Статті в журналах: "CFRCs"

1

Bayazeid, Sultan M., Kim-Leng Poon, Balakrishnan Subeshan, Mohammed Alamir, and Eylem Asmatulu. "Recovery of impact-damaged carbon fiber–reinforced composites using induction heating." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 4 (December 9, 2021): 605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211058796.

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Carbon fiber–reinforced composites (CFRCs) have been used extensively in structural applications within the aerospace and automotive manufacturing industries. However, several other applications have been recognized. These take advantage of the additional properties of CFRCs, which lead to providing better performance for structures. However, in their service environment, these CFRCs are inevitably susceptible to impact damage from multiple sources, and they must be able to recover from impacts to meet structural requirements. This study directs an experimental investigation of using induction heating (IH) for an impact-damaged CFRC. Here, IH process parameters, including the effects of electromagnetic frequency and generator power on the recovery of impact-damaged CFRC, have been analyzed. The anisotropic conductivity characteristics and the relationship between the drop-weight impact depth and conductivity of CFRC garnered much attention. This paper also offers the electromagnetic properties of CFRC for various applications. In this study, CFRC cured samples were obtained from Cetex® TC1200 PEEK, AS4 145 gsm, 16 unidirectional plies. Three variants of CFRC samples were tested: undamaged samples; samples with impact damage introduced in the center by a drop-weight impact test, according to the ASTM D7136/7136M standard; and samples with drop-weight impact damage recovered using the IH system. This work presents the results of the tensile strength of CFRC samples to assess the comparison of undamaged samples, samples damaged after the drop-weight impact test, and samples recovered after the drop-weight impact test. IH is appropriate for the recovery of impact-damaged CFRC samples, aiding in the conversion of electromagnetic energy to heat in order to generate mechanisms on components to recover the impact-damaged CFRC samples. Experimental results show that the impact-damaged area of the recovered CFRC samples is 37.0% less than that of damaged CFRC samples, and tensile strength results also improved after the impact-damaged CFRC samples were recovered. These results show that the IH method can effectively improve the impact damage performance of CFRC. The outcome of this study is promising for use in many applications, especially in the aerospace and automotive industries.

2

Nyide, Celani John. "A critical evaluation of continuous monitoring of critical financial reporting controls : a case of a National Port Authority in an emerging economy." International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research 1, no. 1 (June 2003): 801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/10321/3500.

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Critical Financial Reporting Controls (CFRCs) are developed and implemented by entities to enhance and maintain sound financial reporting across all core financial processes. This entity in this case study performs CFRCs on a quarterly basis in selected regions. There seems to be a problem in some regions regarding continuous monitoring of the CFRCs. Senior management is aware of the quarterly monitoring of the critical financial reporting controls and the benefits of such reviews. However, relatively few senior managers have realised the value added by the continuous monitoring of the CFRCs. The approach used in this study was qualitative and exploratory in nature with a sample size of ten participants. The results show that even though the CFRCs are effective, there are critical control processes which are not value adding. Whilst the National Port Authority (NPA) embraces the continuous monitoring of critical financial reporting controls, the influence by senior management to junior management to override critical controls emerged as a key feature in this study.

3

Hao, Yali, Cheng Shi, Zhenxiao Bi, Ziqiang Lai, Anming She, and Wu Yao. "Recent Advances in Properties and Applications of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Smart Cement-Based Composites." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 2552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072552.

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Under the strategies of low-carbon and environmental protection, promoting green technology innovation to achieve carbon neutrality in the construction field has become a universal goal. As the building material with the highest consumption, concrete has gradually begun to transform into a multi-functional and intelligent product. Therefore, the research on carbon fiber-reinforced cement-based composites (CFRCs) is of relative interest. It mainly uses carbon fibers (CFs) with high elasticity, strength, and conductivity to disperse evenly into the concrete as a functional filler, to achieve the intelligent integration of concrete structures and function innovatively. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of CFRC is not only related to the content of CFs and environmental factors but also largely depends on the uniform dispersion and the interfacial bonding strength of CFs in cement paste. This work systematically presents a review of the current research status of the enhancement and modification mechanism of CFRC and the evaluation methods of CF dispersion. Moreover, it further discusses the improvement effects of different strengthening mechanisms on the mechanical properties, durability, and smart properties (thermoelectric effect, electrothermal effect, strain-sensitive effect) of CFRC, as well as the application feasibility of CFRC in structural real-time health monitoring, thermal energy harvesting, intelligent deformation adjustment, and other fields. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the problems and challenges faced in the efficient and large-scale applications of CFRCs in civil engineering structures, and accordingly promotes some proposals for future research.

4

Yuan, Hua, Chengguo Wang, Shan Zhang, Xue Lin, and Meijie Yu. "Densification treatment and properties of carbon fiber reinforced contact strip." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0177.

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AbstractThe high temperature caused by current-carrying wear could affect the thermal reliability of resin-based contact strip greatly. This study adopted liquid-phase impregnation-carbonization (IC) technique to improve the thermal stability and densification of carbon fiber reinforced contact strip (CFRCS). The influence of this method was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, thermal gravimetric analysis and energy-dispersive spectrometry; meanwhile, specimen composition and friction and mechanism properties were also analyzed. The results show that heat treatment is helpful in improving the material’s temperature tolerance. When specimens undergo IC treatment four times, resistivity and wear rate would reduce gradually under impregnating conditions of carbonization temperature (800°C), dipping liquid concentration (60%), and dipping temperature (60°C). IC treatment is effective in reducing material porosity and improving the impact resistance performance compared with only carbonized sample. Densification treatment can also improve the samples’ compressive strength and bending strength. The main wear mechanisms of CFRCS-25 and CFRCS-800 against copper with electrical current are similar; these are arc erosion wear and oxidation wear accompanied by adhesive wear. Adhesive wear and oxidative wear is more severe for CFRCS-25 than CFRCS-800.

5

Madrid Troconis, Cristhian Camilo, and Samantha Molina Pérez. "Bond strength of self-adhesive flowable resin composites to tooth structure." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 20 (April 16, 2021): e213641. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v20i00.8663641.

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Aim: To review the current literature regarding the bond strength of self-adhesive flowable resin composites (SAFRCs) to tooth structure, comparing the outcomes with conventional flowable resin composites (CFRCs). Methods: PubMed/Medline, EbscoHost and Scopus databases were screened (last update on November 2020) using related Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free terms. We included in vitro studies published in English language comparing the bond strength of SAFRCs and CFRCs to enamel and/or dentin from primary and/or permanent teeth. Results: In total, 23 articles were included. Unlike CFRCs, SAFRCs such as Vertise® Flow and Fusio™ Liquid Dentin exhibited statistically lower bond strength to enamel and dentin from permanent teeth. There were limited studies comparing the enamel bond strength of CFRCs and SAFRCs (prior phosphoric acid etching and/or adhesive system use). Also, we found few studies that evaluated the bonding effectiveness of Constic® and other SAFRCs to primary teeth. Conclusions: Current SAFRCs showed low bond strength to permanent teeth, which impedes to recommend them as a reliable alternative to CFRCs. The bonding performance of Constic® on both hard dental tissues should be evaluated on future studies. Also, more evidence assessing the bond strength of SAFRCs to primary teeth and etched enamel is needed.

6

Safari, Faraz, Abdolvahed Kami, and Vahid Abedini. "3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced composites: A review of the processing, pre- and post-processing effects on mechanical properties." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112210987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221098734.

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The main objective of this study is to review existing research on the application of fused deposition modeling (FDM) for 3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs). An overview of additive manufacturing technology production techniques is provided first, followed by a look into FDM technology. The articles on CFRC printing were then summarized. The type of reinforcing material and matrix utilized, the studied parameters, the mechanical tests, and their results, are all listed. Various pre-processing, processing, and post-processing conditions, as well as their impact on CFRC mechanical properties, were also discussed. Finally, several study gaps were identified and suggestions for further research were presented.

7

Safari, Faraz, Abdolvahed Kami, and Vahid Abedini. "3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced composites: A review of the processing, pre- and post-processing effects on mechanical properties." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112210987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221098734.

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The main objective of this study is to review existing research on the application of fused deposition modeling (FDM) for 3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs). An overview of additive manufacturing technology production techniques is provided first, followed by a look into FDM technology. The articles on CFRC printing were then summarized. The type of reinforcing material and matrix utilized, the studied parameters, the mechanical tests, and their results, are all listed. Various pre-processing, processing, and post-processing conditions, as well as their impact on CFRC mechanical properties, were also discussed. Finally, several study gaps were identified and suggestions for further research were presented.

8

Guadagno, L., M. Raimondo, U. Vietri, L. Vertuccio, G. Barra, B. De Vivo, P. Lamberti, et al. "Effective formulation and processing of nanofilled carbon fiber reinforced composites." RSC Advances 5, no. 8 (2015): 6033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra12156b.

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A very simple process to manufacture CFRCs was used. DC conductivity values (20 kS m⁻¹ for the in plane value and 3.9 S m⁻¹ for the out of plane at T = 30 °C) are among the highest values found for CFRCs impregnated with MWCNTs based epoxy-resin.

9

Yuan, Dongdong, Wei Jiang, Zheng Tong, Jie Gao, Jingjing Xiao, and Wanli Ye. "Prediction of Electrical Conductivity of Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Composites by Deep Neural Networks." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 3868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233868.

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This study presents a deep-learning method for characterizing carbon fiber (CF) distribution and predicting electrical conductivity of CF-reinforced cement-based composites (CFRCs) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. First, SEM images were collected from CFRC specimens with different CF contents. Second, a fully convolutional network (FCN) was utilized to extract carbon fiber components from the SEM images. Then, DSEM and Dsample were used to evaluate the distribution of CFs. DSEM and Dsample reflected the real CF distribution in an SEM observation area and a specimen, respectively. Finally, a radial basis neural network was used to predict the electrical conductivity of the CFRC specimens, and its weights (di) were used to evaluate the effects of CF distribution on electrical conductivity. The results showed that the FCN could accurately segment CFs in SEM images with different magnifications. Dsample could accurately reflect the morphological distribution of CFs in CFRC. The electrical conductivity prediction errors were less than 6.58%. In addition, di could quantitatively evaluate the effect of CF distribution on CFRC conductivity.

10

Marinis, D., E. Farsari, C. Alexandridou, E. Amanatides, and D. Mataras. "Chemical recovery of carbon fibers from composites via plasma assisted solvolysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2692, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2692/1/012017.

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Abstract In this work plasma assisted solvolysis using nitric acid is proposed for chemical recovery of carbon fibers from carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites (CFRCs). Complete decomposition of the epoxy matrix could be achieved, regardless the composites’ geometry. The efficiency of the process was examined in terms of a) process duration, b) resin decomposition rate and c) materials properties. SEM and EDX data showed that the recovered fiber surfaces are almost free of epoxy resin residuals and their tensile strength was comparable to that of typical virgin carbon fiber. The process decomposition efficiency is very high without requiring additional organic solvents or high temperature / pressure, stressing the potential of this method for viable recycling of CFRCs.

11

Badrul Hasan, Mir Mohammad, Stefanie Nitsche, Anwar Abdkader, and Chokri Cherif. "Influence of process parameters on the tensile properties of DREF-3000 friction spun hybrid yarns consisting of waste staple carbon fiber for thermoplastic composites." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 1 (October 19, 2017): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517736472.

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Due to their excellent strength, rigidity, and damping properties, as well as low weight, carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs) are being widely used for load bearing structures. On the other hand, with an increased demand and usage of CFRCs, effective methods to re-use waste carbon fiber (CF) materials, which are recoverable either from process scraps or from end-of-life components, are attracting increased attention. In this paper, hybrid yarns consisting of waste staple CF (40 and 60 mm) and polyamide 6 staple fibers (60 mm) are manufactured on a DREF-3000 friction spinning machine with various process parameters, such as spinning drum speed, suction air pressure, and core–sheath ratio. The relationship between different textile physical properties of the hybrid yarns, such as tensile strength, elongation, and evenness with different spinning parameters, core–sheath ratio, and input CF length is revealed.

12

Guadagno, Liberata, Luigi Vertuccio, Carlo Naddeo, Marialuigia Raimondo, Giuseppina Barra, Felice De Nicola, Ruggero Volponi, Patrizia Lamberti, Giovanni Spinelli, and Vincenzo Tucci. "Electrical Current Map and Bulk Conductivity of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Nanocomposites." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111865.

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A suitably modified resin film infusion (RFI) process was used for manufacturing carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs) impregnated with a resin containing nanocages of glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (GPOSS) for enhancing flame resistance and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to contrast the electrical insulating properties of the epoxy resin. The effects of the different numbers (7, 14 and 24) of the plies on the equivalent direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electrical conductivity were evaluated. All the manufactured panels manifest very high values in electrical conductivity. Besides, for the first time, CFRC strings were analyzed by tunneling atomic force microscopy (TUNA) technique. The electrical current maps highlight electrically conductive three-dimensional networks incorporated in the resin through the plies of the panels. The highest equivalent bulk conductivity is shown by the seven-ply panel characterized by the parallel (σ//0°) in-plane conductivity of 16.19 kS/m. Electrical tests also evidence that the presence of GPOSS preserves the AC electrical stability of the panels.

13

Zotti, Aldobenedetto, Simona Zuppolini, Anna Borriello, Valeria Vinti, Luigi Trinchillo, Domenico Borrelli, Antonio Caraviello, and Mauro Zarrelli. "Effect of the Mixing Technique of Graphene Nanoplatelets and Graphene Nanofibers on Fracture Toughness of Epoxy Based Nanocomposites and Composites." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235105.

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In this work, the effect of different mixing techniques on thermal and mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and graphene nanofibers (GANFs) loaded epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. Three dispersion methods were employed: a high shear rate (HSR), ultrasonication (US) and the fluidized bed method (FBM). The optical microscopy has revealed that the most suitable dispersion, in terms of homogeneity and cluster size, is achieved by implementing the US and FBM techniques, leading to nanocomposites with the largest increase of glass transition temperature, as supported by the DMA analysis data. The fracture toughness results show a general increase of both the critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and the critical strain energy release rate (GIC), likely due to the homogeneity and the low scale dispersion of the carbonaceous nanostructures. Based on the nanocomposite fracture toughness improvements and also assuming a potential large scale up production of the nanocomposite matrix, a single mixing technique, namely the FBM, was employed to manufacture the carbon fiber reinforced composite (CFRC). This method has resulted in being less time-consuming and is potentially most suitable for the high volume industrial production. The CFRCs were characterized in terms of tensile, flexural and interlaminar fracture toughness properties and the results were analyzed and discussed.

14

Sung, Min Chang, Geun Sung Lee, Seung Yong Lee, Seong Ik Jeon, Cheol Hee Ahn, Ji Ho Youk, Jin Yong Lee, and Woong Ryeol Yu. "Manufacture of Carbon Nanotube-Grafted Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.405.

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Carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs) have been used in various high-end industries due to their outstanding specific mechanical properties. Recently, carbon nanotube (CNT)-grafted carbon fibers (CFs) made via direct growth has emerged as an advanced and hierarchical reinforcement that can improve the reinforcing effect of CFs in CFRCs. On the other hand, CF reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTPs) have attracted much attention because of their quick and mass production capability, e.g., which is important for automotive part manufacturing. Here, we report on the manufacture of CFRTPs using CNT-grafted CFs and their mechanical properties. First, the interfacial shear strength of CNT-grafted CFs with thermoplastic resins was characterized to demonstrate improved interfacial properties due to the CNTs grafted on CFs. Then, the composites were manufactured in two ways; polymer nanoparticles and in-situ polymerization. Polymer nanoparticles were used to improve the interfacial properties due to their small size and good mechanical locking with CF surfaces. In-situ polymerization was also used to manufacture CFRTPs, i.e., monomers with catalyst were transferred into CNT-grafted CF fabric preform using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding and then polymerized into solid matrix. This in-situ polymerization enabled the manufacture of CNT-grafted CF thermoplastic composites by overcoming the difficulties of filling the surface of CNT-grafted CFs with thermoplastic polymers. Finally, the mechanical, thermal, electrical, and damping properties of CNT-grafted CF thermoplastic composites were characterized and compared with their thermoset composites.

15

Kadlec, Martin, Robin Hron, and Liberata Guadagno. "Mechanical properties of a carbon fabric-reinforced epoxy composite with carbon nanotubes and a flame retardant." International Journal of Structural Integrity 7, no. 5 (October 3, 2016): 630–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-09-2015-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the mechanical and morphological characterization of new multifunctional carbon fibre-reinforced composites (CFRCs) that are able to overcome two of the main drawbacks of aeronautical composite materials: reduced electrical conductivity and poor flame resistance. Multiwall carbon nanotubes and glycidyl POSS (GPOSS) were used to simultaneously enhance electrical conductivity and flame resistance. The effect of these two combined components on the mechanical and morphological properties of the manufactured CFRCs was analysed. Design/methodology/approach This paper describes the mechanical test results obtained for interlaminar shear strength, three-point bending, and tensile and fracture toughness in mode I tests. Carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy resin plates were manufactured in two series with blank resin and CNT+flame retardant GPOSS-enhanced resin. Findings The mechanical properties were decreased by no more than 10 per cent by combined influence of CNTs and GPOSS. Agglomerates of CNTs were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The agglomerates were large enough to be visible to the naked eye as black spots on the delaminated fracture surface. The decrease of the mechanical properties could be caused by these agglomerates or by a changed fibre volume content that was affected by the difficult infusion procedure due to high resin viscosity. Originality/value If we consider the benefit of CNTs as a nanofiller to increase electrical conductivity and the GPOSS as a component to increase the flame resistance of the resin, the decrease of strength seems to be insignificant.

16

Yang, Bin, Kunkun Fu, Juhyeong Lee, and Yan Li. "Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Based Residual Strength Prediction of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composites (CFRCs) After Impact." Applied Composite Materials 28, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 809–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-021-09891-1.

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17

Stratoudaki, T., C. Edwards, S. Dixon, and S. B. Palmer. "The effect of laser wavelength on the efficiency of laser-generated ultrasound for the inspection of CFRCs." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 45, no. 3 (March 2003): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.45.3.186.53157.

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18

MITSUI, Yoshiyuki, Kiyoshi MURAKAMI, Hiromichi SAKAI, Hiroki ERA, Koji TAKEDA, and Moriyasu NAKAMURA. "INFLUENCES OF FACTORS OF MIX PROPORTIONS ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND HARDENED CFRCS : Experimental study on mix proportions and fundamental properties of light-weight carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) (Part 1)." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 61, no. 482 (1996): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.61.17_2.

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19

Abdulganiyu, Ibraheem A., Oluwasegun E. Adesola, Ikechukwuka N. A. Oguocha, and Akindele G. Odeshi. "Dynamic Impact Properties of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Phenolic Composites Containing Microfillers." Polymers 15, no. 14 (July 13, 2023): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15143038.

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The addition of nano- and microfillers to carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) to improve their static mechanical properties is attracting growing research interest because their introduction does not increase the weight of parts made from CFRPs. However, the current understanding of the high strain rate deformation behaviour of CFRPs containing nanofillers/microfillers is limited. The present study investigated the dynamic impact properties of carbon-fiber-reinforced phenolic composites (CFRPCs) modified with microfillers. The CFRPCs were fabricated using 2D woven carbon fibers, two phenolic resole resins (HRJ-15881 and SP-6877), and two microfillers (colloidal silica and silicon carbide (SiC)). The amount of microfillers incorporated into the CFRPCs varied from 0.0 wt.% to 2.0 wt.%. A split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB), operated at momentums of 15 kg m/s and 28 kg m/s, was used to determine the impact properties of the composites. The evolution of damage in the impacted specimens was studied using optical stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. It was found that, at an impact momentum of 15 kg m/s, the impact properties of HRJ-15881-based CFRPCs increased with SiC addition up to 1.5 wt.%, while those of SP-6877-based composites increased only up to 0.5 wt.%. At 28 kg m/s, the impact properties of the composites increased up to 0.5 wt.% SiC addition for both SP-6877 and HRJ-15881 based composites. However, the addition of colloidal silica did not improve the dynamic impact properties of composites based on both phenolic resins at both impact momentums. The improvement in the impact properties of composites made with SiC microfiller can be attributed to improvement in crystallinity offered by the α-SiC type microfiller used in this study. No fracture was observed in specimens impacted at an impact momentum of 15 kg m/s. However, at 28 kg m/s, edge chip-off and cracks extending through the surface were observed at lower microfiller addition (≤1 wt.%), which became more pronounced at higher microfiller loading (≥1.5 wt.%).

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SAHIN, Yusuf. "Effect of Fiber Stacking Sequence on Mechanical Property of Polymeric Composite through VARTIM Method and Metallographic Examination." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 26 (December 30, 2023): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1412486.

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Because of higher specific modulus/strength, lower weight, good corrosion resistance with design flexibility and easy production, carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites are widely used for many structural applications. Glass woven (plain) and carbon fabric (plain) were studied. Thus, glass fabric-reinforced epoxy composites (GFRCs) and carbon fabric-reinforced composites (CFRCs) were fabricated throughVacuum Assisted Resin Transfer moulding (VARTM) methodology. Firstly, manufacturing unit/control system, preparation stages and some elements used in manufacturing the epoxy based composites are reviewed. Then, effects of stacking sequence of fibers on mechanical properties were investigated and a comparison was made on two types of fabrics on hardness/deformation depth through Stereo Microscope (SM). The experimental results exhibited that the hardnesses measured were around 40.6 HB and 52.4 HRB for GFRP and CFRP, respectively. Improvements in carbon fiber were about 29% in comparison to glass fiber. Further, both hybrid composites made from glass and carbon fiber, the hardnesses values were reduced. In case of C2/G2/C2 hybrid composites, reduction rate was about 9.3% in comparison to C6 fiber reinforced laminate composite. Moreover, it is clearly revealed that there were extensive deformation regions reflecting the white areas because top layer was in G2/C2/G2 samples, but there was no such a white area in C2/G2/C2 composite.

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Liu, Jiang, Yuzhu Kang, Chenyu Ma, and Yesong Wang. "Research on a Fiber Corner Compensation Algorithm in a 3D Printing Layer of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 6687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136687.

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Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology for continuous fiber-reinforced composite (CFRC) printing has become a trend. This article is based on ‘independent extrusion’ FFF CFRC printing. The continuous fiber-reinforced filament (CFRF) printing solution is the contour offset method for obtaining executable g-code. When the CFRCF prints at the corner, it is found that the actual CFRC printing trajectory is inconsistent with the ideal laying trajectory. The causes of the error are analyzed, and an angle optimization algorithm is proposed. The corner optimization algorithm is verified by theoretical analysis and experimental analysis. From the experimental results, the corner optimization algorithm improves the 30° angle fit of CFRF printing by 90% and reliability has also been improved. When the printing length is 127,200 mm, there are 960 printing corners, and the failure rate is 0.

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Chen, Xin, Junwei Qiu, and Kexin Xie. "Analysis on The Performance of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Concrete in Cold Region." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 18 (November 13, 2022): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v18i.2656.

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Carbon fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC) is a new kind of composite material which is made by adding appropriate amount of shear carbon fibre into ordinary concrete. Compared with ordinary concrete, carbon fibre can better adapt to the harsh environment in cold regions and overcome adverse conditions. As a result, it can be widely used in infrastructure construction along the “Belt and Road” in China. In this paper, through analysing many experiments, charts, and theoretical analyses, the frost resistance, crack resistance, and compressive resistance of CFRC have been analyzed and introduced and verified its excellent performance of CFRC. On this basis, the feasibility of CFRC's application in cold regions is discussed. The results show that compared with ordinary materials, it is stronger in adapting to the harsh environment in the cold zone and has a broad development prospect and considerable potential in the future cold zone engineering construction.

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Phung, Viet-Hai, Ian Trueman, Fiona Togher, Roderick Ørner, and Niroshan Siriwardena. "PP7 Perceptions and experiences of being a community first responder: interview study." Emergency Medicine Journal 36, no. 1 (January 2019): e3.2-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-999.7.

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BackgroundCommunity First Responder (CFR) schemes work with ambulance services, supporting volunteers to respond to medical emergencies. The CFR’s primary role is to stabilise a patient’s condition and perform basic clinical procedures before handing over to statutory ambulance service staff. By early 2014, there were 2,431 CFR schemes, with over 12 000 volunteers in the UK. Despite expansion in numbers and role, little is known about perspectives of CFRs. We aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of CFRs about their role.MethodsWe used a qualitative design conducting semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of CFRs from one scheme in one English county. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded thematically in NVivo 10 using the Framework approach.ResultsWe interviewed four female and 12 male adult CFRs between June and July 2016. The interviews identified five overarching themes,: ‘getting started and keeping going’; ‘the reality of being a CFR’; ‘recognition and relationships’; ‘learning to be a CFR’; and ‘the way forward’ for CFRs and schemes. Participants were keen to enhance their skills and progress. CFRs felt that the public confused them with ambulance staff, although patients felt reassured by the presence of someone who could help them regardless of who they were. CFRs were keen to raise their profile within the communities they served and to establish a distinct identity. The relationship between CFRs and ambulance staff was ambivalent: sometimes they worked well together while at other times they perceived a poor relationship with ambulance staff.ConclusionThe complex relationship between CFRs, patients and the ambulance service has implications for how such schemes develop in the future. As such, further research is required on public and ambulance staff perceptions of what they do to see how these complex relationships can be harnessed effectively to benefit the communities they serve.

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Omair, Muhammad, Mohammed Alkahtani, Kashif Ayaz, Ghulam Hussain, and Johannes Buhl. "Supply Chain Modelling of the Automobile Multi-Stage Production Considering Circular Economy by Waste Management Using Recycling and Reworking Operations." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 20, 2022): 15428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215428.

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The supply chain management plays a crucial role in delivering products from a supplier, through the manufacturer, distributors, and retailers to the targeted customers. The lifecycle of the products can be ended at any stage due to imperfect quality or waste, which are typically not managed well for a good price. This product’s life can be extended and increased with the use of the circular economy for the value addition processes which turn the waste into byproducts, which can be sold with maximum profit. The automobile industry is associated with various other small industries and is very significant for the economy at the local, national, and international levels. However, the industry also requires sustainable development in its supply chain management, gained by introducing the circular economy concept to manage and reduce the generated waste. The consumption of carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs) in the manufacturing of numerous automotive parts has acquired immense attention this decade, but the process also generates imperfect products (waste). The proposed model is based on a mathematical formulation to manage imperfect production by reworking and recycling, where the former is required to re-add value to the proportion of the rejected parts, and the latter is to recycle the remaining scrap into useful products by using a circular economy. The outsourcing operation is also added to provide an optimal level of inventory and lot sizing for minimizing the total cost of the supply chain management. Data from the automobile part industry are tested to provide the practical implications of the proposed SCM mathematical model. Sensitivity analysis is performed to understand the significance level of the individual parameters affecting the objective function, i.e., the total cost of the SCM. The results show a meaningful insight for the managers to obtain the benefits of the circular economy in multi-stage automobile part production for sustainable and resilient supply chain management.

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Jamal, Muhammad Azfar, Owaisur Rahman Shah, Usman Ghafoor, Yumna Qureshi, and M. Raheel Bhutta. "Additive Manufacturing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites via Fused Deposition Modelling: A Comprehensive Review." Polymers 16, no. 12 (June 7, 2024): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16121622.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has arisen as a transformative technology for manufacturing complex geometries with enhanced mechanical properties, particularly in the realm of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs). Among various AM techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM) stands out as a promising method for the fabrication of CFRPCs due to its versatility, ease of use, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Several research papers on the AM of CFRPs via FDM were summarized and therefore this review paper provides a critical examination of the process-printing parameters influencing the AM process, with a focus on their impact on mechanical properties. This review covers details of factors such as fiber orientation, layer thickness, nozzle diameter, fiber volume fraction, printing temperature, and infill design, extracted from the existing literature. Through a visual representation of the process parameters (printing and material) and properties (mechanical, physical, and thermal), this paper aims to separate out the optimal processing parameters that have been inferred from various research studies. Furthermore, this analysis critically evaluates the current state-of-the-art research, highlighting advancements, applications, filament production methods, challenges, and opportunities for further development in this field. In comparison to short fibers, continuous fiber filaments can render better strength; however, delamination issues persist. Various parameters affect the printing process differently, resulting in several limitations that need to be addressed. Signifying the relationship between printing parameters and mechanical properties is vital for optimizing CFRPC fabrication via FDM, enabling the realization of lightweight, high-strength components for various industrial applications.

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Of Chemistry, The royal Society. "CFCs." Educación Química 3, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fq.18708404e.1992.3.66870.

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Tanaka, Kazuto, and Yusuke Aiba. "Evaluation of Joint Strength for CFRPs and Aluminum Alloys by Friction Stir Spot Welding Using Multi-Stage Heating." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 3 (March 20, 2024): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030110.

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To reduce car body weight, multi-material structures with lightweight materials such as carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) and aluminum alloys (Als) are used to replace parts of steel components, and joining technologies for such dissimilar materials are essential. Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is one of the technologies used to rapidly and strongly join dissimilar materials. FSSW for carbon-fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin (CFRTS) and Als has been developed using composite laminates with integrally molded thermoplastic resin in the outermost layer. To suppress excessive heating under the tool, this study investigated whether multi-stage heating with a non-heating time during joining affects the heat distribution and strength properties of the joint. Due to heat diffusion in Al during the non-heating time, multi-stage heating can suppress excessive heating under the tool compared to continuous heating, resulting in up to 27% larger welded area, up to 37% smaller decomposed area, and up to 6% lower maximum temperature. The use of multi-stage heating results in up to 5% higher tensile shear strength and 210% longer fatigue life by reducing the thermal decomposition of CFRP matrix resin and PA12 resin.

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Kotrotsos, Athanasios, and Vassilis Kostopoulos. "Mode II Fatigue Delamination Growth and Healing of Bis-Maleimide Modified CFRPs by Using the Melt Electro-Writing Process Technique." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 9 (August 23, 2023): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090350.

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In the current study, the interlaminar fracture toughness behavior of high-performance carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) modified with Bis-maleimide (BMI) resin was investigated under Mode II quasi-static and fatigue remote loading conditions. Specifically, CFRPs were locally integrated with BMI resin, either nano-modified with graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) or unmodified, using the melt electro-writing process (MEP) technique. Following the modification, two types of CFRPs were manufactured: (a) CFRPs with pure BMI resin and (b) CFRPs with GNP-modified resin. Quasi-static tests demonstrated that the interlaminar fracture toughness properties of both modified CFRPs were significantly improved compared to the unmodified/reference CFRPs. Conversely, fatigue tests were conducted under displacement control, with crack length measurement performed using a traveling microscope. Delamination length and load quantities were measured at specific cycle intervals. The results indicated that both modified CFRPs exhibited enhanced resistance to delamination under Mode II fatigue loading, with earlier crack arrest, compared against the reference CFRPs. Additionally, the CFRPs displayed low healing efficiency (H.E.) after the healing cycle was activated. Overall, this approach shows promise in improving the delamination resistance of CFRPs under Mode II.

29

Lea, C. "After CFCs." Circuit World 18, no. 1 (April 1991): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb046152.

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30

Gribbin, John. "CFCs active." Nature 357, no. 6376 (May 1992): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/357272a0.

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31

Johnson, Paul R., and Charles R. Hosler. "Nature's CFCs." Science News 148, no. 11 (September 9, 1995): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3979499.

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32

MONTGOMERY, KEITH. "'Neutral' CFCs?" Nature 356, no. 6372 (April 1992): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/356738c0.

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Lea, C. "After CFCs." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 3, no. 3 (March 1991): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb037767.

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34

GAFFNEY, JEFFREY S. "Volcanic CFCs." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 1 (January 1995): 8A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00001a704.

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35

Park, Jong-Gun, Dong-Ju Seo, Doo-Yeol Lim, Yu-Jae Lee, and Gwang-Hee Heo. "A Comparative Study on Electrical Resistivity and Compressive Strength Properties of Cement Composites Incorporating Conductive Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (April 19, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6676577.

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Conductive cement composites have attracted high attention in recent years due to the possibility of achieving multifunctional materials. The usual approach has been to incorporate steel fiber, carbon fiber, graphite, and carbon nanotube/or carbon nanofiber into the cement matrix. In this article, an experimental comparative study was conducted on the electrical resistivity and compressive strength properties of cement composites incorporating carbon fiber (CF) and steel fiber (SF), which are conductive materials. The electrical resistivity of the conductive fiber-reinforced cement composites (FRCCs) was measured using the four-probe method, and compressive strength was conducted based on the KS L ISO 679 and ASTMC109/C109M test methods. Their performance was compared and analyzed with plain cement composites (PCCs). Afterwards, the fracture surfaces of the conductive SFRCCs (steel fiber-reinforced cement composites) and CFRCCs (carbon fiber-reinforced cement composites) were also analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results showed that, in all specimens, the electrical resistivity gradually increased as the curing ages elapsed, while the electrical resistivity decreased significantly as the fiber volume fractions increased. Overall, the addition of SF up to a fiber volume fraction of 1.25% did not significantly affect the electrical resistivity of cement composites. In contrast, however, the electrical resistivity of CF decreased slightly even at a low dosage (i.e., 0.1–0.3%), and thereafter, it was significantly decreased. The percolation threshold of the conductive CFRCC incorporating CF used in this experiment was 0.4%, and this seemed to be the optimal CF dosage that can greatly improve the conductive cement composites while maintaining the maximum performance of compressive strength. In addition, the compressive strength of conductive SFRCC was higher than that of PCC, whereas in the case of conductive CFRCC, it showed a greater tendency to decrease significantly as the fiber volume fractions increased. We expect the results of SEM image analysis to be useful as basic data for establishing microstructure mechanisms of reinforcement fibers in the cement matrix.

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Fu, Guangyuan, Gongyi Fu, Siping Li, Jian Yang, and Feiliang Wang. "Investigations into Structural Behavior of Concrete-Filled RHS Columns with Unequal Flange Thickness under Compressive Load." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 5463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235463.

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Previous studies have shown that components with an unequal-walled concrete-filled rectangular hollow section (CFRHS) can achieve a greater resistance under bending than those with equal-walled CFRHS. However, the study on the compressive behavior of the CFRHS column is limited. Therefore, this paper investigates the performance of compressed CFRHS columns with unequal flange thickness, based on experimental and numerical approaches. In the test, the effects of slenderness and eccentricity on the compressive capacity of the CFRHS columns with unequal shell thickness are discussed. Numerical models based on the finite element method are established, to evaluate the resistance and failure pattern of each specimen in the test. Parametric studies are carried out based on the validated model, to investigate the effect of eccentricity, wall thickness, and steel and concrete material properties on the load-bearing capacity of the compressed CFRHS column. In addition, the analytical expressions of the resistance of CFRHS columns with unequal wall thickness are derived, and the prediction values are validated through comparing with the test results. It is found that eccentric compressed columns with unequal-walled CFRHS have a similar load-bearing capacity and better ductility when compared with the equal-walled CFRHS.

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Yang, Tian, Shijian Lu, Da Song, Xianyong Zhu, Israpil Almira, Jiaan Liu, and Ying Zhu. "Effect of Nanofiller on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites under Different Aging Conditions." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 7810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247810.

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In this study, carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites (CFRPs) containing multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and halloysite nanoclay were fabricated. The effects of these nanofillers (MWCNT and nanoclay) on the tensile and flexural properties of the CFRPs under different aging conditions were studied. These aging conditions included water soaking, acid soaking, alkali soaking, and thermal shock cycling. The experimental results showed that, after accelerated aging, the mechanical performance of the CFRPs decreased. The performance degradation in the soaking environment depends on the immersion temperature and immersion medium. High-temperature accelerated the aging behavior of the CFRPs, resulting in low strength and modulus. The CFRPs were more vulnerable to acid soaking and alkali soaking than water soaking. The MWCNT and halloysite nanoclay are beneficial to improve the immersion aging resistance of the CFRPs, and the additions of nanofillers delayed the performance degradation under immersion aging conditions. However, nanofillers hardly improve the aging resistance of the CFRPs under thermal shock cycling condition. The fracture morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reflect the failure modes of the CFRPs under various aging conditions. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy tests were used to estimate the changes in the chemical structures and properties of epoxy resin and its composites under different conditions.

38

Li, Xin. "Multiscale Computational Modeling of 3D Printed Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 20, no. 9 (September 1, 2024): 1557–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2024.3913.

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The printing parameters used during the printing procedure have a significant effect on the mechanical characteristics of 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced composites (3DP-CFRPCs). However, conducting experimental assessments of the material characteristics of 3DP-CFRPCs may require more effort and incur more costs. Computational material modeling may be used as a viable alternative to investigate the behavior of 3DP-CFRPCs under various printing conditions. The current work used material modeling approaches to examine the impact of different printing settings on the elastic characteristics of 3DP-CFRPCs. The inherent flexibility of beads is primarily established by homogenizing the pores within the matrix via the use of the Mori-Tanaka process. Subsequently, the elastic modulus is calculated by using finite element modeling on Representative Volume Element (RVE), which takes into account the microstructure and other printing attributes. An inconsistency was seen in the variation of projected elastic properties across models distinguished by various microstructures, with a more pronounced differentiation observed between intricate and simpler microstructures. Computational modeling has enhanced our understanding of the elastic properties of 3DP-CFRPCs under various printing conditions. Moreover, it has been shown that alterations in printing parameters have diverse impacts on the pliable characteristics of 3DP-CFRPCs. The impact of layer thickness on the mechanical characteristics of 3DP-CFRPCs was determined to be more substantial compared to the effect of printing temperature. The application of offset layup printing techniques enhanced the elastic properties of 3DP-CFRPCs, with the degree of improvement varying based on the orientation. As the level of porosity increased, the influence of pores situated between beads on the overall stiffness of 3DP-CFRPCs gradually diminished, while the impact of matrix pores on the overall stiffness of 3DP-CFRPCs gradually intensified.

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AKIHAMA, SHIGEYUKI. "CFRC Curtain Wall." Sen'i Gakkaishi 48, no. 12 (1992): P648—P653. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.48.12_p648.

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40

Palca, Joseph. "CFCs phased out." Nature 332, no. 6163 (March 1988): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332385c0.

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41

Woodcock, Ashley. "CFCs and inhalers." Lancet 344, no. 8916 (July 1994): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92770-7.

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42

Lewis, Sara. "CFCs in EU." Lancet 344, no. 8916 (July 1994): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92771-5.

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43

Haselden, Geoffrey. "CFCs won't disappear." International Journal of Refrigeration 10, no. 4 (July 1987): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(87)90048-x.

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44

Atwood, T. "CFCs in transition." International Journal of Refrigeration 11, no. 4 (July 1988): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(88)90079-5.

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45

Park, Hyeongcheol, Hana Jung, Jaesang Yu, Min Park, and Seong Yun Kim. "Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics based on epoxy resin toughened with core shell rubber impact modifiers." e-Polymers 15, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0068.

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AbstractThe weak impact properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) are due to their laminated structure, thus limiting the use of these materials in various automotive applications even though they provide weight savings as compared with metal materials. In this study, core shell rubbers (CSRs), which are known for their excellent dispersion characteristics, were selected as an impact modifier and CFRPs incorporated with CSRs were fabricated using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process to enhance their impact properties. CFRPs with highly reinforced carbon fibers of 72–74 wt.% were prepared without voids as confirmed by morphological and thermogravimetric data. The impact strength of the CFRPs was improved by up to 87.5%, depending on the increase in CSR content, but their tensile properties were not reduced, indicating that these properties were predominantly determined by the continuous reinforcement of carbon fibers. Therefore, CSRs are an effective impact modifier for improving the impact properties of CFRPs. These findings will help in increasing the use of CFRPs as automotive structural materials.

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Zainun, Nor Farah Hanis, Johanim Johari, and Zurina Adnan. "A MALAY TRANSLATION AND CONTENT VALIDITY INDEX OF THE CONSIDERATION OF FUTURE CONSEQUENCES – 14 SCALE." Platform : A Journal of Management and Humanities 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pjmhvol6iss1art22884.

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This study examines the content and construct validity of the Malay-translated version of the CFCs 14 adopted by Joireman et al. (2012). This study was conducted among public service leaders at three ministries in Malaysia. The Malay-translated version of CFCs-14 was analysed to establish the content and construct validity of the items in measuring CFCs in the Malaysian context. The content validity analysis results reported that the scale level index (S-CVI/UA) for the CFCs scale was 0.120. Further, the item level index (I-CVI/Ave) value for all items on the scale was 0.93. Using SPSS version 22 and SMARTPLS version 3.2, the construct validity analysis revealed two-factor of CFCs. This suggests the usability of CFCs-14 in gauging CFCs construction. The results provide empirical evidence regarding the validity of the CFCs items, indicating that the Malay-translated version of CFCs-14 is suitable for Malaysian studies. Implications of the findings were also discussed.

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Zhao, Hui, Anuradha Vegi, and Charlene Wolf-Hall. "Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Anti-Fusarium Activity and Optimization of Incubation Conditions." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 10 (August 30, 2017): 1648–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-100.

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ABSTRACT Anti-Fusarium activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus plantarum 299V, L. plantarum NRRL-4496, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus VT1 were determined by a microdilution assay developed in this study against Fusarium graminearum 08/RG/BF/51. A cell-free Lactobacillus culture supernatant (CFLCS) of L. rhamnosus VT1 had the highest anti-Fusarium activity. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the incubation conditions for production of CFLCS. A Box-Behnken factorial design was used to investigate the effects of incubation time, shaking speed, and incubation temperature on the inhibition rate of CFLCS. A model equation was generated to predict the inhibition rate of CFLCS under various incubation conditions. A low probability value (0.0012) and associated F value of 25.10 suggested that the model was highly significant. A high R2 value (0.978) indicated a very satisfactory model performance. Response surface methodology analysis suggested that an incubation temperature at 34°C, a shaking speed at 170 rpm, and an incubation time of 55 h were the best combination for production of CFLCS from L. rhamnosus VT1. Under these incubation conditions, a 10% L. rhamnosus VT1 CFLCS solution was predicted to inhibit the growth of F. graminearum by 75.6% in vitro and inhibited 83.7% of the growth in the validation experiment. Thus, the CFLCS of L. rhamnosus VT1 was an effective anti-Fusarium mixture.

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Okayasu, Mitsuhiro, Yuki Tsuchiya, and Hiroaki Arai. "Experimentally and analyzed property of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset plates." Journal of Materials Science Research 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v7n3p12.

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The tensile and fatigue properties of long unidirectional (UD) and crossply (CR) carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) were investigated. The CFRPs in this study were fabricated from 60% CF and various resins: epoxy, polyamide (PA6), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK). The ultimate tensile strength sUTS of Epoxy-CFRP was found to be about twice that of PEEK-CFRP. Relatively high tensile strengths were found for PPS- and PA6-CFRP in the thermoset resin group, although these were still only about 85% of the strength of epoxy-CFRP. The tensile and fatigue strengths of the CR-CFRPs were less than half those of the UD-CFRPs, even though high ductilities were found for the CR-CFRPs. These high ductilities can be attributed to the crosslinking fiber effect and the low proportion of CFs in the loading direction. The sUTS values of CFRPs depend not only on the tensile strengths s and volume fractions V of CF and resin (i.e., through the conventional compound law sUTS = sfiberVfiber + sresinVresin), but also on several material properties, including the wettability of the CF by the resin. On the basis of the material properties, the ultimate tensile strengths of various UD- and CR-CFRPs were well estimated numerically through a statistical analysis, which afforded better estimates than those obtained from the compound law.

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Scruggs, Alexander M., Sebastian Kirmse, and Kuang-Ting Hsiao. "Enhancement of Through-Thickness Thermal Transport in Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Laminates due to the Synergetic Role of Carbon Nanofiber Z-Threads." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (January 3, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8928917.

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This study experimentally and analytically examined the influence of carbon nanofiber (CNF) z-threads on the through-thickness (i.e., z-direction) thermal conductivity of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs). It was hypothesized that a network of CNF z-threads within CFRPs would provide a thermally conductive microstructure throughout the sample thickness that would increase the through-thickness thermal conductivity. The experiments showed that the through-thickness thermal conductivity of the CNF z-threaded CFRPs (9.85 W/m-K) was approximately 7.53 times greater than that of the control CFRPs (1.31 W/m-K) and 2.73 times greater than that of the unaligned CNF-modified CFRPs (3.61 W/m-K). Accordingly, the CNF z-threads were found to play a substantial role in increasing the through-thickness thermal conductivity of CFRPs. To better understand the role of the CNF z-threads in through-thickness thermal transport, simple logical models of the CFRPs were constructed and then compared with the experimental results. Through these analyses, it was determined that CNF z-threads substantially enhance the through-thickness thermal conductivity by creating carbon fiber-CNF linkages throughout the CFRP laminate; these linkages allow the heat flow to largely bypass the resistive resin that envelops the carbon fibers. In addition, thermal infrared tests illustrated that the increased through-thickness thermal conductivity of the CNF z-threaded CFRP enabled the location and visualization of defects within the laminate, which was not possible with the control CFRP.

50

Cui, Gang, and Zhicheng Liu. "The Impact of Environmental Regulations and Social Norms on Farmers’ Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Behaviors: An Investigation of Citrus Farmers in Southern China." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 8157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138157.

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This study investigates how environmental regulations and social norms affect farmers’ chemical fertilizer reduction behaviors (CFRBs) and investigates the mediating role played by social norms and the moderating role played by social networks. As the analysis tool, a structural equation model is employed to analyze the data collected from a questionnaire survey with 402 valid samples of Chinese citrus growers. This study reveals that (1) environmental regulations and social norms have a significant effect on farmers’ CFRBs; (2) injunctive social norms are a partial mediator of the relationship between incentive-based environmental regulations and farmers’ CFRBs; (3) social networks play a positive moderating role in the relationship between injunctive social norms and farmers’ CFRBs; and (4) large-scale farmers’ CFRBs are more susceptible to the impact of environmental regulations and social norms than small-scale farmers. The result of this study provides a significant scientific foundation for the Chinese agricultural sector to develop policies to combat soil pollution in agriculture.

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