Дисертації з теми "Changements climatiques – Adaptation – Europe"
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Breton, Florentin. "European climate change : co-development of local climate services and clustering approaches." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ012.
Повний текст джерелаClimate change has various impacts on society, but future changes are uncertain and a wide gap remains between the scientific knowledge and societal action (mitigation, adaptation). The gap in climate adaptation was partly addressed by the recent growth of climate services, but their local usability is associated to many barriers. France is an example of lacking climate adaptation at territorial level, and this thesis focuses on the Gulf of Morbihan as a case study. My research aims first to identify the role of climate change in the territory, second to support the local development of adaptation planning, and third to explore future climate change through the angle of clustering approaches.To identify the local role of climate change, I analyze the literature (grey and academic) and engage in field interviews with various stakeholders. Particular features of the territory emerge: the coastal-inland contrast (economy, demography), the socioeconomic life organized seasonally, and the dependence and conflict between agriculture and tourism. The local role of climate change is complex, impacting emblematic activities (oyster farming, salt production), overlapping with existing issues (socioeconomic imbalance, land-use conflict), and affecting agriculture negatively (warmer and drier summers) but tourism positively (longer summer weather). The local experiences are generally consistent with scientific knowledge (ongoing changes, link to climate change), although some elements are scarce in local perceptions (heatwaves).To assist local adaptation, I participated to the experimentation of different foresight activities (scenario workshop, art-science exhibition, conference-debate) with local stakeholders, based on an assessment of climate services and on creative art-design tools (e.g. poker design cards). The main outcomes are two long-term scenarios, multiple short-term actions and several hinge points on which the scenarios depend. The two scenarios represent divergent visions of the territory: continued occupation of the coast despite increasing risks, or withdrawal from the coast and densification of urban areas inland. The scenarios depend on the issue development of urbanization and spatial planning, food and energy autonomy, and demographic balance. The theme of food and energy autonomy concentrates conflicting views between inhabitants, highlighting fears and desires about long-term territorial choices.My investigation of the territory highlighted several climatic themes (e.g. seasonality of weather conditions) that are linked to atmospheric circulation, but future circulation changes are highly uncertain. To investigate the future seasonality of atmospheric circulation, I classify year-round patterns of geopotential height at 500 hPa (Z500) from a reanalysis and several climate models. Despite their biases, climate models reproduce similar evolution of circulation seasonality as the reanalysis. During the last decades, winter conditions have decreased while summer conditions have increased, and these changes strengthen under future climate change. Yet circulation seasonality remains similar relatively to the increase in average Z500, and the same happens for surface temperatures associated to the circulation patterns. I additionally developed the perspective of a new approach to study the local evolution of weather seasonality, based on the classification of multiple variables (temperature, precipitation, windspeed).In addition to the effects from future climate change, the Gulf of Morbihan will probably welcome new populations, and an active collective strategy of adaptation is required. Several routes have been featured in my research to address the local needs in climate adaptation, including perspectives inspired from existing climate services in other countries. The findings from this thesis highlight the physical and social dimensions of climate change
Taccoen, Adrien. "Détermination de l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur la mortalité des principales essences forestières européennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0004.
Повний текст джерелаForest ecosystems are one of the main providers of terrestrial ecosystem services, whose functioning has already been altered by recent climate change. Increases in tree mortality rates have been highlighted in different biomes worldwide, as well as increases in the frequency of massive mortality events following droughts. However, tree mortality is a multi-causal process. It is difficult to quantify the importance of the different factors that can possibly lead to tree death, and particularly the importance of climate change in comparison with forest dynamics and competition-related effects, environmental or biotic factors. This thesis aims at assessing the drivers of background tree mortality, which is the mortality observed in a stand in the absence of extreme perturbation, for the main European tree species. We used data from the French forest inventory of the National Geographic Institute (IGN) and historic climate data from Météo-France spanning the years 1961 to 2015.First, we modelled background tree mortality for 43 tree species in order to identify the drivers of background tree mortality. We used 372.974 trees, including 7.312 dead trees surveyed between the years 2009 and 2015. We found that factors related with competition, tree development stage, stand structure and species composition and logging intensity explained 85% of the recent tree mortality. Environmental factors (soil and climate conditions) accounted for 9% of the total modelled mortality. Temperature increases and rainfall decreases since the period 1961 – 1987 had a significant effect on the mortality of 45% of the 43 species and explained in average 6% of the total modelled mortality.Secondly, we focused on the link between trees locations along temperature and rainfall gradients and their sensitivity to changes of temperature and rainfall. We found that, for 9 species out of 12, temperature increases and rainfall decreases effects were more important in areas with high mean temperature and low mean rainfall. These results show that climate change-related tree mortality could be exacerbated towards the species’ warm and dry edges.Finally, we sought to evaluate how climate change-related tree mortality varied along trees social statuses and sizes gradients. We found that suppressed trees were more sensitive to temperature increases than dominant trees. On the contrary, dominant trees, and particularly large dominant trees, appear to be more sensitive to rainfall decrease than suppressed trees. Overall, our results show that climate change-related tree mortality is globally more important for suppressed than dominant trees.We highlighted the existence of a link between recent temperature increases and rainfall decreased and observed tree mortality rates on around half of the species of the French forest. We also showed that these effects were exacerbated towards the warm and dry edges of the species ranges. Finally, we showed that these effects differed according to trees social statuses and development stages. These results allow us to better understand the impacts of climate change on French and European forest and to better anticipate their effects through the adaptation of silvicultural practices
Kosmowski, Frédéric. "Pauvreté et capacité d’adaptation des exploitants agricoles aux changements climatiques : le cas du Nord Bénin." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0114.
Повний текст джерелаPoverty and climate change are two of the most urgent issues facing the world. The view that poverty represents a constraint for household’s adaptive capacities is widely accepted in the climate change literature. However, most research has focused on financial resources, thus ignoring the multidimensional nature of poverty. In this study, a cross-sectional survey is used to explore the relationship between poverty and adaptive capacities in northern Benin. Three measures of poverty (monetary, multidimensional and traditional) were calculated along with two indicators of adaptive capacities (farm-associated changes and perceived coping strategies). A significant lack of overlap was found between the three poverty indices. Multiple deprivations are negatively associated with both crop-related changes and perceived coping strategies. Improved economic status, through monetary or traditional asset growth, is associated with increased innovations, but only for the poorest households. Results of the multivariate analysis also suggest that in a context of rural poverty, social capital plays an important, and potentially compensating role in fostering adaptive capacities. Overall, this study illustrates that a purely economic view, most often relying on a single poverty measure, is insufficient to understand the complexity of the poverty-adaptive capacity nexus. Farmers engage in several adaptation strategies given their resources - and these resources are economic as well as social
Péron, Clara. "IMPACT DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES OISEAUX MARINS DE L'OCÉAN AUSTRAL." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660322.
Повний текст джерелаThuiller, Wilfried. "Impact des changements globaux sur la biodiversité en Europe : projections et incertitudes." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20101.
Повний текст джерелаPoissant, Noémi. "L'intégration de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques au droit québécois : le cas des inondations." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37823.
Повний текст джерелаHaguma, Didier. "Gestion des ressources hydriques adaptée aux changements climatiques pour la production optimale d'hydroélectricité : étude de cas : bassin versant de la rivière Manicouagan." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6128.
Повний текст джерелаRuiz, diaz britez Manuela. "Adaptation du douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii (MIRB.) FRANCO) aux changements climatiques : étude rétrospective basée sur l’analyse des cernes." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IAVF0011/document.
Повний текст джерелаForest response to the drought increase associated to the climatic warming relies on tree adaptive potential, i.e. the genetic variation and the heritability of adaptive traits involved in resistance to drought. In the first chapter, we identify easy-to-measure proxies of adaptive traits for resistance to drought. We compare the wood microdensity of dead and surviving trees after the 2003 heat wave in France. The most discriminating variables are the mean density of high and lowdensity segments, high-density proportion and coefficient of variation of the lowdensity segment. The wood of the surviving trees is always denser and more heterogeneous. If these adaptive traits are variable and heritable, then it is possible to select for improved resistance to drought in the breeding population as well as in natural regeneration. Our results also suggest that directional selection is going on in more or less water-stressed environments. The direction is variable according to the nature of the selection pressure in the different regions. In the Chapter II, we estimate the evolutionary potential to drought of the introduced Douglas-fir in France. This evolutionary potential relies on the magnitude of the genetic variation and of the heritability of the adaptive traits found in the first chapter. The heritability and the genetic variation are highly variable between provenances, sites and, to a much lower extent, between annual rings. Most variables have moderate to high heritability estimates for at least some provenances in some sites. Some traits tend to have generally higher heritability and genetic variation estimates. These are mostly variables of the density part of the annual ring. The variables having at the same time relatively high estimates of heritability and genetic variation are good candidates for becoming efficient selection traits for resistance to drought in tree breeding as well as in natural regeneration. The significant between-site variation suggests that the heritability estimates increase with site quality. The estimates are also significantly different between provenances with a strong provenance × site interaction. Conversely there is little significant between annual-ring variation. The chapter III takes advantage of the annual-ring variation to study the relationships between the genetic parameter estimates and climatic and soil variables. The heritability and genetic variation estimates of most variables significantly relates with most tested environmental variables. Very few variables never correlates with any environmental variable. The significant relationships are very variable between traits, provenances and sites. The most important predictors are temperature, evapotranspiration, and soil water reserve and water deficit. Rainfall marginally influences the genetic parameter estimates. Generally, the better the growing conditions, the higher the estimates. All components of the experimental trials affect the genetic parameters estimates. Thus, the choice of the plant material and of the experimental site strongly determines the genetic parameter estimates. The uncontrolled climatic variation may randomly affect the estimates
Mateescu, Marcel. "Étude statistique des chroniques des paramètres climatiques en Europe dans la période instrumentale : l'analyse des cycles par la méthode fréquentielle ondelette." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE2045.
Повний текст джерелаHousset, Johann. "Variations de croissance et capacité d’adaptation des populations marginales fragmentées d’arbres des zones boréo-montagnardes, en réponse aux changements climatiques." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3041/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims to assess the fate of marginal populations, in the context of climate change, for boreo-mountain tree species. The dendroclimatic response and the genetic structure of the species are jointly analyzed on gradients including both the continuous and the marginal distribution zones. Two biological models have been chosen for this research, white cedar at its northern limit (boreal forest) and stone pine at its western limit (temperate mountain forest). The following hypotheses were tested: global warming during the twentieth century has led to increased growth; growth variability is related to the genetic structure at the intra- and inter-population levels. A decline in cedar growth was observed after 1980 in marginal zone, which could be linked to drought constraints on growth. For both species, climate-growth relationships were essentially modulated by the amount of precipitation, but also by soil and tree-size variables. The existence of a significant link between genetic structure and some climatic variables still leaves some hope for a genetic adaptation potential, which magnitude will depend on the genetic diversity available for natural selection. The growth synchronicity between the trees was both influenced by the intra-population genetic diversity and the amount of precipitation. In conclusion, it is very difficult to disentangle the effects of climate and genetics on the growth of the studied trees
Yaro, Raoul, and Raoul Yaro. "Résilience des agriculteurs face aux changements climatiques : un exemple d'application au Burkina Faso." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35234.
Повний текст джерелаLa myriade d’approches de mesure de la résilience des ménages agricoles face aux aléas climatiques montre le manque de consensus des chercheurs tant au niveau de la définition du concept que dans les méthodes de mesure. Néanmoins deux tendances se dégagent dans les études empiriques à savoir i) la réduction du nombre de dimensions de la résilience à trois ou quatre au maximum, ii) l’utilisation de deux approches empiriques que sont les mesures objective et subjective de la résilience. Notre étude ayant pour but de mesurer la résilience des agriculteurs face à la sècheresse et aux inondations dans deux régions du Burkina Faso, ainsi que son impact sur deux indicateurs du bien-être, a adopté l’approche objective. La résilience est mesurée à travers les capacités d’anticipation d’adaptation et d’absorption. Dans un premier temps, la méthode d’équations structurelles a permis d’estimer les scores pour les trois dimensions / capacités de la résilience. Lesdits scores ont été utilisés pour construire un indice de résilience par la méthode d’analyse en composantes principales (ACP). Enfin, une régression logistique a été utilisée pour estimer l’impact de la résilience sur la sécurité alimentaire et le profil de pauvreté des ménages. Il ressort des résultats de l’étude qu’il existe des corrélations positives entre les capacités d’anticipation, d’adaptation et d’absorption et la résilience (la capacité d’anticipation ayant la plus faible contribution dans le renforcement de la résilience). Les régressions logistiques indiquent que l’amélioration de la résilience conduit à une amélioration considérable de la sécurité alimentaire et à une augmentation relativement faible du statut socioéconomique des ménages.
The myriad of approaches to measure resilience of agricultural households to climate hazards shows the lack of consensus among researchers in terms of both; the definition of the concept and the methods of measurement. Nevertheless, two trends emerge in the empirical studies namely i) reducing the number of dimensions of resilience to three or four at most, ii) using two empirical approaches that are objective and subjective measures of resilience. Our study aims to measure farmers' resilience (using objective approach) to drought and floods in two regions of Burkina Faso, as well as its impact on two indicators of well-being. Resilience is measured through adaptive anticipation and absorption capabilities. As a first step, the structural equation method allowed us to estimate the scores for the three dimensions / capacities of resilience. These scores were used to construct a resilience index by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Finally, a logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of resilience on food security and household poverty profile. The results of the study show that there are positive correlations between anticipatory, adaptive and absorptive capacities and resilience (anticipation capacity having the smallest contribution to building resilience). Logistic regressions indicate that improved resilience leads to a significant improvement in food security and a relatively small increase in household socio-economic status.
The myriad of approaches to measure resilience of agricultural households to climate hazards shows the lack of consensus among researchers in terms of both; the definition of the concept and the methods of measurement. Nevertheless, two trends emerge in the empirical studies namely i) reducing the number of dimensions of resilience to three or four at most, ii) using two empirical approaches that are objective and subjective measures of resilience. Our study aims to measure farmers' resilience (using objective approach) to drought and floods in two regions of Burkina Faso, as well as its impact on two indicators of well-being. Resilience is measured through adaptive anticipation and absorption capabilities. As a first step, the structural equation method allowed us to estimate the scores for the three dimensions / capacities of resilience. These scores were used to construct a resilience index by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Finally, a logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of resilience on food security and household poverty profile. The results of the study show that there are positive correlations between anticipatory, adaptive and absorptive capacities and resilience (anticipation capacity having the smallest contribution to building resilience). Logistic regressions indicate that improved resilience leads to a significant improvement in food security and a relatively small increase in household socio-economic status.
Ilasca, Constantin. "Économie politique internationale des négociations climat et prise en compte des coûts d’atténuation et d’adaptation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAE008/document.
Повний текст джерелаOur research focuses on the cooperation and climate governance in the post-Copenhagen era. Its main purpose is to observe and define the evolution of the climate regime, based on the positions of the European Union, China and the United States. These three countries can be considered as big emitters, major economies, as well as great powers. Two main drivers are taken into account in our analysis: mitigation and adaptation costs to climate change. The starting point for our research is to be found in the polarized evolution of the climate regime. The most illustrative aspect of this “metamorphosis” is the shift, in 2009, from the top-down to the bottom-up architecture of the climate regime.Thus, we resort to a hybrid theoretical background, which consists of both international political economy and climate change economy. The joint contribution of the two approaches allows us to analyze international political economy with climate economy as an input, as well as the impact of international relations on the main economic framework of climate change. Our research is based on a specific cooperation model, known as the “k-group” theory, as developed by Duncan Snidal (1985).Within this framework of minilateral cooperation, the thesis that we defend is that it is possible to have a climate k-group which may have a trigger effect in order to obtain an ambitious regime. The starting point for our argument is that this group can be considered as a “club of the relevant”, and that what it needs to achieve in order to constitute a k-group is to establish a “coalition of the willing”. The capacity and the willingness to act are mainly influenced by the costs they have to bear, that is the costs to mitigate their emissions and to adapt to the climate change consequences. Meanwhile, the group's collective commitment depends on other countries' actions. More precisely, the incentive mechanism is built on the idea that cooperation is meant to widen, in order to eventually prevent free riding.Our main results are to be regarded in the light of the COP 21 outcome. If the k-group works, it is because our three countries decide to move forward and accept to bear mitigation costs that are higher than those of other countries'. Their collective commitment should trigger a virtuous dynamic which would impose on climate regime a collective leadership of these three countries, thus leaving the others with no other way than to follow. If the k-group does not work, it is because our three actors consider upfront costs too high with respect to their own interests, as well as to the risk of free riding (if the others do not go along). Given our three actors' economic and political context, this scenario seems likely.Finally, we rather favor in our work the Europe-China tandem. We argue that the k-group should be built on this joint cooperation, since, unlike the United States, Europe appears to be more willing to endorse an ambitious regime, whereas China seems an unavoidable actor. Thus, China, which faces a major impact of climate change, should play along with Europe if it wishes to obtain an agreement that is not solely based on minimal (national) contributions
Montuire, Sophie. "Communautés de mammifères et environnements : l'apport des faunes aux reconstitutions des milieux en Europe depuis le Pliocène et l'impact des changements climatiques sur la diversité." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20214.
Повний текст джерелаRichard, Elsa. "L'action publique territoriale à l'épreuve de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques : un nouveau référentiel pour penser l'aménagement du territoire ?" Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR1802/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe revelation of anthropogenic climate changes and the unprecedented scale of this phenomenon led to the emergence of policy responses to deal with. Adaptation to Climate Change (ACC) is one of the responses promoted by the international community to solve the climate problem. If the anthropic climate changes are a global environmental problem, their effects occur from the overall scale to the very local level. In spite of irreducible uncertainties associated to the phenomenon, different forms of legislative and political injunction encourage local actors to incorporate the effects of climate changes in their territorial policies. However, the ways of elaborating local adaptation policy are still largely unknown. This thesis seeks to understand and point out the “territorialization” dynamics of local public action in the field of adaptation.Our two hypothesis deals with, on the one hand, the necessary regionalization of climate change adaptation, leading to differentiated formulations of local responses to adaptation. On the other hand, our research seeks to appreciate the consequences of the integration of climate change adaptation on ways of thinking planning policies. To demonstration these assumptions, we base our analysis on four case studies led at various scales and presenting different characteristics
Leroy, Eve. "Proposition d'interface Science-Société pour la gestion intégrée de la ressource en eau dans un contexte de changements climatiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA011/document.
Повний текст джерелаWater is a vital need for Human and each society have to manage it at best to meet this basic need today and in the future.Current climatic changes and especially global warming strongly impact hydrosystems and economical activities of mountainous areas, forcing these territories to adapt to these new conditions. Socio-economic development choices have also a great importance in water shortages occurrence. In this thesis a model coupling representations of water resources and and socio-economic activities was built.It allows to explore both climate change impacts and socio-economic choices impacts on water resources availability in a mountain territories at different time scales. All combinations of climate change and socio economic choices scenarios are testable.The Megève ski resort station in France was used to develop and apply the hydro-anthropic model. The latter must contribute, as a decision support tool, to climate change adaptation policies developpement. Therefore, the tricky question of knowledge transfer between Science and Society is addressed in this thesis. The scientific model developped was introduced in Serious-Games as an interface proposal. Through the C3-Alps projet which financed this thesis, others knowledge tranfers for climate change adapation in the Alps were also addressed
Cournoyer-Cyr, Vanessa. "Migrations environnementales et stratégies d'adaptation vers une intégration viable." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5724.
Повний текст джерелаRozenberg, Julie. "Eléments sur la robustesse des politiques climatiques." Paris, EHESS, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01832194.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis looks for robustness in climate change mitigation policies assessment and implementation. Exploring the uncertainties surrounding future technologies, fossil fuel resources, policy instruments, consumption preferences, population and economie growth with an Integrated Assessment model, it disentangles the future drivers of future carbon emissions and of mitigation costs. Such methodologies improve the understanding of models, filter out the issues that do not really matter, help policymakers focus on critical factors and develop consensus about where the focus should be. The thesis also proposes to focus on instruments that are robust to political constraints thanks to their lower short-term impacts. Such instruments include performance standards or financial instruments that redirect the bulk of investments towards clean capital without affecting the owners of existing polluting capital
Assoumal, Naibi Sidonie. "Les changements climatiques, un nouvel enjeu des relations internationales : impacts et éléments de stratégies d'adaptation au Tchad." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3005.
Повний текст джерелаClimate changes are upseting the whole planet. Their écologic and socio-economic impacts are a real threat for all countries, principally the developping ones. Since 1990, the international community has becoming aware of this and the developped countries are clearly showned as being mainly responsible. Consequently, they have to financially and technologically strive in order to help the less advanced countries to adapt. Nowadays, the climate changes represent a big stake in the inter-national relationships, they are debated in almost all international meetings. However, the world climatic governing is difficult to establish by the international community. The conferences are dominated by the frequent oppositions of the States’ national interests. As the impacts of climate changes are specifically localised, Chad appears as a vulnerable country suffering dramatic conse-quences: progression of desert, dryness, flood, loss of biodiversity, empoverishment of soils and diminishing water ressources which imply the decreasing ot the agricultural production, food unse-curity, deseases, conflicts and deportation of population. Although Chad is mobilised to struggle against climatic changes, it lacks the necessary capacity to confront this challenge. This thesis con-siders the sahelian zone as one of the most relevant to precisely analyse these impacts and for pro-posal of efficient strategies adapted to act against climate changes. It is about measures of mitiga-tion and adaptation which consist in operating more innovative and more targeted national politics, in creating new infrastructures in the sectors of transport, telecommunications, energy and in in-volving all the concerned actors
Bilodeau, Karine. "Intégration du contrôle en temps réel des bassins d'orage dans une stratégie globale d'adaptation aux changements climatiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30267.
Повний текст джерелаTedone, Jean-Louis. "L'adaptation aux changements climatiques et l'aménagement durable du territoire : le cas des municipalités et des MRC québécoises." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28042.
Повний текст джерелаKane, Idrissa oumar. "Gouvernance intégrée du risque dans la perspective d’adaptation des communautés côtières aux changements climatiques : une analyse empirique des représentations sociales de la résilience." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV098/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD sets and explores the possibilities of « dialogue of knowledge » between scientists and local communities about resilience strategies implementations for climate coastal risks adaptation. This dialogue focuses on questions of paradigmatics representations, values and materials issues. This dialogue of knowledge, advocated by scientific community and claimed by wide audience, is increasingly needed due to complex societal problems related to climate change and different world visions. The technocentered rationality has always been an approche which dominate in the responses to the challenge of adaptation. However, in the name of integrated gouvernance, this approach is more and more contested by local communities due to their strong engagement in proposing socially co-constructed alternatives. In the first paper « Communicating risk through a DSS: a coastal risk centered empirical analysis » our research focus on the conflict of representation between scientists and local stackeholders about the probabilistic nature of coastal risk and the impacts mitigation options. Thus, a dialogic communication, based on taking into account heuristic values of local actors, is necessary. In the second paper « L'utilisation du concept polysémique de résilience: une analyse empirique en milieu côtier » our research focus on the choice of meaning of resilience concept through public policy of coastal risk management. This concept, considering its history and evolution through its various disciplinary practices, has raised, in addition to problem of polysemy due to its high use, a lack of consensus on the suitable definition. In the third paper «Vulnérabilité et résilience, entre conceptions déterministes et non déterministes : les sciences du risque côtier à la croisée des chemins », it is to questionne the choice of models and approaches used by reseachers to analyse and intervene on the coastal system. Building on the two first papers, this pape ris an unique proposition of paradigmatic tilt in the conceptual and operational processing of socio-ecosystems gouvernance. This way of presentation (thesis structured by papers) is done in accordance with required principles and technics of redaction approved by academic world (here, the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines). The three papers are closely linked in their respective thematic. This explain the coherence of the conducted research and the obtained results. In the methodology, the research is built/base on an empirical approach starting from an theorical approach related to the concepts studied. The method of datas collection is semi-structured interviews, focus group, with a thematic questionnaire. The method of datas processing is done by coding these latter in ATLAS.ti. The method of datas analysis is done by iterative grounded theorisation. The targeted audience is the scientific involved in the THESEUS project and the coastal communities lived in three experimental coastal settings of the project (Gironde in France, Santander in Spain and Cesenatico in Italia). In the conclusion, it is first admitted that paradigmatic tensions can compromise the efficacity of decision support system process and the need of consensus between heuristics on the coastal risk ; second, the same paradigmatic conflicts have some consequences in the operational deployment of resilience concept and it requires a dialogue about the signification of this concept in an epistemologically robust way. Finally, it is primordial to found a neat articulation between the choice of meaning, the operational deployment and the paradigmatic representations underlying the displayed concepts
Bador, Margot. "Les changements d'extrêmes de température en Europe : records, canicules intenses et influence anthropique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30024/document.
Повний текст джерелаOver the 21st century, the mean increase in surface air temperatures is projected to be associated with an increase in warm temperature extremes and a decrease in the cold ones. Over the last decades, evidence already suggests these changes, as for example recurrent warm record-breaking temperatures or the increase in heatwave occurrence. We investigate the evolution of daily temperature extremes over the 20th and the 21st centuries in France and in Europe, their possible changes in frequency and intensity. We also focus on the mechanisms responsible for these projected climate extremes, as well as the maximum values of temperature extremes at the end of the century. First, we investigate the evolution of daily record-breaking temperatures in Europe based on the observations and an ensemble of climate models. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the theoretical evolution of the records in a stationary climate correctly reproduce the observed one, for both cold and warm records. From 1980, a shift from that theoretical evolution is observed, with an increase in the occurrence of warm records and a decrease in the occurrence of the cold ones. Climate models suggest an amplification of these changes over the century. At the end of the 21st century, the mean number of warm records shows a strong increase compared to the first decades of the observed period. The strongest increase in warm record-breaking temperatures is found in summer, and particularly over the Mediterranean edge. On the contrary, the occurrence of cold record-breaking temperatures is projected to strongly decrease, with almost no new records in the last decades of the century, for all seasons and over the entire European domain. Observed variations of daily record-breaking temperatures are still, at the beginning of the 21st century, consistent with internal climate variability only. Over the century, the anthropogenic influence emerge from these fluctuations in the summer record evolutions, around the 2030 and the 2020 for the warm and cold records respectively. By 2100, the mean changes in record occurrences cannot be explained by the internal climate variability solely, for all seasons and over the entire European domain. Then, we investigate future extreme temperatures at the end of the 21st century, as well as severe heatwaves leading to these extremes. Climate models analyses are associated with regional climate modeling and a French station-based dataset of observations. The summer 21st century evolution of the maximum values of daily warm record-breaking temperatures is first examined in the observations and the high resolution simulation of the regional model. By 2100, an increase of these values is projected, with maximum changes between +6.6°C and +9.9°C in summer among the French regions. These projections assessed from a regional model may underestimate the changes. The multi-model mean estimate of the maximum increase of these values is indeed around +11.8°C in summer over France. Finally, regional modeling experiments of severe heatwaves in the climate of the end of the 21st century in Europe are performed. These severe heatwaves are selected cases from a global climate model trajectory. The experiments results show the role of the soil-atmosphere interactions in the amplification of the extreme temperatures during such future severe warm events. The occurrence of the heatwave is first caused by the atmospheric circulation, but the temperature anomaly can then be amplified according to the soil moisture content before the event, and thus the climatic conditions of the preceding weeks and months
Lemoine, Anthony. "Indicateurs d’impacts des changements hydroclimatiques sur la gestion des réservoirs hydroélectriques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS107.
Повний текст джерелаThe hydropower sector is sensitive to climate. The current challenge is to develop indicators based on climate services to facilitate decision-making at the regional and local levels in the context of climate change adaptation. This thesis aims at identifying relevant indicators to characterize the impacts of climate change on the management of hydropower reservoirs. We have built a hydroclimatic modelling chain applied to four French catchments and reservoirs of major energy interest (Dordogne at Bort-les-Orgues, Ain at Vouglans, Durance at Serre-Ponçon and Verdon at Castillon). Our study illustrates a conceptual approach to reservoir management that allow us to develop an indicator to characterize the flexibility of water-energy systems in future climates. The results obtained show the conditions under which water volumes are available (or not) to optimize hydropower production. Finally, we adapted a stochastic dynamic programming model for optimal reservoir management to be used with hydrological projections. The analysis highlighted that, even in the optimized context, climate change might impact the management of large reservoirs, especially those with a predominantly multi-use purpose and current nival regime of hydrological inflows. Our approach provides a new methodological framework for climate impact studies on the water-energy sector and for the future development of climate services
Chavaillaz, Yann. "La vitesse du changement climatique et ses implications sur la perception des générations futures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV021.
Повний текст джерелаIn most climate studies, climate change is approached by focusing on the evolution between a fixed current baseline and a future period, emphasizing stronger warming as we move further over the 21st century. Under climate conditions that are continuously evolving, human and natural systems might have to constantly adapt to a changing climate. This thesis proposes an alternative approach to climate projections. Here, I consider and analyze indicators of the pace of changes relative to temperature, precipitation and vegetation in order to be relevant for both urban and rural populations. An ensemble of CMIP5 simulations from 18 climate models is selected. The pace is represented by differences between two subsequent 20-year periods. Considering the pace of change would be beneficial for climate impacts and adaptation analyses.The models predict that the warming rate strongly increases without any mitigation policies (RCP8.5 scenario). It is twice as high by the end of the century compared to the current period, and even three times higher in some regions. Significant shifts in temperature distributions between two subsequent 20-year periods are projected to involve almost half of all land surfaces and most tropical areas by 2060 onwards (i.e. at least four times as many regions than currently). In these regions, an extremely warm year with a return period of about 50 years would become quite common only 20 years later. The fraction of the world population exposed to such shifts might reach about 60% (6 billion people, i.e. seven times more than currently). Low mitigation measures (RCP6.0) allow the warming rate to be kept at current values, and reduce the fraction of the world population exposed to significant shifts of temperature distributions by one third.Under RCP8.5, rainfall moistening and drying rates both increase by 30-40% above current levels. As we move further over the century, their patterns become geographically stationary and the trends become persistent. The stabilization of the geographical rate patterns that occurs despite the acceleration of global warming can be physically explained: it results from the increasing contribution of thermodynamic processes compared to dynamic processes in the control of precipitation change. The combination of intensification and increasing persistence of precipitation rate patterns may affect the way human societies and ecosystems adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean basin, Central America, South Asia and the Arctic. Such an evolution in precipitation has already become noticeable over the last few decades, but it could be reversed if strong mitigation policies were quickly implemented (RCP2.6).Changes in vegetation could be visual landmarks of climate change. In mid- and high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the phenology of grass and trees follows the warming rate. Without any mitigation policies, the start of spring occurs earlier, and its duration is extended faster as we move over the century. The vegetation cover becomes denser, regardless of the selected pathway, in proportion to the temperature rise. The seasonal cycle of mid-latitude crops also depends on the temperature, and the seasonal cycle of tropical crops directly follows the features of the wet season. In all other latitudes, no robust evolution of the seasonal cycle is projected. The pace of change of vegetation cover since 1880 already doubled before 1950, mainly due to a strong change in land use. This pace is then projected to be stable over the entire 21st century if the vegetation dynamically interacts with the climate system in the models. This corresponds to a reduction of land-use change and to the acceleration of changes of vegetation cover under climate change
Amat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors
Bernard, Marianne. "Changements climatiques et herbivorie : influence sur la régénération et le potentiel d'avenir des forêts mélangées." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG052/document.
Повний текст джерелаThere is growing concern about the future of temperate mountainous forests, because of climate change and of the difficulties in regenerating forests caused by large ungulates pressure. Herbivore ungulate populations have strongly increased since the middle of the XXth century in the northern hemisphere. By their selective browsing due to their dietary preferences, they exert a strong pressure on regeneration, which intensity on each tree species varies with their palatability. The response of regeneration to climate change in terms of growth and survival is still poorly known, but some results suggest it could be affected differentially given the different autecologies of the species. In such a global changes context, mixed forests are considered a valuable option of adaptation. How would the regeneration phase respond to those two pressures, and what could be the future of a mixed stand in such a context? This study focuses on the effects of browsing by large ungulates and climate change on mixed silver fir, Norway spruce and beech stand regeneration. We show that the lower amount of light reaching the ground in mixed stands does not affect beech regeneration germinating. We demonstrate a quasi-substitution of silver fir by Norway spruce saplings when submitted to high browsing pressure. At the finer scale of foliar traits, we find different responses among the three species to varying climate and browsing pressure, silver fir being the only species expressing an answer to browsing (increase in shoot mechanical resistance and in foliar C:N). Our results also demonstrate a decrease in browsing with increasing winter temperature, and a stronger effect of browsing than of spring temperature on saplings growth for silver fir, beech and sycamore maple. Finally, our simulations of the dynamics of a mixed silver fir-Norway spruce-beech stand suggest a shift in tolerance to drought thresholds due to browsing, and confirm the possible eradication of silver fir in scenarios combining browsing and climate change. This work highlights the influence of large ungulates interacting with climate conditions on forest regeneration dynamics, and the importance to consider this pressure in research protocols aiming at studying the behaviour of regeneration in changing climate contexts
Bourgeaud, Luana. "Histoire évolutive et potentiel adaptatif : une approche éco-évolutive de la vulnérabilité des espèces aux changements climatiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30263.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding the processes influencing the geographical distribution of species is one of the main aims in ecology and is of particular interest since climate change caused by human activities is currently leading to the geographical redistribution of species. In this context, we explored the temporal dynamics of the climatic niche (the set of climatic requirements of a species) in an attempt to determine species' ability to cope with climate change. To do this, we investigated historical rates of climatic niche change which describe past climatic niche changes that occurred over the course of species evolutionary history assuming that past climatic changes reflect current climate change. Following the reconstruction of a dated phylogeny for 12,616 fish species, we compiled climate and distribution data to estimate historical rates of climatic niche change. In a first project, we studied the factors influencing historical rates of climatic niche change in aquatic environments. In particular, we confirmed that historical rates of climatic niche change are greater at higher latitudes. We also discussed the differences between marine and freshwater ecosystems. In a second project, we correlated historical rates of climatic niche change with measures of contemporary range shifts. We showed that historical rates of climatic niche change are positively associated with contemporary range shifts in marine fish. Our results suggest that the influence of historical rates of climatic niche change and more generally of species evolutionary history on their response to current climate change needs to be further explored to determine how it can inform biodiversity conservation
Labarrere, Bastien. "Comment les plantes répondent et s'adaptent aux changements climatiques : étude aux marges froides (subantarctique)." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B002/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe adaptive potential of a species can be defined as its capacity to cope with environmental change. Adaptive potential increases with phenotypic variation, from the intra-individual to the inter-population level, but factors controlling and explaining this variation still remain poorly understood.We studied four plant species from Iles Kerguelen in the sub-Antarctic region which is currently facing one of the strongest climate changes worldwide. Plant species from Iles Kerguelen are known to show high phenotypic integration (i.e. strong correlation among traits), a phenomenon that has been suggested to constrain trait variation. For these species we studied what constrains phenotypic variation, considering the external environment, the internal phenotypic integration and the associated performance costs. We found that intra-individual variation, i.e. plasticity, may be constrained by complex environmental change and the performance costs it triggers. In contrast, plasticity may be favored by high degree of phenotypic integration (Chapter 3). We found that inter-individual variation within populations may not be constrained by environmental factors, but may be favored by high phenotypic integration (Chapter 1). We found inter-population variation within regions may be constrained by restricted environmental variation (Chapter 1). Finally, we studied secondary metabolites (amines and flavonols) that connect environmental variation to phenotypic variation. We found that compositions and functions of these metabolites vary among regions, probably reflecting evolutionary differentiation among regions (Chapter 2). Patterns of variation betweenregions suggest that within species metabolites may be functionally redundant or versatile, for which to our knowledge our results are the first hint. Overall, we suggest that climate change in Kerguelen will impact plant species performance, and that the persistence of suitable wet habitats will be determinant in species capacities to cope with such changes. Furthermore, this project identified so far underestimated factors which may favor the adaptive potential of species. Particularly, we emphasize that the adaptive potential of species may increase due to (i) phenotypic integration, (contrary to common suggestion) and (ii) metabolite redundancy or versatility (only poorly studied so far). Moreover, we evidenced, partly for the first time, multiple costs and limits of plasticity and suggest that plasticity does not guarantee plant success in the new environment
Huaringa, Alvarez Uriel Francisco. "La gestion des réservoirs du bassin versant de la rivière du Lièvre, Québec (Canada), dans un contexte de changements climatiques : impacts et stratégies d'adaptation." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5376.
Повний текст джерелаOuro-Bodi, Ouro-Gnaou. "Les Etats et la protection internationale de l'environnement : la question du changement climatique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0228/document.
Повний текст джерелаClimate change has become the scourge environmental concern and mobilizes more theinternational community. The outcome of this mobilization remains probably the implementation ofinternational climate change regime for which the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol are the legalbases. This system is innovative in that it sets quantified emission reduction commitments for greenhouse gasemissions (GHG) for polluters States, but also in that it establishes mechanisms known as of “flexibility”whose implementation is accompanied by a control based on a Committee known as of “compliance”. Butdespite all this normative production, it is regrettable that today the international climate regime is a realfailure. Indeed, if the mobilization of states is no doubt, however, the same states that have voluntarily agreedto engage deliberately refuse to honour their commitments for essentially political, economic and strategicreasons. This work therefore aims to shed light on the causes of this failure by developing a mixed record ofthe first Kyoto commitment ended period in 2012, and offers prospects for a legal regime of the post-Kyotoclimate and efficient, able to be up to the challenges
Robitaille-Bérubé, Camille, and Camille Robitaille-Bérubé. "L'adaptation des coopératives agricoles aux impacts des changements climatiques : le cas de deux coopératives dans le département d'Ancash au Pérou." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37414.
Повний текст джерелаDepuis quelques années, les changements climatiques sont au coeur des préoccupations de plusieurs États. Les impacts des variabilités climatiques se font de plus en plus sentir et cette réalité est avérée dans les pays en développement. Les pays pauvres sont particulièrement touchés par les impacts des changements climatiques, aggravant leur vulnérabilité aux intempéries. Une grande part de la population des pays dits du tiers monde dépend de l’agriculture comme principale activité de subsistance. Or, l’agriculture est très dépendante du climat. Ainsi, pour sa pauvreté, sa sensibilité, son exposition aux catastrophes naturelles et sa dépendance à l’agriculture, le Pérou mérite une attention particulière. Cette étude vise à élaborer une méthodologie d’aide à la décision mise à la disposition des coopératives agricoles dans un contexte de collaboration avec SOCODEVI (société de coopération pour le développement international). Cette méthodologie tend à identifier les vulnérabilités des membres ainsi qu’à identifier des stratégies d’adaptation vis-à-vis des changements climatiques et de prendre en compte cette dimension dans les outils de planification et d’interventions techniques des coopératives. L’étude a adopté une approche dite participative ce qui permettra d’adapter ce guide aux différents contextes dans lesquels il sera mis en oeuvre. Les résultats obtenus sont issus de groupes de discussion, d’entrevues semi-dirigées, de données tant subjectives (perceptions) qu’objectives (sources scientifiques), de cartographies participatives, de SIG et de cartographies. Cette recherche a entre autres permis de montrer que les changements climatiques ne sont pas considérés comme une priorité des membres des coopératives rencontrées dans le département d’Ancash. Bien qu’ils soient exposés et affectés par ces derniers, la présence de stratégie d’adaptation est presque inexistante. Dans ce mémoire, quelques pistes de suggestions seront ainsi proposées dans le cadre d’une méthodologie d’aide à la décision
For several years, climate change has been a major concern for many states. The impacts of this climatic variability are becoming more and more felt and this reality is proven in developing countries. Poor countries are particularly affected by the impacts of climate change, exacerbating their vulnerability to harsh weather. A large part of the population of so-called third world countries depends on agriculture as their main livelihood activity. Agriculture is very dependent on the climate. Thus, for its poverty, its sensibility, its exposure to natural disasters and its dependence on agriculture, Peru deserves special attention. This study aims to develop a decision-making methodology available to agricultural cooperatives in a collaborative context with SOCODEVI (International Development Cooperation Corporation). This methodology aims to identify members’ vulnerabilities as well as to identify adaptation strategies with regard to climate change and to take this dimension into account in the planning tools and technical interventions of cooperatives. The study has adopted a so-called participatory approach which will make it possible to adapt this guide to the different contexts in which it will be implemented. The results were obtained from focus groups, semi-directed interviews, both subjective (perceptions) and objective (literature) data, participatory mapping, GIS and mapping. This research has, among other things, shown that climate change is not a priority for members of cooperatives encountered in the department of Ancash. Although they are exposed and affected by them, the presence of coping strategies is almost non-existent. In this thesis, some suggestions will be proposed as part of a decision support methodology
For several years, climate change has been a major concern for many states. The impacts of this climatic variability are becoming more and more felt and this reality is proven in developing countries. Poor countries are particularly affected by the impacts of climate change, exacerbating their vulnerability to harsh weather. A large part of the population of so-called third world countries depends on agriculture as their main livelihood activity. Agriculture is very dependent on the climate. Thus, for its poverty, its sensibility, its exposure to natural disasters and its dependence on agriculture, Peru deserves special attention. This study aims to develop a decision-making methodology available to agricultural cooperatives in a collaborative context with SOCODEVI (International Development Cooperation Corporation). This methodology aims to identify members’ vulnerabilities as well as to identify adaptation strategies with regard to climate change and to take this dimension into account in the planning tools and technical interventions of cooperatives. The study has adopted a so-called participatory approach which will make it possible to adapt this guide to the different contexts in which it will be implemented. The results were obtained from focus groups, semi-directed interviews, both subjective (perceptions) and objective (literature) data, participatory mapping, GIS and mapping. This research has, among other things, shown that climate change is not a priority for members of cooperatives encountered in the department of Ancash. Although they are exposed and affected by them, the presence of coping strategies is almost non-existent. In this thesis, some suggestions will be proposed as part of a decision support methodology
Simonet, Guillaume. "Enjeux et dynamiques de la mise en œuvre de stratégies d’adaptation aux changements climatiques en milieu urbain : les cas de Montréal et Paris." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100076/document.
Повний текст джерелаDue to the inevitability of human-induced climate change, adaptation of human systems has become a priority of municipal political agendas. However, the implementation of actions on reducing the vulnerability of populations and territories to cope with impacts faces several barriers, including cognitive, organizational and institutional ones. As part of this doctoral research, the 83 semi-structured interviews conducted with professional actors in climate change between Paris and Montreal confirm the idea of a mosaic of social representations generated by the term "adaptation to climate change," which gives rise to various interpretations once implementation started. The qualitative analysis of field data, supported by lexicometric tool, allows to a better understanding regarding logic of actions, including some challenging municipal decisions or those behind organizational dynamics. From these results, the research wants to expose the advent of adaptation to climate change in an urban context of major industrialized countries such as Montreal or Paris can not be equated with a change paradigm, but more like a vehicle helping to implement the precepts of sustainable development, initiated by "sustainable" movements in Rio (1992). Thus, although currently specifically identified in the climate topic, adaptation could quickly become an essential tool for participation in the fabric of the city viable
Lebrun, Julien. "Dynamique des versants en relation avec les changements climatiques et l'occupation humaine, mont Flautafell, Nord-Est de l'Islande." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34294.
Повний текст джерелаGerome, Camille. "Les initiatives de transition comme facteur de développement des capacités territoriales d'adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV026/document.
Повний текст джерелаTo respond to social issues of adaptation to the effects of climate change, this thesis contributes to the understanding of adaptation capacity development processes. The main subject is the spontaneous transitional citizens dynamics. It is about a group of citizens wishing act locally for the development of their territory in a coherent way around shared values.This thesis helps to demonstrate the emergence and the development of innovative social practices. This is comparable to social innovations in transition arenas who reproduce characteristics of niches: protected and restricted space encouraging incubation. These social innovations, fostered by networking, cohesion and the sharing of values, contribute to the development of adaptability through a desire for transmission and a global dynamic of inclusion.Concretely, this study focuses on two transition initiatives similar in their intentions and different in their history. They participate in considering a new dynamic of society that is both spontaneous, autonomous and inclusive.By positioning itself neither "against" the territory and its institutions, nor "without" them, these transition initiatives represent remarkable alternatives to lead to more cooperative societies and more able to adapt to the effects of climate change
Asse, Daphné. "Comprendre et prédire la réponse des écosystèmes forestiers d'altitude aux changements climatiques : apports d'un programme de sciences participatives." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG058/document.
Повний текст джерелаMountainous regions are particularly exposed to the ongoing climate change. Indeed, in the Western Alps the temperature increased twice faster than in the northern hemisphere during the 20th century. Trees’ annual cycle, as in many other organisms, is largely affected by climate change. Phenology and the fine temporal variations of climate appear key to predict species distribution. The main objective of this PhD thesis work was to understand the response of tree phenology to climate change in the Alps and to develop tools to evaluate this response in future conditions. It has been carried out using the phenological observations (budburst, flowering, leaf senescence) of five tree species (hazel, ash, birch, larch and spruce) of the citizen science program Phenoclim.Our results show that warmer winters slow down bud dormancy break, and consequently the budburst and flowering dates along the elevation gradient. This effect is stronger at low elevation. The robustness of process-based species distribution models depends strongly on the robustness of their process-based phenology sub-model. By comparing different phenology models differing in their level of complexity and we showed that process-based models were the most robust especially when their parameter estimates relied on forward estimation using experimental data. Models project a reduction in the phenological cline along the elevation gradient by the end of the 21th century. This is due, on one hand, to an advancement of the budburst dates at high elevation and on the other hand, to a delay of the budburst dates at low elevation. We also tested several hypotheses on the environmental determinism of bud cell growth. However, none of the hypotheses improved significantly the models’ performance. We then implemented the best phenology models we obtained in the process-based species distribution model PHENOFIT. We carried out for the first time simulations at high spatial resolution. Projections showed that species are expected to move up along the elevation gradient in response to climate change. However, local extinction events may occur in the bottom of the valleys due to late flowering dates that would decrease the reproductive success. Depending on the species, the upper altitudinal limit would be controlled by the risk of flowers’ exposure to late spring frost or to the length of growing season, which determine fruit maturation success.All of these results, allowed us to provide some answers on the future dynamics of high altitude ecosystems in the face of global climate change. They also allowed us to show that the Phenoclim data were of sufficient quality to be used to address important scientific questions
Flores-Mejia, Sandra. "Les effets de la température et des changements climatiques sur la performance relative d'un réseau trophique : plante-herbivore-parasitoïde." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27306.
Повний текст джерелаEach trophic level of a food-web reacts differently to changes in temperature, because some species are more sensitive than others. Because of the interdependence between the different trophic levels, even the smallest change in temperature could trigger cascading effects throughout the food-web. This may cause a partial or total collapse of the system. As part of my project, I was interested in the effects of temperature and climate change over the relative performance of a tri-trophic food web system (plant-herbivore-parasitoid). The general objectives were to determine: a) which trophic level is more sensitive to an increase in temperature? and b) What are the effects of climate change on a food-web as a whole? In order to determine the effects of temperature on the whole food-web, I developed three parameters to measure the relative performance, by using biomass as common currency between the three trophic levels. The developed parameters are: net generational productivity (NGP), the bi-trophic food-web ratio (φh/p), and the tri-trophic food web ratio (φ3t). In general, my results suggest that the thermal window of the relative performance of each trophic level has a wider span at the base of the food-web (e.g. the plant) and it is reduced by about 4 °C for each subsequent trophic level. Also, the (φh/p) values obtained, suggest that the aphids have the highest performance at low temperatures, but they are incapable of reproducing beyond 28°C, which gives the plant a competitive advantage. Nonetheless, this advantage cannot be maintained for long, due to the negative effects of temperature on the biology of the plant. The φ3t values suggest that the performance of the food-web is influenced by trophic cascades in a « top-down » fashion; but both the inter- and intra-specific variation of the host plant plays a major role in the productivity of the system. The results of the experiments about climate change suggest that: in all three tested climate change scenarios, the parasitoid has the largest relative performance of the system in spite of having the smallest thermal window. This suggests a greater thermal plasticity than previously thought. Nonetheless, in the absence of parasitoids, the herbivore dominates the system. Although there was a 4 °C difference between the three climate change scenarios that were tested, the the performance of the tri-trophic food-web was not significantly affected. In comparison, under two 2050 climate change scenarios, the long-term exposure to high temperatures has a negative effect on the accumulation of biomass for the three components of the food web, both individually and collectively. This is the first study to evaluate empirically and exhaustively the effects of temperature over a great range of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions, in order to determine the relative performance of the system in a holistic way.
Fouqueray, Timothée. "Adaptations aux incertitudes climatiques de long terme : trajectoires socio-écologiques de la gestion forestière française." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA029.
Повний текст джерелаAdapting forest management to climate change (CC) is a key issue, as forests are crucial for mitigation policies and the provision of many ecosystem services (ES). Understanding the magnitude of the progress made in this respect can help shape further adaptation developments and avoid the putative maladaptive side effects of forest management evolutions. Here, I aim to bridge the knowledge gap of adaptation implementation in French forests.Chapter 1: Based on semi-structured interviews with foresters, my findings highlight unprecedented aspects of adaptations: (i) a focus on productive ES at the expense of other essential services such as water supply or natural habitats; (ii) adaptations rely on technical changes in forest management and do not deal with climate impacts through organizational or economic tools; and (iii) envisaging ecological processes through adaptations is instrumental and limited to small spatial and temporal scales. My results also extend the existing body of knowledge to the framework of forest management: (i) CC is not the main driver of forestry changes; (ii) extreme events are windows of opportunity to stimulate adaptive changes; and (iii) proactive adaptation to unexperienced hazards is very weak.Chapter 2: Assessment of the diversity of research projects in the forest sciences focusing on CC. I categorized projects according to discipline and main focus, using data from the online description of French public calls for proposals and from selected projects. Since 1997, mitigation research has gradually given way to adaptation. Despite pledges for the inclusion of social sciences, research rarely draws on the social sciences and focuses on ES of economic interest. Biomass production is paramount, being addressed either directly or through projects on tree species of industrial interest. Hence, instead of a diverse search for adaptation strategies, climate research is geared toward a few ES. Without denying the need for timber and biofuel production, I encourage public funders to complement current calls for proposals with more diverse approaches beneficial for both biomass production and other ES.Chapter 3: I study how multiple mechanisms for the mitigation of CC have been developed, drawing on a combination of reducing and offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While mechanisms are mandatory for certain economic sectors, some business that are not required to mitigate their GHG emissions would nevertheless like to do so. I examine two study cases in France to analyze how public and private foresters seized this opportunity to obtain complementary funding from such companies for forestry operations. I focus on offset contracts issued by associations linking public sector forestry agencies, forest landowners, and offset funders. Carbon mitigation was a reason shared by all contractors to commit to the agreement, although it concealed multifarious motivations. Hence, I argue that voluntary offset contracts act like a Trojan horse by enabling foresters to dialogue with entities that would otherwise not be interested in supporting forest management. Regional embedding was crucial to overcoming the mitigation challenges.Chapter 4: To gain insight on how can socio-economic adaptive tools complement technical evolutions of forestry, I designed Foster Forest, a participatory simulation of forest management. It combines a role-playing game, an agent-based model, and a scenario of CC with high uncertainties. Drawing from multiple applications in French regions, I show that climate change is not a short-term matter of concern for private and public foresters. I analyze the emergence of socio-economic changes (mainly payment for carbon storage) in the provision of ES, and participants’ negotiations to spontaneously change the simulation rules. I also highlight how collective adaptive action was steered by stakeholders with a public interest role
Lagarrigues, Guillaume. "Variabilité démographique et adaptation de la gestion aux changements climatiques en forêt de montagne : calibration par Calcul Bayésien Approché et projection avec le modèle Samsara2." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV081/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe spruce-fir-beech mountain forests could be particularly threatened by the global warming. To better understand the future dynamics of these forests and adapt the silviculture to these new conditions, a better knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the species demograhics is needed. We studied this issue by combining a historical management data set, the forest dynamics model Samsara2 and a calibration method based on Approximate Bayesian Computation. We were able thus to study jointly the different demographic process in these forests. Our analysis show that the forest demographics can strongly vary between stands and that climate is not always determining to explain these variations. The unven-aged management currently applied seem adapted for the mixed stands located in mesic conditions, but the pure spruce forests and the low elevation stands could be highly impacted
Baudoin, Marie-Ange. "Etude de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques des populations rurales africaines :le cas de communautés agricoles au sud du Bénin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209746.
Повний текст джерелаCette recherche s’intéresse essentiellement à l’aspect pragmatique du concept d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, questionnant la réalité de l’adaptation – ou de la non adaptation – des populations à l’échelle locale. Pour ce faire, nous avons axé l’étude autour d’enquêtes de terrain menées dans le sud du Bénin, au sein de communautés rurales agricoles. Nous avons analysé la vulnérabilité climatique des populations à des aléas relevant de la variabilité du climat, qui semble s’être accentuée récemment. L’analyse repose sur le recours à un cadre d’analyse s’inspirant des approches contextuelles et top-down utilisées, dans la littérature récente, pour étudier la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques. Ces approchent complémentaires permettent d’étudier la vulnérabilité initiale d’une société, fragilisée alors par de nouveaux stress qui émergent dans le contexte du réchauffement global.
Au final de cette recherche, nous avons mis en évidence les causes de la vulnérabilité climatique de populations sud-béninoises, causes situées à différentes échelles (locales à internationales), ainsi que les facteurs favorisant l’émergence de stratégies d’adaptation au climat :l’étude de ces facteurs inclut l’impact des politiques internationales de soutien à l’adaptation aux changements climatiques sur des populations locales du Bénin. Il ressort, en conclusions, que la vulnérabilité des sociétés doit s’étudier en regard de facteurs situés aux échelles locales, nationales et internationales, influençant les conditions de vie au sein de villages et favorisant la vulnérabilité des populations aux stress climatiques pouvant relever du réchauffement global. Dans nos cas d’étude, les populations sont vulnérables de par certains facteurs socio-économiques influençant les conditions de vie dans les villages, et, sur le plan de l’encadrement institutionnel, de par la faiblesse des structures de l’Etat, décentralisées :celles-ci se sont révélées peu présentes dans les villages étudiés, n’assurant pas le développement socio-économique et agricole à l’échelle locale. La vulnérabilité des populations qui en résulte est alors amplifiée par certains aléas climatiques spécifiques, accentuant la variabilité climatique et provoquant une certaine imprévisibilité au niveau de la pluviométrie. Réduire la vulnérabilité climatique des populations, y compris à des aléas qui pourront s’amplifier au cours des prochaines années, implique dès lors des actions se situant à différentes échelles – l’échelle locale, mais également visant certains aspects du fonctionnement de l’Etat béninois – et relevant à la fois, spécifiquement, de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et, plus généralement, du développement socio-économique et institutionnel.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Tougeron, Kévin. "Variabilité de la diapause chez les parasitoïdes de pucerons dans le cadre des changements climatiques : implications en lutte biologique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B030/document.
Повний текст джерелаClimate changes alter the phenology of organisms, i.e. the succession over time of the elements of their life-cycle. Diapause expression in insects – that is, the developmental arrest allowing survival to seasonal degradations in the biotic and abiotic environment – is particularly affected. This thesis addresses the existence of different environmental factors acting on the seasonal strategies of Aphidius aphid parasitoids. In cereal agro-systems of western France, host and parasitoid communities have changed rapidly over the past decade. Hence, some parasitoid species enter diapause at low levels due to temperature increase, decrease in frost events and the presence of their hosts during winter, which impose selection on diapause induction thresholds. Parasitoids show plastic adjustments of their response to environmental stimuli inducing diapause. They enter diapause at higher proportion if they develop in sexual morphs of aphids (which inform for upcoming limited resources) than in asexual hosts, which underlines the co-evolution of their life-cycles. Transgenerational plasticity is also involved in these responses since maternal competition induces summer diapause in their offspring. Moreover, winter diapause incidence increases after some parasitoid generations experience the same environmental conditions. Local adaptations of parasitoids to new environmental conditions lead to a loss of diapause expression – which involves ecological and physiological costs – to the benefit of adult overwintering strategies. Modifications in species activity-density within aphids-(hyper)parasitoids communities, due to changes in overwintering strategies, could affect food-webs’ stability and alter positively or negatively the efficiency of biological pest control
Touili, Nabil. "Adaptation des zones côtières aux changements climatiques : Cadre opérationnel de renforcement de la résilience, appliqué à la gestion des risques d’inondation au niveau de l’estuaire de la Gironde, France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV104/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis deals with the flood risk management and the adaptation capacities of coastal areas, in regard of the climate change.Currently, the flood hazard vulnerability is aggravated by both the climate change phenomenon and the huge exposure, of people and assets, in risk areas. In the general framework of Theseus european project, this research work has particularly focused on the Gironde estuary, in France, as a case study.The aim of this work is to provide an alternative framework of adaptation for the flood risk management, in regard of the climate change related uncertainties.In this order, our research is initiated by anexploratory study , of the local perception toward the flood hazard, followed by the analysis of the current flood risk management, as a set of structural and nonstructural measures.The published papers, included in this report, summarize our results and illustrate our iterative approach between the field data collection and the theoretical concepts analysis.This thesis research has led to put forward an operationnal framework to enhance the resilience applied to land use planning, warning systems and evacuation plans, business recovery plans, insurance programs and post trauma management
Launois, Thomas. "Modélisation de la composition isotopique des cernes d'arbres (13C et 18O) et des transferts de COS entre l'atmosphère et la biosphère continentale pour quantifier les flux bruts de carbone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0039.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of global climate change, the behavior of the terrestrial biosphere can be durably affected by the increased frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events, which can decrease the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon and/or increase the respiration rate of the ecosystems. Therefore, quantifying the carbon storage capacity of the ecosystems and predicting their sensitivity to climate changes strongly rely on our capacity to separately estimate the photosynthesis and respiration rates at different scales. The gross primary productivity (GPP) is however not directly measurable. Indirect approaches have been proposed to estimate the biospheric gross fluxes (GPP and respiration), combining for instance stable isotopologues of CO2 (13C and 18O), and, more recently, the measure of carbonyl sulfide (COS) concentrations in the atmosphere. In this context, my PhD work followed two complementary approaches. In the first approach, isotopic measurements and tree-ring widths were used, because both of them are linked to the photosynthetic activity. The inter-annual variations of the photosynthetic fluxes simulated with the ORCHIDEE continental biosphere model were evaluated and compared with in situ measurements. The second approach consisted in using atmospheric measurements of OCS concentrations and in exploring their potential to constrain the current estimates of the GPP in dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM), by (1) establishing a new global budget of sources and sinks of this gas, (2) optimizing the source and sink terms of this cycle and (3) estimating the potential of this new tracer to validate/invalidate the simulated GPP when using current DGVMs
Dalongeville, Alicia. "Variation génétique et persistance des populations en milieu marin : implications pour la conservation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT093/document.
Повний текст джерелаWorld marine ecosystems are experiencing unprecedented anthropic pressures inducing rapid environmental changes that threaten the persistence of wild species and their local populations. Hence, understanding the effects of genetic variability and dispersal capacities on marine population persistence is a key issue for the conservation of biodiversity. My PhD work had two main objectives: (i) evaluate the spatial distribution and drivers of genetic variation across coastal marine fish populations, and (ii) estimate the response of populations to climate changes in order to better understand their ability to persist.First, by performing a synthesis of published literature on 31 Mediterranean fish species, I showed that ecological traits related to mobility and population size strongly influence the level of within-population genetic diversity across species. Then, I studied the drivers of spatial genetic variation using genetic data from 727 individuals of the stripped red-mullet (Mullus surmuletus) collected in 72 sites around the Mediterranean Sea, and grouped into 47 pools genotyped for 1153 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Seascape genetic analyses showed that larval dispersal predominantly structures M. surmuletus genetic variation at intermediate and local spatial scales (<1000 km), whereas geographic isolation, due to population demographic history or adaptation, is the main driver at larger spatial scale. Lastly, studying the adaptive genetic variation of M. surmuletus using genome scan revealed a potential adaptive response of this species to the East-West gradient in salinity across the Mediterranean Sea.Subsequently, using a demo-genetic model to simulate coral population dynamics and resilience across the Indo-pacific corals, I showed that the process of ‘evolutionary rescue’ can help genotypes adapted to warm ocean waters to move and migrate between populations thanks to larval connectivity. Evolutionary rescue can thus promote the persistence of populations by allowing them to adapt to environmental changes that would otherwise lead to population declines or even local extinctions.Finally, all of these results highlighted the need to better consider connectivity and the evolutionary potential of species in conservation strategies, in order to maximize their resilience capacity and long-term persistence in the face of more severe environmental crises
Fleurant, Maismy-Mary. "Les changements climatiques à Haïti : pour la résilience socio-écologique des populations par l’adaptation dans le domaine de l’agriculture. Possibilités et limites du droit interne et international." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66597.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis focuses on Haiti’s implementation of the international legal climate regime with the aim of adapting this country's agriculture to climate change. The general research question raised is to what extent the national legal framework, in line with international legal mechanisms, contributes to the socio-ecological resilience of the populations of Haiti to climate change through adaptation in the field of Agriculture. In response to this question, we hypothesized that the inadequacies and poverty of the national legal and institutional framework and the weaknesses in the implementation of the international legal framework do not contribute to the resilience of the people of Haiti to climate change and adaptation in agriculture. International environmental law is only really effective to the extent that it is implemented at the national level. For developing countries facing great financial and technical difficulties, facilitation remains the best way to achieve this implementation. In our work,we have sought to understand the role of existing national law in achieving Haiti’s objective of resilience and adaptation to climate change in agriculture. We questioned the implementation of international law by this country by analyzing and criticizing the legal measures and institutional reforms undertaken to allow the conventional environmental standard to be effective. We also analyzed the action of the facilitation mechanisms of the international climate and desertification regimes responsible for facilitating technical and financial assistance to developing States Parties, assistance without which a small island developing State like Haiti will find it difficult to achieve its adaptation objectives. This critical analysis of national law, of the way in which the implementation of international law was conducted and of the value of facilitation led us to formulate proposals for modification of the legal and institutional framework with the objective of socio-ecological resilience. ecological of the populations of Haiti by adaptation in the field of agriculture. These proposals were made, after a comparative approach to the implementation of international law by the Dominican Republic, a small island state neighboring Haiti and facing the same challenges of adaptation to climate change.
Boyer, Groulx Delphine. "Caractéristiques morpho-physiologiques des familles biparentales d'épinette blanche (Picea glauca (MOENCH) Voss) en réponse aux changements climatiques : cas de l'augmentation de la température et de la concentration en CO₂ et de leur interaction." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23945.
Повний текст джерелаAccording to the A1B emissions scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) 2007 report, atmospheric CO2 concentration will double before 2100 and, in Canada, average temperatures could increase by 4.3 °C. In a growth chamber experiment, we subjected white spruce seedlings from the best performing full-sib families in Québec’s current tree breeding program to a combination of two temperature regimes (present day vs. anticipated future temperatures) and two levels of CO2 (380 vs. 760 ppm) during two growing seasons. The interaction between CO2 and temperature increases had no significant effect on growth characteristics, mineral nutrition, gas exchange and needle characteristics of seedlings at the juvenile stage. Furthermore, the relative performance between 20 families did not change, suggesting that they should maintain their superior performance under predicted future climate conditions.
Puissant, Jérémy. "Effets des changements climatiques sur la dynamique de décomposition microbienne du carbone organique du sol en prairie subalpine calcaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS008/document.
Повний текст джерелаMountain soils stocks huge quantities of carbon as soil organic matter (SOM) which may be highly vulnerable to climate change and thus alter the atmospheric greenhouse gases concentration at a decadal timescale. To understand the effect of climate conditions on the dynamics of mountain soil organic carbon (SOC), a climate change experiment was set up in October 2009 in Swiss Jura subalpine grassland soils. The climate change experiment (soil transplantation) simulated two realistic climate change scenarios, with increased air temperatures ranging between 2 °C and 4 °C and decreased precipitation ranging between 20% and 40%. These changes reflect current predictions of climate change for the 21th century in temperate mountain regions.We studied the effect of climate conditions (climate manipulation and seasonal changes) after four years of climate experiment on (i) the dynamic of microbial decomposition, microbial abundance and community structure, (ii) the dynamic soil organic matter pools with contrasted turnover rate and representing the energetic resource of microbial communities, (iii) the interactions between microbial communities and soil organic matter pools and (iv) the soil organic carbon stocks.This work shows a strong seasonal dynamics of microbial decomposition with higher enzymatic activities, higher microbial abundance and shift of microbial community structure in winter than in summer. These results were linked to the seasonal organic matter labile pools dynamics. Moreover structural equation modeling shows that climate manipulation differently influences the drivers of SOC enzymatic decomposition in summer and winter.Finally, this work shows a strong decrease of soil organic carbon concentration under the climate change manipulation which cannot be explained by an increase of microbial activities. In contrast, our results suggest that the observed climate-induced decrease in bulk soil organic C content was due a SOC decrease in the most biogeochemically stable SOM fraction associated with a decrease in clay content and a decrease of soil calcareous concentration. Thus, our results hint more so towards an effect of SOM leaching (Gavazov, 2013) to explain the climate effect on SOC content than an effect of microbial and/or plant activities
Simonneau, Anaëlle. "Empreintes climatiques et anthropiques sur le détritisme holocène : étude multiparamètres et intégrée de systèmes lacustres d'Europe Occidentale." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00805471.
Повний текст джерелаRoy-Lemaire, Jeanne. "Mise en art et mise en tourisme de la montagne : facteur d'attractivité." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68763.
Повний текст джерелаClimate change is a recognized fact. In a perspective to the touristic transition, the mountain destinations have engaged in reflections about the diversification of their offer which is not solely based on artificial snow cover. It is therefore necessary to play on other grounds; projects for the renewal of tourism emanate from various sectors such as summer sports, gastronomy, crafts and culture (Diaz, 2016). It is with this reflection on the development of the ski resort over the four seasons that this research is integrated. I am mainly interested in the practice of enhancing the mountain by questioning the attractiveness of setting up artistic projects in the mountains. Why art? Is it an attractive factor for the natural environment? Can it serve as a tool for diversifying the offer in the area which must be renewed? These are the questions this memoir attempts to answer. On a more theoretical level, this research aims to contribute to the understanding of the practice of art as a factor of attractiveness of a mountain environment. This study will allow to. list the practices of mountain art and provide a basis for evaluation for them. From a more practical point of view, the project could serve as a support tool in the tourism development plan for the Massif de Charlevoix by the Groupe le Massif. Key words : Art, art in…, mountains, natural environment, attractivity, tourism
Barbier, Jessica. "Extrêmes climatiques - les vagues de chaleur au printemps sahélien." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19810/6/Barbier_Jessica_2_sur_3.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDe, Mesnard Adele. "Déplacements environnementaux et peuples autochtones : repenser la responsabilité des Etats et de la communauté internationale." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3032.
Повний текст джерелаThe protection of the rights of indigenous peoples, who are displaced by environmental degradation, is a theme that has received little attention in most of the work on environmental displacement that tends to conceptualize displacement in an abstract way. The particularities of indigenous peoples' environmental displacement require analysis in the legal, political and social contexts in which they occur: this framework makes it possible not to isolate the environmental factor but to specify its importance in view of the particular relationship that indigenous peoples have with the land and their environment and their claims to be able to freely decide their future. Taking the indigenous communities in Alaska as an example, the analysis of the legal and institutional obstacles to the recognition of indigenous particularities in displacement then makes it possible to consider the role of the law in maintaining the status of indigenousness and the perpetuation of the status of the indigenous land in the territory of destination. The mobilization of the various corpuses of recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples under international, regional and domestic law (American law) allows for a re-reading of the obligations of States in the implementation of indigenous rights in the light of the unprecedented context of their environmental displacement, while demonstrating the importance of not locking indigenous peoples into a “legal straitjacket” that would lead communities to no longer being recognized as indigenous when being displaced