Дисертації з теми "Chaînes alimentaires – Mer – Seychelles"
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Sabino, Magali. "Bioaccumulation of trace elements in Seychelles marine food webs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS026.
Повний текст джерелаFood security, that is guarantying food supply and quality while sustainably managing resources, is closely linked to knowing the biology and ecology of consumed species. In a context of global changes that are threatening seafood safety, it is thus necessary to establish baselines on marine ecosystem functioning, as well as nutrient availability and contamination occurrence in seafood. This is all the more important in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where populations rely on marine resources for their subsistence, and where capture fisheries resources are the main sources of proteins and micronutrients (i.e. essential trace elements) in local populations’ diet. In spite of the importance of tropical systems in ensuring food security, they remain largely understudied compared to polar and temperate systems. This thesis thus aims to better understand the functioning of tropical marine systems, and to establish a baseline on micronutrient availability and metal(loid) contamination in a wide diversity of capture fisheries resources from the Seychelles (Western Indian Ocean), a tropical SIDS. By investigating trace element concentration patterns at the inter- and intraspecific levels, it was possible to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing trace element bioaccumulation in tropical capture fisheries resources. We thus highlighted the importance of considering different scales (individual, species, and ecosystem) to better understand essential trace element availability and non-essential trace element occurrence in seafood
Roméo, Michèle. "Contribution à la connaissance des métaux traces (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) dans l'écosystème marin au niveau du plancton : approches analytiques et expérimentales." Nice, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NICE4050.
Повний текст джерелаCotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
Breton, Elsa. "Qualité du pool nutritif et nutrition des copépodes pélagiques en Manche orientale." Littoral, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DUNK0064.
Повний текст джерелаThis work investigates quantitative and qualitative sides of the in situ trophic relationships between phytoplankton and copepods, by means of pigments biomarkers, analyzed by HPLC. One method for extract and separate pigments from gut of copepods has been worked out. In parallel, microscopic counts have been carried out for : establish size of nutritive particles, estimate portion of heterotrophs, and verify validity of pigments biomarkers. Analysis of samples, collected fortnighly from November 1995 to July 1997, in two neighbour areas 'inshore and offshore) in the eastern English Channel, reveal that quality and quantity of the nutritive pool fluctuate substantially over the course of seasons. Microplanktonic diatoms contribute to the greatest part of phytoplankton biomass, incomparison with nano-phytoflagellates. However, numerically, these contribute to an important part of the phytoplankton, and dominate in winter, autumn, and April-May (Phaeocystis sp. ). Spatially, phytoplankton carbon biomass is higher in the coastal area, mainly due to higher frequency of diatoms. Thus, the offshore waters were characterised by a greater numerical contribution of flagellates. These differences show the importance of the particular hydrodynamism (tidal front) in the eastern English Channel on the distribution and composition of phytoplankton, and also on the nutrition of copepods. Thus, nanoflagellates compose a higher part in the copepods diet in the offshore waters. Concomitant copepods species respond with specific behaviour to such variability, and select food encountered, exerting always a strong preference on Cryptophyceae. Diatoms are ingested according their abundance, even are generally avoided during summer and winter. In fact, it seems that copepods overall feed on Thalasiosiraceae, present principally in spring and autumn. Results also show that copepods discriminate Phaeocystis sp
Vallières, Catherine. "Production bactérienne et structure du réseau alimentaire microbien dans le fleuve Mackenzie et l'océan Arctique côtier." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24315/24315.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGlobally significant quantities of organic carbon are stored in northern permafrost soils, but little is known about how this carbon is processed by microbial communities once it enters rivers and is transported to the coastal Arctic Ocean. As part of the Arctic River-Delta Experiment (ARDEX), we measured environmental and microbiological variables along a 300 km transect across the Mackenzie River and coastal Beaufort Sea in July-August 2004 to investigate the river and estuarine gradients in microbial community structure and activity, and to evaluate the influence of UV exposure and carbon supply on bacterial processes in these ecosystems. Microbial community structure changed along the transect and the contribution of particle-attached bacteria was significantly higher in riverine and transition zone stations. Experimental results showed that bacterial metabolism was carbon limited in the Mackenzie River. Photodegradation increased organic carbon biolability in the Mackenzie River and decreased it in the Beaufort Sea.
Inscrite au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
Cachera, Marie. "Implications of morphological and functional traits for trophic relationships within fish communities and marine trophic network architecture." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10122/document.
Повний текст джерелаA current issue in ecology is to understand the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning and notably to comprehend how inter- and intra-specific trait variation affects trophic interactions between individuals and species, the trophic organization of communities and trophic network architecture. Particularly, morphology has historically been considered as a main determinant of organisms’ ecology, which led to the field of ecomorphology, and, from a functional perspective, is expected to influence trophic relationships and other ecological functions performed by species. This thesis aimed at studying the trophic organization of a marine fish community and its dependency on morphological and functional trait variation between and within species. The associated trophic network revealed a meta-community structure, including two sub-networks along a coastal-offshore gradient. Species trophic niche breadth and individual trophic niche variation increased together, a pattern relying partly on species functional identity and the sex, body size and habitat of individuals. Contrary to phylogeny, species morphology was a relevant proxy for functional identity. Finally, morphology seemed the main source of variability in individual trophic relationships within the assemblage, but a large part of diet variation remained unexplained suggesting that critical factors had been neglected, notably behaviour. These results allow understanding better the role of morphological and functional diversity in the structure of marine trophic networks and may help to predict their spatio-temporal dynamics and their responses to perturbations
Garcia, Clément. "Approche fonctionnelle des communautés benthiques du bassin oriental de la Manche et du sud de la mer du Nord." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10185/document.
Повний текст джерелаMost of the studies concerning benthic communities in the eastern part of the English Channel and southern North Sea are descriptive, serving primarily to illustrate the specific changes in the diversity and structure of benthic communities. Only recently studies have examined benthic ecosystem functions, mainly due to difficulties in obtaining sufficient functional parameters for each benthic component (bacteria, meiofauna, macrofauna...). This work investigated whether the benthic communities of the studied area have to be considered as a single unit or as a juxtaposition of functional entities. An approach through two trophic modelling methods, inverse and Ecopath has been performed. In order to test and assess relative importance of factors supposed to influence benthic trophic structure, the study area was subdivided into units defined a priori according to two main structural factors of community distribution: geographical (bay of Seine, eastern Channel and North Sea) and sedimentary patterns (gravel and pebbles, coarse sand and fine sand). Comparisons of model outputs of each division highlighted the key role of suspension organism in flow transfer among the trophic web. It also showed different properties between the divisions. Benthic trophic functioning seems to be strongly correlated with the sediment to which it belongs. Finally, a preliminary approach assessing biological trait diversity of benthic invertebrates has been performed. Information concerning 21 biological traits on 631 species has been gathered. It allowed us to have a global view of diversity and dominance of the functional attributes in the study area
Bănaru, Daniela. "Influence des apports du Danube sur les réseaux trophiques des poissons de la côte roumaine (mer Noire)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22009.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis study was designed to assess the influence of the Danube River inputs on the food webs of the main fish species of the Romanian Black Sea coast: sprat, anchovy, horse mackerel, round goby, red mullet, whiting, flounder, sole, turbot, starry sturgeon and beluga. […] The stable isotope signatures of fishes were strongly influenced by the Danube signatures, as they consumed freshwater copepods, polychaetes and sprat which used River POM, whereas their main source of carbon was the marine phytoplankton. Fish stable isotope signatures and trophic levels were in accordance with their feeding behaviours. Many species consumed the same preys in the same area at a given season. They had reduced trophic niches, often overlapping as they preyed on the same dominant species due to the low biodiversity of the Black Sea communities. This phenomenon explained the similar stable isotope values of fishes which fed on the same preys, as well as the lack of correlation between isotope ratios and size. […] The Danube River has a great impact on the Black Sea marine ecosystems by POM and DOM (dissolved organic matter) inputs which increased the marine phytoplankton production. This production benefits to the fishes living or migrating in this area as they presented a better relative condition on the Romanian coast seawards the Danube mouths
Jaquemet, Sébastien. "Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464182/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаTropical seabirds show a hierarchical distribution depending on the position of their colonies and their dispersion capability. At macro-scale it reflects the boundaries of their habitats, at meso-scale the presence of structures aggregating prey, and at micro-scale the presence at the surface of prey driven by predatory schools. In the South-West Indian Ocean, more than 6 millions of birds are present, of which 99% are sooty terns. They breed seasonally in austral winter in the Seychelles and at Europa, in austral summer at Juan de Nova. The high chlorophyll concentration around colonies favours the development of food web leading to the terns. The location of Glorieuses favours a sub-annual breeding regime, led by the presence of prey around the colony all year round. Biomass removed by terns in the Mozambique Channel is estimated to 55,000 tons, by breeding season
Pezy, Jean-Philippe. "Approche écosystémique d'un futur parc éolien en Manche orientale : exemple du site de Dieppe-Le Tréport." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC262.
Повний текст джерелаThe French government has set a target of 23% of energetic consumption derived from renewable energysources including Marine Renewable Energy for 2020. Eight offshore wind farms (OWF) are plannedalong the Atlantic-English Channel French coasts and among them Dieppe-Le Tréport site in the easternpart of the English Channel. In order to gain further knowledge on the ecosystem structure andfunctioning before the OWF installation, my PhD thesis is focused on the construction of an EcopathModel on the wind farm site in comparison with similar benthic habitats from the English Channel. Thecollection of new data on biological compartments (zooplankton, suprabenthos, meiofauna, benthos anddemersal fishes) are essential. Four cruises (summers 2014 /2015 and winters 2015 /2016) allowed toestimate the contribution of each zoological group in two main benthic habitats: i.e. sandy gravels andmedium clean sands, founded on the site (about 30 km²), corresponding to two microbenthiccommunities well represented in the English Channel. Macrofauna was sampled with a Van Veen grab,suprabenthos with a modified Macer-Giroq sledge in one station from each benthic habitat (day andnight sampling) and fish with a beam trawl in ten stations. A total of 1,584 demersal fishes has beencollected and their stomach contents has been examined. The results show the importance of largebivalves in the benthic biomass whereas the crustaceans are preferential preys of fishes. This link isdiscussed within the trophic network between consumed and non-consumed species of benthiccommunities, and the concept trophic ‘cul de sac’
Musseau, Camille. "Variabilité trophique chez la truite marbrée (Salmo marmoratus) : déterminismes ontogénétiques et environnementaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30370/document.
Повний текст джерелаVariability within natural populations plays a major role in maintaining functional diversity in communities and ecosystems. The marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) is a species of great conservation concern given its restricted geographical area. Few populations persist in the Adriatic basin, threatened by the impacts of global change (increase of the frequency and intensity of flood events) and by biological invasions. In this thesis, we aimed to quantify trophic variability of this species both at the population and individual levels and to understand the underlying mechanisms. The diet of 1523 marble trout from the seven remnant populations persisting in the Soca River basin (Slovenia) were sampled between 2011 and 2013 and were analyzed with stable isotopes (d15N and d13C). Our results show strong variability through ontogeny within as well as between individuals. This intraspecific variation was observed at the population level and was determined by both environmental variables and size-structured demography effects on fish physiology and ecological opportunities. Results indicate a high rate of opportunistic cannibalism (from 6 to 32 % in populations) promoted by prey densities. This permanent behavior may lead to modification of the populations' size structures and dynamics. Studying trophic interactions between the marble trout and an invasive salmonid species (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss), we showed that trophic niches of the native trout shifted because of interspecific competition. However, our results suggest that the piscivorous behavior of the marble trout, rare for stream-dwelling salmonids, would be a strong advantage for biotic resistance against biological invaders. This thesis demonstrates the high trophic plasticity, both at the individual and population levels, in this freshwater predator that could be an adaptative advantage in a global change context
Ramondenc, Simon. "Analyse des variations spatio-temporelles du zooplancton gélatineux et son effet sur les flux de matières à l'aide d'une approche combinant expérimentation et écologie numérique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066528/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe term “plankton” refers to all the organisms drifting in the water following the currents. Commonly, the vegetable autotrophic and mainly photosynthetic, “phytoplankton” is distinguished from the heterotrophic and animal “zooplankton”. In the last decades, many studies reported an increase in the abundances and spatial distributions of gelatinous zooplankton in many oceans. Even if the concept of “jellyfication of the oceans” needs to be used with caution, jellyfish populations show an increase in Mediterranean Sea over the last 40 years. The species Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) is considered as the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean basin since the 70s. Due to its massive presence in this area, it is essential to evaluate precisely the impact of P. noctiluca on both biogeochemical cycles and pelagic ecosystem structure. Thus, the contribution of P. noctiluca to the two main factors regulating the biological carbon transfer in the oceans: carbon sequestration via the biological carbon pump and carbon transfer through trophic networks. This manuscript is divided in 3 main sections : (i) providing an initial budget of the particulate (POCtotal) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean sea, (ii) building an ecophysiological model of P. noctiluca to estimate its contribution to the biological carbon pump, and (iii) assessing the trophic level of P. noctiluca and its potential impact on lower trophic levels
Hattab, Tarek. "Impacts du changement global sur les assemblages d’espèces exploitées sud méditerranéens, application au golfe de Gabès (Tunisie) : de la modélisation des niches aux conséquences trophiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20041/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot highly affected by several sources of disturbances interacting synergistically: global warming, habitat loss and overfishing threaten marine biodiversity and disrupt the ecosystem balance. To ensure a sustainable management of coastal marine ecosystems according to the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, it is necessary to study the ecosystem responses to these disturbances. However, despite the variety of global change studies in Mediterranean areas, ecosystems responses to these changes remain poorly understood and particularly at the southern part of the Mediterranean Sea. In this PhD thesis, the Gulf of Gabes was chosen as study area since it is one of the most affected regions by global change which makes it a mesocosm model of more regional patterns that occur in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, as a first step, we replaced the Gulf of Gabes in its biogeographic and ecosystem regional context. This was achievied through a phylogenetic-based delineation of biogeographical species pools of coastal Mediterranean fishes and using an ecosystem model to describe its structure and functioning in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystem model properties. We therefore projected potential future geographic ranges and assemblages composition of biogeographical exploited species pool according to global warming and habitat loss scenarios. Then we assessed their effects on food web structure. Taking into account the taxonomy and inter-species evolutionary relationships, we generate a new bioregionalisation of the continental shelf based on the turnover of lineages. Our results showed that climate is the major driver of species distribution and assemblage's composition. In addition, the exploration of phylogenetic dissimilarity across the Tunisian coast highlighted four major biogeographic areas showing a low spatial congruence with zoning used for fisheries management in Tunisia.Projected range shifts of the 60 main exploited species of the Gulf of Gabes through the implementation of a new climate model (NEMOMED8) revealed that, by the end of the century, 34 species could contract their ranges including 12 species that could become locally extinct across the Gulf of Gabes. Furthermore, by combining Posidonia meadows loss scenarios and climate change projections, our results showed that the magnitudes of the changes range induced by climate change are larger than those resulting from the loss of habitat.The Ecopath mass-balance model allowed us to describe the structure and functioning of the ecosystem of the Gulf of Gabes in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystems. These models encompass the entire trophic spectrum from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels as well as the main fishing activities in the area. The model results showed that, among the fishing activities studied, bottom trawling was identified as the activity having the widest-ranging impacts across the different functional groups and the largest impacts on some commercially-targeted demersal fish species. Finally, to study the effects of species range shift on food web structure, we used a new methodology to infer trophic interactions between species. Based on the robust relationship between the size of prey and predators, we predicted the current food webs and project potential changes in their structures. We found that a significant portion of the Gulf of Gabes would face an increase of connectance and an extension of trophic pathways in parallel with a decrease in the number of prey per predator and the number of predators per prey. This PhD thesis paves the way towards the understanding of the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning
Carravieri, Alice. "Seabirds as bioindicators of Southern Ocean ecosystems : concentrations of inorganic and organic contaminants, ecological explanation and critical evaluation." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS026/document.
Повний текст джерелаAntarctic and subantarctic marine environments are reached by inorganic and organic contaminants through ocean circulation and atmospheric transport. Yet, environmental contamination is poorly known in the Southern Ocean, in particular in the Indian sector. Among environmental contaminants, mercury (Hg) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are primarily of concern, because they are toxic, highly mobile, and they bioaccumulate in the tissues of living organisms and biomagnify up the food web. Seabirds, as upper predators, are exposed to large quantities of contaminants via food intake and have widely served as biomonitors of marine contamination, notably through the non-destructive sampling of their feathers and blood. My doctoral work has focussed on the abundant and diverse seabird species (more than 40) breeding in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, southern Indian Ocean, in order to describe and explain contaminant concentrations over a large latitudinal gradient, from Antarctica to the subtropics, and to identify the best bioindicator species for contaminant biomonitoring. In a first methodological step, seabirds with synchronous moult of body feathers (adult penguins and chicks of all species) were recognised as good candidates as bioindicators, because, unlike most adult birds, they present low within-individual variation in feather contaminant concentrations. In a second explanatory step, the influence of intrinsic (individual traits) and extrinsic factors (feeding ecology inferred from the stable isotope method) driving variation in contaminant concentrations was evaluated in feathers of the large avian community of the Kerguelen Islands (27 species) and in blood of wandering albatrosses from the Crozet Islands (180 birds of known individual traits). Feeding ecology was the main factor driving variation in contaminant concentrations of blood and feathers, both at the community, population and individual levels, whereas age, sex, phylogeny and breeding status played a minor role. Age-class was however an important intrinsic factor to consider, with chicks usually having lower concentrations than adults. In a third step, spatio-temporal patterns of contamination were studied through selected bioindicator species and by taking into account their feeding habits. Results from different species (oceanic seabirds) and populations (skua chicks) showed that, contrary to predictions, Hg exposure gradually increases from Antarctic to subantarctic and subtropical waters, whereas, in accordance with the global distillation theory, POPs exposure has the opposite pattern. Comparisons between penguin feathers from museum collections and contemporary samples showed that bird exposure to Hg is overall not different today when compared to 50-70 years ago, but subantarctic species are possibly experiencing an increasing trend. Future research efforts should be focussed on the use of feathers as biomonitoring tools, in particular for POPs determination. The best recommended bioindicator species include the emperor penguin and snow petrel (Antarctic), king penguin, blue petrel and black-browed albatross (subantarctic), and northern rockhopper penguin and Indian yellow-nosed albatross (subtropical). Future biomonitoring studies on these species will give invaluable insights into the poorly-known temporal trends of environmental contamination in the Southern Ocean
Mendez, Fernandez Paula. "Ecological segregation inferred using chemical tracers and contamination assessment of five toothed whales in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00973748.
Повний текст джерелаPrato, Giulia. "Stratégie d'échantillonnage et modélisation trophique : des outils de gestion pour évaluer le fonctionnement des écosystèmes et le statut des prédateurs de haut niveau trophique dans les aires marines protégées méditerranéennes." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4000/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe overexploitation of high trophic level predators (HTLP) may trigger trophic cascades, often leading to a simplification of marine food-webs and reducing their resilience to human impacts. Marine protected areas (MPAs) can foster increases of HTLP abundance and biomass, but long time frames are needed to observe a recovery, when possible, of lost trophic interactions. This PhD aimed to propose integrated management-tools to monitor HTLP recovery and the restoration of trophic interactions in Mediterranean MPAs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these tools at assessing fishing impacts upon HTLP and the associated food-web. Two often distant approaches were combined: field monitoring and food-web modelling. First, to survey the fish assemblage, we proposed to improve the traditional underwater visual census technique of one size-transects with variable size transects adapted to fish mobility. This improvement increased the accuracy of density and biomass estimates of HTLP at three Mediterranean MPAs. We then evaluated the potential of food-web modelling with the Ecopath with Ecosim and Ecotroph approach as a tool to inform ecosystem-based management in Mediterranean MPAs. We proposed a standard model structure as the best compromise between model complexity, feasibility of model construction in terms of data collection, and reliability of model outputs. Key functional groups for which local accurate biomass data should be collected in priority in order to get reliable model outputs were identified
Halouani, Ghassen. "Modélisations de la dynamique trophique d'un écosystème Méditerranéen exploité : le Golfe de Gabès (Tunisie)." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0076/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of trophic structure and functioning of the gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. In order to reconcile environmental concerns and exploitation of marine resources, different ecosystem models have been developed to study the ecosystem dynamics and contribute to the discussion on the implementation of management plans. A spatial and temporal dynamic model “Ecospace” was built to evaluate the ecosystem consequences of different management measures based on scenarios derived from the current regulation. The results of simulations allowed to investigate the interactions between coastal and benthic trawl fishing and to identify areas where management measures are effective. An end-to-end model has been applied to the gulf of Gabes ecosystem to represent the dynamics of 11 high trophic level species, from climate forcing to fishing.This modelling approach consists in forcing the individual-based model "OSMOSE" by a biogeochemical model "ECO3M-Med". This model allowed to establish a coherent representation of the food web and simulate theoretical management scenarios of spatial fishing closure. The end-to-end model has also been used to study the sensitivity of a set of ecological indicators to fishing pressure. The simulation of different levels of fishing mortality showed that size indicators were the most relevant to monitor the impact of fishing in the gulf of Gabes. Finally, a comparative approach between several Mediterranean ecosystems was applied using the EcoTroph model to compare their trophic structures and explore the effects of different levels of fishing pressure through the analysis of their trophic spectra
Chevillot, Xavier. "Réponses fonctionnelles des écosystèmes estuariens dans le contexte du changement global : le cas du réseau trophique de l'estuaire de la Gironde." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0030/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe philosophical and technical changes associated with the emergence of our "modern" civilizationcaused numbers of physical, chemical and biological changes those led to changes in the functioning of"Nature". The necessity to understand this functioning has led to question the reconfiguration process ofthe various eco-sociosystems’ components and features under the influence of Global Change. TheGironde estuary, one of the largest estuaries in Western Europe, has shown since three decades, signsof this Global Change. In this context, this study highlights the functional trajectory of this estuarineecosystem during the last thirty years. Three aspects of its functioning are described, analyzed anddiscussed. First, the study of the inter-annual fish community evolution highlighted three periods withdistinct functioning. The exploration of the seasonal patterns of the fish and zooplankton dynamicsduring each period shows phenological changes able to cause, in some cases, prey-predator mismatch.This leads to question the stability of trophic interactions and the trophic capacity of the ecosystem forfish. Finally, within each of these three periods, the estuarine food web was modeled within a holisticframework. The comparison of the functional properties of each model highlighted an increase in thestress of the Gironde estuary and questioned the sustainability of its nursery function for Bay of Biscaymarine stocks. Four forecasting scenarios summarize conclusions of this study and let see possiblefutures of this ecosystem