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Статті в журналах з теми "Changements climatiques – Himalaya"
Gagné, Karine. "Vital Bodies." Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/saas.2024.320103.
Повний текст джерелаDrew, Georgina, and Mabel Denzin Gergan. "Imagining Himalayan Glacial Futures." Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/saas.2024.320107.
Повний текст джерелаSmadja, Joëlle, Olivia Aubriot, Ornella Puschiasis, Thierry Duplan, Juliette Grimaldi, Mickaël Hugonnet, and Pauline Buchheit. "Changement climatique et ressource en eau en Himalaya." Revue de géographie alpine, no. 103-2 (September 7, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rga.2850.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Changements climatiques – Himalaya"
Khadka, Arbindra. "Sensibilité du bilan de masse des glaciers de la partie orientale de l'Himalaya central (Népal oriental) aux variations de la température de l'air et des précipitations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU021.
Повний текст джерелаThe large quantities of glaciers, snow, and permafrost provide much of the fresh water for millions of people in the Himalayas and downstream. In recent decades, the Himalayan glaciers have been rapidly losing mass. However, proper studies of the local meteorology, climate, and glaciers in this region are limited by the paucity of high-altitude observations.In this thesis, we take advantage of the long series of meteorological and glaciological observations collected in the upper Dudh Koshi basin (Everest region) and on Mera Glacier since 2007 as part of the GLACIOCLIM Observatory, to evaluate the performance of reanalysis data (ERA5 Land and HARv2) and to estimate the sensitivity of the glacier mass balance to meteorological variables. In the first part, we carried out a detailed analysis of these meteorological records. We observe a negative horizontal gradient of annual precipitation in south-to-north direction across the range, with a 28 % decrease in precipitation at ~5000 m a.s.l. between Mera Glacier and Pyramid Observatory, ~30 km further north. Comparison of the ERA5 Land and HARv2 datasets with the in-situ data shows that both gridded datasets are able to resolve the mesoscale atmospheric processes, with HARv2 performing slightly better than ERA5-Land. Due to the complex topography, they fail to reproduce local to microscale processes recorded at individual weather stations, especially for variables with large spatial variability such as precipitation or wind speed. Air temperature is the variable that is best captured by reanalyses, as long as an appropriate elevational gradient of air temperature above ground, spatiotemporally variable and preferably assessed by local observations, is used to extrapolate it vertically. A cold bias is still observed but attenuated over clean-ice glaciers. The atmospheric water content is well represented by both gridded datasets although we observe a small wet bias and a spectacular overestimation of precipitation during the monsoon (June to September). The agreement between reanalyzed and observed shortwave and longwave incoming radiation depends on the elevation difference between the station location and the reanalysis grid cell. The seasonality of wind speed is only captured by HARv2. The two gridded datasets ERA5-Land and HARv2 are applicable for glacier mass and energy balance studies, as long as either statistical or dynamical downscaling techniques are used to resolve the scale mismatch between coarse mesoscale grids and fine-scale grids or individual sites.In the second part, we estimate the sensitivity of the mass balance of Mera Glacier to temperature and precipitation. We simulate the glacier-wide mass balance of Mera Glacier with the distributed Coupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and mass balance model in Python (COSIPY), driven by in-situ meteorological data, from 2016 to 2020. The analysis of the share of the energy fluxes of the glacier shows the radiative fluxes account for almost all the energy available during the melt season (May to October). On an annual scale, melt is the dominant mass flux at all elevations, but 44 % of the melt refreezes across the glacier. Sublimation is another major contributor to the mass balance, except during the monsoon, contributing more than 23 % of the annual mass balance. By reshuffling the available observations, we create 180 synthetic series of hourly meteorological forcings to force the model over a wide range of plausible climate conditions. A +1 (-1) °C change in temperature results in a -0.75 ± 0.17 (+0.93 ± 0.18) m w.e. change in glacier-wide mass balance and a +20 (-20) % change in precipitation results in a +0.52 ± 0.10 (-0.60 ± 0.11) m w.e. change. Our study highlights the need for physically based approaches to produce consistent forcing datasets, and calls for more meteorological and glaciological measurements in High Mountain Asia
Botsyun, Svetlana. "Modélisation de l'impact de l'évolution tectonique himalayennes et tibétaines sur le climat et les isotopes stable de l'oxygène au Cénozoïque." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV006.
Повний текст джерелаThe timing and rate of surface elevations of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau remain controversial and their impact on Asian climate and the onset of monsoon systems in this area is highly debated. Stable oxygen paleoaltimetry is considered to be a very efficient and widely applied technique, but has limitations from two sides: 1) the link between stable oxygen composition of precipitation and climate is not well established, 2) Cenozoic climate over Asia is poorly reconstructed. With a purpose of filling the gap in our knowledge of climate variability over Asia during the Cenozoic, we use the isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model LMDZ-iso to understand the links between the growth of mountains, associated climate changes and δ18O in paleo-precipitation. Our results show a significant influence of the Paratethys retreat, the latitudinal displacement of India and the height of the Tibetan Plateau on Asian hydrological cycle. For the purpose of understanding where and how the climatic changes linked with the growth of mountains affect δ18O in precipitation, we develop a theoretical expression for the precipitation composition based on the Rayleigh distillation and show that only 40% of sampled sites for paleoaltimetry depict signal attributed to topography changes. We conclude that the Himalayas may have attained their current elevation later than expected. Realistic Cenozoic boundary conditions allow us reconstructing δ18O in paleoprecipitation for several periods during the Cenozoic (for 55 Ma, 42 Ma, 30 Ma and 15 Ma). The focus has been put on the Eocene (42 Ma), since paleoelevation reconstructions are particularly controversial for this time. We show that Eocene precipitation δ18O is rather insensitive to topographic height in Asia. However, carbonate δ18O still records paleo-elevation because the fractionation between calcite and water is sensitive to temperature, which partly depends on altitude. Comparison of simulated Eocene δ18O patterns with data from the carbonate archives suggest that the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau did not reach present-day (> 3000 m) elevations during the Eocene
Savean, Marie. "Modélisation hydrologique distribuée et perception de la variabilité hydro-climatique par la population du bassin versant de la Dudh Koshi (Népal)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20222/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Himalayan water resources, vital for 800 millions of people, come mainly from the monsoon and from the melting of the cryosphere. The impact of the climate change on these resources, especially significant in the area, is a major issue in the Himalayan range. In this context, the assessment of the rainfall, snowmelt and icemelt components of the water balance is crucial. Consequently, a distributed conceptual hydrological model (HDSM) was developed to estimate the contribution of each component to the Dudh Koshi River flows from 2001 to 2005. The Dudh Koshi River basin (3 700 km²), with the Mount Everest as highest peak, is located in Eastern Nepal. The snow cover areas, calibrated with satellite data, and as well as the runoff are correctly simulated by the model. Nevertheless, the ice degree-day factor is overestimated, leading to an icemelt contribution around 60% of annual discharge, against 5% in the literature. This overestimation offsets a significant underestimation of precipitation, especially solid precipitation. After a correction of the precipitation, the contributions of rainfall, snowmelt and icemelt represent respectively 63%, 9%, and 29% of the Dudh Koshi annual discharge from 2001 to 2005. To complete this modeling, perceptions of the population on the hydro-climatic variability, obtained by interviews in the villages, were compared to the quantitative data used and simulated by the model HDSM from 1977 to 2007. This comparison confirms the underestimation of precipitation, especially solid. These results also show a significant decrease of precipitation in December and a significant increase, not perceived by population, of the measured annual temperature on the last thirty years. Both approaches by modeling and interviews highlight large uncertainties on the hydro-climatic data of the Dudh Koshi River basin. These uncertainties limit the understanding of hydrological and cryospheric processes and the assessment of climate change impacts on the water resources of this basin. Although they are also uncertain, the perceptions bring crucial complementary information to improve this knowledge and the analysis of the quantitative data of this high mountain Himalayan area
Puschiasis, Ornella. "Des enjeux planétaires aux perceptions locales du changement climatique : pratiques et discours au fil de l’eau chez les Sherpa du Khumbu (région de l’Everest, Népal)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100157.
Повний текст джерелаThe region of the Everest high mountains in Nepal (Khumbu) became an emblematic place of the broadcast of science and media narratives about climate change in the Himalayas. The pictures of the glaciers melting feed an alarmist rhetoric on the future of water resources and its availability for the population of the Himalayas. However there are many uncertainties. The interpretation of climate models faces the lack of reliability of the data and at the featured scales. In this thesis, by questioning the population about their habits on water resource and their perception of climate, we bring a highlight prone to fill these models. The climate change and its consequences on water use and management are studied by combining the scales and disciplines, by comparing some data from hydrology as well as geography and by replacing them in a context where the changes are also of social, economic and cultural order. The Sherpas are not only seen as Buddhists and high mountains guides but are nowadays a highly interconnected society since the touristic turn that happened in Khumbu in the 1950’s. The study of water management reveals some organisational and restructuring logics of a touristic space highly headed for the international. It appears that the changes of water use during the last decades are rather lied to the insertion of inhabitants in this touristic economy than a response to the climate change. The climate variations seem to be minor concerns at the local scale whereas they feed worries at the global scale. This discrepancy and the ongoing narratives’ distortions contribute to create a climate of tensions in this region where researchers, journalists and international experts are rushing
Gardelle, Julie. "Evolution récente des glaciers du Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya : apport de l'imagerie satellite." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00864042.
Повний текст джерелаTahir, Adnan Ahmad. "Impact of climate change on the snow covers and glaciers in the Upper Indus River basin and its consequences on the water reservoirs (Tarbela reservoir) – Pakistan." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20056/document.
Повний текст джерелаAgriculture based economy of Pakistan is highly dependent on the snow and glacier melt water supplies from the Upper Indus River Basin (UIB), situated in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges. It is therefore essential to understand the cryosphere (snow and ice) dynamics and hydrological regime of this area under changed climate scenarios, for water resource management. The MODIS MOD10A2 remote-sensing database of snow cover products from March 2000 to December 2009 was selected to analyse the snow cover dynamics in the UIB. A database of daily flows from 13 hydrometric stations and climate data (precipitation and temperature) from 18 gauging stations, over different time periods for different stations, was made available to investigate the hydro-climatological regime in the area. Analysis of remotely sensed cryosphere (snow and ice cover) data during the last decade (2000‒2009) suggest a rather slight expansion of cryosphere in the area in contrast to most of the regions in the world where glaciers are melting rapidly. The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) integrated with MODIS remote-sensing snow cover products was successfully used to simulate the daily discharges and to study the climate change impact on these discharges in the snow and glacier fed sub-catchments of UIB. The application of the SRM under future climate change scenarios indicates a doubling of summer runoff until the middle of this century. This variation in the Upper Indus River flow, decreasing capacity of existing reservoirs (Tarbela Dam) by sedimentation and the increasing demand of water uses suggests that new reservoirs shall be planned for summer flow storage to meet with the needs of irrigation supply, increasing power generation demand, flood control and water supply
Botsyun, Svetlana. "Modélisation de l'impact de l'évolution tectonique himalayennes et tibétaines sur le climat et les isotopes stable de l'oxygène au Cénozoïque." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV006/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe timing and rate of surface elevations of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau remain controversial and their impact on Asian climate and the onset of monsoon systems in this area is highly debated. Stable oxygen paleoaltimetry is considered to be a very efficient and widely applied technique, but has limitations from two sides: 1) the link between stable oxygen composition of precipitation and climate is not well established, 2) Cenozoic climate over Asia is poorly reconstructed. With a purpose of filling the gap in our knowledge of climate variability over Asia during the Cenozoic, we use the isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model LMDZ-iso to understand the links between the growth of mountains, associated climate changes and δ18O in paleo-precipitation. Our results show a significant influence of the Paratethys retreat, the latitudinal displacement of India and the height of the Tibetan Plateau on Asian hydrological cycle. For the purpose of understanding where and how the climatic changes linked with the growth of mountains affect δ18O in precipitation, we develop a theoretical expression for the precipitation composition based on the Rayleigh distillation and show that only 40% of sampled sites for paleoaltimetry depict signal attributed to topography changes. We conclude that the Himalayas may have attained their current elevation later than expected. Realistic Cenozoic boundary conditions allow us reconstructing δ18O in paleoprecipitation for several periods during the Cenozoic (for 55 Ma, 42 Ma, 30 Ma and 15 Ma). The focus has been put on the Eocene (42 Ma), since paleoelevation reconstructions are particularly controversial for this time. We show that Eocene precipitation δ18O is rather insensitive to topographic height in Asia. However, carbonate δ18O still records paleo-elevation because the fractionation between calcite and water is sensitive to temperature, which partly depends on altitude. Comparison of simulated Eocene δ18O patterns with data from the carbonate archives suggest that the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau did not reach present-day (> 3000 m) elevations during the Eocene
Gagné, Karine. "When glaciers vanish : nature, power and moral order in the indian Himalayas." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12295.
Повний текст джерелаThe dissertation presents an ethnographic study that examines knowledge as a situated practice in Ladakh, in the Indian Himalayas. It analyzes the sociocultural implications of two drivers of change at play in Ladakh: one is of socioeconomic origin and linked to the production of Ladakh as a border area, while the other is environmental and driven by climate change. Ladakh, which remained outside the scope of the bureaucratic state during the British colonial administration, found itself refashioned into a strategic border area following India’s independence and successive wars with Pakistan and China. Independence led to the partition of Indian into India and Pakistan in 1947; the dissertation examines the long-term, traumatic events of the partition in Ladakh, tracing connections to current perceptions of climate change. The independent Indian state has produced itself in the region through the taming of its mountains, primarily through infrastructure development and the co-optation of Ladakhi knowledge of the environment by the military apparatus. Far-reaching militarization has restructured Ladakh’s economy, consequently redefining household structure, contributing to village depopulation, displacing the centrality of agro-pastoralist activities and, as the dissertation argues, significantly altering the local population’s engagement with the environment. The increasing rationalization of the outlook on the environment today contributes to the fragmentation of links between the natural and human realms within the local cosmology and the abandonment of related ritual practices. Concurrently, the region is impacted by distinct effects of climate change, in particular glacier recession. The dissertation juxtaposes both the subjective experience of wide-ranging environmental changes and changes in everyday village life with historical facts, showing that local historical events influence perceptions of glacier recession and the depletion of natural resources. The analysis demonstrates that objective phenomena such as glacier recession are interpreted through local realities. Specifically, in the local worldview, a vanishing glacier is a trope for changes in the human condition. Yet, as the dissertation further argues, such cultural framing does not preclude the objectivity of natural history in local cosmology. Moreover, cultural framing and empirical experience, therefore, are shown to be essential to the vitality of local knowledge about the environment and to the performance of associated landscape practices.