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Статті в журналах з теми "Cervical facet dislocation"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Das, Sunil Kumar, Arunkumar Sekar, Srinivas Jaidev, Ashis Patnaik, and Rabi Narayan Sahu. "Contiguous-Level Unilateral Cervical Spine Facet Dislocation—A Report of a Less Discussed Subtype." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 13, no. 01 (January 2022): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1742135.

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AbstractUnilateral facet dislocation of subaxial cervical spine trauma is characterized by dislocation of inferior facet of superior vertebra over the superior facet of inferior vertebra. The injury is due to high-velocity trauma and associated with instability of spinal column. Such unilateral facet dislocations occurring at multiple adjacent levels for some reason are not reported or studied frequently. We have reported two cases of multiple-level dislocation of unilateral facets managed in our hospital with a review of available literature. The injury occurs as one side of the motion segment translates and rotates around an intact facet on the contralateral side. The major mechanism of injury is distractive flexion injury with axial rotation component. The injury is associated with instability secondary to loss of the discoligamentous complex. In cases with multiple-level dislocations of unilateral cervical facets, there are multiple mechanisms associated with significant neurological injury and most of them succumb at the site of injury. Only three other cases are available in English language literature. The neurological outcome is invariably poor. Multiple-level facet dislocations of subaxial cervical spine are reported sparsely in literature. We suspect that due to high-velocity nature of these injuries, most of them succumb soon after injury and not often reported. This article reports two cases of contiguous-level unilateral facet dislocation of subaxial cervical spine with associated injuries and the outcomes with review of literature.

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2

BURKUS, J. KENNETH. "Cervical Facet Asymmetry Simulating Facet Dislocation." Spine 13, no. 1 (January 1988): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198801000-00030.

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3

Basu, Saumyajit, Farid H. Malik, Jay Deep Ghosh, and Agnivesh Tikoo. "Delayed Presentation of Cervical Facet Dislocations." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 19, no. 3 (December 2011): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/230949901101900314.

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Purpose. To review treatment outcomes of 19 patients with delayed presentation of cervical facet dislocations. Methods. Records of 17 men and 2 women aged 21 to 63 (mean, 39) years who presented with unilateral (n=14) or bilateral (n=5) cervical facet dislocation after a delay of 7 to 21 (mean, 14) days were reviewed. The most common level of dislocation was C5–C6 (n=9), followed by C4–C5 (n=6), C3–C4 (n=2), and C6–C7 (n=2). The neurological status was graded according to the Frankel classification. One patient (with bilateral facet dislocation) had complete quadriplegia (grade A), 11 had incomplete spinal cord injury (grades C and D), and 7 had nerve root injury. Closed reduction using continuous skull traction for 2 days was attempted. In patients achieving closed reduction, only anterior discectomy and fusion was performed. Those who failed closed reduction underwent posterior partial/complete facetectomy and fixation. If there was traumatic disk prolapse, anterior decompression and fusion was then performed. Results. The mean follow-up was 46 (range, 12–108) months. 10 of 14 patients with unilateral facet dislocation were reduced with traction and then underwent anterior discectomy and fusion. The remaining 4 patients who failed closed reduction underwent posterior facetectomy and fixation; 3 of them had traumatic disk prolapse and thus also underwent anterior discectomy and fusion with cage and plate. Four of the 5 patients with bilateral facet dislocations failed closed reduction and underwent posterior facetectomy and lateral mass fixation, as well as anterior surgery. The remaining patient achieved reduction after traction and hence underwent only anterior discectomy and fusion. All patients achieved pain relief and sufficient neck movement for normal activities. All 7 patients with nerve root injury improved completely; 9 of the 11 patients with incomplete spinal cord injury improved by one Frankel grade, and the remaining 2 by 2 grades. The patient with complete quadriplegia showed no improvement. Conclusion. Preoperative traction is a safe and effective initial treatment for neglected cervical facet dislocation, as it reduces the need for extensive (anterior and posterior) surgery. If closed reduction is successful, anterior discectomy and fusion is the surgery of choice. If not, posterior facetectomy and fusion followed by anterior surgery is preferred.

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4

Ivancic, Paul C., Adam M. Pearson, Yasuhiro Tominaga, Andrew K. Simpson, James J. Yue, and Manohar M. Panjabi. "Biomechanics of Cervical Facet Dislocation." Traffic Injury Prevention 9, no. 6 (December 9, 2008): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580802344804.

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5

Leite, C. C., B. E. Escobar, C. Bazan III., and J. Randy Jinkins. "MRI of cervical facet dislocation." Neuroradiology 39, no. 8 (August 8, 1997): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050472.

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6

Panjabi, Manohar M., Andrew K. Simpson, Paul C. Ivancic, Adam M. Pearson, Yasuhiro Tominaga, and James J. Yue. "Cervical facet joint kinematics during bilateral facet dislocation." European Spine Journal 16, no. 10 (June 14, 2007): 1680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-007-0410-2.

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7

Bartels, Ronald H. M. A., and Roland Donk. "Delayed management of traumatic bilateral cervical facet dislocation: surgical strategy." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 97, no. 3 (October 2002): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2002.97.3.0362.

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Анотація:

✓ Postinjury cervical spine instability typically requires surgical treatment in the acute or semiacute stage. The authors, however, report on three patients with older (> 8 weeks) untreated bilateral cervical facet dislocation. In two patients they attempted a classic anterior-posterior-anterior approach but failed. The misalignment in the second stage of the procedure could not be corrected, and they had to add a fourth, posterior, stage. To avoid the fourth stage, thereby reducing operating time and risk of neurological damage while turning the patient, they propose the following sequence: 1) a posterior approach to perform a complete facetectomy bilaterally with no attempt to reduce the dislocation; 2) an anterior microscopic discectomy with reduction of the dislocation and anterior fixation; and 3) posterior fixation. This sequence of procedures was successfully performed in the third patient. Based on this experience, they suggest that in cases of nonacute bilateral cervical facet dislocations the operating sequence should be posterior-anterior-posterior.

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8

Anissipour, Alireza K., Julie Agel, Matthew Baron, Erik Magnusson, Carlo Bellabarba, and Richard J. Bransford. "Traumatic Cervical Unilateral and Bilateral Facet Dislocations Treated With Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Has a Low Failure Rate." Global Spine Journal 7, no. 2 (April 2017): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2192568217694002.

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Study Design: Retrospective radiographic and chart review. Objective: To define the rate and associated risk factors of treatment failure of anterior cervical fusion for treatment of cervical facet dislocations. Methods: Between 2004 and 2014, a retrospective review at a single level 1 trauma center identified 38 patients with unilateral or bilateral dislocated facet(s) treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Two patients were eliminated due to less than 30-day follow-up. Demographic data, initial neurological exams, surgical data, radiographic findings, and follow-up records were reviewed. Results: Of the 36 patients with facet dislocations treated with ACDF using a fixed locking plate, 16 were unilateral and 20 were bilateral. The mean age was 35 years (range 13-58). Mean follow-up was 323 days (range 30-1998). There were 3 treatment failures (8%). Three of 7 (43%) endplate fractures failed ( P < .01), and 1/28 (4%) facet fractures failed ( P = .13). The mean time to failure was 4 weeks (1-7 weeks). One treatment failure had a facet fracture, and all 3 failures had an associated endplate fracture. Conclusion: Treatment failure occurred in 3 out of 36 (8%) patients with facet fracture dislocations treated with anterior cervical discectomy, fusion, and plating. Rates of failure are lower than has been previously reported. Endplate fractures of the inferior level in jumped facets appears to be a major risk factor of biomechanical failure. However, a facet fracture may not be a risk factor for failure. In the absence of an endplate fracture, ACDF is a reasonable treatment option in patients with single-level cervical facet dislocation.

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9

Ordonez, Bernardo J., Edward C. Benzel, Sait Naderi, and Simcha J. Weller. "Cervical facet dislocation: techniques for ventral reduction and stabilization." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 92, no. 1 (January 2000): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2000.92.1.0018.

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Object. To demonstrate the safety and utility of one surgical approach, the authors reviewed their experience with the ventral surgical approach for decompression, reduction, and stabilization in 10 patients with either unilateral or bilateral cervical facet dislocation. Methods. Six patients presented with unilateral cervical facet dislocation and four patients with bilateral cervical facet dislocation. There were six male and four female patients who ranged in age from 17 to 72 years (average 37.1 years). The level of facet dislocation was C4–5 in one, C5–6 in four, and C6–7 in five patients. Three patients presented with a complete spinal cord injury (SCI), three patients with an incomplete SCI, three with radicular symptoms or myeloradiculopathy, and one patient was neurologically intact. All patients underwent plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computerized tomography evaluation of the cervical spine. All patients had sustained significant ligamentous injury with minimum or no bone disruption. All patients underwent ventral decompressive surgery, reduction of the dislocation, and stabilization of the cervical spine. Techniques for performing ventral reduction of unilateral or bilateral cervical facet dislocation are described. Decompression, reduction, and stabilization of the cervical spine via the ventral approach was accomplished in all but one patient. This patient underwent a ventral decompressive procedure and an attempt at ventral reduction and subsequent dorsal reduction and fusion in which a lateral mass screw plate fixation system was used; this was followed by ventral placement of instrumentation and fusion. There were no surgery-related complications. Postoperative neurological status was unchanged in four patients and improved in six patients. No patient experienced neurological deterioration after undergoing this surgical approach. Conclusions. The authors conclude that a ventral surgical decompression, reduction, and stabilization procedure provides a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of patients with unilateral or bilateral cervical facet dislocation without significant bone disruption.

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10

Kahn, Anthony, Robert Leggon, and Ronald W. Lindsey. "Cervical Facet Dislocation: Management Following Delayed Diagnosis." Orthopedics 21, no. 10 (October 1998): 1089–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19981001-07.

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11

Woo Kim, Seok, John M Ciccarelli, and Ira L Fedder. "Bilateral Cervical Facet Dislocation Without Neurological Injury." Orthopedics 27, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 1297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-20041201-22.

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12

RORABECK, C. H., M. G. ROCK, R. J. HAWKINS, and R. B. BOURNE. "Unilateral Facet Dislocation of the Cervical Spine." Spine 12, no. 1 (January 1987): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198701000-00004.

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13

Duggal, Neil, Robert H. Chamberlain, Sung Chan Park, Volker K. H. Sonntag, Curtis A. Dickman, and Neil R. Crawford. "Unilateral Cervical Facet Dislocation: Biomechanics of Fixation." Spine 30, no. 7 (April 2005): E164—E168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000157418.20900.a1.

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14

Salunke, Pravin, Manish Sharma, Harsimrat Bir Singh Sodhi, Kanchan K. Mukherjee, and Niranjan K. Khandelwal. "Congenital atlantoaxial dislocation: a dynamic process and role of facets in irreducibility." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 15, no. 6 (December 2011): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.7.spine1152.

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Object Patient age at presentation with congenital atlantoaxial dislocation (CAAD) is variable. In addition, the factors determining irreducibility or reducibility in these patients remain unclear. The facets appear to contribute to the stability of the joint, albeit to an unknown extent. The objective of this paper was to study the characteristics of C1–2 facets in these patients and their bearing on the clinicoradiological presentation and management. Methods Twenty-four patients with CAAD were studied. Fifteen patients had irreducible CAAD (IrAAD); 3 of these patients experienced incomplete reduction after traction, and 9 had reducible CAAD (RAAD). The images (CT scans of the craniovertebral junction in a neutral position) obtained in the parasagittal, axial, and coronal planes were studied with respect to the C1–2 facets and were compared with 32 control scans. The inferior sagittal and coronal C-1 facet angles were measured. The lordosis of the cervical spine (cervical spine angle calculated on radiographs of the cervical spine, neutral view) in these patients was compared with normal. The management of these patients is described. Results The inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle and at least one coronal angle in patients with IrAAD were significantly acute compared with those in patients with RAAD and the control population. A significant correlation was found between age and the acuteness of the inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle (that is, the more acute the angle, the earlier the presentation). The lordosis of the cervical spine was exaggerated in patients with IrAAD. Three patients with IrAAD who had smaller acute angles experienced a partial reduction after traction and a complete reduction after intraoperative distraction of the facets, thereby avoiding a transoral procedure. An inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle of more than 150° in the sagittal plane predicted reducibility. Drilling a wedge off the facet in the sagittal plane to make the inferior sagittal C-1 facet angle 150° can reduce the C1–2 joint intraoperatively by posterior approach alone. Conclusions The acuteness of the inferior C-1 sagittal facet angles possibly determines the age at presentation and reducibility. The coronal angles determine the telescoping of C-2 within C-1. Patients with IrAAD can be treated using a posterior approach alone with the exception of those with extremely acute angles or a retroflexed dens. The exaggerated lordosis of the cervical spine in these patients is a compensatory phenomenon.

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15

Charan, Rajat, Santosh Kumar, and Indrajeet Kumar. "MANAGEMENT OF FACET JOINT DISLOCATION OF CERVICAL SPINE." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 4, no. 42 (May 24, 2017): 2558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2017/507.

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16

Hadley, Mark N., Brian C. Fitzpatrick, Volker K. H. Sonntag, and Carol M. Browner. "Facet Fracture-Dislocation Injuries of the Cervical Spine." Neurosurgery 30, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199205000-00001.

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17

Zhang, Zhengfeng, Chao Liu, Ziping Mu, Honggang Wang, Lei Shangguan, Chao Zhang, Jie Li, and Wenjie Zheng. "Anterior Facetectomy for Reduction of Cervical Facet Dislocation." SPINE 41, no. 7 (April 2016): E403—E409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000001260.

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18

Karp, Juliana. "Facet fracture-dislocation injuries of the cervical spine." Annals of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 10 (October 1992): 1295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81775-5.

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19

Hadley, Mark N., Brian C. Fitzpatrick, Volker K. H. Sonntag, and Carol M. Browner. "Facet Fracture-Dislocation Injuries of the Cervical Spine." Neurosurgery 30, no. 5 (May 1992): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199205000-00001.

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20

Prabhat, Vinay, Tankeshwar Boruah, Hitesh Lal, Ramesh Kumar, Ashish Dagar, and Harekrushna Sahu. "Management of post-traumatic neglected cervical facet dislocation." Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma 8, no. 2 (April 2017): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2016.10.002.

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21

Ebraheim, Nabil A., Vishwas Patil, Jiayong Liu, Steve P. Haman, and Richard A. Yeasting. "Morphometric analyses of the cervical superior facets and implications for facet dislocation." International Orthopaedics 32, no. 1 (November 17, 2006): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-006-0286-5.

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22

Qu, Wei, Dingjun Hao, Qining Wu, Zongrang Song, and Jijun Liu. "Surgical treatment for irreducible pediatric subaxial cervical unilateral facet dislocation: case report." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 17, no. 5 (May 2016): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.10.peds15351.

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Unilateral facet dislocation at the subaxial cervical spine (C3–7) in children younger than 8 years of age is rare. The authors describe a surgical approach for irreducible subaxial cervical unilateral facet dislocation (SCUFD) at C3–4 in a 5-year-old boy and present a literature review. A dorsal unilateral approach was applied, and a biodegradable plate was used for postreduction fixation without fusion after failed conservative treatment. There was complete resolution of symptoms and restored cervical stability. Two years after surgery, the patient had recovered range of motion in C3–4. In selected cases of cervical spine injury in young children, a biodegradable plate can maintain reduction until healing occurs, obviate the need to remove an implant, and recover the motion of the injured segment.

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23

Yokoyama, Kunio, Masahiro Kawanishi, Makoto Yamada, Hidekazu Tanaka, Yutaka Ito, and Toshihiko Kuroiwa. "Cervical facet dislocation adjacent to the fused motion segment." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 7, no. 01 (January 2016): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.172150.

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ABSTRACTThis study reports on a case that forces re-examination of merits and demerits of anterior cervical fusion. A 79-year-old male was brought to the emergency room (ER) of our hospital after he fell and struck the occipital region of his head following excessive alcohol consumption. Four years prior, he had undergone anterior cervical discectomy and fusion of C5/6 and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 3 years after this surgery indicated that he was suffering from degeneration of C6/7 intervertebral discs. After arriving at the ER, he presented motor impairment at level C7 and lower of manual muscle testing grade 1 as well as moderate loss of physical sensation from the trunk and peripheries of both upper limbs to the peripheries of both lower limbs (Frankel B). Cervical computed tomography (CT) indicated anterior dislocation of C6/7, and MRI indicated severe spinal cord edema. We performed manipulative reduction of C6/7 with the patient under general anesthesia. Next, we performed laminectomy on C5-T1 and posterior fusion on C6/7. Postoperative CT indicated that cervical alignment had improved, and MRI indicated that the spinal cord edema observed prior to surgery had been mitigated. Three months after surgery, motor function and sensory impairment of the lower limbs had improved, and the patient was ambulatory upon discharge from the hospital (Frankel D). In the present case, although C5 and 6 were rigidly fused, degeneration of the C6/7 intervertebral disc occurred and stability was compromised. As a result, even slight trauma placed a severe dynamic burden on the facet joint of C6/7, which led to dislocation.

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24

Jabbar, Faisal Abdul, Abdul Ali Khan, and Rehana Ali Shah. "LOWER CERVICAL FRACTURE AND DISLOCATIONS." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 02 (February 10, 2018): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.02.440.

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Objectives: The aim of our study is to determine the outcome of cervical pediclescrew fixation for fractures/dislocations of the cervical spine at our set up in Karachi, Pakistan.Study Design: A prospective case series. Period: 04 years duration from January 2013 toDecember 2016. Setting: Tertiary Care Centre in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: All the patientswho were included in the study signed a full informed consent. The inclusion criterion was allthe patients who cervical spine fracture/dislocation, presented to us within 24 hours of injuryand were operated at our set up. Data was collected in a predesigned proforma which includeda complete history and physical examination, age, gender, cause of injury, co morbidities, preoperativeradiological findings, past medical and surgical history. Serial X rays, MRI and CTscans were taken at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post operatively for evaluation of stability, fusion andany complication such as deformity. The American Spinal Cord Injury Association impairmentscale was utilized in all the patients at follow ups to determine the sensory and motor functionimprovement post operatively. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS for windows version 21.Results: The study population consisted of n= 40 patients of which n= 28 were male andn= 12 were female with a mean age of 45.2 years. The various types of injuries sustained bythe patients were as follows, n= 6 (15%) cases of cases had compression fractures (vertical),n=15 (37.5%) had flexion rotation injury and n=19 (47.5%) had flexion compression fracturesrespectively. While the division of bony injuries in the patient was as follows, n=5 (12.5%) hadcervical spinal burst fracture with dislocation, n= 15 (37.5%) patients had joint facet fracturewith dislocation bilaterally along with compression fracture of the vertebral body, n= 14 (35%)patients had facet joint fracture with dislocation bilaterally and n= 6 (15%) had unilateral fracturedislocation of joint facet. Complications such as injury to the vertebral artery, spinal cord, nerveroot were not observed in any of the patients in this series, all the patients achieved full bonyfusion at the 6 month follow up as observed on radiographic images. We also did not find anyincidence of screw penetration into the pedicle, similarly no incidence of screw breakage orloosening was observed. N=24 patients with incomplete injury of the spinal cord showedimprovements in their ASIA impairment scale, the patients n= 15 who had a complete spinalcord injury failed to show any improvement post operatively, but reported some decrease in painand numbness post operatively. Conclusion: For fractures/dislocations of the cervical spine thecervical pedicle screw is a reliable and effective method and provides good stability and bonyfusion. However the technique is dependent on surgeons experience and the extensive use ofpre-operative imaging to select the best insertion site of the screws as individualized for everypatient accordingly.

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25

Quarrington, Ryan D., Darcy W. Thompson-Bagshaw, and Claire F. Jones. "The Effect of Axial Compression and Distraction on Cervical Facet Cartilage Apposition During Shear and Bending Motions." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 50, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-022-02940-1.

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AbstractDuring cervical spine trauma, complex intervertebral motions can cause a reduction in facet joint cartilage apposition area (CAA), leading to cervical facet dislocation (CFD). Intervertebral compression and distraction likely alter the magnitude and location of CAA, and may influence the risk of facet fracture. The aim of this study was to investigate facet joint CAA resulting from intervertebral distraction (2.5 mm) or compression (50, 300 N) superimposed on shear and bending motions. Intervertebral and facet joint kinematics were applied to multi rigid-body kinematic models of twelve C6/C7 motion segments (70 ± 13 year, nine male) with specimen-specific cartilage profiles. CAA was qualitatively and quantitatively compared between distraction and compression conditions for each motion; linear mixed-effects models (α = 0.05) were applied. Distraction significantly decreased CAA throughout all motions, compared to the compressed conditions (p < 0.001), and shifted the apposition region towards the facet tip. These observations were consistent bilaterally for both asymmetric and symmetric motions. The results indicate that axial neck loads, which are altered by muscle activation and head loading, influences facet apposition. Investigating CAA in longer cervical spine segments subjected to quasistatic or dynamic loading may provide insight into dislocation and fracture mechanisms.

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26

Hwang, Byung Yun, Kyung Jin Song, and Jung Hyun Ji. "Disc Extrusion on Lower Cervical Facet Joint Fracture - Dislocation." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 32, no. 4 (1997): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.1997.32.4.1078.

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27

Chin, Lawrence. "Bony Fusion in a Chronic Cervical Bilateral Facet Dislocation." American Journal of Case Reports 16 (2015): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/ajcr.892173.

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28

Hart, Robert A., Alexander R. Vaccaro, and Richard S. Nachwalter. "Cervical Facet Dislocation: When Is Magnetic Resonance Imaging Indicated?" Spine 27, no. 1 (January 2002): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200201010-00030.

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29

Crawford, Neil R., Neil Duggal, Robert H. Chamberlain, Sung Chan Park, Volker K. H. Sonntag, and Curtis A. Dickman. "Unilateral Cervical Facet Dislocation: Injury Mechanism and Biomechanical Consequences." Spine 27, no. 17 (September 2002): 1858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200209010-00010.

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30

Zhang, Zhengfeng, Honggang Wang, and Zhiping Mu. "Vertebral Artery Occlusion and Recanalization After Cervical Facet Dislocation." World Neurosurgery 95 (November 2016): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.08.002.

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31

Zhang, Zhengfeng. "Anterior pedicle spreader reduction for unilateral cervical facet dislocation." Injury 48, no. 8 (August 2017): 1801–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.07.006.

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32

Tribus, Clifford B. "Cervical Disk Herniation in Association with Traumatic Facet Dislocation." Techniques in Orthopaedics 9, no. 1 (1994): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013611-199400910-00003.

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33

Ivancic, Paul C., Adam M. Pearson, Yasuhiro Tominaga, Andrew K. Simpson, James J. Yue, and Manohar M. Panjabi. "Mechanism of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury During Bilateral Facet Dislocation." Spine 32, no. 22 (October 2007): 2467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3181573b67.

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Palmieri, F., V. N. Cassar-Pullicino, C. Dell'Atti, R. K. Lalam, B. J. Tins, P. N. M. Tyrrell, and I. W. McCall. "Uncovertebral joint injury in cervical facet dislocation: the headphones sign." Clinical Imaging 30, no. 6 (November 2006): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2006.08.017.

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35

Mahale, YJ, and Silver. "Progressive paralysis after bilateral facet dislocation of the cervical spine." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 74-B, no. 2 (March 1992): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.74b2.1544956.

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36

Srivastava, Abhishek, Reuben Chee Cheong Soh, Gerard Wen Wei Ee, Seang Beng Tan, and Benjamin Phak Boon Tow. "Management of the neglected and healed bilateral cervical facet dislocation." European Spine Journal 23, no. 8 (May 7, 2014): 1612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-014-3318-7.

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37

Younus, Aftab, Adrian Kelly, and Patrick Lekgwara. "Cervical subaxial spine uni-facet dislocation occurring in an infant." Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery 17 (September 2019): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inat.2019.04.005.

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38

Palmieri, Francesco, Victor N. Cassar-Pullicino, Claudia Dell’Atti, Radhesh K. Lalam, Bernhard J. Tins, Prudencia N. M. Tyrrell, and Iain W. McCall. "Uncovertebral joint injury in cervical facet dislocation: the headphones sign." European Radiology 16, no. 6 (December 6, 2005): 1312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-005-0073-5.

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39

Woelfel, Christian W., Katherine Y. Bray, Peter J. Early, Christopher L. Mariani, and Natasha J. Olby. "Subaxial cervical articular process subluxation and dislocation: Cervical locked facet injuries in dogs." Veterinary Surgery 51, no. 1 (November 24, 2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13746.

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40

Choi, Won Gyu, A. Giancarlo Vishteh, Jonathan J. Baskin, Frederick F. Marciano, and Curtis A. Dickman. "Completely dislocated hangman's fracture with a locked C2–3 facet." Journal of Neurosurgery 87, no. 5 (November 1997): 757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1997.87.5.0757.

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✓ The authors report a rare case of a hangman's fracture involving complete dislocation of C-2 onto C-3, accompanied by a C2–3 locked facet and asymptomatic bilateral vertebral artery injuries. The patient, a 25-year-old man who sustained a neck injury in an industrial accident, presented with a mild central spinal cord syndrome. His initial lateral cervical radiograph showed complete anterior dislocation of the C-2 body onto C-3, bilateral neural arch fractures, and a unilateral locked facet. The mechanism was likely flexion and compression. The grossly unstable spine and the locked facet were treated by posterior decompression, reduction, and C1–3 fixation. The patient recovered in several days and is without neurological deficit.

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41

Lins, Catarina C., Diego T. Prado, and Andrei F. Joaquim. "Surgical treatment of traumatic cervical facet dislocation: anterior, posterior or combined approaches?" Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 74, no. 9 (September 2016): 745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20160078.

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ABSTRACT Surgical treatment is well accepted for patients with traumatic cervical facet joint dislocations (CFD), but there is uncertainty over which approach is better: anterior, posterior or combined. We performed a systematic literature review to evaluate the indications for anterior and posterior approaches in the management of CFD. Anterior approaches can restore cervical lordosis, and cause less postoperative pain and less wound problems. Posterior approaches are useful for direct reduction of locked facet joints and provide stronger fixation from a biomechanical point of view. Combined approaches can be used in more complex cases. Although both anterior and posterior approaches can be used interchangeably, there are some patients who may benefit from one of them over the other, as discussed in this review. Surgeons who treat cervical spine trauma should be able to perform both procedures as well as combined approaches to adequately manage CFD and improve patients’ final outcomes.

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42

Kim, Sung-Min, T. Jesse Lim, Josemaria Paterno, Jon Park, and Daniel H. Kim. "A biomechanical comparison of three surgical approaches in bilateral subaxial cervical facet dislocation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 1, no. 1 (July 2004): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2004.1.1.0108.

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Object. In bilateral cervical facet dislocation, biomechanical stabilities between anterior locking screw/plate fixation after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDFP) and posterior transpedicular screw/rod fixation after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDFTP) have not been compared using the human cadaver, although ACDFP has been performed frequently. In this study the stability of ACDFP, a posterior wiring procedure after ACDFP (ACDFPW), and ACDFTP for treatment of bilateral cervical facet dislocation were compared. Methods. Spines (C3—T1) from 10 human cadavers were tested in the intact state, and then after ACDFP, ACDFPW, and ACDFTP were performed. Intervertebral motion was measured using a video-based motion capture system. The range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) were compared for each loading mode to a maximum of 2 Nm. The ROM for spines treated with ACDFP was below that of the intact spine in all loading modes, with statistical significance in flexion and extension, but NZs were decreased in flexion and extension and slightly increased in bending and axial rotation; none of these showed statistical significance. The ACDFPW produced statistically significant additional stability in axial rotation ROM and in flexion NZ than ACDFP. The ACDFTP provided better stability than ACDFP in bending and axial rotation, and better stability than ACDFPW in bending for both ROM and NZ. There was no significant difference in extension with either ROM or NZ for the three fixation methods. Conclusions. The spines treated with ACDFTP demonstrated the most effective stabilization, followed by those treated with ACDFPW, and then ACDFP. The spines receiving ACDFP also revealed a higher stability than the intact spine in most loading modes; thus ACDFP can also provide a relatively effective stabilization in bilateral cervical facet dislocation, but with the aid of a brace.

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Oberkircher, Ludwig, Sebastian Born, Johannes Struewer, Christopher Bliemel, Benjamin Buecking, Christina Wack, Martin Bergmann, Steffen Ruchholtz, and Antonio Krüger. "Biomechanical evaluation of the impact of various facet joint lesions on the primary stability of anterior plate fixation in cervical dislocation injuries: a cadaver study." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 21, no. 4 (October 2014): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.6.spine13523.

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Object Injuries of the subaxial cervical spine including facet joints and posterior ligaments are common. Potential surgical treatments consist of anterior, posterior, or anterior-posterior fixation. Because each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, the best treatment is debated. This biomechanical cadaver study compared the effect of different facet joint injuries on primary stability following anterior plate fixation. Methods Fractures and plate fixation were performed on 15 fresh-frozen intact cervical spines (C3–T1). To simulate a translation-rotation injury in all groups, complete ligament rupture and facet dislocation were simulated by dissecting the entire posterior and anterior ligament complex between C-4 and C-5. In the first group, the facet joints were left intact. In the second group, one facet joint between C-4 and C-5 was removed and the other side was left intact. In the third group, both facet joints between C-4 and C-5 were removed. The authors next performed single-level anterior discectomy and interbody grafting using bone material from the respective thoracic vertebral bodies. An anterior cervical locking plate was used for fixation. Continuous loading was performed using a servohydraulic test bench at 2 N/sec. The mean load failure was measured when the implant failed. Results In the group in which both facet joints were intact, the mean load failure was 174.6 ± 46.93 N. The mean load failure in the second group where only one facet joint was removed was 127.8 ± 22.83 N. In the group in which both facet joints were removed, the mean load failure was 73.42 ± 32.51 N. There was a significant difference between the first group (both facet joints intact) and the third group (both facet joints removed) (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). Conclusions In this cadaver study, primary stability of anterior plate fixation for dislocation injuries of the subaxial cervical spine was dependent on the presence of the facet joints. If the bone in one or both facet joints is damaged in the clinical setting, anterior plate fixation in combination with bone grafting might not provide sufficient stabilization; additional posterior stabilization may be needed.

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Kim, Seul Gi, Seon Joo Park, Hui Sun Wang, Chang Il Ju, Sung Myung Lee, and Seok Won Kim. "Anterior Approach Following Intraoperative Reduction for Cervical Facet Fracture and Dislocation." Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 63, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2019.0139.

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45

Hussain, Manzar, Sadaf Nasir, Ghulam Murtaza, Umber Moeed, and Muhammad Ehsan Bari. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cervical Facet Dislocation: A Third World Perspective." Asian Spine Journal 6, no. 1 (2012): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4184/asj.2012.6.1.29.

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46

Salomone, Joseph A., and Mark T. Steele. "An unusual presentation of bilateral facet dislocation of the cervical spine." Annals of Emergency Medicine 16, no. 12 (December 1987): 1390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(87)80429-8.

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47

Mu, Zhiping, and Zhengfeng Zhang. "Risk factors for tracheostomy after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 27, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 230949901986180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499019861809.

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Objective: To determine the risk factors for the need of tracheostomy after cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) at the acute stage. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed 294 patients with acute traumatic CSCI in Xinqiao Hospital between 2012 and 2016 and analyzed the factors postulated to increase the risk for tracheostomy, including patient’s age, neurological impairment scale grade and level, smoking history, combined injury, and surgical intervention. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factor for the need of tracheostomy. Results: Of 294 patients, 52 patients received tracheostomy (17.7%). The factor identified by demographics and outcomes were smoking history, cause of injury, neurological impairment scale grade and level, and combined dislocation. A multiple logistic regression model demonstrated that age of 60 years older, combined facet dislocation, C4 level high, and the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A and B scale were predictive of need for tracheostomy on 95% occasions. Conclusion: The high age of 60 years, combined facet dislocation, C4 level high, and ASIA A and B scale are indispensable to predict the need for tracheostomy in patients with CSCI at the acute stage.

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Haimovich, Liad, Ofir Uri, Jacob Bickels, Gil Laufer, Gabriel Gutman, Yoram Folman, and Eyal Behrbalk. "Bilateral traumatic C6-C7 facet dislocation with C6 spondyloptosis and large disk sequestration in a neurologically intact patient." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 8 (January 2020): 2050313X2092918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x20929189.

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Traumatic cervical spondyloptosis is an uncommon and severe form of facet joint dislocation that commonly leads to severe neurological damage. Decision making regarding the reduction and fixation technique is challenging, especially when a patient is neurologically intact, since an undiagnosed prolapsed disk at the involved level may lead to severe neurological consequences during reduction. A 24-year-old male was admitted after sustaining a severe direct axial blow to his head. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed an acute C6C7 fracture dislocation with spondyloptosis of C6 vertebra and a large disk fragment posterior to C6 vertebral body. The patient was neurologically intact, apart from mild bilateral numbness over C6 distribution. The patient underwent C6 corpectomy to avoid acute cord compression related to the large sequestered disk behind C6 vertebra. Following C6 corpectomy, we were unable to exert enough axial pull to reduce the facet dislocation through the anterior approach. Therefore, the reduction was performed through a posterior approach with C5T1 posterior fusion, followed by anterior cage placement and C5-7 anterior fusion (front-back-front approach). At postoperative follow-up of 24 months, the patient demonstrated a full and pain-free cervical range-of-motion and remained neurologically intact. Follow-up radiographs of the cervical spine demonstrated good instrumental alignment with solid fusion at 6-month follow-up.

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Noguchi, Hiroshi, Masao Koda, Toru Funayama, Hiroshi Takahashi, Kousei Miura, and Masashi Yamazaki. "Progressive Kyphosis Deformity with Facet Subluxation after Cervical Expansive Laminoplasty: A Case Report." Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 12, no. 4 (2022): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2022.v12.i04.2782.

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Introduction: In Japan, laminoplasty is often chosen over anterior surgery for the treatment cervical spondylotic myelopathy because most patients are the elderly with multiple stenoses. Laminoplasty is associated with lower perioperative risk, and it can be executed by inexperienced surgeons with relative ease. However, it is also associated with progression of kyphosis, which can result in the deterioration of neck pain and recurrence of myelopathy. Herein, we present a case in which kyphosis deformity progressed post-laminoplasty, resulting in intervertebral joint dislocation and worsening myelopathy. Case Presentation: A 70-year-old Japanese man who underwent laminoplasty 10 months ago, presented with worsening myelopathy symptoms that had recurred after previously persisting for several days. These symptoms were associated with restenosis of the spinal canal at the C4/5 level due to spondylolisthesis and facet dislocation. As a corrective surgery, we performed anterior-posterior surgery. His post-operative course was almost satisfactory, and post-operative magnetic resonance imaging showed an improvement in spinal cord compression. Conclusion: Progressive kyphosis deformity can rarely lead to dislocation of the intervertebral joints, worsening myelopathy. Although the prevention of kyphotic deformity is still difficult, laminoplasty should be performed in patients with a high risk of post-operative kyphosis, such as in this case, considering the possibility of deterioration of myelopathy associated with kyphosis.

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Bechet, Fabian Roland, Pierre Stassen, Dan Scorpie, and Thierry Della Siega. "Delayed Treatment of Traumatic Cervical Dislocation: A Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2022 (March 2, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7756484.

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Neglected unreduced cervical dislocation is very uncommon. In our case (a lady who stayed asymptomatic for 13 months before development of cervicobrachialgia), the anterior reduction/arthrodesis was easy, and we did not find any benefit from an additional posterior procedure thanks to a congenital block between C7 and T1 vertebral bodies. This point is nevertheless a matter of debate. After a review of the literature, we did not find any consensus about the ideal scheme and sequence to reduce and stabilize this delayed type of cervical trauma. We emphasize the need of dynamic radiographies to exclude unstable injuries but also a prereduction MRI (especially in unexaminable patients) to detect any dangerous disc fragment. If there is no visible change in the radiological status while attempting to reduce the dislocation by external maneuvers, there is little chance to reduce it successfully only by a single approach. Therefore, in irreducible delayed dislocations, it seems safer to prepare the reduction/fusion stage (either anterior/posterior, depending on the habits and skills of the surgeon) by a first stage carrying out a release of the fibrous tissues on the opposite side (either posterior to release the facet joints or anterior to release the intervertebral disc), followed by the reduction/fusion stage itself and then by a third stage to lock the level. Like many authors, we recommend an anterior approach first in case of an extruded disc visible on the MRI, and therefore, we show a preference for the anterior-posterior-anterior sequence in irreducible delayed cervical dislocations.

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