electrochemistry, chemical engineering and materials science are all involved at various levels; it is therefore unsurprising that few researchers can master all of these branches, and that most of them will neglect or misinterpret phenomena they are unfamiliar with.
The ambition of this thesis is to consider the main phenomena influencing the dynamics of fuel cells, to properly define the control problem and suggest possible approaches and solutions to it.
This thesis will focus on a particular type of fuel cell, a variation of proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells with a membrane of polybenzimidazole instead of the usual, commercially available Nafion. The advantages of this particular type of fuel cells for control are particularly interesting, and stem from their operation at temperatures higher than those typical of Nafion-based cells: these new cells do not have any water-management issues, can remove more heat with their exhaust gases, and have better tolerance to poisons such as carbon monoxide.
The first part of this thesis will be concerned with defining and modelling the dynamic phenomena of interest. Indeed, a common mistake is to assume that fuel cells have a single dynamics: instead, many phenomena with radically different time scales concur to define a fuel-cell stack’s overall behaviour. The dynamics of interest are those of chemical engineering (heat and mass balances), of electrochemistry (diffusion in electrodes, electrochemical catalysis) and of electrical engineering (converters, inverters and electric motors). The first part of the thesis will first present some experimental results of importance for the electrochemical transient, and will then develop the equations required to model the four dynamic modes chosen to represent a fuel-cell system running on hydrogen and air at atmospheric pressure: cathodic overvoltage, hydrogen pressure in the anode, oxygen fraction in the cathode and stack temperature.
The second part will explore some of the possible approaches to control the power output from a fuel-cell stack. It has been attempted to produce a modularised set of controllers, one for each dynamics to control. It is a major point of the thesis, however, that the task of controlling a fuel cell is to be judged exclusively by its final result, that is power delivery: all other control loops, however independent, will have to be designed bearing that goal in mind.
The overvoltage, which corresponds nonlinearly to the rate of reaction, is controlled by operating a buck-boost DC/DC converter, which in turn is modelled and controlled with switching rules. Hydrogen pressure, being described by an unstable dynamic equation, requires feedback to be controlled. A controller with PI feedback and a feedforward part to improve performance is suggested. The oxygen fraction in the cathodic stream cannot be easily measured with a satisfactory bandwidth, but its dynamics is stable and disturbances can be measured quite precisely: it is therefore suggested to use a feedforward controller. Contrary to the most common approach for Nafion-based fuel cells, temperature is not controlled with a separate cooling loop: instead, the air flow is used to cool the fuel-cell stack. This significantly simplifies the stack design, operation and production cost. To control temperature, it is suggested to use a P controller, possibly with a feedforward component. Simulations show that this approach to stack cooling is feasible and poses no or few additional requirements on the air flow actuator that is necessary to control air composition in the cathode.
Class, Caleb Andrew. "Predicting organosulfur chemistry in fuel sources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98155.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Desulfurization of fossil fuels with supercritical water (SCW) has been the topic of many studies over the past few decades. This process does not require the use of any catalyst, eliminates the need for a hydrogen feed, and minimizes coke formation. Previous research has shown that it has the potential to be a viable commercial process, and recent experimental studies have proven that water acts as one hydrogen source for sulfur removal in this process. However, the exact desulfurization mechanism is largely unknown, as are many other reaction mechanisms involving sulfur compounds. Recent work has greatly expanded our ability to build comprehensive reaction mechanisms automatically for the decomposition of organic sulfur compounds using the automated Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG). This thesis presents the implementation of this and other tools to investigate chemical processes relevant to our use of fuel sources containing sulfur compounds, and it shows some steps that have been taken to improve our predictions for these mechanisms and those that will be generated in the future. Previous investigations had focused on the pyrolysis of small sulfur compounds containing less than six heavy atoms, so RMG is first used to study the pyrolysis of t-butyl sulfide. A detailed reaction mechanism is then presented for the SCW desulfurization of hexyl sulfide. Comprehensive kinetic mechanisms for these larger molecules are likely to include thousands of reactions, so RMG builds this model in a systematic and unbiased way using a database of ab initio data. This database is expanded with potentially relevant thermochemical and kinetic parameters using transition state theory and quantum chemical calculations at the CBS-QB3 and CCSD(T)-F12 levels of theory. With these data, as well as previously calculated rates for hydrocarbon and sulfur kinetics, RMG is used to build a reaction mechanism for the conversion of hexyl sulfide to hydrogen sulfide, pentane, and carbon monoxide in the presence of SCW. This mechanism is validated with results from batch and flow reactor experiments, and predictions are accurate within a factor of two for reactant and major product concentrations. Analysis of the proposed mechanism shows that the molecular addition of water to the carbonsulfur double-bond in hexanethial is a key step in the SCW process, as this not only leads to the desulfurization of the compound, but also prevents the thioaldehyde from undergoing addition reactions with other hydrocarbons in a process that could eventually form coke. Thus, this work not only has implications in the SCW desulfurization process, but in the overall crude oil upgrading process as well. The calculated kinetic and thermochemical parameters are used to generate predictive reaction mechanisms for other processes relevant in fuel chemistry, such as the geological formation of oil and gas from kerogen. This not only allows us to model experimental work investigating the effect sulfur compounds have on the oil-to-gas process, but we also explore how these effects differ at geological conditions and timescales. And as the possible applications of RMG grow, the need for accurate parameters in mechanism generation become even more critical. A thermochemical database is generated for a wide variety of sulfur compounds using the highaccuracy CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 method, and this provides a basis for the investigation of organosulfur chemistry with tighter uncertainty.
by Caleb Andrew Class.
Ph. D.
Mlwilo, Nolasco Anton. "Radiometric characterisation of vineyard soils, Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6358_1318594333.
Повний текст джерелаTingelöf, Thomas. "Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells in Reformate Power Generators." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-26938.
Повний текст джерелаQC 20101130
Nilsson, Frederik. "Alkylglucosides physical-chemical properties /." Lund : Physical Chemistry 1, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39761789.html.
Повний текст джерелаGirgis, Elisabeth. "Fuel devolatilization in packed bed wood combustion." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26645.
Повний текст джерела