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Статті в журналах з теми "Charte del 1830"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

López Amezcua, Luz Paola. "“A favor del culto divino de mi patria”: una mirada a Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras como funcionario público (1759-1833) / “In favor of divine worship and my fatherland”: a look at Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras as a public official (1759-1833)." Oficio. Revista de Historia e Interdisciplina, no. 4 (October 26, 2017): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/orhi.v0i4.29.

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Resumen. Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras (Celaya, Guanajuato, 1759-1833) es un personaje reconocido por su labor en el ámbito artístico durante los siglos XVIII y XIX, destacándose como arquitecto neoclásico en su natal Celaya y lugares circunvecinos. Sabemos además que a la par de sus actividades en el arte ocupó cargos públicos en el Ayuntamiento de Celaya, una faceta por cierto muy poco abordada, ya que entre 1807 y 1830, fue maestro mayor de Obras Públicas, síndico procurador del Ayuntamiento (1811-¿1820?), secretario del Ayuntamiento (1823), procurador segundo (1824), alcalde de primer voto y juez de Hacienda Pública (1827 pero rechazó el cargo), alcalde constitucional (1828), diputado suplente del Congreso de Guanajuato por el partido electoral de Allende (1828) y formó parte de la Junta de Sanidad (1828).Este transitar entre el siglo xviii y xix es una de las particularidades del celayense que nos permiten conocer los sutiles cambios que hicieron la diferencia entre la administración colonial y los gobiernos conformados una vez consumada la Independencia. Dicho lo anterior, se trata de abordar a lo largo de este artículo dos cuestiones: por un lado, la identificación y descripción de los cargos en los cuales Tresguerras se desempeñó como funcionario público y, por otro, revisar la influencia social que tuvo en las decisiones de su localidad, analizando las circunstancias en las cuales combinó el arte con la función pública. Abstract. Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras (Celaya, Guanajuato, 1759-1833) is identified as a neoclassical artist duringeighteenth and nineteenth centuries, standing as neoclassical architect in his native Celaya and surrounding places. We also know that alongside his artistic activities, he held a seat in public offices, an aspect very little studied: between 1807 and 1830 he was Master of Public Works, Elected City Attorney (1811-¿1820?), City Clerk (1823), Second Official Attorney (1824),Mayor of first vote and Judge of Public Finance (1827 but rejected the charge), Constitutional Mayor (1828), Acting Deputy of the Congress of Guanajuato for the Allende political party (1828), and also served on the Board of Health (1828).This move between the eighteenth and nineteenth century is one of the peculiarities of him that lets us know the subtle changes that made the difference between the colonial administration and the governments formed after Independence accomplished. That said, it is addressing throughout this paper two issues: on the one hand, the identification and description of the charges in the Tresguerras which served as a public official, and secondly, to review the social influence it had on the decisions of its location, analyzing the circumstances in which he combined art with function public.
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Kasri, S., L. Herous, K. Smili, M. T. Kimour, and A. Dekhane. "Potential Decay Simulation on Insulating Films." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 59, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0041.

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Abstract Surface potential decay (SPD) of a corona charged polymeric material is a powerful tool to characterise electrical properties such as charge transport, trapping/detrapping and recombination. Over the years, various predictive simulation techniques have been proposed to describe charge transport within the material. Despite recent progress, it appears that there have been a few attempts to theoretically interpret the nature of the charge migration on the insulation surface. The aim of the present paper is to introduce a new technique with differential evolution algorithm (DEA) to reveal the steady state surface potential decay experimental results. Experimental measurement was carried on a thin film of polyethylene terephthalate (thickness: 0.5 mm; surface: 50 mm × 50 mm). The domains of variation of the factors used were respectively: 1000 V to 1800 V; 25 to 55 °C; 50 % to 80 %. The simulation results show that computational modelling and optimization approaches may improve the effectiveness to characterise electrical properties of polymers. More importantly, these studies demonstrate that DEA is effective and performs better than the experimental design method.
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González Ochoa, Yumaisi, Abel Sarduy Quintanilla, Maryleidi Feo Luis, and Alberto Donoso Anes. "La Caja Real de la Villa de Santa Clara (Cuba): análisis histórico-contable (1689-1831)." De Computis - Revista Española de Historia de la Contabilidad 14, no. 26 (July 3, 2017): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/issn.1886-1881.v14i26.302.

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La Villa de Santa Clara en Cuba se fundó el 15 de julio de 1689, con una actividad económica fundamentalmente ganadera, se rigió en el orden administrativo y económico desde su fundación, al igual que las demás villas del país por las leyes u órdenes emitidas por la metrópoli española. Para el gobierno de las rentas reales, España utilizó las Cajas Reales como mecanismos de control y administración de los recursos en cada territorio americano bajo su dominio. La Caja Real de la Villa de Santa Clara se encontraba subordinada a la Caja Real Principal de la Habana, en la capital del país. A partir de la revisión de las Actas Capitulares del Cabildo de Santa Clara y los libros de cuentas conservados en el Archivo Nacional de Cuba, se explica el proceder de los administradores de los distintos ingresos y gastos de la Caja Real de la Villa de Santa Clara, así como la aplicación del método por cargo y data empleado para el registro de las operaciones y la interrelación entre los libros Manual, Mayor y de Caja del año 1831, y el uso de otros Libros Auxiliares. Santa Clara village in Cuba was founded on July 15, 1689, with a primarily livestock economic activity, was governed at the administrative and economic order since its foundation, like other towns of the country by laws or orders issued by the Spanish metropolis. For the government in real incomes, Spain used the Cajas Reales as control mechanisms and management of resources in every American territory under its domain. The Caja Real of Santa Clara village was subordinated to the principal Caja Real in Havana, capital of the country. From the review of the Chapter Acts of the Cabildo of Santa Clara and accounting books preserved in the National Archives of Cuba, it's possible explain the proceeding of managers of the various revenue and expenditure of the Caja Real of Santa Clara village and the application of method of charge and discharge employed to register transactions and the interrelationship between the accounting books, Manual, Ledger and Cash book of year 1831, and the use of others auxiliary accounting books.
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4

Odore, Angelo. "supply of the Neapolitan army between the 18th and 19th centuries. Giacinto Cafiero asientive active de viveri e foraggi." Revista Historia Autónoma, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/rha2021.19.008.

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This article, following the scholarship on war and society studies, “[…] aims to reconstruct the rise of Don Giacinto Cafiero, experienced merchant, and one of the most important asientist active in the Kingdom of Naples between the 1799 Revolution and the French decade (1806-1815). In detail, the article tries to clarify the tricky role of Cafiero, his commercial activity, his profits and his logistical network during the years of the “Partito Generale de Viveri e foraggi” (1800-1804). Therefore, we shall reconstruct the most important aspects of this task such as bread-making or the supplying of garrisons, fortresses and prisons. Furthermore, the description will also deal with some collateral questions including piracy issues, port administration and charter contracts.
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Niemi, Seija A. "An Environmentally Literate Explorer." Sibirica 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sib.2018.170203.

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Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1832–1901), a Finnish Swedish scientist and explorer, made three expeditions to the North Asian coast between 1875 and 1879. He completed ten expeditions to the Arctic region between 1858 and 1883. The unifying goal of the North Asian expeditions was to open a trade route between Europe and Siberia. As a scientist, Nordenskiöld also studied the flora, fauna, geology, geography, hydrology, meteorology, ethnology, and history, and produced charts of this unfamiliar territory. This article argues that Nordenskiöld used his skills of environmental literacy when he combined the commercial and scientific goals of his expeditions. He also had the ability to deal with the environment in practical and rational terms, which I argue is also one expression of environmental literacy.
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6

Velázquez-Abunader, J. I., M. O. Nevárez-Martínez, and A. Hernández-Herrera. "DISTRIBUCIÓN DE TALLAS Y CONDICIÓN REPRODUCTIVA DEL CALAMAR GIGANTE Dosidicus gigas (D´ORBIGNY, 1835) EN EL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA." CICIMAR Oceánides 25, no. 2 (December 4, 2010): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v25i2.86.

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Se analizaron cambios en la distribución de tallas, número de cohortes y condición reproductiva del calamar gigante Dosidicus gigas utilizando muestras provenientes de siete cruceros oceanográficos de investigación, efectuados en la región central del Golfo de California, México de 1997 a 2008. En todas las estaciones se muestrearon hasta 25 ejemplares registrando longitud del manto, sexo y fase de madurez gonádica y cuando la captura lo permitió, se realizó un muestreo masivo de 100 ejemplares a los cuales se les midió la longitud de manto. Se definieron hasta tres grupos modales o cohortes en algunos de los meses estudiados a través de la técnica de distribución multinomial. De acuerdo con las fases de madurez se observó una amplia temporada de reproducción con dos picos importantes a lo largo del año que coincidieron con las posibles fechas de nacimiento estimadas para las tallas promedio por cada cohorte de acuerdo a la ecuación de edad-longitud usada en el presente estudio (abril – agosto y octubre - febrero). Se estimó la talla promedio de primera madurez por sexo a través de modelos logísticos; los machos maduran a tallas más pequeñas que las hembras aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las tallas promedio de madurez por sexo (P > 0.05). Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis de la existencia de múltiples cohortes de calamar gigante en el Golfo de California, dos periodos de eclosión importantes y el número de cohortes presenta variación interanual. Esto sugiere la necesidad de un monitoreo constante del recurso para un mejor manejo de la pesquería. Size distribution and reproductive condition of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (D´Orbigny, 1835) in the Gulf of California Variations in size frequency distribution, number of cohorts, and reproductive status of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas were analyzed in samples from seven research oceanographic cruises in the central region of the Gulf of California, Mexico from 1997 to 2008. In each station we recorded sex, gonadic phase and mantle lenght for up to 25 squids. When possible, mantle length was measured for 100 squids. We defined up to three modal groups or cohorts for several months through a multinomial distribution analysis. According to the reproductive status, squids showed a long breeding season throughout the year with two major peaks that match the birth dates estimated by the age-length chart (April to August and October to February). The size at first maturity was estimated by genders; although males were mature at a smaller size than females, no significant differences between were detected. Our results suggest that size frequency distribution and reproductive condition of jumbo squid support the hypothesis of the presence of multiple cohort in the Gulf of California, two important periods of birth, and the number of cohort’s present variation, suggesting the need for a constant monitoring of the resource for a better management of the fishery.
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Lara, Antonio, Juan Carlos Aravena, Ricardo Villalba, Alexia Wolodarsky-Franke, Brian Luckman, and Rob Wilson. "Dendroclimatology of high-elevation Nothofagus pumilio forests at their northern distribution limit in the central Andes of Chile." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-208.

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Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp et Endl.) Krasser, is a deciduous tree species that grows in Chile and adjacent Argentina between 36 and 56°S, often forming the Andean tree line. This paper presents the first eight tree-ring chronologies from N. pumilio at its northern range limit in the central Andes of Chile (36–39°S) and the first precipitation reconstruction for this region. Samples were taken from upper tree-line stands (1500–1700 m elevation) in three study areas: Vilches, Laguna del Laja, and Conguillío. Results indicate that, at the northern sites (Vilches and Laguna del Laja), the tree-ring growth of N. pumilio is positively correlated with late-spring and early summer precipitation and that higher temperatures reduce radial growth, probably because of an increase in evapotranspiration and decrease in water availability. At the southern Conguillío study area, radial growth was negatively correlated with late-spring and early summer precipitation. The presence of volcanic activity in this latter study area, which might have masked the climate signal, did not seem to have a significant influence on radial growth. A reconstruction of November–December (summer) precipitation for the period 1837–1996 from N. pumilio tree-ring chronologies accounted for 37% of instrumentally recorded precipitation variance. This is the first precipitation reconstruction from N. pumilio chronologies. Only temperature and snow cover have previously been reconstructed using this species. The reconstruction indicates that the driest and wettest 25-year periods within the past 160 years are 1890–1914 and 1917–1941, respectively.
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Sandoval Osorio, Sandra, José Francisco Malagón Sánchez, Marina Garzón Barrios, and Liliana Tarazona Vargas. "La Electroquímica: un nuevo ámbito de fenómenos, la experiencia que se construye y la síntesis teórica que se pone en juego." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 21 (July 6, 2020): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/178-2911.2020v21p3-31.

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ResumoEste artigo faz uma análise histórica crítica do processo que levou à consolidação da eletroquímica como um domínio fenomenológico. Identifica-se, em um primeiro momento, domínios que, aparentemente, eles são disjuntos e cada um de les tem um alto nível de organização, eletrostática e química antes de 1800, finalmente eles se fundem em um novo: eletroquímica. Mostra, em um segundo momento, como a bateria voltaica e a compreensão de sua operação e uso são os elementos subjacentes e estruturam o processo de unificação anterior. Enfatiza-se que, para explicar o funcionamento das baterias, os desenvolvimentos eletrostáticos devem ser tomados como referência e também é necessário avançar uma série de procedimentos para medir as magnitudes associadas, como potencial, carga, corrente e também projetar uma série de instrumentos para medir essas magnitudes. Destaca-se também que a pergunta sobre o que acontece nos eletrólitos e as alterações químicas causadas ao atravessar uma corrente elétrica, bem como as alterações nos eletrodos nos casos de eletrólise, suscitam novas questões que levam a constituir uma nova área de pesquisa: A atividade elétrica que ocorre nas baterias está intimamente relacionada às propriedades e alterações químicas das substâncias envolvidas.Este estudo histórico crítico gera elementos para estruturar e propor rotas de sala de aula focadas na construção e constituição de um novo domínio fenomenológico.Palavras-chave: Análise Histórico-Crítica; Ensino de eletroquímica; Bateria voltaica; Domínio fenomenológico.AbstractThis article does a critical historical analysis of the process that led to consolidate electrochemistry as a phenomenological domain. It is identified, a first moment, where domains in apparently insolated and with a high level of organization, electrostatics and chemistry before 1800, they are fused into a new one: electrochemistry. It shows, in a second moment, how the voltaic battery and the understanding of its operation and its use, are the element that bases and structures the previous unification process. It is emphasized that to explain the operation of the batteries, the electrostatic developments must be taken as a reference and it is also necessary to advance a series of procedures to measure the associated magnitudes such as potential, charge, current, as well as to design instruments to measure these magnitudes. It is also highlighted that the question about what happens in the electrolytes and the chemical changes that are caused when being crossed by an electric current, as well as the changes in the electrodes in the cases of electrolysis, give rise to new questions that lead to constitute A new area ofresearch: The electrical activity that occurs in batteries is closely related to properties and chemical changes of the substances involved.This critical historical study generates elements to structure and propose classroom routes focused on the construction and constitution of a new phenomenological domain.Keywords: Historical-critical analysis; teaching of electrochemistry; Voltaic battery; Phenomenological domain.ResumenEn el presente artículo se hace un análisis histórico crítico del proceso que llevó a consolidar la electroquímica como un dominio fenomenológico. Se identifica, un primer momento, donde dominios en apariencia disyuntos y con un alto nivel de organización, la electrostática y la química de antes de 1800, terminan fusionándose en uno nuevo: la electroquímica. Se muestra, en un segundo momento, cómo la batería voltaica y la comprensión de su funcionamiento y su uso, son el elemento que fundamenta y estructura el proceso anterior de unificación. Se destaca que para explicar el funcionamiento de las baterías se deben tomar como referencia los desarrollos de la electrostática y también se requiere adelantar una serie de procedimientos para medir las magnitudes asociadas como potencial, carga, corriente, así como diseñar una serie de instrumentos para medir dichas magnitudes. Se destaca también que la pregunta por lo que sucede en los electrolitos y los cambios químicos que se provocan al ser atravesado por una corriente eléctrica, así como los cambios en los electrodos en los casos del electrolisis, dan origen a nuevas preguntas que llevan a constituir un nuevo ámbito de investigación: La actividad eléctrica que ocurre en las baterías está íntimamente relacionada con propiedades y cambios químicos de las sustancias involucradas.Este estudio histórico critico nos genera elementos para estructurar y proponer rutas de aula centradas en la construcción y constitución de un nuevo dominio fenomenológico.Palabras clave: Análisis histórico-critico; Enseñanza de la electroquímica; Pila voltáica; Dominio fenomenológico.
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Alden, Dauril. "British Enterprise in Brazil: The St. John d'el Rey Mining Company and the Morro Velho Gold Mine, 1830–1960. ByMarshall C. Eakin · Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990. xxv + 334 pp. Charts, maps, illustrations, tables, appendixes, notes, bibliographical essay, and index. $47.50." Business History Review 64, no. 2 (1990): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115604.

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Narezkina, Anna, Xiaoxiao Lu, Bruno Emond, Aurélie Côté-Sergent, Annalise Hilts, Stephanie Liu, Marie-Hélène Lafeuille, Patrick Lefebvre, and Qing Huang. "Real-World Persistence and Time to Next Treatment with Ibrutinib Treatment in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma Including Patients at High Risk for Atrial Fibrillation or Stroke." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-148640.

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Abstract Introduction: Ibrutinib, a once-daily Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi), is the only targeted therapy that has demonstrated overall survival benefits compared to chemo- and/or immunotherapy across multiple phase 3 clinical trials in first line (1L) and relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Evidence suggests that atrial fibrillation (AF) is a potential adverse event (AE) associated with all BTKi's used to treat patients with CLL/SLL. While CLL/SLL patients may have a high baseline risk of AF, little is known about the real-world (RW) outcomes of BTKi's such as ibrutinib for these patients. In this study, we describe time to next treatment (TTNT) and time to discontinuation (TTD) for CLL/SLL patients who initiated a 1L or second or later line (2L+) of therapy with ibrutinib or other regimens, in all patients and for subsets of patients with high baseline risk of AF/AF-related stroke. Methods: In this descriptive study, the nationwide Flatiron Electronic Health Record-derived de-identified database (02/12/2013-01/31/2021) was used to select patients with CLL/SLL who had ≥2 clinic visits and started 1L or 2L+ therapy with ibrutinib or other regimens (e.g., chemoimmunotherapy [CIT], other novel targeted agents) on or after 02/12/2014 (index date). For each setting (1L and 2L+) and index regimen (ibrutinib or other regimens), three cohorts were considered: all patients, patients at high risk of AF (CHARGE-AF risk score ≥10.0%), and patients at high risk of AF-related stroke (CHA 2DS 2-VASc risk score ≥3 [females] or ≥2 [males]). TTD was defined as the time from starting index therapy to the earliest of: (1) stopping treatment (when a gap of >120 days was observed after the last day of supply of continuous treatment), (2) the day before switching to a next line of therapy, or (3) the end of data availability if patients did not stop or switch treatment. TTNT was defined as the time from starting index therapy to the start of the next line of therapy. TTNT was compared between cohorts using Kaplan-Meier rates with log-rank P-values. Results: A total of 2,190 (20% high risk CHARGE-AF [N=438], 49.3% high risk CHA 2DS 2-VASc [N=1,080]) and 1,851 (17.5% high risk CHARGE-AF [N=324], 44.5% high risk CHA 2DS 2-VASc [N=824]) patients were treated with ibrutinib in 1L and 2L+, respectively; while 4,388 (15.6% high risk CHARGE-AF [N=686], 44.3% high risk CHA 2DS 2-VASc [N=1,946]); and 4,135 (20.8% high risk CHARGE-AF [N=862], 50.5% high risk CHA 2DS 2-VASc [N=2,089]) patients were treated with other regimens in 1L and 2L+, respectively. Among other regimens, CIT was generally the most common regimen (42.9%-55.4% and 20.8%-26.7% of patients in 1L and 2L+, respectively). The prevalence of high risk del(17p) mutation at baseline was higher for patients treated with ibrutinib (24.0-25.5%) than for other regimens (7.5-14.2%). The mean Quan-Charlson comorbidity index score was ~2.3 and the prevalence of baseline cardiovascular comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, and acute coronary syndrome), varied among cohorts in 1L and 2L+ (Table 1, 2L+ data not shown). In the ibrutinib 1L cohorts, the mean follow-up length was 26.9 months in all patients, 22.9 months in high risk CHARGE-AF, and 24.9 months in high risk CHA 2DS 2-VASc, with mean TTD being 20.0, 16.1, and 18.0 months, respectively. Similar results were found in 2L+, for all patients and high risk cohorts. TTNT was longer for all patients on ibrutinib (1L and 2L+ median TTNT not reached) than for all patients on other regimens (1L median TTNT: 45.9 months [Fig 1a]; 2L+ median TTNT: 23.6 months [Fig 1b], all P<0.05). Similar results were observed when comparing high risk patients on ibrutinib to high risk patients on other regimens (all P<0.05). For both ibrutinib and other regimens, there were no differences in TTNT between all patients and high risk cohorts, in 1L and 2L+ (all P>0.05; Fig 1a and 1b). Conclusions: In this analysis, patients at a high risk for AF/AF-related stroke continued to demonstrate benefit with ibrutinib use across all lines of therapy. In addition, TTNT was significantly longer for patients treated with ibrutinib-based regimens than other regimens. Overall, this study confirms the RW benefits as demonstrated across multiple clinical trials and shows that baseline risk of AF/AF-related stroke does not adversely impact TTNT associated with ibrutinib use in patients with CLL/SLL. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Narezkina: Pharmacyclics, Janssen Scientific Affairs: Consultancy. Lu: Janssen Scientific Affairs: Current Employment; Johnson & Johnson: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Emond: Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy. Côté-Sergent: GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy. Hilts: Janssen: Consultancy; GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy; ViiV: Consultancy; Allergan/Abbvie: Consultancy. Liu: Novartis: Consultancy; uniQure: Consultancy; Servier: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; BioMarin: Consultancy. Lafeuille: GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy; Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy. Lefebvre: Pharmacyclics: Consultancy; Otsuka: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Regeneron: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC: Consultancy; GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy. Huang: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC: Current Employment; Johnson & Johnson: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.
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Minikin, R. R. "FUNDAMENTALS OF COAST EROSION AND DEFENCE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 5 (January 29, 2011): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v5.33.

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"Every ultimate fact is but the first of a new series and every general law only a particular fact of some more general law presently to disclose itself. Ralph Waldo Emerson was not a scientist but he wrote many wise things about human ways and notions. The words of this quotation condense with brevity the whole history of the studies relative to that branch of oceanography devoted to sea behaviour about our shores. Within the last half century there has been a great deal of research on the subject although with different ends in view; some were concerned with marine life and fisheries, some with variation of gravity, others with hydrography and others with the movement of the mobile material on the sea bed, currents and tides. Another type of research of no less importance was the delving into relevant historical records of centuries past of Dutch, French and Italian sea-going map makers. In this connection it was a well known Italian engineer who brought to light the works of a great English chart maker of the Mediterranean, Admiral Henry Smyth (1810) who for twenty years sailed that sea. It is only within recent years that there has been a dissemination of the data collated by these specialist compartmental researches through such Associations as this and it is all to the good of man. The difficulties of hydrodynamic studies are too well-known to require emphasis here excepting to underline the fact that most of the popular quantitative formulae are of a semi-empirical nature. It is therefore easy to appreciate the divergences of opinions of what is essential to a clear understanding and evaluation of the factors that must weigh in the diagnosis of beach behaviour subjected to the complex sea action. It is the purpose of this paper to examine briefly those things recorded from authoritative observations of the phenomena and the reasons and the remedies more usually proposed, or executed for the given conditions in various countries. The author has already suggested elsewhere that the personal approach to these problems should be definitely linked to a sea-sense, in other words a keen interest in and contact with the sea in all its moods.
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12

Longman, Mark W. "Evolution of carbonate studies in the Rocky Mountain region over the past century." Mountain Geologist 59, no. 3 (August 15, 2022): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.59.3.125.

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Just as the world’s population, knowledge in general, and the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG) have changed in major ways during the past 100 years, so too has the study and interpretation of carbonate rocks and reservoirs. The RMAG, a century old in 2022, has evolved from just 50 original charter members who held the organization’s first “meeting” in 1922, to its approximately 1800 members today. Thus, RMAG’s publications have helped document the evolution of carbonate rock studies, particularly those in the Rocky Mountain region. Key contributions have been made through RMAG’s hundreds of luncheon talks, through its quarterly technical publication, The Mountain Geologist, initiated in 1964, and the exceptionally comprehensive Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region, published 50 years ago in 1972. In addition, since 1953 the RMAG has published field guides and symposia volumes focused on specific basins, types of reservoirs, and structural geology among other things. Many of these books contain papers focused on carbonate rock units in the Rockies. Analysis of the papers published in The Mountain Geologist each year from 1964 through 2021 reveals that a fairly consistent 10 to 15% of that journal’s articles each year deal directly with some aspect of carbonate rocks. Earlier papers in the 1960s and 1970s dealt mainly with outcrop studies and the correlation of specific carbonate units based on measured sections or the use of fossils to define facies and biostratigraphic units. During the 1980s emphasis shifted to refining carbonate depositional models and focusing more on carbonate diagenesis through detailed petrographic studies, isotopic analyses, cathodoluminescence, and scanning electron microscopy. The 1990s brought a shift to papers focused more on specific carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs ranging from the peritidal dolomites in Cottonwood Creek Field to relatively deepwater Waulsortian mudmounds in the Mississippian Lodgepole Formation and the “basinal” chalks of the Niobrara Formation. The focus of carbonate studies shifted again in the early 2000s to the use of 3-D seismic data to better understand specific carbonate reservoirs and the increased interpretation of carbonate deposits within the context of sequence stratigraphy. The tools used to study carbonate rocks expanded even further over the past decade with more refined isotopic data, improved SEM studies, and the use of elemental data obtained with X-ray fluorescence analyses. No doubt the next decade will bring even more improvements in data collection methods and the interpretation of depositional and diagenetic processes that have impacted all Rocky Mountain carbonate deposits.
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13

Diehl, Megan, Evan L. Kulbacki, Gloria Broadwater, Anand S. Lagoo, J. Brice Weinberg, and Mark C. Lanasa. "Clinical Relevance of Immunophenotypic Characteristics in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 4604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4604.4604.

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Abstract Abstract 4604 Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has the highest incidence and prevalence of any leukemia in the United States. It has a characteristic immunophenotype, but variant forms (typically termed “atypical CLL”) are commonly encountered. It is not known if this immunophenotypic heterogeneity in CLL is clinically relevant. We hypothesized that the immunophenotype of CLL cells correlates with both biologic parameters and clinical outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of clinical, biologic, and flow cytometric data of patients undergoing an evaluation of an absolute lymphocytosis at the Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers. Patients meeting immunophenotypic criteria for CLL based on cell surface expression of CD5, CD19, CD20, CD23, and surface immunoglobulin light chain (sIg) were included in this analysis. Atypical CLL was defined if any of the following were observed: (1) expression of CD5, CD20, CD23, or sIg that differed from a typical CLL immunophenotype (e.g. bright CD20 or low CD23; hereafter non-standard immunophenotype), (2) expression of T cell markers CD7 or CD8, or (3) expression of CD123. Through electronic chart review, clinical and biologic parameters were abstracted. These included age; gender; ethnicity; WBC, hemoglobin, platelet count, and Rai stage at diagnosis; time to first treatment; overall survival; CD38, ZAP70, IGHV mutation status, and interphase cytogenetics (FISH). A chi square test or Fisher’s exact test for small sample sizes was used to test association of categorical data. The central tendencies of continuous measurement were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Overall survival and time to treatment were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method. Survival curves were compared using the log-rank test. This study was approved by IRBs at Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers. Results: We reviewed 189 patients, including 119 (63%) with typical CLL immunophenotype and 70 (37%) with atypical. Among patients with atypical CLL, 93% (65 of 70) had a non-standard immunophenotype, 33% (23 of 70) had expression of T cell markers, and 33% (14 of 43) had expression of CD123. We observed expression of T cell markers in 12% (23 of 189) and CD123 in 12% (14 of 114) of the entire cohort, respectively. At the time of diagnosis, there was no association between typical or atypical CLL immunophenotype and age, gender, race/ethnicity, WBC, hemoglobin, platelet count, or Rai stage (p>0.05 for all comparisons). With regard to biologic parameters, there was no association of CLL immunophenotype with the proportion of patients with CD38 ≥30%; however, the central tendency of CD38 was higher in the atypical group when analyzed as a continuous variable (median value 38% vs. 10%, p=0.04). There was no difference in the proportion of ZAP70 positive cases between typical and atypical groups. Analysis of interphase cytogenetics (FISH) data showed that a higher percentage of typical than atypical immunophenotypes had del 13q as a sole abnormality and a lower percentage had trisomy 12 (p=0.02). Despite the increased frequency of del 13q as a sole abnormality, lower frequency of trisomy 12, and lower expression of CD38, there was no difference between groups in time to first treatment (median 5.3 years for typical vs. 2.1 years for atypical; p= 0.11) or in overall survival (median 13.6 yrs64 years for typical vs. 18.0 years for atypical; p=0.11) (Figure 1). However, when patients with non-standard CLL immunophenotype were compared to those with a standard immunophenotype, a significantly shorter time to first treatment was observed (median 6.0 years for standard immunophenotype vs. 2.2 years for non-standard, p=0.03). Conclusion: Different immunophenotypic subtypes are commonly encountered in the care of patients with CLL. These groups have different biological characteristics, including differences in expression of CD38 and cytogenetic abnormalities. Exploratory analysis also showed differences in clinical outcomes based on immunophenotypic parameters. Validation studies are currently underway. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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14

Gerds, Aaron T., Shaloo Gupta, Gary Binder, Mikkael A. Sekeres, Aziz Nazha, Hetty E. Carraway, Stephanie Hawthorne, Kristen King-Concialdi, and Michael McGuire. "Rationale for Therapy Discontinuation in Patients with Lower-Risk Transfusion-Dependent Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3541.3541.

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Abstract Introduction: Approximately 50% of patients with MDS are anemic at initial diagnosis, with many becoming transfusion dependent (TD), necessitating the introduction of therapy with a goal of achieving transfusion independence (TI). In addition to transfusions, treatments to improve hemoglobin levels have historically been limited to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), whereas patients with more advanced disease may require treatment with a hypomethylating agent (HMA) (azacitidine [AZA] or decitabine [DAC]) or lenalidomide (LEN). As there is no predetermined treatment course, these therapies are continued until unacceptable toxicity, lack/loss of response, or disease progression. We examined treatment patterns, clinical outcome(s) of patients with MDS, and the physician's report of reason for treatment discontinuation (previously shown to vary from patients' perspectives) in patients who became TD at or after MDS diagnosis (Gerds et al. Blood 2014;124:abstract 2642). Methods:Data were derived from disease-specific physician surveys and patient charts, which provided information on demographic, treatment, and outcome data on lower-risk TD MDS patients. Patient inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 18 years, diagnosis of Low/Intermediate-risk MDS (International Prognostic Scoring System defined) 2-6 years prior to study entry, and becoming TD at least once during the minimum follow-up of 24 months. TD was defined as having received ≥ 2 transfusions within 8 weeks during the follow-up period. Patients who progressed to higher-risk disease or acute myeloid leukemia prior to becoming TD, had an additional malignancy, or were in an MDS clinical trial were excluded. Demographics, disease history, treatment history, TI, and reasons for treatment discontinuation were collected and reported descriptively. Results: A total of 239 physicians provided information on 1,221 lower-risk TD MDS patients. The median age of patients was 65 years (range 27-95 years), 56.3% were male, and median time since diagnosis was 3.2 years (range 2-6 years). Along with packed red blood cell transfusions, 354 patients (29%) were prescribed LEN [of whom 12.7% had del(5q)], 348 patients (28.5%) were prescribed ESAs, and 32 patients (2.6%) were prescribed HMAs. During the follow-up period, 31.3% of ESA patients discontinued therapy (at a median of 12 months; range 3-47 months), 32% of HMA patients discontinued therapy (at a median of 10 months; range 3-52 months), and 26% of LEN patients discontinued therapy (at a median of 13 months; range 2-30 months). In the LEN-treated group, only 9.8% of patients who discontinued therapy had del(5q). The main reason cited for treatment discontinuation across therapy groups reported by physicians was "patients completing the scheduled course of treatment" (28.2%), which occurred in 32.6%, 20.2%, and 22.6% of the LEN, ESA, and HMA groups, respectively. Other reported reasons for discontinuation included "insufficient initial response" (20.0%), "patients no longer responding to therapy" (19.0%), "disease progression" (18.0%), "death" (13.3%), and "worsening hemoglobin levels" (12.8%). Across therapy groups, "patient preference to stop therapy" was reported less frequently (9.7%), occurring in 7.6%, 8.3%, and 12.9% of the LEN, ESA, and HMA groups, respectively. Conclusions:Over 30% of TD lower-risk MDS patients receiving LEN, ESAs, AZA, or DAC discontinued therapy. Per physician reports, the most frequent reason for discontinuation of therapy was completion of scheduled treatment course, which is in stark contrast to recommendations in consensus guidelines, as MDS is a chronic disease in which treatment should be continued ad infinitum. The significant number of patients who stop therapy for alternative reasons suggests opportunities for further investigation. Education on the expected duration of therapy is essential to help support physicians and inform patients about optimal treatment decisions in the care of all MDS patients. Disclosures Gupta: Kantar Health: Employment; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding. Binder:Celgene Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Carraway:Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene Corporation: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Baxalta: Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Hawthorne:Kantar Health: Employment; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding. King-Concialdi:Kantar Health: Employment; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding. McGuire:Celgene Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership.
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15

Corrales-Yepez, Maria, Mohamed A. Kharfan-Dabaja, Jeffrey Lancet, Alan F. List, Eric Padron, Dana Rollison, P. K. Epling-Burnette, et al. "Hypoalbuminemia Is An Independent Prognostic Factor In Myelodysplastic Syndromes." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4001.4001.

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Abstract Abstract 4001 Background: Low serum albumin level is known to be an adverse prognostic factor in patients with malignancies such as multiple myeloma. We previously reported that severe hypoalbuminemia (<3.0 g/dl) at day +90 post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHCT) was an independent predictor of non-relapse and overall mortality in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (Kharfan-Dabaja et al Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010 Jul). In this study we examined prognostic value of serum albumin level in patients with MDS. Methods: Data were analyzed from the Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC) MDS database with chart review verification. The primary objective was to examine the role of serum albumin at time of presentation to MCC as a prognostic marker for overall survival (OS). Patients were divided into 3 groups of serum albumin levels (≤ 3.5, 3.6–4.0 and > 4.0 g/dl). The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate median OS. The log rank test was used to compare Kaplan–Meier survival estimates between two groups. Cox proportional hazards regression was used for multivariable analysis. Results: Between January 2001 and December 2009, 844 patients were captured by the MCC MDS database. The median age was 69 years. MDS subtypes were coded as refractory anemia (RA) (n=98;12%), refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) (n=76;9%), del(5q) (n=20;2.4%), refractory cytopenia with multi-lineage dysplasia (RCMD) (n=96;11%), refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) (n=255;30%), therapy related MDS (n=22;2.6%), and MDS-NOS (n=275; 33%). The distribution of IPSS risk groups was: 18.7% Low risk, 42.9% Intermediate-1 (Int-1), 19.9% Int-2, 5.3% High risk, and 13.2% unknown. Baseline characteristics for the three patient groups defined by serum albumin level are summarized in (Table-1). There was no difference in red blood cell transfusion dependency (RBC-TD) rate between the 3 groups (p=0.21). The median OS for all patients was 36 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 31.5–40.5 mo). Age, IPSS risk group, RBC-TD, Serum ferritin were statistically significant prognostic factors in univariable analysis. The median OS was 19 mo (95%CI= 14.9–23.1 mo), 35 mo (95%CI= 28.7–41.3 mo), and 53 mo (95%CI= 44.7–61.3 mo) for patients with serum albumin levels ≤ 3.5 g/dl, 3.6–4.0 g/dl, > 4.0 g/dl, respectively. (Figure-1) (p= <0.005). After adjustment for age, RBC-TD, OS was statistically significantly inferior among MDS patients with lower serum albumin (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.79.; 95%CI= 0.69–0.90; p= 0.001), and higher-risk IPSS group (HR=1.67; 95%CI=1.48-1.87; p= <0.005). The overall rate of AML transformation was 29.2%. Rate of AML transformation was higher in patients with lower serum albumin, 38% in patients with serum albumin ≤ 3.5 g/dl, 30% for patients 3.6–4.0 g/dl, and 23% in patients with serum albumin > 4.0 g/dl (p-value 0.005). Among patients in the Low/Int-1 IPSS risk group, the median OS was 28 mo (95%CI=15.7-40.3 mo), 48 mo (95%CI=38.8-58.0 mo), and 60 mo (95%CI=47.6-72.4 mo) for patients with serum albumin levels ≤ 3.5 g/dl, 3.6–4.0 g/dl and > 4.0 g/dl, respectively (p=0.003). Among patients in the Int-2/High IPSS risk group, the median OS was 16 mo (95%CI 13.3–15.7 mo), 22 mo (95%CI 18.0–26.0 mo), and 21 mo (95%CI 8.8–33.2 mo) respectively for patients with serum albumin levels ≤ 3.5 g/dl, 3.6–4.0 g/dl and > 4.0 g/dl, respectively p=0.03). Conclusion: In this retrospective analysis of a large single institution MDS database, serum albumin is found to be an independent prognostic factor for OS and AML transformation in MDS patients. The prognostic power of low serum albumin was greatest among patients with Low/Int-1 IPSS risk group, but remained an independent variable across all risk groups. Serum albumin may also be a surrogate marker of general health, co- morbidities, and performance status. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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16

Garcia, Jacqueline S., Ofir Wolach, Pankit Vachhani, Joshua F. Zeidner, Chetasi Talati, Daniel A. Pollyea, Catherine Lai, et al. "Comparative Effectiveness of Venetoclax Combinations Vs Other Therapies Among Patients with Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Results from the AML Real World Evidence (ARC) Initiative." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 2328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-151285.

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Abstract Introduction: Venetoclax (VEN) is a BCL-2 inhibitor FDA approved in combination with azacitidine (AZA), decitabine (DEC), or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) for newly diagnosed (ND) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults aged ≥75 or those with comorbidities precluding intensive chemotherapy. We explored real-world practices and clinical outcomes of patients (pts) treated with VEN-based vs. non-VEN-based regimens in the AML Real world evidenCe (ARC) Initiative. Methods: This multicenter chart review study includes adult pts with ND AML treated with VEN (VEN cohort) after 11 April 2016 matched to pts with non-VEN-based regimens (control cohort) after 15 May 2015 from 10 academic sites in the US and 4 in Israel. Pts were randomly selected and matched on age (<60; 60-74; ≥75) and ELN risk. Interim descriptive results (data cut: 17 May 2021) are presented; data collection is ongoing with a targeted sample of ≥500 matched pts. Response to therapy, as reported by physicians in the patient chart, hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) rate, and Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates of overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), and duration of response (DOR) were analyzed. Subgroups of pts aged <75 and with adverse ELN risk were analyzed separately. Results: Select results are shown in Table 1. 133 VEN and 133 control ND AML pts were included. Median age was 73 years (Range: 34-89) in the VEN cohort and 71 years (Range: 40-89) in the control cohort; 60.9% of matched pts were <75 (<75 subgroup; 81 VEN and 81 control). In both cohorts, 64.7% of pts had adverse ELN risk. VEN pts received VEN+AZA (106 pts, 79.7%), VEN+DEC (24 pts, 18.0%), or VEN+LDAC (3 pts, 2.3%). In the control cohort, 37.6% of pts received low-intensity regimens (largely DEC [19.5%] and AZA [14.3%]) and 62.4% received high-intensity regimens (e.g., cytarabine+daunorubicin [27.1%] and CPX-351 [15.8%]), with a higher proportion of pts on high-intensity regimens in the <75 subgroup (85.2%) and a lower proportion in the adverse-risk subgroup (54.7%). IDH1/IDH2 mutations were present in 16.5% and 15.8% of pts in the VEN and control cohorts, respectively, and NPM1 mutations were present in 11.4% and 11.8% of pts. Across subgroups, TP53 mutation was present in higher proportions of VEN pts compared to control. The mean duration of follow-up was 9.2 months in the VEN cohort and 14.6 months in the control cohort and the mean duration of treatment was 6.9 months and 4.3 months. Composite complete remission (CCR: CR+CRi) rate was 60.4% in the VEN cohort and 50.0% in the control cohort and rate of MLFS was 7.2% and 3.4%, respectively; among the pts who achieved a response (CR, CRi, CRh, or MLFS; 81 VEN and 68 control pts), median time to best response was 1.7 months and 1.3 months, respectively. The 1-year KM DOR for patients who achieved CCR was 57.7% in the VEN cohort and 53.1% in the control cohort. After initial therapy, 5.3% of pts in the VEN cohort and 15.0% of pts in the control cohort were referred to HCT. The 1-year KM OS was 62.6% in the VEN cohort and 49.8% in the control cohort and the 1-year KM EFS was 41.4% and 31.5%. In the <75 subgroup (81 VEN and 81 control pts), outcomes were similar between cohorts, despite a higher proportion of pts with comorbidities in the VEN cohort (87.7%) than the control cohort (77.8%); rates of CCR were 61.2% in the VEN cohort and 57.1% in the control cohort; after initial chosen therapy, 7.4% and 22.2% of pts were referred to HCT in the VEN and control cohort, respectively. The 1-year KM OS was 55.4% in the VEN cohort and 55.5% in the control cohort, and the 1-year KM EFS was 38.4% and 38.1%. In the adverse-risk subgroup, rates of CCR were 50.7% in the VEN cohort and 37.8% in the control cohort; after initial chosen therapy, 4.7% and 10.5% of pts were referred to HCT in the VEN and control cohort, respectively. The 1-year KM OS was 51.1% in the VEN cohort and 39.8% in the control cohort and the 1-year KM EFS was 28.4% and 27.2%. Conclusions: The current analyses support real-world treatment effectiveness of VEN combinations and are consistent with data reported from clinical trials, despite the relatively short follow-up at the time of interim analyses. The outcomes, including OS at 1 year, for VEN combinations in ND AML pts appear similar to matched control pts, including the subgroup of pts <75 who largely received high-intensity regimens, and a lower proportion had comorbidities. Further analyses of matched pts are ongoing. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Garcia: AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Prelude: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding. Wolach: Neopharm: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astellas: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding. Vachhani: Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Incyte: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Blueprint Medicines: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Talati: Jazz: Speakers Bureau; BMS: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria; Astellas: Speakers Bureau. Pollyea: Karyopharm: Consultancy; Syndax: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Celgene/BMS: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy; Glycomimetics: Other. Lai: Jazz Pharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astellas: Speakers Bureau; Macrogenics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz Pharma: Speakers Bureau; Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Daiichi-Sankyo: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Moshe: Astellas: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Lectures; AbbVie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Lectures; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Lectures. Abedin: Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria; Pfizer: Research Funding; Actinium: Research Funding; AltruBio: Research Funding; Agios: Honoraria; Helsinn: Research Funding. Lavie: AbbVie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Fees for lectures; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Consultancy, Other: Fees for lectures; Roche: Other: Fees for lectures; Novartis: Other: Fees for lectures. Zuckerman: AbbVie: Honoraria; Orgenesis Inc.: Honoraria; BioSight Ltd: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Gilead Sciences: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Cellect Biotechnology: Honoraria. Xavier: ADC Therapeutics: Speakers Bureau; Epizyme: Speakers Bureau; Celgene/BMS: Speakers Bureau; Seattle Genetics: Speakers Bureau; Morphosys/Incyte: Speakers Bureau; Beigene: Speakers Bureau; Acrotec: Consultancy; Genentech: Honoraria; Kite/Gilead: Honoraria; Jansen/Pharmacyclics: Honoraria; AstraZeneca: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Verastem: Honoraria; AbbVie: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Lee: AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Innate: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pin Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Bui: Abbvie: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Svensson: AbbVie: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Current holder of individual stocks in a privately-held company. Burne: Analysis Group Inc: Current Employment, Other: Analysis Group Inc received consulting funds from AbbVie. Kye: AbbVie: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Maitland: Analysis Group Inc: Current Employment, Other: Analysis Group Inc received consulting funds from AbbVie. Ma: Genentech, Inc.: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Montez: Genentech, Inc: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Grunspan: AbbVie: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Goldberg: Aptose: Consultancy, Research Funding; Arog: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Prelude Therapeutics: Research Funding; Aprea: Research Funding; Celularity: Research Funding; DAVA Oncology: Honoraria; Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astellas: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.
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17

Vachhani, Pankit, Ofir Wolach, Jacqueline S. Garcia, Joshua F. Zeidner, Chetasi Talati, Daniel A. Pollyea, Catherine Lai, et al. "Real-World Management of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Venetoclax-Based Regimens: Results from the AML Real World Evidence (ARC) Initiative." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-151586.

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Abstract Introduction: Venetoclax (VEN) is a novel BCL-2 inhibitor indicated in the US for treatment of newly-diagnosed (ND) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults ≥75 years or with comorbidities precluding use of intensive chemotherapy, in combination with azacitidine (AZA), decitabine (DEC), or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC). Despite widespread clinical use of VEN combinations in ND AML, real-world practice patterns are largely unknown. We set out to explore real-world outcomes and treatment paradigms in ND AML patients treated with VEN-based regimens. Methods: The AML Real world evidenCe (ARC) Initiative is a multicenter chart review study of adult pts with ND AML treated with VEN-based regimens and matched control pts (by age and ELN risk) from different academic sites in the US (10 sites) and Israel (4 sites), assessing real-world outcomes as well as VEN treatment practices. Interim descriptive results with data cutoff of 17 May 2021 are presented; data collection is ongoing, with a targeted sample size of over 250 VEN pts and further global expansion planned. Descriptive results are presented here on VEN-related treatment practices overall, and separately in the US and Israel. Results: At data cutoff, 133 VEN ND AML pts were included. The majority of pts were treated at US sites (102 pts, 76.7%). Regimens administered were VEN+AZA (106 pts, 79.7%), VEN+DEC (24 pts, 18.0%), and VEN+LDAC (3 pts, 2.3%). In Israel, all pts were treated with VEN+AZA (31 pts, 100.0%). Median age was 73.2 years, and the majority of pts (64.7%) had adverse ELN risk. Common genetic mutations observed included TP53 (30 pts, 22.7%), RUNX1 (21 pts,15.9%), IDH1/IDH2 (22 pts, 16.5%), NPM1 (15 pts, 11.4%), and FLT3 ITD (12 pts, 9.1%). Mean [median] duration of follow-up was 9.2 months [7.1] and duration of VEN-based treatment was 6.9 months [4.1]. 27.8% of pts had discontinued VEN. Among those who discontinued (37 pts), reasons for discontinuation included intolerance (13/37 pts, 35.1%), relapse (8/37 pts, 21.6%), and insufficient response (7/37 pts, 18.9%; results not shown). Unplanned dose interruptions during therapy were observed for 40 pts (30.1%) with common reasons including severe febrile neutropenia (13/40 pts, 32.5%), neutropenia (severe: 10/40 pts, 25.0%; non-severe: 5/40 pts, 12.5%), and patient request (6/40 pts, 15.0%). Venetoclax ramp-up was performed for 74.4% of pts overall and was more common in Israel (29 pts, 93.5%) than US sites (70 pts 68.6%). Among pts with venetoclax ramp-up performed, the majority received initial VEN treatment in the inpatient setting (US: 47/70 pts, 67.1%; Israel: 25/29 pts 86.2%), median starting and ending doses were 100mg and 400mg respectively, and median ramp-up duration was 3 days; which was similar in the US and Israel. Antifungal use during the first cycle, either prophylactically or in response to an infection, was observed in two-thirds of pts (88 pts, 66.2%) and was more common in the US (72 pts, 70.6%). Among pts with prophylactic antifungal use of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (33 pts, 24.8%), 42.4% of pts did not ramp-up and started and maintained a venetoclax dose of 100mg. At data cutoff, 120 pts had laboratory testing and bone marrow assessment results available in the full sample. Of these pts, timing of first bone marrow biopsy assessments varied, with 44.5% of pts having an assessment in their first cycle of venetoclax and 11.8% of pts having an assessment after the first two cycles. In Israel, a higher proportion of pts had a bone marrow assessment during their first cycle of venetoclax (18 pts, 58.1%). Out of those with response assessed (111 pts, 90.2%), 65.8% of pts achieved a response of CR, CRh, or CRi (US: 54/86 pts, 62.8%; Israel: 19/25 pts, 76.0%). Conclusions: The ongoing ARC Initiative provides insights on real-world treatment practices and management of ND AML pts treated with VEN-based regimens from academic sites. The ramp-up and dosing patterns appear consistent with label, with some variation. Delay in timing of bone marrow assessments may affect the assessment of time to response and post-response management in the real-world. Additional data collection in the ARC Initiative will provide more robust and valuable insights into VEN-based treatment practices and management in the real world. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Vachhani: Incyte: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Blueprint Medicines: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Wolach: AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Neopharm: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astellas: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Research Funding. Garcia: AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Prelude: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding. Talati: Pfizer: Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; Astellas: Speakers Bureau. Pollyea: Takeda: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy; Syndax: Consultancy; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Agios: Consultancy; Glycomimetics: Other; Amgen: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy; Celgene/BMS: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy. Lai: Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz Pharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Daiichi-Sankyo: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Macrogenics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astellas: Speakers Bureau; Jazz Pharma: Speakers Bureau; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Moshe: Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Lectures; Astellas: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Lectures; AbbVie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Lectures. Abedin: Agios: Honoraria; Actinium: Research Funding; AltruBio: Research Funding; Helsinn: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding. Lavie: AbbVie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Fees for lectures; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Other: Fees for lectures; Roche: Other: Fees for lectures; Novartis: Other: Fees for lectures; Takeda: Consultancy. Zuckerman: Cellect Biotechnology: Honoraria; Gilead Sciences: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; BioSight Ltd: Honoraria; Orgenesis Inc.: Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria. Xavier: AbbVie: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Morphosys/Incyte: Speakers Bureau; Jansen/Pharmacyclics: Honoraria; ADC Therapeutics: Speakers Bureau; Epizyme: Speakers Bureau; Genentech: Honoraria; Kite/Gilead: Honoraria; Beigene: Speakers Bureau; Acrotec: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Speakers Bureau; AstraZeneca: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Verastem: Honoraria; Celgene/BMS: Speakers Bureau. Lee: Pin Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Innate: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Bui: Abbvie: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Svensson: AbbVie: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Current holder of individual stocks in a privately-held company. Kye: AbbVie: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Burne: Analysis Group Inc: Current Employment, Other: Analysis Group Inc received consulting funds from AbbVie. Maitland: Analysis Group Inc: Current Employment, Other: Analysis Group Inc received consulting funds from AbbVie. Ma: Genentech, Inc.: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Montez: Genentech, Inc: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Grunspan: AbbVie: Current Employment, Other: May hold equity. Goldberg: AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Arog: Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Research Funding; Aptose: Consultancy, Research Funding; Aprea: Research Funding; DAVA Oncology: Honoraria; Celularity: Research Funding; Prelude Therapeutics: Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
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Grim, Ronald E., Sarah Bendall, Alfred Hiatt, Naomi Kline, Margriet Hoogvliet, Christopher Burlinson, Lucy Le-Guilcher, et al. "Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Fresh Perspectives, New Methods. Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert and Richard W. Unger. Pictura et Scriptura: textes, images, et herméneutique des mappae mundi (XIIIe–XVIe siècles). By Margriet Hoogvliet. Maps and Monsters in Medieval England. By Asa Simon Mittman. The Cartographic Imagination in Early Modern England: Re-writing the World in Marlowe, Spenser, Raleigh and Marvell. By D. K. Smith. Novels, Maps, Modernity: The Spatial Imagination, 1850–2000. By Eric Bulson. Constructing Lithuania: Ethnic Mapping in Tsarist Russia, ca. 1800–1914. By Vytautas Petronis. Petermann's Planet: A Guide to German Handatlases and Their Siblings throughout the World, 1800–1950. Vol. 2: The Rare and Small Handatlases. By Jürgen Espenhorst. Catálogo analítico des lo atlas del Museo Naval de Madrid. By Luisa Martín-Merás. Vigilia colonial. Cartógrafos militares españoles en Marruecos (1882–1912). By Luis Urteaga. Mapping Colonial Conquest: Australia and Southern Africa. Edited by Norman Etherington. Mapping Jordan through Two Millennia. By John R. Bartlett. Chaining Oregon: Surveying the Public Lands of the Pacific Northwest, 1851–1855. By Kay Atwood. Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America. By Neil Safier. The Tropics of Empire: Why Columbus Sailed South to the Indies. By Nicolás Wey Gómez. Coastlines: How Mapmakers Frame the World and Chart Environmental Change. By Mark Monmonier. Geography and Vision: Seeing, Imagining and Representing the World. By Denis Cosgrove. Placing the Enlightenment: Thinking Geographically about the Age of Reason. By Charles W. J. Withers." Imago Mundi 61, no. 2 (July 3, 2009): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085690902923762.

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Devi Artanti, Guspri, Fidesrinur, and Meyke Garzia. "Stunting and Factors Affecting Toddlers in Indonesia." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.161.12.

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ABSTRACT: Asia is the second region after Africa to have the tallest prevalence of stunting in the world. Indonesia is one of the countries in Southeast Asia with the fifth highest prevalence of stunting in the world at 37%, or nearly 9 million children who experience stunting. This study aims to examine the factors that influence and risk the occurrence of stunting in children in Indonesia. The research method uses a type of qualitative research with a traditional literature review. This study found that stunting is influenced by several complex factors not only at the individual level but also at the family and community levels. A comprehensive synthesis of the available evidence on the determinants of stunting in children in Indonesia outlines who is most vulnerable to stunting, which interventions are successful, and what new research is needed to fill knowledge gaps. Keywords: Indonesian toddlers, stunting factors References: Adair, L. S., & Guilkey, D. K. (1997). Age-specific Determinants of Stunting in Filipino Children. The Journal of Nutrition, 127(2), 314–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.2.314 Akombi, B. J., Agho, K. E., Hall, J. J., Merom, D., Astell-Burt, T., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2017). Stunting and Severe Stunting Among Children Under-5 Years in Nigeria: A Multilevel Analysis. BMC Pediatrics, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0770-z Asfaw, M., Wondaferash, M., Taha, M., & Dube, L. (2015). Prevalence of Undernutrition and Associated Factors Among Children Aged Between Six to Fifty Nine Months in Bule Hora District, South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health,15(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1370-9 Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. (2018). Hasil Utama RISKESDAS 2018. Bardosono, S., Sastroamidjojo, S., & Lukito, W. (2007). Determinants of Child Malnutrition During the 1999 Economic Crisis in Selected Poor Areas of Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16(3), 512–526. Best, C. M., Sun, K., De Pee, S., Sari, M., Bloem, M. W., & Semba, R. D. (2008). Paternal Smoking and Increased Risk of Child Malnutrition Among Families in Rural Indonesia. Tobacco Control, 17(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.020875 Biadgilign, S., Shumetie, A., & Yesigat, H. (2016). Does Economic Growth Reduce Childhood Undernutrition in Ethiopia? PLoS ONE, 11(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160050 Black, R. E., Victoria, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., Onis, M. de, Ezzati, M., McGregor, S. G., Katz, J., Martorell, R., Uauy, R., & The Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. (2013). Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-income and Middle-income Countries. The Lancet, 382, 396. Budge, S., Parker, A. H., Hutchings, P. T., & Garbutt, C. (2019). Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Child Stunting. Nutrition Reviews, 77(4), 240–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy068 Burchi, F. (2010). Child Nutrition in Mozambique in 2003: The Role of Mother’s Schooling and Nutrition Knowledge. Economics and Human Biology, 8(3), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2010.05.010 Casale, D., Espi, G., & Norris, S. A. (2018). Estimating the pathways through which maternal education affects stunting: Evidence from an urban cohort in South Africa. 21(10), 1810–1818. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018000125 Casanovas, M. del C., Lutter, C. K., Mangasaryan, N., Mwadime, R., Hajeebhoy, N., Aguilar, A. M., Kopp, C., Rico, L., Ibiett, G., Andia, D., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). Multi-sectoral Intervensions for Healthy Growth. Matern Child Nutrition, 2, 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12082 Chirande, L., Charwe, D., Mbwana, H., Victor, R., Kimboka, S., Issaka, A. I., Baines, S. K., Dibley, M. J., & Agho, K. E. (2015). Determinants of Stunting and Severe Stunting Among Under-Fives in Tanzania: Evidence from The 2010 Cross-sectional Household Survey. BMC Pediatrics, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0482-9 Creswell, J. W. (2014). A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research. SAGE Publications Inc. Dao, D., Thang, V. Van, & Hoa, D. T. (2010). Malnutrition Status and Related Factors Within Ethnic Minority Children Under 5 Years Old in North Tra My District, Quang Nam Province in 2010. Journal of Science, 61. Fantay Gebru, K., Mekonnen Haileselassie, W., Haftom Temesgen, A., Oumer Seid, A., & Afework Mulugeta, B. (2019). Determinants of Stunting Among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Mixed-Effects Analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1545-0 Fitri, L. (2018). Hubungan BBLR dan ASI Eksklusif Dengan Kejadian Stunting di Puskesmas Lima Puluh Pekanbaru. Jurnal Endurance, 3(1), 131–137. Goldstein, H. (2010). Multilevel Statistical Models, 4th Edition. Wiley. Handayani, F., Siagian, A., & Aritonang, E. (2017). Mother’s Education as A Determinant of Stunting among Children of Age 24 to 59 Months in North Sumatera Province of Indonesia. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2206095864 Hendraswari, C. A., Purnamaningrum, Y. E., Maryani, T., Widyastuti, Y., & Harith, S. (2021). The Determinants of Stunting for Children Aged 24-59 Months in Kulon Progo District 2019. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 16(2), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v16i2.3305 Hoddinott, J., Alderman, H., Behrman, J. R., Haddad, L., & Horton, S. (2013). The Economic Rationale For Investing In Stunting Reduction. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 9, 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12080 Horrell, S., Humphries, J., & Voth, H.-J. (2001). Destined for Deprivation: Human Capital Formation and Intergenerational Poverty in Nineteenth-Century England. Explorations in Economic History, 38(3), 339–365. https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.2000.0765 International Food Policy Research Institute. (2016). Global Nutrition Report 2016: From Premise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2016). InfoDATIN: Situasi Balita Pendek. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Warta KESMAS: Cegah Stunting itu Penting. Kimani-Murage, E. W., Muthuri, S. K., Oti, S. O., Mutua, M. K., Van De Vijver, S., & Kyobutungi, C. (2015). Evidence of A Double Burden of Malnutrition in Urban Poor Settings in Nairobi, Kenya. PLoS ONE, 10(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129943 Kusumawati, E., Rahardjo, S., & Sari, H. P. (2015). Model Pengendalian Faktor Risiko Stunting pada Anak Usia di Bawah Tiga Tahun Model of Stunting Risk Factor Control among Children under Three Years. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 9, 249–256. Madan, E. M., Haas, J. D., Menon, Purnima., & Gillespie, Stuart. (2018). Seasonal Variation In The Proximal Determinants Of Undernutrition During The First 1000 Days Of Life In Rural South Asia: A Comprehensive Review.Global Food Security, 19, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.08.008 McGregor, S. G., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Ritcher, L., Strupp, B., & International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Developmental Potential in The First 5 Years for Children in Developing Countries. The Lancet, 369, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4 Mugianti, S., Mulyadi, A., Anam, A. K., & Najah, Z. L. (2018). Faktor Penyebab Anak Stunting Usia 25-60 Bulan di Kecamatan Sukorejo Kota Blitar. Jurnal Ners Dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery), 5(3), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v5i3.art.p268-278 Ntenda, P. A. M., & Chuang, Y.-C. (2018). Analysis of Individual-level and Community-level Effects on Childhood Undernutrition in Malawi. Pediatr Neonatol, 59(4), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.11.019 Oddo, V. M., Rah, J. H., Semba, R. D., Sun, K., Akhter, N., Sari, M., De Pee, S., Moench-Pfanner, R., Bloem, M., & Kraemer, K. (2012). Predictors of Maternal and Child Double Burden of Malnutrition in Rural Indonesia and Bangladesh. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(4), 951–958. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.026070 Prado, E. L., & Dewey, K. G. (2014). Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutrition Reviews, 72(4), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12102 Prakhasita, R. C. (2019). Hubungan Pola Pemberian Makan Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Usia 12-59 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Wedi Surabaya. Universitas Airlangga. Reynaldo, Martorell., & Young, M. F. (2012). Patterns of Stunting and Wasting: Potential Explanatory Factors. Advances in Nutrition, 3(2), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.001107 Rosiyati, E., Pratiwi, E. A. D., Poristinawati, I., Rahmawati, E., Nurbayani, R., Lestari, S., Wardani, P. S., & Nugroho, M. R. (2019). Determinants of Stunting Children (0-59 Months) in Some Countries in Southeast Asia. Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas, 4(3), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.25311/keskom.vol4.iss3.262 Sari, M., De Pee, S., Bloem, M. W., Sun, K., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Moench-Pfanner, R., Akhter, N., Kraemer, K., & Semba, R. D. (2010). Higher Household Expenditure on Animal-Source and Nongrain Foods Lowers the Risk of Stunting Among Children 0-59 Months Old in Indonesia: Implications of Rising Food Prices. Journal of Nutrition, 140(1), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.110858 Satriawan, E. (2018). Strategi Nasional Percepatan Pencegahan Stunting 2018-2024. [National Strategy for the Acceleration of Stunting Prevention] Semba, R. D., Kalm, L. M., De Pee, S., Ricks, M. O., Sari, M., & Bloem, M. W. (2007). Paternal Smoking is Associated with Increased Risk of Child Malnutrition Among Poor Urban Families in Indonesia. Public Health Nutrition, 10(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898000722292X Semba, R. D., Moench-Pfanner, R., Sun, K., De Pee, S., Akhter, N., Rah, J. H., Campbell, A. A., Badham, J., Bloem, M. W., & Kraemer, K. (2011). Consumption of Micronutrient-fortified Milk and Noodles is Associated with Lower Risk of Stunting in Preschool-Aged Children in Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200406 Shieh, S. J., Chen, H. L., Liu, F. C., Liou, C. C., Lin, Y. in H., Tseng, H. I., & Wang, R. H. (2010). The Effectiveness of Structured Discharge Education on Maternal Confidence, Caring Knowledge, and Growth of Premature Newborns. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(23–24), 3307–3313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03382.x Stewart, C. P., Iannotti, L., Dewey, K. G., Michaelsen, K. F., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). 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Rivera de Rosales, Jacinto. "Fichte: del Yo puro al saber absoluto (1798-1802)." Contrastes. Revista Internacional de Filosofía 19, no. 3 (April 21, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/contrastescontrastes.v19i3.1102.

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RESUMENEl artículo quiere exponer el cambio que se produce en el pensamiento de Fichteentre 1800 y 1801, que marca la frontera del primer y el segundo Fichte. El principio de su filosofía pasa de ser el Yo absoluto a ser el Absoluto y el saber absoluto. Esto ocurre así a consecuencia de la polémica del ateísmo, de la acusación de nihilismo por parte de Jacobi, y del uso que Schelling hacía del Absoluto en su nueva filosofía de la identidad. Se explica además cómo sucede ese cambio internamente en la Doctrina de la Ciencia, a partir de su síntesis final del mundo de los seres racionales o teoría de la relación interpersonal. Por último se interpreta esa evolución a la luz de la teoría fichteana de los cinco puntos de vista.PALABRAS CLAVESFICHTE, ABSOLUTO, POLÉMICA DEL ATEÍSMO, JACOBI, SCHELLINGABSTRACTThe article aims to explain the change that occurs in Fichte's thought between 1800 and 1801, which marks the border between the first and second Fichte. The principle of his philosophy was the absolute I, and now is the Absolute and the absolute knowledge. This occurs as a result of the controversy of atheism, the charge of nihilism by Jacobi, and Schelling’s use of the Absolute in his new philosophy of identity. It is also explained how this change happens internally in the Doctrine of Science, from the final synthesis of the world of rational beings or theory of interpersonal relationship. Finally these developments are interpreted in the light of Fichte's theory of the five points of view.KEY WORDSFICHTE, ABSOLUTE, CONTROVERSY OF ATHEISM, JACOBI, SCHELLING
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Flores Gutiérrez, Miguel Ángel. "El Plano del Estado de México de 1848: una imagen emblemática del territorio mexiquense." ULÚA. REVISTA DE HISTORIA, SOCIEDAD Y CULTURA, no. 38 (July 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/urhsc.v0i38.2707.

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Resumen:En la Mapoteca Manuel Orozco y Berra se localiza el Plano del Estado de México dibujado en 1848 por Juan Orozco, documento que contiene la representación del territorio primigenio del Estado de México, entidad constituida en 1824 con base en la antigua intendencia de México. El mapa tiene su origen en las operaciones científicas conducidas por Tomás Ramón del Moral entre 1827 y 1833, basadas en métodos geodésicos. Esta experiencia fue única en su tipo por tratarse de la primera carta geográfica estatal antes de que se institucionalizaran este tipo de trabajos en el país. El propósito de este artículo es ofrecer, desde una nueva mirada interpretativa de los mapas, un panorama sobre el desarrollo de las actividades por parte de la comisión encargada de formar el plano general del Estado de México y el significado del producto; asimismo, revelar cómo es que el alumno de minería, Juan Orozco, la dio a conocer y bajo qué circunstancias lo hizo. Palabras clave: Mapa, cartografía, geodesia, territorio, contexto, significado. Recepción: 12 de enero de 2021 Aceptación: 5 de marzo de 2021 Abstract:In the Manuel Orozco y Berra Map Library the Plano del Estado de México, is located. Drawn in 1848 by Juan Orozco, a mining student, it is a document which contains the first complete representation of the original territory of the Estate of Mexico, an entity constituted in 1824 based on the former Intendancy of Mexico. The map has its origins in Tomás Ramón del Moral’s scientific measurements carried out between 1827 and 1833, based on geodesic methods. This experience was unique since it was the first state geographical chart before this type of work was institutionalized in the country. The purpose of the article is to provide, from a new interpretive perspective of the maps, an overview of the development of the activities of the commission responsible for forming the general mapping of the State of Mexico and the significance of the finished product; at the same time it explores the circumstances under which Juan Orozco labored and how he subsequently made is work public. Key words: Map, mapping, geodesy, territory, context, meanin.
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22

Berger, Arthur Asa. "The Meanings of Culture." M/C Journal 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1833.

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Culture: Its Many Meanings One of the problems we encounter in dealing with culture is that there are so many different meanings and definitions attached to the term. We think of culture two ways: first, in terms of aesthetic matters (relative to thearts) and second, as a concept used by anthropologists to describe the way people live. There are, so I understand, something like a hundred different definitions of culture used by anthropologists. The Origins of the Term "Culture" The word 'culture' comes from the Latin cultus, which means 'care', and from the French colere which means 'to till' as in 'till the ground'. There are many terms that stem from the word culture. For example, there is the term 'cult' which suggests some kind of a religious organisation. We are continually amazed at the power cults have to shape our behavior, to brainwash us -- to turn intelligent and educated people into fanatics. Here we are dealing with the power of charismatic personalities and of groups over individuals. If cults can exercise enormous power over individuals and groups of people, can't we say that cultures also can do the same thing, though usually not to the same extreme degree? There is also the term 'cultivated', which means something that has been grown or, in the realm of aesthetics and the arts, sophisticated taste. Just as plants only exist because they are cared for by some cultivator, over a period of time, so people's taste and cultivation only are developed by education and training. It takes time to develop a refined sensibility, to become discriminating, to appreciate texts that are difficult and complex and not immediately satisfying. Bacteriologists also speak about cultures, but they use the term to describe the bacteria that are grown in Petri dishes if they are given suitable media (sources of nourishment). This matter of bacteria growing in media may be an important metaphor for us: just as bacteria need media to grow into culture, so do human beings need cultures to survive and develop themselves. We don't do it all on our own. In the chart below I show the interesting parallels: Bacteriology Bacteria Grow in media Form cultures Sociology/Anthropology Humans Affected by media Form cultures Of course we are much more complex than bacteria; in truth, each of us form a kind of medium for countless kinds of bacteria that inhabit our mouths and various other parts of our bodies. Bacteriology involves the cultivation and study of micro-organisms (bacteria) in prepared nutrients and the study of media (and what is often called cultural criticism nowadays) involves the study of individuals and groups in a predominantly, but not completely, mass-mediated culture. Not all culture is mass mediated. An Anthropological Definition of Culture Let me offer a typical anthropological definition of culture. It is by Henry Pratt Fairchild and appeared in his Dictionary of Sociology and Related Sciences: A collective name for all behavior patterns socially acquired and transmitted by means of symbols; hence a name for all the distinctive achievements of human groups, including not only such items as language, tool-making, industry, art, science, law, government, morals and religion, but also the material instruments or artifacts in which cultural achievements are embodied and by which intellectual cultural features are given practical effect, such as buildings, tools, machines, communication devices, art objects, etc. (80) Let's consider some of the topics Fairchild mentions. Behavior Patterns. We are talking about codes and patterns of behavior here that are found in groups of people. Socially Acquired. We are taught these behavior patterns as we grow up in a family in some geographical location and are profoundly affected by the family we are born into, its religion, and all kinds of other matters. Socially Acquired. We are taught these behavior patterns as we grow up in a family in some geographical location and are profoundly affected by the family we are born into, its religion, and all kinds of other matters. The Distinctive Achievements of Human Groups. It is in groups that we become human and become enculturated or acculturated (two words for the same thing, for all practical purposes). We have our own distinctive natures but we are also part of society. Artifacts in which cultural achievements are embodied. The artifacts we are talking about here are the popular culture texts carried in the various media and other non-mediated aspects of popular culture (or not directly mediated) such as fashions in clothes, food preferences, artifacts (what anthropologists call 'material culture'), language use, sexual practices and related matters. We know that a great deal of our popular culture, while not carried by the media, is nevertheless profoundly affected by it. We can see, then, that culture is a very complicated phenomenon that plays some kind of a role in shaping our consciousness and our behavior. You may think you are immune from the impact of the media and popular culture, but that is a delusion that is generated, I would suggest, by the media. We think we are not affected in significant ways by the media and popular culture (sometimes called mass mediated culture) and culture in general but we are wrong. Culture affects us but it doesn't necessarily determine every act we do; though some scholars, who believe the media are very powerful, might argue with this point. Falling Off the Map: What Travel Literature Reveals For a graphic example of how cultures differ, let me offer two quotations from the travel writer Pico Iyer from his book Falling Off the Map: Some Lonely Places of the World, a collection of travel articles about seldom-visited places (by American travelers, at least). Saigon: the only word for Saigon is 'wild'. One evening I counted more than a hundred two-wheel vehicles racing past me in the space of sixty seconds, speeding around the jam-packed streets as if on some crazy merry-go-round, a mad carnival without a ringmaster; I walked into a dance club and found myself in the midst of a crowded floor of hip gay boys in sleeveless T-shirts doing the latest moves to David Byrne; outside again, I was back inside the generic Asian swirl, walking through tunnels of whispers and hisses. "You want boom-boom?" "Souvenir for you dah-ling?" "Why you not take special massage?" Shortly before midnight, the taxi girls stream out of their nightclubs in their party dresses and park their scooters outside the hotels along 'Simultaneous Uprising' Street. (134-5) Compare his description of Saigon with his portrait of Reykjavik, Iceland, equally as fascinating and fantastic but considerably different from Saigon. Even 'civilization' seems to offer no purchase for the mind here: nothing quite makes sense. Iceland boasts the largest number of poets, presses, and readers per capita in the world: Reykjavik, a town smaller than Rancho Cucamonga, California, has five daily newspapers, and to match the literary production of Iceland, the U.S. would have to publish twelve hundred new books a day. Iceland has the oldest living language in Europe; its people read the medieval sagas as if they were tomorrow's newspaper and all new concepts, such as 'radio' and 'telephone', are given poetical medieval equivalents. Roughly three eldest children in every four are illegitimate here, and because every son of Kristjan is called Kristjansson, and every daughter Kristjansdottir, mothers always have different surnames from their children (and in any case are rarely living with the fathers). The first day I ever spent in 'Surprise City' (as Reykjavik is called), I found golden-haired princesses and sword-wielding knights enacting fairy-tale sagas on the main bridge in the capital. (67-8) We can see that there are considerable differences between Saigon and Reykjavik, though just as (to be fair) Iyer points out the incredible differences between cities in Vietnam, such as the differences between Saigon and Hue. Iyer's description of the landscape of Iceland may help explain the national character of the Icelanders. As he writes: I knew, before I visited, a little about the epidemic oddness of the place: there was no beer in Iceland in 1987, and no television on Thursdays; there were almost no trees, and no vegetables. Iceland is an ungodly wasteland of volcanoes and tundra and Geysir, the mother of geysirs, a country so lunar that NASA astronauts did their training there. (67) There has to be some influence of this remarkable landscape and climate, of the Iceland geographical location, the amount of light and darkness in which people live, upon the people who live there and there has to be some influence of the jungle and the climate of Vietnam on its people. What we become is, it seems to me, due to some curious combination of factors involving our natures (that is, the hard-wired elements of our personalities) and our cultures, with the matter of chance playing a big role as well. What we become is, it seems to me, due to some curious combination of factors involving our natures (that is, the hard-wired elements of our personalities) and our cultures, with the matter of chance playing a big role as well. References Fairchild, Henry Pratt. Dictionary of Sociology and Related Sciences. Totawa, NY: Littlefield, Adams & Co., 1967. Iyer, Pico. Falling Off the Map: Some Lonely Places of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Arthur Asa Berger. "The Meanings of Culture." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.2 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/meaning.php>. Chicago style: Arthur Asa Berger, "The Meanings of Culture," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 2 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/meanings.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Arthur Asa Berger. (2000) The meanings of culture. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(2). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/meaning.php> ([your date of access]).
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23

Cashman, Dorothy Ann. "“This receipt is as safe as the Bank”: Reading Irish Culinary Manuscripts." M/C Journal 16, no. 3 (June 23, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.616.

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Introduction Ireland did not have a tradition of printed cookbooks prior to the 20th century. As a consequence, Irish culinary manuscripts from before this period are an important primary source for historians. This paper makes the case that the manuscripts are a unique way of accessing voices that have quotidian concerns seldom heard above the dominant narratives of conquest, colonisation and famine (Higgins; Dawson). Three manuscripts are examined to see how they contribute to an understanding of Irish social and culinary history. The Irish banking crisis of 2008 is a reminder that comments such as the one in the title of this paper may be more then a casual remark, indicating rather an underlying anxiety. Equally important is the evidence in the manuscripts that Ireland had a domestic culinary tradition sited within the culinary traditions of the British Isles. The terms “vernacular”, representing localised needs and traditions, and “polite”, representing stylistic features incorporated for aesthetic reasons, are more usually applied in the architectural world. As terms, they reflect in a politically neutral way the culinary divide witnessed in the manuscripts under discussion here. Two of the three manuscripts are anonymous, but all are written from the perspective of a well-provisioned house. The class background is elite and as such these manuscripts are not representative of the vernacular, which in culinary terms is likely to be a tradition recorded orally (Gold). The first manuscript (NLI, Tervoe) and second manuscript (NLI, Limerick) show the levels of impact of French culinary influence through their recipes for “cullis”. The Limerick manuscript also opens the discussion to wider social concerns. The third manuscript (NLI, Baker) is unusual in that the author, Mrs. Baker, goes to great lengths to record the provenance of the recipes and as such the collection affords a glimpse into the private “polite” world of the landed gentry in Ireland with its multiplicity of familial and societal connections. Cookbooks and Cuisine in Ireland in the 19th Century During the course of the 18th century, there were 136 new cookery book titles and 287 reprints published in Britain (Lehmann, Housewife 383). From the start of the 18th to the end of the 19th century only three cookbooks of Irish, or Anglo-Irish, authorship have been identified. The Lady’s Companion: or Accomplish’d Director In the whole Art of Cookery was published in 1767 by John Mitchell in Skinner-Row, under the pseudonym “Ceres,” while the Countess of Caledon’s Cheap Receipts and Hints on Cookery: Collected for Distribution Amongst the Irish Peasantry was printed in Armagh by J. M. Watters for private circulation in 1847. The modern sounding Dinners at Home, published in London in 1878 under the pseudonym “Short”, appears to be of Irish authorship, a review in The Irish Times describing it as being written by a “Dublin lady”, the inference being that she was known to the reviewer (Farmer). English Copyright Law was extended to Ireland in July 1801 after the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1800 (Ferguson). Prior to this, many titles were pirated in Ireland, a cause of confusion alluded to by Lehmann when she comments regarding the Ceres book that it “does not appear to be simply a Dublin-printed edition of an English book” (Housewife 403). This attribution is based on the dedication in the preface: “To The Ladies of Dublin.” From her statement that she had a “great deal of experience in business of this kind”, one may conclude that Ceres had worked as a housekeeper or cook. Cheap Receipts and Hints on Cookery was the second of two books by Catherine Alexander, Countess of Caledon. While many commentators were offering advice to Irish people on how to alleviate their poverty, in Friendly Advice to Irish Mothers on Training their Children, Alexander was unusual in addressing her book specifically to its intended audience (Bourke). In this cookbook, the tone is of a practical didactic nature, the philosophy that of enablement. Given the paucity of printed material, manuscripts provide the main primary source regarding the existence of an indigenous culinary tradition. Attitudes regarding this tradition lie along the spectrum exemplified by the comments of an Irish journalist, Kevin Myers, and an eminent Irish historian, Louis Cullen. Myers describes Irish cuisine as a “travesty” and claims that the cuisine of “Old Ireland, in texture and in flavour, generally resembles the cinders after the suttee of a very large, but not very tasty widow”, Cullen makes the case that Irish cuisine is “one of the most interesting culinary traditions in Europe” (141). It is not proposed to investigate the ideological standpoints behind the various comments on Irish food. Indeed, the use of the term “Irish” in this context is fraught with difficulty and it should be noted that in the three manuscripts proposed here, the cuisine is that of the gentry class and representative of a particular stratum of society more accurately described as belonging to the Anglo-Irish tradition. It is also questionable how the authors of the three manuscripts discussed would have described themselves in terms of nationality. The anxiety surrounding this issue of identity is abating as scholarship has moved from viewing the cultural artifacts and buildings inherited from this class, not as symbols of an alien heritage, but rather as part of the narrative of a complex country (Rees). The antagonistic attitude towards this heritage could be seen as reaching its apogee in the late 1950s when the then Government minister, Kevin Boland, greeted the decision to demolish a row of Georgian houses in Dublin with jubilation, saying that they stood for everything that he despised, and describing the Georgian Society, who had campaigned for their preservation, as “the preserve of the idle rich and belted earls” (Foster 160). Mac Con Iomaire notes that there has been no comprehensive study of the history of Irish food, and the implications this has for opinions held, drawing attention to the lack of recognition that a “parallel Anglo-Irish cuisine existed among the Protestant elite” (43). To this must be added the observation that Myrtle Allen, the doyenne of the Irish culinary world, made when she observed that while we have an Irish identity in food, “we belong to a geographical and culinary group with Wales, England, and Scotland as all counties share their traditions with their next door neighbour” (1983). Three Irish Culinary Manuscripts The three manuscripts discussed here are held in the National Library of Ireland (NLI). The manuscript known as Tervoe has 402 folio pages with a 22-page index. The National Library purchased the manuscript at auction in December 2011. Although unattributed, it is believed to come from Tervoe House in County Limerick (O’Daly). Built in 1776 by Colonel W.T. Monsell (b.1754), the Monsell family lived there until 1951 (see, Fig. 1). The house was demolished in 1953 (Bence-Jones). William Monsell, 1st Lord Emly (1812–94) could be described as the most distinguished of the family. Raised in an atmosphere of devotion to the Union (with Great Britain), loyalty to the Church of Ireland, and adherence to the Tory Party, he converted in 1850 to the Roman Catholic religion, under the influence of Cardinal Newman and the Oxford Movement, changing his political allegiance from Tory to Whig. It is believed that this change took place as a result of the events surrounding the Great Irish Famine of 1845–50 (Potter). The Tervoe manuscript is catalogued as 18th century, and as the house was built in the last quarter of the century, it would be reasonable to surmise that its conception coincided with that period. It is a handsome volume with original green vellum binding, which has been conserved. Fig. 1. Tervoe House, home of the Monsell family. In terms of culinary prowess, the scope of the Tervoe manuscript is extensive. For the purpose of this discussion, one recipe is of particular interest. The recipe, To make a Cullis for Flesh Soups, instructs the reader to take the fat off four pounds of the best beef, roast the beef, pound it to a paste with crusts of bread and the carcasses of partridges or other fowl “that you have by you” (NLI, Tervoe). This mixture should then be moistened with best gravy, and strong broth, and seasoned with pepper, thyme, cloves, and lemon, then sieved for use with the soup. In 1747 Hannah Glasse published The Art of Cookery, Made Plain and Easy. The 1983 facsimile edition explains the term “cullis” as an Anglicisation of the French word coulis, “a preparation for thickening soups and stews” (182). The coulis was one of the essential components of the nouvelle cuisine of the 18th century. This movement sought to separate itself from “the conspicuous consumption of profusion” to one where the impression created was one of refinement and elegance (Lehmann, Housewife 210). Reactions in England to this French culinary innovation were strong, if not strident. Glasse derides French “tricks”, along with French cooks, and the coulis was singled out for particular opprobrium. In reality, Glasse bestrides both sides of the divide by giving the much-hated recipe and commenting on it. She provides another example of this in her recipe for The French Way of Dressing Partridges to which she adds the comment: “this dish I do not recommend; for I think it an odd jumble of thrash, by that time the Cullis, the Essence of Ham, and all other Ingredients are reckoned, the Partridges will come to a fine penny; but such Receipts as this, is what you have in most Books of Cookery yet printed” (53). When Daniel Defoe in The Complete English Tradesman of 1726 criticised French tradesmen for spending so much on the facades of their shops that they were unable to offer their customers a varied stock within, we can see the antipathy spilling over into other creative fields (Craske). As a critical strategy, it is not dissimilar to Glasse when she comments “now compute the expense, and see if this dish cannot be dressed full as well without this expense” at the end of a recipe for the supposedly despised Cullis for all Sorts of Ragoo (53). Food had become part of the defining image of Britain as an aggressively Protestant culture in opposition to Catholic France (Lehmann Politics 75). The author of the Tervoe manuscript makes no comment about the dish other than “A Cullis is a mixture of things, strained off.” This is in marked contrast to the second manuscript (NLI, Limerick). The author of this anonymous manuscript, from which the title of this paper is taken, is considerably perplexed by the term cullis, despite the manuscript dating 1811 (Fig. 2). Of Limerick provenance also, but considerably more modest in binding and scope, the manuscript was added to for twenty years, entries terminating around 1831. The recipe for Beef Stake (sic) Pie is an exact transcription of a recipe in John Simpson’s A Complete System of Cookery, published in 1806, and reads Cut some beef steaks thin, butter a pan (or as Lord Buckingham’s cook, from whom these rects are taken, calls it a soutis pan, ? [sic] (what does he mean, is it a saucepan) [sic] sprinkle the pan with pepper and salt, shallots thyme and parsley, put the beef steaks in and the pan on the fire for a few minutes then put them to cool, when quite cold put them in the fire, scrape all the herbs in over the fire and ornament as you please, it will take an hour and half, when done take the top off and put in some coulis (what is that?) [sic]. Fig. 2. Beef Stake Pie (NLI, Limerick). Courtesy of the National Library of Ireland. Simpson was cook to Lord Buckingham for at least a year in 1796, and may indeed have travelled to Ireland with the Duke who had several connections there. A feature of this manuscript are the number of Cholera remedies that it contains, including the “Rect for the cholera sent by Dr Shanfer from Warsaw to the Brussels Government”. Cholera had reached Germany by 1830, and England by 1831. By March 1832, it had struck Belfast and Dublin, the following month being noted in Cork, in the south of the country. Lasting a year, the epidemic claimed 50,000 lives in Ireland (Fenning). On 29 April 1832, the diarist Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin notes, “we had a meeting today to keep the cholera from Callan. May God help us” (De Bhaldraithe 132). By 18 June, the cholera is “wrecking destruction in Ennis, Limerick and Tullamore” (135) and on 26 November, “Seed being sown. The end of the month wet and windy. The cholera came to Callan at the beginning of the month. Twenty people went down with it and it left the town then” (139). This situation was obviously of great concern and this is registered in the manuscript. Another concern is that highlighted by the recommendation that “this receipt is as good as the bank. It has been obligingly given to Mrs Hawkesworth by the chief book keeper at the Bank of Ireland” (NLI, Limerick). The Bank of Ireland commenced business at St. Mary’s Abbey in Dublin in June 1783, having been established under the protection of the Irish Parliament as a chartered rather then a central bank. As such, it supplied a currency of solidity. The charter establishing the bank, however, contained a prohibitory clause preventing (until 1824 when it was repealed) more then six persons forming themselves into a company to carry on the business of banking. This led to the formation, especially outside Dublin, of many “small private banks whose failure was the cause of immense wretchedness to all classes of the population” (Gilbert 19). The collapse that caused the most distress was that of the Ffrench bank in 1814, founded eleven years previously by the family of Lord Ffrench, one of the leading Catholic peers, based in Connacht in the west of Ireland. The bank issued notes in exchange for Bank of Ireland notes. Loans from Irish banks were in the form of paper money which were essentially printed promises to pay the amount stated and these notes were used in ordinary transactions. So great was the confidence in the Ffrench bank that their notes were held by the public in preference to Bank of Ireland notes, most particularly in Connacht. On 27 June 1814, there was a run on the bank leading to collapse. The devastation spread through society, from business through tenant farmers to the great estates, and notably so in Galway. Lord Ffrench shot himself in despair (Tennison). Williams and Finn, founded in Kilkenny in 1805, entered bankruptcy proceedings in 1816, and the last private bank outside Dublin, Delacours in Mallow, failed in 1835 (Barrow). The issue of bank failure is commented on by writers of the period, notably so in Dickens, Thackery, and Gaskill, and Edgeworth in Ireland. Following on the Ffrench collapse, notes from the Bank of Ireland were accorded increased respect, reflected in the comment in this recipe. The receipt in question is one for making White Currant Wine, with the unusual addition of a slice of bacon suspended from the bunghole when the wine is turned, for the purpose of enriching it. The recipe was provided to “Mrs Hawkesworth by the chief book keeper of the bank” (NLI, Limerick). In 1812, a John Hawkesworth, agent to Lord CastleCoote, was living at Forest Lodge, Mountrath, County Laois (Ennis Chronicle). The Coote family, although settling in County Laois in the seventeenth century, had strong connections with Limerick through a descendent of the younger brother of the first Earl of Mountrath (Landed Estates). The last manuscript for discussion is the manuscript book of Mrs Abraham Whyte Baker of Ballytobin House, County Kilkenny, 1810 (NLI, Baker). Ballytobin, or more correctly Ballaghtobin, is a townland in the barony of Kells, four miles from the previously mentioned Callan. The land was confiscated from the Tobin family during the Cromwellian campaign in Ireland of 1649–52, and was reputedly purchased by a Captain Baker, to establish what became the estate of Ballaghtobin (Fig. 3) To this day, it is a functioning estate, remaining in the family, twice passing down through the female line. In its heyday, there were two acres of walled gardens from which the house would have drawn for its own provisions (Ballaghtobin). Fig. 3. Ballaghtobin 2013. At the time of writing the manuscript, Mrs. Sophia Baker was widowed and living at Ballaghtobin with her son and daughter-in-law, Charity who was “no beauty, but tall, slight” (Herbert 414). On the succession of her husband to the estate, Charity became mistress of Ballaghtobin, leaving Sophia with time on what were her obviously very capable hands (Nevin). Sophia Baker was the daughter of Sir John Blunden of Castle Blunden and Lucinda Cuffe, daughter of the first Baron Desart. Sophia was also first cousin of the diarist Dorothea Herbert, whose mother was Lucinda’s sister, Martha. Sophia Baker and Dorothea Herbert have left for posterity a record of life in the landed gentry class in rural Georgian Ireland, Dorothea describing Mrs. Baker as “full of life and spirits” (Herbert 70). Their close relationship allows the two manuscripts to converse with each other in a unique way. Mrs. Baker’s detailing of the provenance of her recipes goes beyond the norm, so that what she has left us is not just a remarkable work of culinary history but also a palimpsest of her family and social circle. Among the people she references are: “my grandmother”; Dorothea Beresford, half sister to the Earl of Tyrone, who lived in the nearby Curraghmore House; Lady Tyrone; and Aunt Howth, the sister of Dorothea Beresford, married to William St Lawrence, Lord Howth, and described by Johnathan Swift as “his blue eyed nymph” (195). Other attributions include Lady Anne Fitzgerald, wife of Maurice Fitzgerald, 16th knight of Kerry, Sir William Parsons, Major Labilen, and a Mrs. Beaufort (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Mrs. Beauforts Rect. (NLI, Baker). Courtesy of the National Library of Ireland. That this Mrs. Beaufort was the wife of Daniel Augustus Beaufort, mother of the hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort, may be deduced from the succeeding recipe supplied by a Mrs. Waller. Mrs. Beaufort’s maiden name was Waller. Fanny Beaufort, the elder sister of Sir Francis, was Richard Edgeworth’s fourth wife and close friend and confidante of his daughter Maria, the novelist. There are also entries for “Miss Herbert” and “Aunt Herbert.” While the Baker manuscript is of interest for the fact that it intersects the worlds of the novelist Maria Edgeworth and the diarist Dorothea Herbert, and for the societal references that it documents, it is also a fine collection of recipes that date back to the mid-18th century. An example of this is a recipe for Sligo pickled salmon that Mrs. Baker, nee Blunden, refers to in an index that she gives to a second volume. Unfortunately this second volume is not known to be extant. This recipe features in a Blunden family manuscript of 1760 as referred to in Anelecta Hibernica (McLysaght). The recipe has also appeared in Cookery and Cures of Old Kilkenny (St. Canices’s 24). Unlike the Tervoe and Limerick manuscripts, Mrs. Baker is unconcerned with recipes for “cullis”. Conclusion The three manuscripts that have been examined here are from the period before the famine of 1845–50, known as An Gorta Mór, translated as “the big hunger”. The famine preceding this, Bliain an Áir (the year of carnage) in 1740–1 was caused by extremely cold and rainy weather that wiped out the harvest (Ó Gráda 15). This earlier famine, almost forgotten today, was more severe than the subsequent one, causing the death of an eight of the population of the island over one and a half years (McBride). These manuscripts are written in living memory of both events. Within the world that they inhabit, it may appear there is little said about hunger or social conditions beyond the walls of their estates. Subjected to closer analysis, however, it is evident that they are loquacious in their own unique way, and make an important contribution to the narrative of cookbooks. Through the three manuscripts discussed here, we find evidence of the culinary hegemony of France and how practitioners in Ireland commented on this in comparatively neutral fashion. An awareness of cholera and bank collapses have been communicated in a singular fashion, while a conversation between diarist and culinary networker has allowed a glimpse into the world of the landed gentry in Ireland during the Georgian period. References Allen, M. “Statement by Myrtle Allen at the opening of Ballymaloe Cookery School.” 14 Nov. 1983. Ballaghtobin. “The Grounds”. nd. 13 Mar. 2013. ‹http://www.ballaghtobin.com/gardens.html›. Barrow, G.L. “Some Dublin Private Banks.” Dublin Historical Record 25.2 (1972): 38–53. Bence-Jones, M. A Guide to Irish Country Houses. London: Constable, 1988. Bourke, A. Ed. Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing Vol V. Cork: Cork UP, 2002. Craske, M. “Design and the Competitive Spirit in Early and Mid 18th Century England”, Journal of Design History 12.3 (1999): 187–216. Cullen, L. The Emergence of Modern Ireland. London: Batsford, 1981. Dawson, Graham. “Trauma, Memory, Politics. The Irish Troubles.” Trauma: Life Stories of Survivors. Ed. Kim Lacy Rogers, Selma Leydesdorff and Graham Dawson. New Jersey: Transaction P, 2004. De Bhaldraithe,T. Ed. Cín Lae Amhlaoibh. Cork: Mercier P, 1979. Ennis Chronicle. 12–23 Feb 1812. 10 Feb. 2013 ‹http://astheywere.blogspot.ie/2012/12/ennis-chronicle-1812-feb-23-feb-12.html› Farmar, A. E-mail correspondence between Farmar and Dr M. Mac Con Iomaire, 26 Jan. 2011. Fenning, H. “The Cholera Epidemic in Ireland 1832–3: Priests, Ministers, Doctors”. Archivium Hibernicum 57 (2003): 77–125. Ferguson, F. “The Industrialisation of Irish Book Production 1790-1900.” The Oxford History of the Irish Book, Vol. IV The Irish Book in English 1800-1891. Ed. J. Murphy. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. Foster, R.F. Luck and the Irish: A Brief History of Change from 1970. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Gilbert, James William. The History of Banking in Ireland. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1836. Glasse, Hannah. The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy by a Lady: Facsimile Edition. Devon: Prospect, 1983. Gold, C. Danish Cookbooks. Seattle: U of Washington P, 2007. Herbert, D. Retrospections of an Outcast or the Life of Dorothea Herbert. London: Gerald Howe, 1929. Higgins, Michael D. “Remarks by President Michael D. Higgins reflecting on the Gorta Mór: the Great famine of Ireland.” Famine Commemoration, Boston, 12 May 2012. 18 Feb. 2013 ‹http://www.president.ie/speeches/ › Landed Estates Database, National University of Galway, Moore Institute for Research, 10 Feb. 2013 ‹http://landedestates.nuigalway.ie/LandedEstates/jsp/family-show.jsp?id=633.› Lehmann, G. The British Housewife: Cookery books, cooking and society in eighteenth-century Britain. Totnes: Prospect, 1993. ---. “Politics in the Kitchen.” 18th Century Life 23.2 (1999): 71–83. Mac Con Iomaire, M. “The Emergence, Development and Influence of French Haute Cuisine on Public Dining in Dublin Restaurants 1900-2000: An Oral History”. Vol. 2. PhD thesis. Dublin Institute of Technology. 2009. 8 Mar. 2013 ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tourdoc/12›. McBride, Ian. Eighteenth Century Ireland: The Isle of Slaves. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2009. McLysaght, E.A. Anelecta Hibernica 15. Dublin: Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1944. Myers, K. “Dinner is served ... But in Our Culinary Dessert it may be Korean.” The Irish Independent 30 Jun. 2006. Nevin, M. “A County Kilkenny Georgian Household Notebook.” Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 109 (1979): 5–18. (NLI) National Library of Ireland. Baker. 19th century manuscript. MS 34,952. ---. Limerick. 19th century manuscript. MS 42,105. ---. Tervoe. 18th century manuscript. MS 42,134. Ó Gráda, C. Famine: A Short History. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2009. O’Daly, C. E-mail correspondence between Colette O’Daly, Assistant Keeper, Dept. of Manuscripts, National Library of Ireland and Dorothy Cashman. 8 Dec. 2011. Potter, M. William Monsell of Tervoe 1812-1894. Dublin: Irish Academic P, 2009. Rees, Catherine. “Irish Anxiety, Identity and Narrative in the Plays of McDonagh and Jones.” Redefinitions of Irish Identity: A Postnationalist Approach. Eds. Irene Gilsenan Nordin and Carmen Zamorano Llena. Bern: Peter Lang, 2010. St. Canice’s. Cookery and Cures of Old Kilkenny. Kilkenny: Boethius P, 1983. Swift, J. The Works of the Rev Dr J Swift Vol. XIX Dublin: Faulkner, 1772. 8 Feb. 2013. ‹http://www.google.ie/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=works+of+jonathan+swift+Vol+XIX+&btnG=› Tennison, C.M. “The Old Dublin Bankers.” Journal of the Cork Historical and Archeological Society 1.2 (1895): 36–9.
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Melleuish, Greg. "Taming the Bubble." M/C Journal 24, no. 1 (March 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2733.

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When I saw the word ‘bubbles’ my immediate thought went to the painting by John Millais of a child blowing bubbles that subsequently became part of the advertising campaign for Pears soap. Bubbles blown by children, as we all once did, last but a few seconds and lead on naturally to the theme of transience and constant change. Nothing lasts forever, even if human beings make attempts to impose permanence on the world. A child’s disappointment at having a soap bubble burst represents a deep human desire for permanence which is the focus of this article. Before the modern age, human life could be considered to be somewhat like a bubble in that it could be pricked at any time. This was especially the case with babies and young children who could be easily carried off. As Jeremy Taylor put it: but if the bubble stands the shock of a bigger drop, and outlives the chances of a child, of a careless nurse, of drowning in a pail of water, of being overlaid by a sleepy servant, or such little accidents. (9) More generally, human beings understood that there was nothing permanent about their existing circumstances and that the possibility of famine, disease and, even war was ever present. Pax Romana, which is eulogised by Edward Gibbon as a felicitous time, did not suffer much in the way of war, famine, or epidemics but it was still a time when many Romans would have suffered from a range of diseases and not always have been well nourished. It was, however, a time of considerable security for most Romans who did not need to fear a band of marauders turning up on their doorstep. Disease and war would follow in the wake of climate change during the next century (Harper). Pax Romana was a bubble of relative tranquillity in human history. For a short period of time, climatic conditions, economic circumstances and political stability coalesced to still the winds of time temporarily. But such bubbles were unusual in the European context, which was usually riven by war. Peace reigned, by and large, in the long nineteenth century and in the period following World War II, to which it is possible to attach the name ‘pax moderna’. In China, much longer bubbles have been the norm, but they were succeeded by terrible periods of famine, dislocation, and war. The Ming bubble burst in the seventeenth century amidst a time of cold, famine, and plague (Parker 115-151). In such circumstances there was an appreciation of the precariousness of human existence. This had two major effects: A search for permanence in a world of change and uncertainty, a means of creating a bubble that can resist that change. When living in a time of relative stability, dealing with the fear that that stability will only last so long and that bad things may be just around the corner. These two matters form the basis of this article. Human beings create bubbles as they attempt to control change. They then become attached to their bubbles, even to the extent of believing that their bubbles are the real world. This has the effect of bubbles continuing to exist even if they harm human understanding of the world rather than enhancing it. Impermanence is the great reality of human existence; as Heraclitus (Burnet 136) correctly stated, we cannot place our foot in the same river twice. The extraordinary thing is that human beings possess a plastic nature that allows them to adapt to that impermanence (Melleuish & Rizzo ‘Limits’). The plasticity of human beings, as expressed in their culture, can be seen most clearly in the way that human languages constantly change. This occurs both in terms of word usage and grammatical structure. English was once an inflected language but cases now only really survive in personal pronouns. Words constantly change their meanings, both over time and in different places. Words appear to take on the appearance of permanence; they appear to form bubbles that are encased in lead, even when the reality is that words form multiple fragile bubbles that are constantly being burst and remade. The changing nature of the meaning of words only becomes known to a literate society, in particular a literate society that has a genuine sense of history. In an oral society words are free to change over time and there is little sense of those changes. Writing has the effect of fixing texts into a particular form; at the very least it makes creative reworking of texts much more difficult. Of course, there are counter examples to such a claim, the most famous of which are the Vedas which, it is argued, remained unchanged despite centuries of oral transmission (Doniger104-7). This fixed nature could be achieved because of the strict mode of transmission, ensuring that the hymns did not change when transmitted. As the Vedas are linked to the performance of rituals this exactness was necessary for the rituals to be efficacious (Olivelle xli-xlv). The transmission of words is not the same thing as the transmission of meaning. Nor does it mean that many words that today are used as seemingly universal ideas have always existed. Religion (Nongeri), state (Melleuish, ‘State’), civilisation, and culture (Melleuish, ‘Civilisation’) are all modern creations; ‘identity’ is only about sixty years old (Stokes 2). New words emerge to deal with new circumstances. For example, civilisation came into being partially because the old term ‘Christendom’ had become redundant; ‘identity’ replaced an earlier idea of national character. Words, then, are bubbles that human beings cast out onto the world and that appear to create the appearance of permanence. These bubbles encase the real world giving the thing that they name ‘being’, even as that thing is in flux and a condition of becoming. For Parmenides (loc. 1355-1439), the true nature of the world is being. The solidity provided by ‘being’ is a comfort in a world that is constantly changing and in which there is a constant threat of change. Words and ideas do not form stable bubbles, they form a string of bubbles, with individuals constantly blowing out new versions of a word, but they appear as if they were just the one bubble. One can argue, quite correctly, I believe, that this tendency to meld a string of bubbles into a single bubble is central to the human condition and actually helps human beings to come to terms with their existence in the world. ‘Bubble as being’ provides human beings with a considerable capacity to gain a degree of control over their world. Amongst other things, it allows for radical simplification. A.R. Luria (20-47), in his study of the impact of literacy on how human beings think, noted that illiterate Uzbeks classified colour in a complex way but that with the coming of literacy came to accept the quite simple colour classifications of the modern world. Interestingly, Uzbeks have no word for orange; the ‘being’ of colours is a human creation. One would think that this desire for ‘being’, for a world that is composed of ‘constants’, is confined to the world of human culture, but that is not the case. Everyone learns at school that the speed of light is a constant. Rupert Sheldrake (92-3) decided to check the measurement of the speed of light and discovered that the empirical measurements taken of its speed actually varied. Constants give the universe a smooth regularity that it would otherwise lack. However, there are a number of problems that emerge from a too strong attachment to these bubbles of being. One is that the word is mistaken for the thing; the power of the word, the logos, becomes so great that it comes to be assumed that all the objects described by a word must fit into a single model or type. This flies in the face of two realities. One is that every example of a named object is different. Hence, when one does something practically in the world, such as construct a building, one must adjust one’s activities according to local circumstances. That the world is heterogeneous explains why human beings need plasticity. They need to adapt their practices as they encounter new and different circumstances. If they do not, it may be the case that they will die. The problem with the logos introduced by literacy, the bubble of being, is that it makes human beings less flexible in their dealings with the world. The other reality is human plasticity itself. As word/bubbles are being constantly generated then each bubble will vary in its particular meaning, both at the community and, even, individual, level. Over time words will vary subtly in meaning in different places. There is no agreed common meaning to any word; being is an illusion. Of course, it is possible for governments and other institutions to lay down what the ‘real’ meaning of a word is, much in the same way as the various forms of measurement are defined by certain scientific criteria. This becomes dangerous in the case of abstract nouns. It is the source of ‘heresy’ which is often defined in terms of the meaning of particular words. Multiple, almost infinite, bubbles must be amalgamated into one big bubble. Attempts by logos professionals to impose a single meaning are often resisted by ordinary human beings who generally seem to be quite happy living with a range of bubbles (Tannous; Pegg). One example of mutation of meaning is the word ‘liberal’, which means quite different things in America and Australia. To add to the confusion, there are occasions when liberal is used in Australia in its American sense. This simply illustrates the reality that liberal has no specific ‘being’, some universal idea of which individual liberals are particular manifestations. The problem becomes even worse when one moves between languages and cultures. To give but one example; the ancient Greek word πολις is translated as state but it can be argued that the Greek πολις was a stateless society (Berent). There are good arguments for taking a pragmatic attitude to these matters and assuming that there is a vague general agreement regarding what words such as ‘democracy’ mean, and not to go down the rabbit hole into the wonderland of infinite bubbles. This works so long as individuals understand that bubbles of being are provisional in nature and are capable of being pricked. It is possible, however, for the bubbles to harden and to impose on us what is best described as the ‘tyranny of concepts’, whereby the idea or word obscures the reality. This can occur because some words, especially abstract nouns, have very vague meanings: they can be seen as a sort of cloudy bubble. Again, democracy is good example of a cloudy bubble whose meaning is very difficult to define. A cloudy bubble prevents us from analysing and criticising something too closely. Bubbles exist because human beings desire permanence in a world of change and transience. In this sense, the propensity to create bubbles is as much an aspect of human nature as its capacity for plasticity. They are the product of a desire to ‘tame time’ and to create a feeling of security in a world of flux. As discussed above, a measure of security has not been a common state of affairs for much of human history, which is why the Pax Romana was so idealised. If there is modern ‘bubble’ created by the Enlightenment it is the dream of Kantian perpetual peace, that it is possible to bring a world into being that is marked by permanent peace, in which all the earlier horrors of human existence, from famine to epidemics to war can be tamed and humanity live harmoniously and peacefully forever. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to ‘tame’ history (Melleuish & Rizzo, ‘Philosophy’). This can be done through the idea of progress. History can be placed into a bubble of constant improvement whereby human beings are constantly getting better, not just materially but also intellectually and morally. Progress very easily turns into a utopian fantasy where people no longer suffer and can live forever. The horrors of the first half of the twentieth century did little to dent the power of this bubble. There is still an element of modern culture that dreams of such a world actually coming into being. Human beings may try to convince themselves that the bubble of progress will not burst and that perpetual peace may well be perpetual, but underlying that hope there are deep anxieties born of the knowledge that ‘nothing lasts forever’. Since 1945, the West has lived through a period of peace and relative prosperity, a pax moderna; the European Union is very much a Kantian creation. Underneath the surface, however, contemporary Western culture has a deep fear that the bubble can burst very easily and that the veneer of modern civilisation will be stripped away. This fear manifests itself in a number of ways. One can be seen in the regular articles that appear about the possibility of a comet or asteroid hitting the earth (Drake). Such a collision will eventually occur but it is sixty five million years since the dinosaurs became extinct. Another is the fear of solar storm that could destroy both electricity grids and electronic devices (Britt). Another expression of this fear can be found in forms of artistic expression, including zombie, disaster, and apocalypse movies. These reveal something about the psyche of modernity, and modern democracy, in the same way that Athenian tragedy expressed the hopes and fears of fifth-century Athenian democracy through its elaboration of the great Greek myths. Robert Musil remarks in The Man without Qualities (833) that if humanity dreamed collectively it would dream Moosbrugger, a serial murderer. Certainly, it appears to be the case that when the modern West dreams collectively it dreams of zombies, vampires, and a world in which civilised values have broken down and everyone lives in a Hobbesian state of nature, the war of all against all (Hobbes 86-100). This theme of the bursting of the ‘civilised bubble’ is a significant theme in contemporary culture. In popular culture, two of the best examples of this bursting are the television shows Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead. In Galactica, human beings fall prey to the vengeful artificial creatures that they have created and mistreated. In The Walking Dead, as in all post-apocalyptic Zombie creations, the great fear is that human beings will turn into zombies, creatures that have been granted a form of immortality but at the cost of the loss of their souls. The fear of death is primal in all human beings, as is the fear of the loss of one’s humanity after death. This fear is expressed in the first surviving work of human literature, The Epic of Gilgamesh, in which Gilgamesh goes unsuccessfully in search of immortal life. In perhaps the bleakest modern portrayal of a post-apocalyptic world, Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, we encounter the ultimate Hobbesian universe. This is a world that has undergone an apocalypse of unknown origin. There is only darkness and dust and ash; nothing grows any longer and the few survivors are left to scavenge for the food left behind in tins. Or they can eat each other. It is the ultimate war of all against all. The clipped language, the lack of identity of the inhabitants, leads us into something that is almost no longer human. There is little or no hope. Reading The Road one is drawn back to the ‘House of Darkness’ described in The Epic of Gilgamesh, which describes the afterlife in terms of dust (“The Great Myths”): He bound my arms like the wings of a bird, to lead me captive to the house of darkness, seat of Irkalla:to the house which none who enters ever leaves, on the path that allows no journey back, to the house whose residents are deprived of light, where soil is itself their sustenance and clay their food,where they are clad like birds in coats of feathers, and see no light, but dwell in darkness. The Road is a profoundly depressing work, and the movie is barely watchable. In bursting the bubble of immortality, it plays on human fears and anxieties that stretch back millennia. The really interesting question is why such fears should emerge at a time when people in countries like America are living through a period of peace and prosperity. Much as people dream of a bubble of infinite progress and perpetual peace, they instinctively understand that that particular bubble is very fragile and may very easily be punctured. My final example is the less than well-known movie Zardoz, dating from the 1970s and starring Sean Connery. In it, some human beings have achieved ‘immortality’ but the consequences are less than perfect, and the Sean Connery character has the task, given to him by nature, to restore the balance between life and death, just as Gilgamesh had to understand that the two went together. There are some bubbles that are meant to be burst, some realities that human beings have to face if they are to appreciate their place in the scheme of things. Hence, we face a paradox. Human beings are constantly producing bubbles as they chart their way through a world that is also always changing. This is a consequence of their plastic nature. For good reasons, largely out of a desire for stability and security, they also tend to bring these infinite bubbles together into a much smaller number of bubbles that they view as possessing being and hence permanence. The problem is that these ‘bubbles of being’ are treated as if they really described the world in some sort of universal fashion, rather than treated as useful tools. Human beings can become the victims of their own creations. At the same time, human beings have an instinctive appreciation that the world is not stable and fixed, and this appreciation finds its expression in the products of their imagination. They burst bubbles through the use of their imagination in response to their fears and anxieties. Bubbles are the product of the interaction between the changing nature of both the world and human beings and the desire of those human beings for a degree of stability. Human beings need to appreciate both the reality of change and the strengths and weaknesses of bubbles as they navigate their way through the world. References Berent, M. “Stasis, or the Greek Invention of Politics.” History of Political Thought XIX.3 (1998). Britt, R.R. “150 Years Ago: The Worst Solar Storm Ever.” Space.com, 2 Sep. 2009. <https://www.space.com/7224-150-years-worst-solar-storm.html>. Burnet, J. Early Greek Philosophy. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1892. Doniger, W. The Hindus: An Alternative History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Drake, N. “Why NASA Plans to Slam a Spacecraft into an Asteroid.” National Geographic, 28 Apr. 2020. <https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/giant-asteroid-nasa-dart-deflection/>. Gibbons, E. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. 1. New York: Harper, 1836. <https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/25717-h.htm#chap02.1>. “The Great Myths #6: Enkidu in the Underworld.” <https://wordandsilence.com/2017/11/30/6-enkidu-in-the-underworld-mesopotamian/>. Harper, K. The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, & the End of an Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017. Hobbes, T. Leviathan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Kant I. “Perpetual Peace.” In Political Writings, ed. H.S. Reiss. Trans. H.B. Nisbet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991. 93-130. Luria, A.R. Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations. Trans. M. Lopez-Morillas and L. Solotaroff. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1976. McCarthy, C. The Road. London: Picador, 2006. Melleuish, G.. “The State in World History: Perspectives and Problems.” Australian Journal of Politics and History 48.3 (2002): 322–336. ———. “Civilisation, Culture and Police.” Arts 20 (1998): 7–25. Melleuish, G., and S. Rizzo. “Limits of Naturalism: Plasticity, Finitude and the Imagination.” Cosmos & History 11.1 (2015): 221-238. Melleuish, G., and S.G. Rizzo. “Philosophy of History: Change, Stability and the Tragic Human Condition.” Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 13.3 (2017): 292-311. Musil, Robert. The Man without Qualities. Vol. 2. Trans. Sophie Wilkins. New York: Vintage International, 1996. Nongeri, B. Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept. New Haven: Yale UP, 2013. Olivelle, P. Introduction. Upanisads. Trans. Patrick Olivelle. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. Parker, G. Global Crisis: War, Climate & Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. New Haven: Yale, 2013. Parmenides. Fragments: A Text and Translation with an Introduction by David Gallop. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1984. Kindle edition. Pegg, M.G. A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Sheldrake, Rupert. The Science Illusion. London: Coronet: 2013. 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Chavdarov, Anatoliy V. "Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 Journal > Special Issue > Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 > Page 5 “Quantative Methods in Modern Science” organized by Academic Paper Ltd, Russia MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE GENUS GAGEA SALISB., GROWING IN THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION Authors: Zhamal T. Igissinova,Almash A. Kitapbayeva,Anargul S. Sharipkhanova,Alexander L. Vorobyev,Svetlana F. Kolosova,Zhanat K. Idrisheva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00041 Abstract: Due to ecological preferences among species of the genus GageaSalisb, many plants are qualified as rare and/or endangered. Therefore, the problem of rational use of natural resources, in particular protection of early spring plant species is very important. However, literary sources analysis only reveals data on the biology of species of this genus. The present research,conducted in the spring of 2017-2019, focuses on anatomical and morphological features of two Altai species: Gagealutea and Gagea minima; these features were studied, clarified and confirmed by drawings and photographs. The anatomical structure of the stem and leaf blade was studied in detail. The obtained research results will prove useful for studies of medicinal raw materials and honey plants. The aforementioned species are similar in morphological features, yet G. minima issmaller in size, and its shoots appear earlier than those of other species Keywords: Flora,gageas,Altai species,vegetative organs., Refference: I. Atlas of areas and resources of medicinal plants of Kazakhstan.Almaty, 2008. II. Baitenov M.S. Flora of Kazakhstan.Almaty: Ġylym, 2001. III. DanilevichV. G. ThegenusGageaSalisb. of WesternTienShan. PhD Thesis, St. Petersburg,1996. IV. EgeubaevaR.A., GemedzhievaN.G. The current state of stocks of medicinal plants in some mountain ecosystems of Kazakhstan.Proceedings of the international scientific conference ‘”Results and prospects for the development of botanical science in Kazakhstan’, 2002. V. Kotukhov Yu.A. New species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) from Southern Altai. Bot. Journal.1989;74(11). VI. KotukhovYu.A. ListofvascularplantsofKazakhstanAltai. Botan. Researches ofSiberiaandKazakhstan.2005;11. VII. KotukhovYu. The current state of populations of rare and endangered plants in Eastern Kazakhstan. Almaty: AST, 2009. VIII. Kotukhov Yu.A., DanilovaA.N., AnufrievaO.A. Synopsisoftheonions (AlliumL.) oftheKazakhstanAltai, Sauro-ManrakandtheZaisandepression. BotanicalstudiesofSiberiaandKazakhstan. 2011;17: 3-33. IX. Kotukhov, Yu.A., Baytulin, I.O. Rareandendangered, endemicandrelictelementsofthefloraofKazakhstanAltai. MaterialsoftheIntern. scientific-practical. conf. ‘Sustainablemanagementofprotectedareas’.Almaty: Ridder, 2010. X. Krasnoborov I.M. et al. The determinant of plants of the Republic of Altai. Novosibirsk: SB RAS, 2012. XI. Levichev I.G. On the species status of Gagea Rubicunda. Botanical Journal.1997;6:71-76. XII. Levichev I.G. A new species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal. 2000;7: 186-189. XIII. Levichev I.G., Jangb Chang-gee, Seung Hwan Ohc, Lazkovd G.A.A new species of genus GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) from Kyrgyz Republic (Western Tian Shan, Chatkal Range, Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve). Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity.2019; 12: 341-343. XIV. Peterson A., Levichev I.G., Peterson J. Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.2008; 46. XV. Peruzzi L., Peterson A., Tison J.-M., Peterson J. Phylogenetic relationships of GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) in Italy, inferred from molecular and morphological data matrices. Plant Systematics and Evolution; 2008: 276. XVI. Rib R.D. Honey plants of Kazakhstan. Advertising Digest, 2013. XVII. Scherbakova L.I., Shirshikova N.A. Flora of medicinal plants in the vicinity of Ust-Kamenogorsk. Collection of materials of the scientific-practical conference ‘Unity of Education, Science and Innovation’. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2011. XVIII. syganovA.P. PrimrosesofEastKazakhstan. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2001. XIX. Tsyganov A.P. Flora and vegetation of the South Altai Tarbagatay. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT,2014. XX. Utyasheva, T.R., Berezovikov, N.N., Zinchenko, Yu.K. ProceedingsoftheMarkakolskStateNatureReserve. Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2009. XXI. Xinqi C, Turland NJ. Gagea. Flora of China.2000;24: 117-121. XXII. Zarrei M., Zarre S., Wilkin P., Rix E.M. Systematic revision of the genus GageaSalisb. (Liliaceae) in Iran.BotJourn Linn Soc.2007;154. XXIII. Zarrei M., Wilkin P., Ingroille M.J., Chase M.W. A revised infrageneric classification for GageaSalisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data.Phytotaxa.2011:5. View | Download INFLUENCE OF SUCCESSION CROPPING ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NO-TILL CROP ROTATIONS Authors: Victor K. Dridiger,Roman S. Stukalov,Rasul G. Gadzhiumarov,Anastasiya A. Voropaeva,Viktoriay A. Kolomytseva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00042 Abstract: This study was aimed at examining the influence of succession cropping on the economic efficiency of no-till field crop rotations on the black earth in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol krai. A long-term stationary experiment was conducted to examine for the purpose nine field crop rotation patterns different in the number of fields (four to six), set of crops, and their succession in crop rotation. The respective shares of legumes, oilseeds, and cereals in the cropping pattern were 17 to 33, 17 to 40, and 50 to 67 %. It has been established that in case of no-till field crop cultivation the economic efficiency of plant production depends on the set of crops and their succession in rotation. The most economically efficient type of crop rotation is the soya-winter wheat-peas-winter wheat-sunflower-corn six-field rotation with two fields of legumes: in this rotation 1 ha of crop rotation area yields 3 850 grain units per ha at a grain unit prime cost of 5.46 roubles; the plant production output return and profitability were 20,888 roubles per ha and 113 %, respectively. The high production profitabilities provided by the soya-winter wheat-sunflower four-field and the soya-winter-wheat-sunflower-corn-winter wheat five-field crop rotation are 108.7 and 106.2 %, respectively. The inclusion of winter wheat in crop rotation for two years in a row reduces the second winter wheat crop yield by 80 to 100 %, which means a certain reduction in the grain unit harvesting rate to 3.48-3.57 thousands per ha of rotation area and cuts the production profitability down to 84.4-92.3 %. This is why, no-till cropping should not include winter wheat for a second time Keywords: No-till technology,crop rotation,predecessor,yield,return,profitability, Refference: I Badakhova G. Kh. and Knutas A. V., Stavropol Krai: Modern Climate Conditions [Stavropol’skiykray: sovremennyyeklimaticheskiyeusloviya]. Stavropol: SUE Krai Communication Networks, 2007. II Cherkasov G. N. and Akimenko A. S. Scientific Basis of Modernization of Crop Rotations and Formation of Their Systems according to the Specializations of Farms in the Central Chernozem Region [Osnovy moderniz atsiisevooborotoviformirovaniyaikh sistem v sootvetstvii so spetsi-alizatsiyeykhozyaystvTsentral’nogoChernozem’ya]. Zemledelie. 2017; 4: 3-5. III Decree 330 of July 6, 2017 the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia “On Approving Coefficients of Converting to Agricultural Crops to Grain Units [Ob utverzhdeniikoeffitsiyentovperevoda v zernovyyee dinitsysel’s kokhozyaystvennykhkul’tur]. IV Dridiger V. K., About Methods of Research of No-Till Technology [O metodikeissledovaniytekhnologii No-till]//Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC (Dostizheniyanaukiitekhniki APK). 2016; 30 (4): 30-32. V Dridiger V. K. and Gadzhiumarov R. G. Growth, Development, and Productivity of Soya Beans Cultivated On No-Till Technology in the Zone of Unstable Moistening of Stavropol Region [Rost, razvitiyeiproduktivnost’ soiprivozdelyvaniipotekhnologii No-till v zone ne-ustoychivog ouvlazhneniyaStavropol’skogokraya]//Oil Crops RTBVNIIMK (Maslichnyyekul’turyNTBVNIIMK). 2018; 3 (175): 52–57. VI Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Eroshenko F. V., Stukalov R. S., Gadzhiumarov, R. G., Effekt of No-till Technology on erosion resistance, the population of earthworms and humus content in soil (Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till naprotivoerozionnuyuustoychivost’, populyatsiyudozhdevykhcherveyisoderzhaniyegumusa v pochve)//Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018; 9 (2): 766-770. VII Karabutov A. P., Solovichenko V. D., Nikitin V. V. et al., Reproduction of Soil Fertility, Productivity and Energy Efficiency of Crop Rotations [Vosproizvodstvoplodorodiyapochv, produktivnost’ ienergeticheskayaeffektivnost’ sevooborotov]. Zemledelie. 2019; 2: 3-7. VIII Kulintsev V. V., Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Kovtun V. I., Zhukova M. P., Effekt of No-till Technology on The Available Moisture Content and Soil Density in The Crop Rotation [Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till nasoderzhaniyedostupnoyvlagiiplotnost’ pochvy v sevoob-orote]// Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8 (6): 795-99. IX Kulintsev V. V., Godunova E. I., Zhelnakova L. I. et al., Next-Gen Agriculture System for Stavropol Krai: Monograph [SistemazemledeliyanovogopokoleniyaStavropol’skogokraya: Monogtafiya]. Stavropol: AGRUS Publishers, Stavropol State Agrarian University, 2013. X Lessiter Frank, 29 reasons why many growers are harvesting higher no-till yields in their fields than some university scientists find in research plots//No-till Farmer. 2015; 44 (2): 8. XI Rodionova O. A. Reproduction and Exchange-Distributive Relations in Farming Entities [Vosproizvodstvoiobmenno-raspredelitel’nyyeotnosheniya v sel’skokhozyaystvennykhorganizatsiyakh]//Economy, Labour, and Control in Agriculture (Ekonomika, trud, upravleniye v sel’skomkhozyaystve). 2010; 1 (2): 24-27. XII Sandu I. S., Svobodin V. A., Nechaev V. I., Kosolapova M. V., and Fedorenko V. F., Agricultural Production Efficiency: Recommended Practices [Effektivnost’ sel’skokhozyaystvennogoproizvodstva (metodicheskiyerekomendatsii)]. Moscow: Rosinforagrotech, 2013. XIII Sotchenko V. S. Modern Corn Cultivation Technologies [Sovremennayatekhnologiyavozdelyvaniya]. Moscow: Rosagrokhim, 2009. View | Download DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AUTONOMOUS PORTABLE SEISMOMETER DESIGNED FOR USE AT ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Authors: Mikhail A. Abaturov,Yuriy V. Sirotinskiy, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00043 Abstract: This paper is concerned with solving one of the issues of the general problem of designing geophysical equipment for the natural climatic environment of the Arctic. The relevance of the topic has to do with an increased global interest in this region. The paper is aimed at considering the basic principles of developing and the procedure of testing seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. In this paper the indicated issue is considered through the example of a seismic module designed for petroleum and gas exploration by passive seismoacoustic methods. The seismic module is a direct-burial portable unit of around 5 kg in weight, designed to continuously measure and record microseismic triaxial orthogonal (ZNE) noise in a range from 0.1 to 45 Hz during several days in autonomous mode. The functional chart of designing the seismic module was considered, and concrete conclusions were made for choosing the necessary components to meet the ultralow-temperature operational requirements. The conclusions made served for developing appropriate seismic module. In this case, the components and tools used included a SAFT MP 176065 xc low-temperature lithium cell, industrial-spec electronic component parts, a Zhaofeng Geophysical ZF-4.5 Chinese primary electrodynamic seismic sensor, housing seal parts made of frost-resistant silicone materials, and finely dispersed silica gel used as water-retaining sorbent to avoid condensation in the housing. The paper also describes a procedure of low-temperature collation tests at the lab using a New Brunswick Scientific freezing plant. The test results proved the operability of the developed equipment at ultralow temperatures down to -55°C. In addition, tests were conducted at low microseismic noises in the actual Arctic environment. The possibility to detect signals in a range from 1 to 10 Hz at the level close to the NLNM limit (the Peterson model) has been confirmed, which allows monitoring and exploring petroleum and gas deposits by passive methods. As revealed by this study, the suggested approaches are efficient in developing high-precision mobile seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. The solution of the considered instrumentation and methodical issues is of great practical significance as a constituent of the generic problem of Arctic exploration. Keywords: Seismic instrumentation,microseismic monitoring,Peterson model,geological exploration,temperature ratings,cooling test, Refference: I. AD797: Ultralow Distortion, Ultralow Noise Op Amp, Analog Devices, Inc., Data Sheet (Rev. K). Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD797.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). II. Agafonov, V. M., Egorov, I. V., and Shabalina, A. S. Operating Principles and Technical Characteristics of a Small-Sized Molecular–Electronic Seismic Sensor with Negative Feedback [Printsipyraboty I tekhnicheskiyekharakteristikimalogabaritnogomolekulyarno-elektronnogoseysmodatchika s otritsatel’noyobratnoysvyaz’yu]. SeysmicheskiyePribory (Seismic Instruments). 2014; 50 (1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3103/S0747923914010022. III. Antonovskaya, G., Konechnaya, Ya.,Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaema, T., Schweitzer, J., Ringdal, F. Enhanced Earthquake Monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science. 2015; 1 (9): 158-167. 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Chao Xu, Junbo Wang, Deyong Chen, Jian Chen, Bowen Liu, Wenjie Qi, XichenZheng, Hua Wei, Guoqing Zhang. The Electrochemical Seismometer Based on a Novel Designed.Sensing Electrode for Undersea Exploration. 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems &Eurosensors XXXIII (TRANSDUCERS &EUROSENSORS XXXIII). IEEE, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2019.8808450. VIII. Chebotareva, I. Ya. New algorithms of emission tomography for passive seismic monitoring of a producing hydrocarbon deposit: Part I. Algorithms of processing and numerical simulation [Novyye algoritmyemissionnoyto mografiidlyapassivnogoseysmicheskogomonitoringarazrabatyvayemykhmestorozhdeniyuglevodorodov. Chast’ I: Algoritmyobrabotki I chislennoyemodelirovaniye]. FizikaZemli. 2010; 46(3):187-98. DOI: 10.1134/S106935131003002X IX. Danilov, A. V. and Konechnaya, Ya. V. Analytical comparison of seismic instruments for stationary surveys in the Arctic [Sravnitel’nyyanalizseysmicheskoyapparaturydlyastatsionarnykhnablyudeniy v Arktike]. DSYS. URL: https://dsys.ru/upload/id254_docPDF_FranzJosefLand.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). X. Dew point temperature calculator. Maple Tech. International LLC. URL: https://www.calculator.net/dew-point-calculator.html?airtemperature=20&airtemperatureunit=celsius&humidity=0.34&dewpoint=&dewpointunit=celsius&x=51&y=14(Date of access September 2, 2019). XI. Frolov, A. S. Matching of wave fields recorded by different geophysical receivers [Soglasovaniyevolnovykhpoley, poluchennykh s primeneniyemrazlichnoyregistriruyushcheyapparatury]. Abstracts IX International scientific and technical conference competition of young specialists “Geophysics-2013”. Saint-Petersburg: Gubkin University, 2013. 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Passive seismic tomography: A passive concept actively evolving. First Break. 2012; 30 (7): 83-90. XXII. Matveev, I. V. and Matveeva, N. V. Portable seismic recorder “SEISAR-5” with very low energy consumption for autonomous work in harsh climatic conditions [Portativnyyseysmicheskiyregistrator «Seysar-5» s ochen’ nizkimenergopotrebleniyemdlyaavtonomnoyraboty v slozhnykhklimatic heskikhusloviyakh]. Nauka I tekhnologicheskierazrabotki (Science and Technological Developments). 2017; 96 (3): 33-40. [Special Issue “Applied Geophysics: New Developments and Results. Part 1. Seismology and Seismic Exploration]. DOI: 10.21455/std2017.3-3. XXIII. Mishra, R. The Temperature Ratings of Electronic Parts.Electronics Cooling magazine. URL: http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2004/02/the-temperature-ratings-of-electronic-parts(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXIV. Moore, Sue E.; Stabeno, Phyllis J.; Van Pelt, Thomas I. The Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) project. 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View | Download COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOOT PATHOLOGY WHO UNDERWENT WEIL OPEN OSTEOTOMY BY CLASSICAL METHOD AND WITHOUT STEOSYNTHESIS Authors: Yuriy V. Lartsev,Dmitrii A. Rasputin,Sergey D. Zuev-Ratnikov,Pavel V.Ryzhov,Dmitry S. Kudashev,Anton A. Bogdanov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00044 Abstract: The article considers the problem of surgical correction of the second metatarsal bone length. The article analyzes the results of treatment of patients with excess length of the second metatarsal bones that underwent osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis. The results of treatment of patients who underwent metatarsal shortening due to classical Weil-osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis were analyzed. The first group consisted of 34 patients. They underwent classical Weil osteotomy. The second group included 44 patients in whomosteotomy of the second metatarsal bone were not by the screw. When studying the results of the treatment in the immediate postoperative period, weeks 6, 12, slightly better results were observed in patients of the first group, while one year after surgical treatment the results in both groups were comparable. One year after surgical treatment, there were 2.9% (1 patient) of unsatisfactory results in the first group and 4.5% (2 patients) in the second group. Considering the comparability of the results of treatment in remote postoperative period, the choice of concrete method remains with the operating surgeon. Keywords: Flat feet,hallux valgus,corrective osteotomy,metatarsal bones, Refference: I. A novel modification of the Stainsby procedure: surgical technique and clinical outcome [Text] / E. Concannon, R. MacNiocaill, R. Flavin [et al.] // Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Dec., Vol. 20(4). – P. 262–267. II. Accurate determination of relative metatarsal protrusion with a small intermetatarsal angle: a novel simplified method [Text] / L. Osher, M.M. Blazer, S. Buck [et al.] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Sep.-Oct., Vol. 53(5). – P. 548–556. III. Argerakis, N.G. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment [Text] / N.G. Argerakis, L.Jr. Weil, L.S. Sr. Weil // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Apr., Vol. 8(2). – P. 89–94. IV. Bauer, T. Percutaneous forefoot surgery [Text] / T. Bauer // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2014. – Feb., Vol. 100(1 Suppl.). – P. S191–S204. V. Biomechanical Evaluation of Custom Foot Orthoses for Hallux Valgus Deformity [Text] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2015. – Sep.-Oct., Vol.54(5). – P. 852–855. VI. Chopra, S. Characterization of gait in female patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity [Text] / S. Chopra, K. Moerenhout, X. Crevoisier // Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon). – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 30(6). – P. 629–635. VII. Computer assisted planning and custom-made surgical guide for malunited pronation deformity after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report [Text] / M. Hirao, S. Ikemoto, H. Tsuboi [et al.] // Comput. Aided Surg. – 2014. – Vol. 19(1-3). – P. 13–19. VIII. Correlation between static radiographic measurements and intersegmental angular measurements during gait using a multisegment foot model [Text] / D.Y. Lee, S.G. Seo, E.J. Kim [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Jan., Vol.36(1). – P. 1–10. IX. Correlative study between length of first metatarsal and transfer metatarsalgia after osteotomy of first metatarsal [Text]: [Article in Chinese] / F.Q. Zhang, B.Y. Pei, S.T. Wei [et al.] // Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. – 2013. – Nov. 19, Vol. 93(43). – P. 3441–3444. X. Dave, M.H. Forefoot Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison of Shod and Unshod Populations [Text] / M.H. Dave, L.W. Mason, K. Hariharan // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 8(5). – P. 378–383. XI. Does arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint correct the intermetatarsal M1M2 angle? Analysis of a continuous series of 208 arthrodeses fixed with plates [Text] / F. Dalat, F. Cottalorda, M.H. Fessy [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6). – P. 709–714. XII. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution after percutaneous hallux valgus correction using the Reverdin-Isham osteotomy [Text]: [Article in Spanish] / G. Rodríguez-Reyes, E. López-Gavito, A.I. Pérez-Sanpablo [et al.] // Rev. Invest. Clin. – 2014. – Jul., Vol. 66, Suppl. 1. – P. S79-S84. XIII. Efficacy of Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Correction Compared to Unilateral [Text] / A.V. Boychenko, L.N. Solomin, S.G. Parfeyev [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Nov., Vol. 36(11). – P. 1339–1343. XIV. Endolog technique for correction of hallux valgus: a prospective study of 30 patients with 4-year follow-up [Text] / C. Biz, M. Corradin, I. Petretta [et al.] // J. OrthopSurg Res. – 2015. – Jul. 2, № 10. – P. 102. XV. First metatarsal proximal opening wedge osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity: comparison of straight versus oblique osteotomy [Text] / S.H. Han, E.H. Park, J. Jo [et al.] // Yonsei Med. J. – 2015. – May, Vol. 56(3). – P. 744–752. XVI. Long-term outcome of joint-preserving surgery by combination metatarsal osteotomies for shortening for forefoot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Text] / H. Niki, T. Hirano, Y. Akiyama [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – Sep., Vol. 25(5). – P. 683–638. XVII. Maceira, E. Transfer metatarsalgia post hallux valgus surgery [Text] / E. Maceira, M. Monteagudo // Foot Ankle Clin. – 2014. – Jun., Vol. 19(2). – P.285–307. XVIII. Nielson, D.L. Absorbable fixation in forefoot surgery: a viable alternative to metallic hardware [Text] / D.L. Nielson, N.J. Young, C.M. Zelen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2013. – Jul., Vol. 30(3). – P. 283–293 XIX. Patient’s satisfaction after outpatient forefoot surgery: Study of 619 cases [Text] / A. Mouton, V. Le Strat, D. Medevielle [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6 Suppl.). – P. S217–S220. XX. Preference of surgical procedure for the forefoot deformity in the rheumatoid arthritis patients–A prospective, randomized, internal controlled study [Text] / M. Tada, T. Koike, T. Okano [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – May., Vol. 25(3). – P.362–366. XXI. Redfern, D. Percutaneous Surgery of the Forefoot [Text] / D. Redfern, J. Vernois, B.P. Legré // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 32(3). – P. 291–332. XXII. Singh, D. Bullous pemphigoid after bilateral forefoot surgery [Text] / D. Singh, A. Swann // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Feb., Vol. 8(1). – P. 68–72. XXIII. Treatment of moderate hallux valgus by percutaneous, extra-articular reverse-L Chevron (PERC) osteotomy [Text] / J. Lucas y Hernandez, P. Golanó, S. Roshan-Zamir [et al.] // Bone Joint J. – 2016. – Mar., Vol. 98-B(3). – P. 365–373. XXIV. Weil, L.Jr. Scarf osteotomy for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity [Text] / L.Jr. Weil, M. Bowen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2014. – Apr., Vol.31(2). – P. 233–246. View | Download QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE IN HEALTHYDOGS Authors: Roman A. Tcygansky,Irina I. Nekrasova,Angelina N. Shulunova,Alexander I.Sidelnikov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00045 Abstract: Purpose.To determine the quantitative echogenicity indicators (and their ratio) of the layers of stomach and small intestine wall in healthy dogs. Methods. A prospective 3-year study of 86 healthy dogs (aged 1-7 yrs) of different breeds and of both sexes. Echo homogeneity and echogenicity of the stomach and intestines wall were determined by the method of Silina, T.L., et al. (2010) in absolute values ​​of average brightness levels of ultrasound image pixels using the 8-bit scale with 256 shades of gray. Results. Quantitative echogenicity indicators of the stomach and the small intestine wall in dogs were determined. Based on the numerical values ​​characterizing echogenicity distribution in each layer of a separate structure of the digestive system, the coefficient of gastric echogenicity is determined as 1:2.4:1.1 (mucosa/submucosa/muscle layers, respectively), the coefficient of duodenum and jejunum echogenicity is determined as 1:3.5:2 and that of ileum is 1:1.8:1. Clinical significance. The echogenicity coefficient of the wall of the digestive system allows an objective assessment of the stomach and intestines wall and can serve as the basis for a quantitative assessment of echogenicity changes for various pathologies of the digestive system Keywords: Ultrasound (US),echogenicity,echogenicity coefficient,digestive system,dogs,stomach,intestines, Refference: I. Agut, A. Ultrasound examination of the small intestine in small animals // Veterinary focus. 2009.Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 20-29. II. Bull. 4.RF patent 2398513, IPC51A61B8 / 00 A61B8 / 14 (2006.01) A method for determining the homoechogeneity and the degree of echogenicity of an ultrasound image / T. Silina, S. S. Golubkov. – No. 2008149311/14; declared 12/16/2008; publ. 09/10/2010 III. Choi, M., Seo, M., Jung, J., Lee, K., Yoon, J., Chang, D., Park, RD. Evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2002. Vol. 64. – № 1. – P. 17-21. IV. Delaney, F., O’Brien, R.T., Waller, K.Ultrasound evaluation of small bowel thickness compared to weight in normal dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2003 Vol. 44, № 5. Р 577-580. V. Diana, A., Specchi, S., Toaldo, M.B., Chiocchetti, R., Laghi, A., Cipone, M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the small bowel in healthy cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2011. – Vol. 52, № 5. – Р. 555-559. VI. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Errors in abdominal ultrasonography in dogs and cats // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2012. Vol. 53. – № 9. – P. 514-519. VII. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2014. Vol. 55. – № 12. – P. 630-634. VIII. Gaschen, L., Granger, L.A., Oubre, O., Shannon, D., Kearney, M., Gaschen, F. The effects of food intake and its fat composition on intestinal echogenicity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 546-550 IX. Gaschen, L., Kircher, P., Stussi, A., Allenspach, K., Gaschen, F., Doherr, M., Grone, A. Comparison of ultrasonographic findings with clinical activity index (CIBDAI) and diagnosis in dogs with chronic enteropathies // Veterinary radiology and ultrasound. – 2008. – Vol. 49. – № 1. – Р. 56-64. X. Gil, E.M.U. Garcia, D.A.A. Froes, T.R. In utero development of the fetal intestine: Sonographic evaluation and correlation with gestational age and fetal maturity in dogs // Theriogenology. 2015. Vol. 84, №5. Р. 681-686. XI. Gladwin, N.E. Penninck, D.G., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the wall layers in the intestinal tract of dogs // American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2014. Vol. 75, №4. Р. 349-353. XII. Gory, G., Rault, D.N., Gatel, L, Dally, C., Belli, P., Couturier, L., Cauvin, E. Ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2014. Vol. 55, № 5. P. 552-560. XIII. Günther, C.S. Lautenschläger, I.E., Scholz, V.B. Assessment of the inter- and intraobserver variability for sonographical measurement of intestinal wall thickness in dogs without gastrointestinal diseases | [Inter-und Intraobserver-Variabilitätbei der sonographischenBestimmung der Darmwanddicke von HundenohnegastrointestinaleErkrankungen] // Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere – Heimtiere. 2014. Vol. 42 №2. Р. 71-78. XIV. Hanazono, K., Fukumoto, S., Hirayama, K., Takashima, K., Yamane, Y., Natsuhori, M., Kadosawa, T., Uchide, T. Predicting Metastatic Potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in dog by ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2012. Vol. 74. – № 11. – P. 1477-1482. XV. Heng, H.G., Lim, Ch.K., Miller, M.A., Broman, M.M.Prevalence and significance of an ultrasonographic colonic muscularishyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2015. Vol. 56 № 6. P. 666-669. XVI. Ivančić, M., Mai, W. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of renal vs. hepatic ultrasonographic intensity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2008. Vol. 49. № 4. Р. 368-373. XVII. Lamb, C.R., Mantis, P. Ultrasonographic features of intestinal intussusception in 10 dogs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2008. Vol. 39. – № 9. – P. 437-441. XVIII. Le Roux, A. B., Granger, L.A., Wakamatsu, N, Kearney, M.T., Gaschen, L.Ex vivo correlation of ultrasonographic small intestinal wall layering with histology in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 534-545. XIX. Nielsen, T. High-frequency ultrasound of Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of young cats / T. Nielsen [et al.] // Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. – 2015. – Vol. 18, № 4. – Р. 303-309. XX. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In Nyland T.G., Mattoon J.S. (eds): Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002, 2nd ed. Р. 207-230. XXI. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In: PenninckD.G.,d´Anjou M.A. Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. 2008. Р. 281-318. XXII. Penninck, D.G., Nyland, T.G., Kerr, L.Y., Fisher, P.E. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases in small animals // Veterinary Radiology. 1990. Vol. 31. №3. P. 134-141. XXIII. Penninck, D.G.,Webster, C.R.L.,Keating, J.H. The sonographic appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis in cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2010. – Vol. 51, № 4. – Р. 458-461. XXIV. Pollard, R.E.,Johnson, E.G., Pesavento, P.A., Baker, T.W., Cannon, A.B., Kass, P.H., Marks, S.L. Effects of corn oil administered orally on conspicuity of ultrasonographic small intestinal lesions in dogs with lymphangiectasia // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2013. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 390-397. XXV. Rault, D.N., Besso, J.G., Boulouha, L., Begon, D., Ruel, Y. Significance of a common extended mucosal interface observed in transverse small intestine sonograms // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2004. Vol. 45. №2. Р. 177-179. XXVI. Sutherland-Smith, J., Penninck, D.G., Keating, J.H., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs are associated with lacteal dilation // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2007. Vol. 48. – № 1. – P. 51-57. View | Download EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS Authors: Larisa A. Merdenova,Elena A. Takoeva,Marina I. Nartikoeva,Victoria A. Belyayeva,Fatima S. Datieva,Larisa R. Datieva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00046 Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the functional reserves of the body to quantify individual health; adaptation, psychophysiological characteristics of the health quality of medical students in different seasons of the year. When studying the temporal organization of physiological functions, the rhythm parameters of physiological functions were determined, followed by processing the results using the Cosinor Analysis program, which reveals rhythms with an unknown period for unequal observations, evaluates 5 parameters of sinusoidal rhythms (mesor, amplitude, acrophase, period, reliability). The essence of desynchronization is the mismatch of circadian rhythms among themselves or destruction of the rhythms architectonics (instability of acrophases or their disappearance). Desynchronization with respect to the rhythmic structure of the body is of a disregulatory nature, most pronounced in pathological desynchronization. High neurotism, increased anxiety reinforces the tendency to internal desynchronization, which increases with stress. During examination stress, students experience a decrease in the stability of the temporary organization of the biosystem and the tension of adaptive mechanisms develops, which affects attention, mental performance and the quality of adaptation to the educational process. Time is shortened and the amplitude of the “initial minute” decreases, personal and situational anxiety develops, and the level of psychophysiological adaptation decreases. The results of the work are priority because they can be used in assessing quality and level of health. Keywords: Desynchronosis,biorhythms,psycho-emotional stress,mesor,acrophase,amplitude,individual minute, Refference: I. Arendt, J., Middleton, B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75_S) – General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2017: 250-259. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010). II. BalandinYu.P. A brief methodological guide on the use of the agro-industrial complex “Health Sources” / Yu.P. Balandin, V.S. Generalov, V.F. Shishlov. Ryazan, 2007. III. Buslovskaya L.K. Adaptation reactions in students at exam stress/ L.K. Buslovskaya, Yu.P. Ryzhkova. Scientific bulletin of Belgorod State University. Series: Natural Sciences. 2011;17(21):46-52. IV. Chutko L. S. Sindromjemocionalnogovygoranija – Klinicheskie I psihologicheskieaspekty./ L.S Chutko. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2013. V. Eroshina K., Paul Wilkinson, Martin Mackey. The role of environmental and social factors in the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory tract in children of primary school age in Moscow. Medicine. 2013:57-71. VI. Fagrell B. “Microcirculation of the Skin”. The physiology and pharmacology of the microcirculation. 2013:423. VII. Gurova O.A. Change in blood microcirculation in students throughout the day. New research. 2013; 2 (35):66-71. VIII. Khetagurova L.G. – Stress/Ed. L.G. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz: Project-Press Publishing House, 2010. IX. Khetagurova L.G., Urumova L.T. et al. Stress (chronomedical aspects). International Journal of Experimental Education 2010; 12: 30-31. X. Khetagurova L.G., Salbiev K.D., Belyaev S.D., Datieva F.S., Kataeva M.R., Tagaeva I.R. Chronopathology (experimental and clinical aspects/ Ed. L.G. Khetagurov, K.D. Salbiev, S.D.Belyaev, F.S. Datiev, M.R. Kataev, I.R. Tagaev. Moscow: Science, 2004. XI. KlassinaS.Ya. Self-regulatory reactions in the microvasculature of the nail bed of fingers in person with psycho-emotional stress. Bulletin of new medical technologies, 2013; 2 (XX):408-412. XII. Kovtun O.P., Anufrieva E.V., Polushina L.G. Gender-age characteristics of the component composition of the body in overweight and obese schoolchildren. Medical Science and Education of the Urals. 2019; 3:139-145. XIII. Kuchieva M.B., Chaplygina E.V., Vartanova O.T., Aksenova O.A., Evtushenko A.V., Nor-Arevyan K.A., Elizarova E.S., Efremova E.N. A comparative analysis of the constitutional features of various generations of healthy young men and women in the Rostov Region. Modern problems of science and education. 2017; 5:50-59. XIV. Mathias Adamsson1, ThorbjörnLaike, Takeshi Morita – Annual variation in daily light expo-sure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol consent rations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length – Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2017; 36: 6 – 15. XV. Merdenova L.A., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A. Features of the study of biological rhythms in children. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and technical sciences. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod, 2017, pp. 119-123. XVI. Ogarysheva N.V. The dynamics of mental performance as a criterion for adapting to the teaching load. Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014;16:5 (1): S.636-638. XVII. Pekmezovi T. Gene-environment interaction: A genetic-epidemiological approach. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2010;29:131-134. XVIII. Rapoport S.I., Chibisov S.M. Chronobiology and chronomedicine: history and prospects/Ed. S.M. Chibisov, S.I. Rapoport ,, M.L. Blagonravova. Chronobiology and Chronomedicine: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) Press. Moscow, 2018. XIX. Roustit M., Cracowski J.L. “Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods” – Microcirculation 2012; 19 (1): 47-64. XX. Rud V.O., FisunYu.O. – References of the circadian desinchronosis in students. Ukrainian Bulletin of Psychoneurology. 2010; 18(2) (63): 74-77. XXI. Takoeva Z. A., Medoeva N. O., Berezova D. T., Merdenova L. A. et al. Long-term analysis of the results of chronomonitoring of the health of the population of North Ossetia; Vladikavkaz Medical and Biological Bulletin. 2011; 12(12,19): 32-38. XXII. Urumova L.T., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A., Datieva L.R. – The study of some health indicators of medical students in different periods of the year. Health and education in the XXI century. 2016; 18(4): 94-97. XXIII. Westman J. – Complex diseases. In: Medical genetics for the modern clinician. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. XXIV. Yadrischenskaya T.V. Circadian biorhythms of students and their importance in educational activities. Problems of higher education. Pacific State University Press. 2016; 2:176-178. View | Download TRIADIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Authors: Stanislav A.Kudzh,Victor Ya. Tsvetkov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00047 Abstract: The present study of comparison methods based on the triadic model introduces the following concepts: the relation of comparability and the relation of comparison, and object comparison and attributive comparison. The difference between active and passive qualitative comparison is shown, two triadic models of passive and active comparison and models for comparing two and three objects are described. Triadic comparison models are proposed as an alternative to dyadic comparison models. Comparison allows finding the common and the different; this approach is proposed for the analysis of the nomothetic and ideographic method of obtaining knowledge. The nomothetic method identifies and evaluates the general, while the ideographic method searches for unique in parameters and in combinations of parameters. Triadic comparison is used in systems and methods of argumentation, as well as in the analysis of consistency/inconsistency. Keywords: Comparative analysis,dyad,triad,triadic model,comparability relation,object comparison,attributive comparison,nomothetic method,ideographic method, Refference: I. AltafS., Aslam.M.Paired comparison analysis of the van Baarenmodel using Bayesian approach with noninformativeprior.Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 8(2) (2012) 259{270. II. AmooreJ. E., VenstromD Correlations between stereochemical assessments and organoleptic analysis of odorous compounds. Olfaction and Taste (2016) 3{17. III. BarnesJ., KlingerR. Embedding projection for targeted cross-lingual sentiment: model comparisons and a real-world study. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 691{742. doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11561 IV. Castro-SchiloL., FerrerE.Comparison of nomothetic versus idiographic-oriented methods for making predictions about distal outcomes from time series data. Multivariate Behavioral Research 48(2) (2013) 175{207. V. De BonaG.et al. Classifying inconsistency measures using graphs. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 937{987. VI. FideliR. La comparazione. Milano: Angeli, 1998. VII. GordonT. F., PrakkenH., WaltonD. The Carneades model of argument and burden of proof. Artificial Intelligence 10(15) (2007) 875{896. VIII. GrenzS.J. The social god and the relational self: A Triad theology of the imago Dei. Westminster: John Knox Press, 2001. IX. HermansH.J. M.On the integration of nomothetic and idiographic research methods in the study of personal meaning.Journal of Personality 56(4) (1988) 785{812. X. JamiesonK. G., NowakR. Active ranking using pairwise comparisons.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2011) 2240{2248. XI. JongsmaC.Poythress’s triad logic: a review essay. Pro Rege 42(4) (2014) 6{15. XII. KärkkäinenV.M. Trinity and Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine of the Trinity in Christian Theology of Religions. London: Routledge, 2017. XIII. KudzhS. A., TsvetkovV.Ya. Triadic systems. Russian Technology Magazine 7(6) (2019) 74{882. XIV. NelsonK.E.Some observations from the perspective of the rare event cognitive comparison theory of language acquisition.Children’s Language 6 (1987) 289{331. XV. NiskanenA., WallnerJ., JärvisaloM.Synthesizing argumentation frameworks from examples. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 503{554. XVI. PührerJ.Realizability of three-valued semantics for abstract dialectical frameworks.Artificial Intelligence 278 (2020) 103{198. XVII. SwansonG.Frameworks for comparative research: structural anthropology and the theory of action. In: Vallier, Ivan (Ed.). Comparative methods in sociology: essays on trends and applications.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971 141{202. XVIII. TsvetkovV.Ya.Worldview model as the result of education.World Applied Sciences Journal 31(2) (2014) 211{215. XIX. TsvetkovV. Ya. Logical analysis and variable scales. Slavic Forum 4(22) (2018) 103{109. XX. Wang S. et al. Transit traffic analysis zone delineating method based on Thiessen polygon. Sustainability 6(4) (2014) 1821{1832. View | Download DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING WEAR-RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR ICE CYLINDER". JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES spl10, № 1 (28 червня 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00048.

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