Дисертації з теми "Charançons"
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Mbaiguinam, Mbailao. "Détermination des causes de la résistance des légumineuses aux charançons des céréales du genre Sitophilus." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0074.
Повний текст джерелаEverywhere in the world and especially in the intertropical zone, the stored cereals are attacked by numerous insects. The weevils of the Sitophilus genus: Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus zeamais and Sitophilus oryzae are the most dangerous pests of the cereals. The legume seeds are toxic for these weevils but some strains of Sitophilus oryzae are resistant. We have demonstrated that this resistance is genetically governed by a single autosomal recessive gene. Toxicity was looked for in different pea varieties and in different legume species. It was always present although at very variable levels. Toxicity was limited to the seeds. Classical extraction and purification techniques allowed to establish that the toxic agent was a basic protein of low molecular weight (5,000 Daltons) and was glycosylated. The N terminal sequence showed a high analogy with the lectin site of endochitinases and moreover the protein presents affinity with chitin. The characterization of this protein opens the way towards a new method of protection of the stored cereals implying transgenesis
Rhéaume, Ann-Julie. "Modélisation d'un écosystème agricole tritrophique : la carotte cultivée, le charançon de la carotte (Listronotus oregonensis) et Anaphes victus, un parasitoïde des oeufs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26879/26879.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLefèvre, Cédric. "Caractérisation et phylogénie des bactéries symbiotiques intracellulaires des charançons de la famille des Dryophthoridae." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0007/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is an histological and molecular analysis of the intracellular symbiosis that is widespread in the Dryophthoridae family. Phylogenetical study performed on the 16S rDNA gene revealed three endosymbiotics clades belonging to gamma3-Proteobacteria closed to the Enterobacteriaceae. The genus name Candidatus Nardonella was performed for the ancestral clade showing low GC content and infesting Dryophthoridae 100 MY ago. The two other clades show much higher GC content and probably derive of more recent replacement. The pathogenic origin of symbiotic association is supported by the close relation between SOPE (Sitophilus endosymbionts) and Sodalis (glossina endosymbionts) which both conserved genes involved virulence. Comparative genomic by macroarray allows the study of intracellular evolution of genomes submitted to different selective pressure
Missa, Olivier. "Diversité et hétérogénéité de la faune des charançons (Coleoptéra, Curculionidae) dans la canopée d'une forêt tropicale humide en Papouasie Nouvelle Guinée." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211800.
Повний текст джерелаBarat, Myriam. "Interactions plante-insecte, spécialisation et invasion biologique : écologie évolutive des ajoncs (genre Ulex) et de leurs charançons spécifiques (genre Exapion) en Bretagne." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S011.
Повний текст джерелаThree gorse species co-exist in Brittany (France), all of them being parasitised by seed-eating weevils. One of them, Ulex europaeus is an invasive plant. I contributed to a long-term study of Ulex europaeus. We have shown that the parasite pressure has a major impact for the plant, which can explain the areas invaded; where specific grazers are absent, it can have an increased competitive advantage. I have enlarged this study to two other gorse species that occur in Brittany: U. Gallii and U. Minor. These species flower in the autumn, and are also parasitised by weevils. I have identified these weevils by using morphological and molecular characters as Exapion lemovicinum. The life cycles and the cold hardiness of these weevils are intimately linked to the phenology of their host plant. The ecological specialisation of the weevils is therefore probably the origin of their differentiation, which could have taken place by temporal isolation by means of a process of sympatric speciation
Merville, Adrien. "Caractérisation de la symbiose bactérienne intracellulaire chez les charançons du genre Curculio et exploration de son rôle dans la coexistence d'espèces d'insectes en compétition." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10130.
Повний текст джерелаAmong biodiversity theories, the niche theory states that competing species can durably coexist whenever they exhibit differences in their traits leading to partitioning of their ecological niches. Moreover, housing symbiotic bacteria is now recognized as expanding the host phenotype and is thus likely to interfere with its ecological niche. Intriguingly, the question of whether endosymbionts are likely to shape communities of competing insect species has not yet been addressed in natural systems. My hypothesis is that endosymbiosis can be determinant in driving the dynamics of communities composed of competing host species by amplifying differences in theirs traits and thus, stabilizing their coexistence. Reciprocally, ecological interactions among these host species could have a decisive role in the evolutionary dynamic of endosymbiotic cortege of each species by providing opportunities of horizontal transfer of bacterial endosymbionts. During my PhD, I studied endosymbiotic relationships among communities consisting of four species of specialist oak weevil insects (Curculio spp., Coleoptera, Curculionidae) that are competing for egg-laying into acorns where the larva grow. The two main objectives of my thesis were (i) to describe and compare the endosymbiotic corteges housed by the four species, by means of molecular screening of the bacterial diversity in female ovaries and measuring their prevalence in males and females of host populations, and (ii) to check the existence horizontal transfers of endosymbionts between host species with a multigenic approach combined to estimating the probability for one acorn to be infested by larva belonging to distinct Curculio species. I found that the four weevil species overall harboured distinct endosymbiotic communities, and notably that three of the four species had their own major secondary symbiont. Additionally, I found that the four species had a clearly distinct period of larval development during the reproductive season. Such diversification of endosymbionts across species competing with each other might contribute to their temporal partitioning in the acorn use. Otherwise, the fact that each host species also hosts, with residual prevalence, most of endosymbionts found in the other species, argues for the existence of horizontal transfer among this community. This hypothesis seems to be confirmed by a fine-tuned comparison of the Wolbachia strains detected in these host communities and by the non negligible proportion of acorns which are simultaneously infested by two or more weevil species. These results support the hypothesis of an impact of endosymbiotic communities on the dynamics of competing host communities and point out the need to consider the host community scale in order to understand the dynamics of bacterial communities within host species populations
Heddi, Abdelaziz. "Etude chez Sitophylus orizae (Coleoptère, curculionide) de l'influence des bactéries symbiotiques sur le métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial." Lyon, INSA, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ISAL0081.
Повний текст джерела[Sitophilus oryzae harbours symbiotic bacteria in the ovaries and in a specialized larval organ : the bacteriorne. They are transmitted to the progeny only through. The oocyte, and their role in the physiology of the host has been made possible by the obtention of aposymbiotic strains. For aposymbiotic insects the development rime is lengthened and the fertility reduced. A physiological study showed that the symbiotes provide their host with five vitamins. The comparison of six enzymatic activities in mitochondria symbiotic (SS) and aposymbiotic (AA) weevils shows diminished values in the AA ones. As they have been reared in the laboratory since 1974, we could not exclude the possibility that genetic drift has occurred between AA and SS insects. So we carried out a study of the enzymatic activities of mitochondrial pellets from reciprocal hybrid insects. The results confirmed that the differences in the mitochondrial enzymatic activities are due to the presence of symbiotic bacteria in SS strain. In another way, the mitochondrial genomes of the two strains express the same number of polypeptides when the mitochondria are incubated in vitro. . Finally, we tested the nutritional effect, by comparing the enzymatic activities of mitochondria isolated from AA and SS strains, reared on wheat flour complemented or no with vitamins. In these conditions, the enzymatic activities of the two strains are increased, but the differences between the two strains are diminished while being still significant (except for pyruvate deshydrogenase). So we conclude that bacteria could interfere in vivo with mitochondrial activities be providing vitamins to the host (pantothenic acid and riboflavin). ]
Anselme, Caroline. "Réponse immunitaire de l'hôte dans la symbiose bactérienne intracellulaire du charançon sitophilus zeamais." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0107/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMany insect species require for their reproduction and development the presence of symbiotic intracellular bacteria that are localized in a specialized organ called the bacteriome. Yet, little is known about the host-symbiont interaction with regard to immunity. To tackle this aspect, we have identified immune-relevant genes from the weevil Sitophilus zeamais and we have quantified their expression level in the bacteriome. We have revealed the overexpression of one antibacterial peptide (coleoptericin) and two negative regulators of the immune response (Tollip, PGRP) in the symbiotic organ. Furthermore, we have shown that the weevil PGRP gene is alternatively spliced: one isoform is spliced after infection of the larvae by Escherichia coli while the other is mainly spliced in the bacteriome. Taken together, these data show the existence of a moderate host immune response in the bacteriocyte and suggest that the molecular regulation of the immune system is adapted to intracellular bacterial maintenance and growth in the symbiont-bearing organ of insects
Vigneron, Aurélien. "Dynamique des processus cellulaires et moléculaires dans la symbiose du charançon du genre Sitophilus." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00750638.
Повний текст джерелаCharles, Hubert. "Aspects moléculaires de la bactérie symbiotique principale du charançon des céréales Sitophilus oryzae (Coléoptère, Curculionidae) et études de ses interactions avec l'hôte." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482251.
Повний текст джерелаVinatier, Fabrice. "Dynamique spatiale du charançon du bananier en interaction avec le système de culture et l'organisation paysagère." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00564816.
Повний текст джерелаAvand-faghih, Arman. "Identification et Application Agronomique de Synergistes Végétaux de la Phéromone du Charançon Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) 1790." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000692.
Повний текст джерелаAvand-Faghih, Arman. "Identification et application agronomique de synergistes végétaux de la phéromone du charançon Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) 1790." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INAP0003.
Повний текст джерелаBlais, Mylène. "Le charançon de la racine du fraisier : les bases d'une stratégie de lutte dans les fraisières du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23970/23970.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn 2001 and 2002, 89 strawberry fields from nine regions in Québec were sampled to determine the diversity and abundance of root weevil species. Soil characteristics were also assessed. We further studied the seasonal ecology of the strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) in the Québec City area. The strawberry root weevil was the most abundant species with >82% of all captured specimens. Its abundance was positively correlated with sand in soil sample. Two cohorts of insects have been identified with a peak of abundance at the end of the fruit harvesting period. This period is most suitable for O. ovatus control as females have not yet initiated oviposition.
Conord, Cyrille. "Écologie, génétique et symbiose bactérienne chez le grand charançon du pin, Hylobius abietis : adaptation d'un insecte ravageur à son environnement forestier." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10042.
Повний текст джерелаPhytophagous insects are often specialized to a host-plant and develop adaptations for locating, reaching and exploiting this resource. The large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L. ) rely on an ephemeral and rare resource since its larvae develop on dying conifers. However, forestry methods have modifIed the deal by providing more egg laying and feeding sites. Many factors ofthis pest's adaptation to its forest environment have been tested. Molecular markers showed that larval host-plants do not hinder gene flow and do not promote divergence in Hylobius. Strong insect dispersaI has been confmned by the low population structure at a large scale. Ln the laboratory, olfactive and oviposition preferences are weak, sometimes contradictory with larval performance, and are influenced by insect experience. Characterisation of weevil inhabiting bacteria revealed proximity with endosymbiotic strains known in other insects. They are probably involved in host-plant exploitation. This mutualistic association has been developed in the "deep time". Altogether, the results evicted a host-plant specialization. The larval niche is a crucial point of the insect's biology as well as pest control strategies target as arena of evolution
Masson, Florent. "Régulations immunitaires et cellulaires impliquées dans le maintien et le contrôle des bactéries endosymbiotiques du charançon des céréales du genre Sitophilus spp." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0116/document.
Повний текст джерелаMany insect species living on nutritionally unbalanced media depend on intracellular mutualistic bacteria, called obligatory endosymbionts, for their development and reproduction. Endosymbionts are housed in specialized host cells called bacteriocytes, that group together to form the bacteriome organ. Although such associations have been widely investigated on a physiological and evolutionary point of view, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the tolerance and the control of endosymbionts by the host. This work aims at deciphering the molecular and immune specificities of the bacteriome using the model system Sitophilus oryzae, the cereal weevil, and its obligate endosymbiont Sodalis pierantonius. The weevil bacteriome expresses a modulated immune response: transcriptomic studies showed that immune effector genes were lowly expressed despite the massive bacterial presence, with the exception of colA, a gene encoding for Coleoptericin A, an antimicrobial peptide. Coleoptericin A interacts with endosymbionts and participates in their intracellular seclusion. In a first chapter, I used RNA interference to demonstrate that colA gene expression may be controlled by an original system involving the genes relish and tollip. This “internal” regulation for endosymbiont control seems to maintain bacteriome homeostasis. In a second chapter, in order to understand how the bacteriome responds to an infection by exogenous bacteria, I followed up by RT-qPCR the expression of immune effector genes in the bacteriome after injection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. This highlighted an “external” immune response, inducible upon infections, which may enable endosymbiont protection against exogenous intruders. In a third and last chapter, I focused on the regulation changes that accompany the switch from the larval stage to the imaginal stage, the latter being characterized by a very dynamic symbiosis. Endosymbiont load drastically increases during the first days of imaginal life, then rapidly decreases until complete elimination of the bacteria by autophagic recycling. RNAseq analysis allowed the identification of signaling pathways linked to this dynamic. A complementary RT-qPCR approach also showed that bacteriome immunity was laid low during the whole recycling process. This work shows that several strategies have been selected during host-symbiont coevolution to ensure the maintenance of the endosymbionts and the adjustment of their population depending on the insects physiological needs: immunity allows the intracellular seclusion in the bacteriocytes, and cell processes including autophagy and apoptosis are associated to metabolic pathways to control the endosymbiotic dynamics and secure the cost and benefit trade-off of symbiosis
Dassou, Anicet. "Effet de la diversité des cultures sur les réseaux trophiques des arthropodes et la régulation du charançon du bananier par des prédateurs généralistes dans les systèmes pluri-spécifiques à base de plantain." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0043/document.
Повний текст джерелаFunctional diversity and associated biodiversity in agroecosystems provide and promote important services to human society such as pollination, biological control, and nutrient cycling. Intercropping is a practical way to increase plant diversity in agroecosystems and participates to provide alternative foods and to structure arthropod communities, including generalist predators involved in pest control. To better understand how plant diversity structures the arthropod food web and how the control of pest may be optimized, we first made one meta-analysis to understand the mechanisms linking plant diversity to pest control by generalist predators at local scale. We second studied the effect of plant diversity on the arthropod community in contrasted plantain fields. We showed that predator abundance was positively correlated with plant diversity while herbivore abundance was negatively correlated with plant diversity. This strong and inverse effect of plant diversity on herbivore and predator abundance suggests that top-down forces structure the arthropod community in plantain fields and that it should be possible to structure the predator community to better control herbivores including pests. In a third step, we measured the effect of combinations of three associated crops maize Zea mays, cocoyam Xanthosoma sagittifolium and gourd Lagenaria siceraria as intercrops on ant community structure and then the effect relation between ant abundances with Cosmopolites sordidus damages. The three associated plants had a significant effect on abundance of all ant species but in different magnitudes and with either negative or positive effect showing that the selection of plant species that are intercropped is an efficient way to structure the ant community. The abundances of all species of ants were positively or negatively correlated with the damages of C. sordidus larvae. The abundances of Camponotus spp., Monomorium spp., Paratrechina longicornis and Tetramorium sp. were negatively correlated to C. sordidus damage. These ants appear to be the best candidates for C. sordidus control. These findings will help in the design of plantain agroecosystems that enhance pest control services.Keywords: Plant diversity, intercropping, arthropod food webs, ants, interspecific interactions, habitat structure
Deloné, Brunise. "Alternatives agro-écologiques à l’usage d’intrants chimiques dans les bananeraies plantains : Le cas de deux régions de la Caraïbe : Guadeloupe et Haïti." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0758/document.
Повний текст джерелаPlantain (Musa paradisiaca) is the staple food of millions of people worldwide and its cropping generates ongoing revenues for many farmers who are planting small or medium size areas. As in other tropical regions, plantain cultivation in Guadeloupe and Haiti is under heavy parasitic constraints terrestrial (plant-parasitic nematodes and banana weevil) as well as aerial (black Sigatoka in particular). Conventional means of control based on the use of synthetic products which adverse effects on the environment (soil, water, animals ...) as on human health are not bearable any more. It is thus urgent to think about agroecological solutions allowing to restore the biological balances, to maintain good soil quality and optimal plantain cropping systems.This is the ultimate goal of this thesis which couples the realization of an agroecological diagnosis in peasants’ plots, and the test of agroecological alternatives in semi-controlled conditions. To do this, a typology of plantain cropping systems was carried out from an agrienvironmental survey in the two study areas. It allowed to select 23 plots in Guadeloupe and 12 in Haiti in which an agroecological diagnosis was implemented. Based on this diagnosis and the research of agroecological alternatives to the use of chemicals, a field experiment was set up in Guadeloupe, in an experimental station allowing the test of three innovative practices for plantain cultivation (alone and combined), namely : i) the introduction of a cover-crop Paspalum notatum for weed control while reducing the use of herbicides ; ii) the input of worms’ compost to control plant-parasitic nematodes specific to plantain and to fertilize it ; iii) the use of healthy “PIF” plants (plants issued from stem fragments) free from telluric pests (nematodes and weevil’s larvaes).The typology of plantains cropping systems shows: i) in Guadeloupe the previous crops are: fallow pineapple and plantain predominate with a low level of intensification (low and infrequent chemical inputs) or high (high and frequent chemical inputs); ii) in Haiti, the previous crops are: fallow, plantain and cassava predominate with a low level or no intensification at all (no inputs). The results of the agroecological analysis show that : i) when the level of intensification is low, perennial plantain and pineapple as previous crops help maintaining a good soil quality and a good regulation of the telluric pests ; ii) when the level of intensification is strong, the soil engineers drastically reduce, while the density of telluric parasites increases without affecting good levels of instantaneous yields (plots where the previous crop is pineapple or mostly fallow) ; iii) when the fertilization is totally missing, it decreases the biological activity of the soil furthermore the plantain yields, exacerbated by the choice of the previous crop (cassava or plantain), in connection with soils and climate constraints and the black Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, especially in the Haitian plots ; iv) the crop succession plantain/plantain is the most critical regarding the plantain’s cropping, because whatever the level of intensification, the yields remain relatively low in connection with a degradation of the health state, compared to other previous crops.The driving of an experiment in a research station shows that on the scale of one year, the three tested innovative practices allow maintaining a good soils quality. Healthy plants "PIF" have a better health state (absence of plant parasitic nematodes in the roots) which helps a significant increase of the yields. Cover-crop P. notatum helps the weeds and the soil pests control and favors the improvement of soil biological activity and plantain yields. Worms’ compost contributes to the maintenance of a better soils quality while allowing the regulation of the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes of the plantains
Lavoie, Martin. "L'utilisation du charançon pour le contrôle biologique du myriophylle à épis." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2790/1/M11280.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаChabot, Sarah. "Effet de la phénologie de l'hôte sur le développement du charançon du pin blanc (pissodes strobi, peck)." Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1093/1/M10476.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLamothe, Steve. "Impact des facteurs abiotiques, des matériaux de construction et de la taille du piège pyramidal sur les captures de mâles et femelles du charançon de la prune, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)." Mémoire, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/687/1/M10104.pdf.
Повний текст джерела"Le charançon de la racine du fraisier : les bases d'une stratégie de lutte dans les fraisières du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23970/23970.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаConord, Cyrille. "Ecologie, génétique et symbiose bactérienne chez le grand charançon du pin, Hylobius abietis : adaptation d'un insecte ravageur à son environnement forestier." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130374.
Повний текст джерелаLe grand charan¸con du pin (Hylobius abietis L.) fait partie des insectes dont biologie et la dynamique de population sont déterminées par un facteur qui tend à n'exister qu'en quantité
limitée dans l'espace et dans le temps puisque ses larves se développent sur des conifères mourants.
Cependant, les méthodes d'exploitation forestière ont changé la donne pour cet insecte à une large échelle en Europe en accroissant le nombre sites de ponte et de nourriture. Nous
avons donc testé plusieurs facteurs susceptibles de rendre compte de l'adaptation de l'Hylobe à
son environnement forestier : influence de la géographie et de la plante hôte sur la structuration
des populations, capacité de discrimination olfactive des essences et caractérisation de la flore
microbienne associée.
L'utilisation de marqueurs moléculaires nous a permis de montrer que l'utilisation de différentes plantes-hôtes pour le développement des larves ne constitue pas une forte barrière au flux de gènes et ne semble pas induire de divergences chez l'Hylobe. En outre, notre étude confirme la forte capacité de dispersion de ce ravageur forestier comme en témoigne la faible structuration a grande échelle.
Des expériences de laboratoire ont permis de montrer que les charançons montrent une préférence quand on leur propose plusieurs essences même si elle n'est pas très marquée ni
toujours conforme aux performances de leurs larves sur celle-ci. En outre ce comportement est influencé par l'expérience des individus qui montrent une grande plasticité.
Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence et caractérisé des souches bactériennes hébergées par le charançon. Ces bactéries, proches des souches endosymbiotiques connues chez d'autres insectes sont vraisemblablement impliquées dans l'adaptation de l'insecte à l'exploitation de sa plante hôte. Nos résultats révèlent une association mutualiste entre deux partenaires qui s'est établie sur le « temps profond ».
L'ensemble de ces résultats a permis d'écarter l'existence d'une spécialisation à la plante-hôte chez H. abietis même si de vastes forêts monospécifiques pourraient conduire une adaptation
« locale ». La niche larvaire apparaît comme le point crucial de la biologie de l'insecte, tant comme cible pertinente des stratégies de gestion de ce ravageur que comme arène de l'évolution de l'Hylobe.
Camara, Aïssata. "Lutte contre Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) et Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) dans les stocks de riz par la technique d'étuvage traditionnelle pratiquée en Basse-Guinée et l'utilisation des huiles essentielles végétales." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1987/1/D1784.pdf.
Повний текст джерела