Дисертації з теми "Certification FSC"

First time name of certification were mentioned 1990s concerning a problems with bad forest practices, hard improvement of governmental regulations especial in tropics. Later this concern were growing to 1992 Rio de Janeiro conference. And so, need of strict forest system in 1993 established Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Main activities started later 1996 in Canada with small group of people which started developing countries regional standards (Claros, 2009). Now FSC program is one of the biggest forest certification and accreditation providing company providing wood and their products and certification service. This program supports LEED Lumber, IKEA, biggest companies buying wood in the world, non governamental organisations World wild Fund (WWF), Green peace (www.fsc.org). The curiosity of how FSC forest certification impact forest management in Lithuania and Russia and lack of FSC standard studies with national law encouraged to create such study. We want to analyze FSC certification annual public reports raised CAR’s (Corrective action request) from Forest Management Units (FMU) - enterprises, leaseholders in Lithuania and Russia. The first aim was to find, what main CAR’s in Lithuania, Russia and distribute CAR’s to environmental, economical, social type aspects. In later stages analyze Lithuanian and Russian FSC standards Smart Wood, SGS Qualifor and Russian national. In the last step to compare FSC standards with state law for each country. Analysis of... [to full text]
Pagal FSC standartus miškai pradėti sertifikuoti nuo 1993 metų. Patogi sertifikavimo sistema leido minėtam standartui išplisti visame pasaulyje. Bolivijoje, Brazilijoje, Indonezijoje FSC sertifikavimas vis dar plečiamas (Claros, 2009). Sertifikacijos dėka gerinama miškų valdymo kokybė, biologinės įvairovės apsauga, sprendžiamos darbuotojų saugos problemos. Šio standarto visapusišku naudingumu neabejoja daugelis FSC rėmėjų: LEED Lumber, IKEA, bei didžiausios miško produktus superkančios ar nevyriausybinės organizacijos, Pasaulio gamtos fondas (World wild Fund WWF), Green peace (www.fsc.org). Mokslinių darbų, nagrinėjančių miškų sertifikaciją objektyviai, yra nedaug ir miškų sertifikavimo tema nėra plačiai nagrinėjama palyginus su socialiniais, miško gyvosios ir negyvosios gamtos sąveikos tyrimais. Miškų sertifikavimo standartų palyginamųjų darbų taip pat yra negausu. Šio darbo sukūrimo pagrindas – galimybė išanalizuoti skirtumus tarp FSC sertifikuotų kaimyninių šalių (Lietuvos ir Rusijos) miškų tvarkymo vienetų ir naudojimo standartų (MTV – Lietuvoje valstybinių miškų įmonių urėdijų ir Rusijoje miškų ūkių ir miškų nuomotojų). Taip pat norima sužinoti, ar Lietuvoje ir Rusijoje susiduriama su skirtingais sertifikavimo pažeidimais. Šių pažeidimų koregavimo veiksmų reikalavimų (KVR) aspektų pagalba palyginti Lietuvos ir Rusijos FSC miškų valdymo sertifikacijos standartus bei su standartais susijusi šalių miškų teisė. Kita šio darbo dalis, skirta ištirti kokią įtaką ekonominės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This study was conducted to examine the availability of certified timber products in the consumer market in Hong Kong and the popularity of FSC timber products in the Hong Kong consumer market. Consumers’ level of environmental friendliness; their view of the use of timber to the environment; the factors affecting their choice of timber for household renovation; their awareness on the term “FSC” and the kind of FSC products they are aware of; consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) and WTP premium level for FSC products in Hong Kong, are studied. Moreover, the effectiveness of various kinds of marketing and promotion techniques FSC could adopt in Hong Kong, are reviewed. Site investigations to the “renovation streets” in Wanchai and Mongkok were carried out and it is found that a high percentage of wooden floorings shops (79% in Wanchai and 77% in Mongkok) carry products with the timber certification logos (FSC and/or PEFC). Despite this significant percentage of shops carrying products with the timber certification logos, it is also found that there is generally a lack of awareness amongst the shopkeepers on the FSC labels/logos that are shown on their products. For the online questionnaire survey, a total of 146 questionnaires werecollected and the study revealed that 25% of the respondents areaware of the term “FSC”. While 80% of the participants thought that the use of timber products for flooring and furniture for household renovation have an adverse impact to the natural environment, the impact to the environment is not the main factor that will affect people's purchase decision. The majority of respondents (68%) indicated that they “Only generally aware of the term ‘FSC timber products’ or equivalent terms” and FSC paper is the major kind of FSC products they have heard of. For the WTP for a premium for FSC timber products, 47% of the respondents agree with a premium; the majority of respondents (72%) opted for a 0-10% WTP premium with a mean premium WTP level of 9.06%. Based on the literature review and study, it could be concluded that the awareness of the FSC certifications, together with the availability of FSC certified timber products in the consumer market, are the keys to create market demand for FSC products. And it could be done via efforts from environmental NGOs by persuading businesses to choose certified timber products and educating consumers to raise their awareness of FSC products. Together with efforts from FSC to be more proactive via online media as well as creating new labels for retailers, it is hoped that the popularity of FSC products in Hong Kong could be enhanced.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti pagrindines FSC standarto poveikio sritis. Tikslui pasiekti buvo apklausos Lietuvos valstybinės miškų urėdijos, kaip pagrindinis sertifikavimo objektas. Didesniam analizės patikimumui pasiekti buvo atlikta ir pilotinė girininkijų apklausa. Šių apklausų rezultatai buvo lyginami ir analizuojami. Norint giliau ištirti sertifikavimo poveikį išorinėms suinteresuotosioms grupėms buvo apklausti keturių numatytų grupių atstovai. Apklausų rezultatai susisteminti ir apibendrinti. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, jog sertifikavimas nepadarė žymaus poveikio miškų valdymui. Urėdijų ir girininkijų darbuotojai atsakymai buvo panašūs. Daugiausiai žymesnių teigiamų pokyčių buvo nustatyta socialinėje srityje. Aukščiausiai teigiamai įvertinti klausimai buvo susiję su lengvai pastebimais, išmatuojamais ir palyginamais pokyčiais. Sudėtingesni ir sunkiau pastebimi pokyčiai buvo įvertinti beveik neutraliai. Pvz.: “Valstybinių miškų rūšinė sudėtis”. Tai gali būti siejama su miško ekosistemų specifika. Ekonominių pokyčių vertinimo analizė atskleidė, jog po sertifikavimo urėdijos prekių kaina ir paklausa pakito labai nežymiai. Ekonominės paskatos yra pagrindinis sertifikavimą skatinantis veiksnys, tad galima teigti, jog Lietuvoje miško savininkai yra silpnai skatinami sertifikuoti savo valdas. Sertifikavimo poveikio skirtingoms suinteresuotosioms grupėms analizė parodė, jog reikšmingai skiriasi valstybinių ir privačių grupių atstovų nuomonės. Privačių organizacijų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of this paper is to analyze the main impacts of the FSC. In order to achieve this goal, the survey was the Lithuanian state forest enterprises as the main subject of the certification. For added reliability analysis was performed to achieve the rangers and the pilot survey. The survey results were compared and analyzed. To further investigate the impact of certification on external stakeholders were interviewed by the four groups. Structured interviews and summarized results. The study found that the certification had no significant effect on forest management. Enterprises and district staff responses were similar. The most significant positive changes were found in the social sphere. Extra points were assessed positively associated with easily discernible, measurable and comparable developments. The more complex and more difficult to assess changes were evaluated as almost neutral. For example. "State forest composition”. This can be attributed to the specifics of forest ecosystems. Economic impact analysis revealed that after certification of enterprises, and the price of goods and demand has changed very slightly. Economic incentives are a key factor leading to certification, so it can be stated that Lithuanian owners are not encouraged to certify their holdings. The certification effect analysis of different stakeholders showed the significant differences between public and private groups opinion. The Private organizations were less active and the means of... [to full text]

As certificações socioambientais, a fim de tornarem-se mais acessíveis a pequenos produtores proporcionam métodos alternativos para obtenção dos selos. O FSC, além da possibilidade de certificação em grupo oferece, desde 2004, o padrão de certificação Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF). No Brasil, para atender a alta demanda do mercado e manterem-se competitivas, empresas florestais, além de estabelecer contratos de fomento, vêm incentivando e auxiliando pequenos produtores a certificarem-se. Para os pequenos produtores, a certificação pode contribuir com a diversificação dos meios de vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) caracterizar quais são os fatores que geram mudanças nos meios de vida de grupos de pequenos produtores florestais fomentados certificados; e ii) verificar a influência do tempo de certificação na mudança dos capitais dos meios de vida destes grupos. Para isso foram estudados quatro grupos de produtores florestais fomentados e certificados com FSC SLIMF, e um grupo fomentado, porém não certificado. Estes grupos localizam-se nas regiões brasileiras do extremo sul do estado da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo, e vale do rio Tibagi, no estado do Paraná. Os grupos foram caracterizados por meio de entrevistas e levantamento bibliográfico. Os impactos da certificação nos meios de vida dos grupos de pequenos produtores florestais foram mensurados por meio questionário baseado em adaptação da abordagem dos Meios de Vida Sustentáveis. Foram propostos cenários da influência da certificação nos meios de vida de cada grupo certificado e interpretadas as interações entre os capitais dos meios de vida. O bom desempenho da certificação foi influenciado pela demanda do mercado por produtos certificados, pela situação prévia do capital social dos grupos de produtores e suas condições socioeconômicas. A certificação FSC SLIMF promoveu mudanças positivas em todos os capitais dos meios de vida, porém em intensidade diferente em cada grupo. Foi unânime a percepção de maior mudança no capital natural. O capital financeiro, principal motivador para participação na certificação, não apresentou o Preço Premium esperado pelos produtores. O tempo de certificação influenciou positivamente os resultados em todos os meios de vida, entretanto o engajamento e a participação dos membros na gestão dos grupos é determinante para o sucesso da certificação. Aspectos como escolaridade e renda influenciaram no interesse em se certificar e na percepção de melhorias.
Socio-environmental certifications, in order to become more accessible to small producers, provide alternative methods of obtaining the acreditation. The FSC, in addition to the possibility of group certification, has offered the Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF) certification standard since 2004. Brazilians forestry companies, in order to meet the market\'s high demand and to remain competitive, not only have established outgrower schemes, but also have encouraged and assisted small producers to certificate. Certification can contribute to the diversification of smallholders\' livelihoods. The present study had as objectives: i) to characterize the factors that generate changes in groups of certified forest smallholders\' livelihoods; and ii) to verify the influence of time of certification on the change of livelihood assets of these groups. Four groups of FSC SLIMF certified smallholders outgrowers, and a not certified smallholder outgrower group were selected to this study. These groups are located in the Brazilian regions of the extreme south of Bahia and north of Espirito Santo, and the Tibagi river valley in Paraná. The groups were characterized by interviews and bibliographic surveys. The certifications\' impacts on the smallholders\' livelihoods were measured using a questionnaire based on an adaptation of the Sustainable Livelihoods approach. Scenarios on the certification\'s influence on each group\'s livelihoods were developed and the interactions between livelihood capitals were interpreted. The certification\'s positive performance was influenced by the market demand for certified products, the smallholders groups previous situation on the social capital and their socioeconomic conditions. The FSC SLIMF certification promoted positive changes in all livelihoods\' capitals, but at different intensities in each group. The perception of higher change in the natural capital was unanimous. The financial capital, considered to be the main participation motivator in the certification, did not present the Premium Price expected by the producers. Certification time positively influenced outcomes across all livelihoods, however engagement and participation of group members in management is key to successful certification. Aspects such as schooling and income influenced the interest in pursuing certification and perceiving improvements.

O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar como as empresas comunicam ao público externo, por meio do resumo público de auditoria, suas dificuldades (representadas pelas não conformidades) para atender aos requisitos socioambientais da certificação FSC. Foi considerada a influência da configuração da auditoria na comunicação às partes externas. Foram coletados dados secundários de 95 resumos públicos das auditorias executadas entre 2010 e 2015, analisados pela técnica da análise de conteúdo com o intuito de identificar as principais áreas temáticas as quais as não conformidades evidenciadas se referiam, sendo mapeado um total de onze áreas temáticas. Com base em análise estatística descritiva (testes de Kruskal Wallis e Chi quadrado) buscou-se identificar as relações entre as características das auditorias definidas (Tamanho da equipe auditora, Diversidade na formação da equipe, Tempo de auditoria, Empresa certificadora e Evento de auditoria) e as áreas temáticas identificadas. Atendimento à legislação do trabalho; Plano de manejo; Qualidade do monitoramento do sistema; e Comunicação e relacionamento com o público foram as áreas temáticas com maior quantidade de não conformidades. Identificou-se que, com exceção de casos específicos, não há relações significativas entre as características das auditorias e a comunicação de não conformidades. No entanto, isso não quer dizer que a maneira como a auditoria ocorre não influencie a qualidade dos resultados obtidos, pois há outros fatores, como a qualidade e veracidade das não conformidades apontadas, a ser considerados. Os relatórios públicos de auditoria representam um avanço na comunicação dos resultados socioambientais obtidos, que convergem com a necessidade de transparência da certificação. Entretanto, há de se evoluir na busca da divulgação de resultados de maneira mais clara e organizada e na relação com comunidades do entorno dos empreendimentos florestais
The study aimed to analyze how companies communicate to the public through the public summary of audit their difficulties (represented by the non-conformities) to meet the environmental requirements of FSC certification. The influence of the configuration of the audit was considered on the results obtained in the process, results these communicated to external parties. We collected secondary data from 95 public summaries carried out between 2010 and 2015, analyzed by the content analysis technique in order to identify the main thematic areas which non-conformities referred, and mapped a total of eleven thematic areas. Based on descriptive statistical analysis (Kruskal Wallis test and Chi square) sought to identify the relationship between the characteristics of the audits defined (Size of the audit team, Diversity in the training of staff, Audit time, Certifying company and Audit event) and thematic areas identified. The Compliance with labor legislation; Management plan; Quality of system monitoring; Communication and relationship with the public were the thematic areas with the highest number of non-conformities. It was found that, except for specific cases, there is no significant relationship between the characteristics of the audits and the disclosure of non-conformities. However, this does not mean that the way the audit happen not influence the quality of the results, as there are other factors such as the quality and truthfulness of non-compliances identified to be considered. Public reports represent a breakthrough in communication of socioenvironmental results obtained, converging with the need for transparency in the certification. However, is necessary to evolve in pursuit of disseminating results in a more clear and organized way and at the relation with the communities that surrounding enterprise

En viktig målsättning i den svenska skogspolitiken är att skogsbruket ska bedrivas på ett hållbart sätt och i Skogsvårdslagen är produktionsmålen och miljömålen jämställda. Skogsägare kan utöver detta åta sig att certifiera sin fastighet, antingen genom FSC eller PEFC. Certifiering är ett marknadsdrivet, frivilligt åtagande och handlar om att ta ett större ansvar för miljö och natur än vad Skogsvårdslagen kräver.  Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra förekomst av naturvärden på certifierade fastigheter och icke-certifierade fastigheter genom fältinventering av utvalda kriterier. Kriterierna valdes utifrån mätbara och synliga indikatorer på naturvärden och utifrån faktorer som speglar variationsrikedom, hänsyn, kontinuitet, flora-och faunaobjekt och återväxt. I denna studie har vi arbetat fram en funktionell inventeringsmall i syfte att kartlägga naturvärden på fastighetsnivå.  En slutsats från inventeringen var att naturens egna förutsättningar är en viktig faktor för förekomsten av naturvärden i högre grad än om fastigheten är certifierad eller inte.

Forest Stewardship council (FSC) is a good example of a civil regulated environmental labelling-initiative. It is also an arena for different organisations interesting in sustainable forestry to work and handle forestry issues. FSC has allowed many private initiatives to move ahead of poor national and international environmental legislation. Instead they have turned towards the market with consumer pressure and in co-operation with companies. The sustainable forestry initiative has become a part of organisations’ ‘Environmental Responsibility’ which is a part of their ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ (CSR) work. The aim of my thesis is to describe the phenomenon of FSC, both practically and theoretically, from a stakeholder approach. I have picked out two companies which are heavily involved in the FSC practice, IKEA and Sveaskog. The two companies are important players in shaping and developing FSC. The different practices are handled as two separate case-studies. A third case-study explores FSC both on national and international basis. The following research question will be answered: From a stakeholder view, how does FSC works in practice? To describe these three forestry practices is a contribution in itself. I will also use an analysing tool inspired by stakeholder theory to make the studies’ stakeholder partnerships as clear as possible. With the knowledge exposed in answering the first question I will further ask: Can stakeholder partnerships in a civil regulated environmental practice, create sustainability? Kemp’s (2005) five dimensions for sustainability improve the understanding. Every dimension will be followed by an interpretation from my forestry practice in the previous chapter. Both IKEA and Sveaskog drives an ambitious work to create sustainable business, which will be analysed through an ethical-, social-, nature-philosophic-, economic- and legal perspective of the sustainability concept.

The thesis is analysed by an explorative methodological approach with qualitative data, since it best can encapsulate the essence of the complexity which constitutes the answers to the research questions. Each case study will be described in separate texts which make up multiple realities mentally constructed by ourselves.

The analysis shows, both for Sveaskog and IKEA, that stakeholder partnerships generate a number of things. The partnerships generate constructive interaction where new and experienced ideas are born; obligations, processes and responsibilities for their stakeholder engagement; and environmental and social benefits in terms of FSC and other civil regulations and what environmental and social benefits the work leads to. But my description and analysis of the practice and the stakeholder analysis do not answer the general question of the thesis: Can stakeholder partnerships create sustainability?

When going through the critical voices from the five dimensions of sustainability, the task of creating sustainability seems to be impossible. I have confronted the five dimensions with environmental and social responsibility practice in Sveaskog and IKEA, and found substantial efforts in each and every dimension of sustainability. This practical work seems hopeful, whether there is sustainability or not, a serious ambition and extensive goals sometimes makes a difference.

O conceito de Alto Valor de Conservação (AVC) foi desenvolvido pela certificação florestal FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), e tem por objetivo designar áreas com características excepcionais devido a presença de importantes atributos, divididos nas seguintes categorias: florestas com concentração significativa de biodiversidade; grandes áreas florestais em nível de paisagem, que contenham populações viáveis da grande maioria das espécies de ocorrência natural; áreas florestais contidas ou que contém ecossistemas raros, ameaçados ou em perigo; áreas florestais em situações críticas que forneçam serviços básicos da natureza; áreas florestais fundamentais para atender necessidades básicas das comunidades locais; áreas florestais críticas para a identidade cultural tradicional de comunidades locais. Trata-se de um conceito inovador ao incluir aspectos sociais e culturais, razão pela qual tem sido amplamente utilizado fora do setor florestal, sendo incorporado por esquemas de certificação ligados a commodities e biocombustíveis, empresas de cadeia de logística (produção) e instituições financeiras. A identificação dos atributos pode ser feita seguindo-se uma abordagem genérica, na qual o manejo deve contribuir para manutenção ou incremento dos atributos identificados seguindo uma abordagem de precaução, incluindo as comunidades locais no processo de identificação das áreas de AVC. Para melhor uso deste conceito em situações específicas, alguns países adaptam os conceitos gerais em documentos chamados de Interpretação Nacional. O Brasil é um dos países que ainda não possuem uma interpretação Nacional e, portanto, a identificação de áreas de AVC é feita utilizando-se a abordagem genérica. Este trabalho se propõe a uma análise ampla do uso do conceito de AVC em três diferentes escalas: análise das publicações existentes sobre o tema, aplicação regional por meio das interpretações nacionais e uso do conceito no Brasil pelos empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado pelo FSC. O capítulo 1 consiste em uma revisão estruturada das publicações existentes a nível mundial sobre o tema, que possibilitou a formação de uma base considerando as principais informações disponíveis sobre o tema. No capítulo 2 aprofunda-se em uma análise do conceito regional, considerando apenas os países que possuem uma interpretação nacional, reconhecendo as diferenças e características próprias de cada local. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo tem como foco específico os empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado no Brasil, possibilitando o levantamento dos atributos identificados até o momento e a realização de uma análise das etapas de condução dos estudos de AVC por meio de questionários.
The concept of High Conservation Value (AVC) was developed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and its purpose is to designate areas with exceptional characteristics due to the presence of important attributes, divided into the following categories: forests with a significant concentration of biodiversity; large landscape-level forest areas containing viable populations of the vast majority of naturally occurring species; forest areas contained or containing rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems; forest areas in critical situations that provide basic services of nature; areas that are fundamental to meeting the basic needs of local communities; areas critical for the traditional cultural identity of local communities. It is an innovative concept to include social and cultural aspects, which is why it has been widely used outside the forest sector, being incorporated by certification schemes linked to commodities and biofuels, logistics chain companies (production) and financial institutions. The identification of the attributes can be done following a generic approach, in which the management should contribute to the maintenance or increment of the attributes identified following a precautionary approach, including the local communities in the process of identifying the areas of HCV. To better use this concept in specific situations, some countries adapt the general concepts into documents called National Interpretation. Brazil is one of the countries that do not yet have a national interpretation and, therefore, the identification of areas of HCV is done using the generic approach. This work proposes a broad analysis of the use of the concept of HCV in three different scales: analysis of existing publications on the theme, regional application through national interpretations and use of the concept in Brazil by the forest management companies certified by the FSC. Chapter 1 consists of a structured review of the existing worldwide publications on the subject, which enabled the formation of a base considering the main information available on the theme. In Chapter 2, the analysis of the regional concept is analyzed, considering only the countries that have a national interpretation, recognizing the differences and characteristics of each place. Finally, the third chapter focuses specifically on certified forest management projects in Brazil, enabling the identification of attributes identified so far and conducting an analysis of the stages of conduction of HCV studies through questionnaires.

Document 1 : Présentation du dossier de recherche doctoralCe document expose brièvement notre itinéraire de recherche afin de mieux comprendre la double démarche que nous avons adoptée et la structure particulière de ce dossier. D‘un côté, ce dossier comprend une série de travaux publiés sur la question des transformations politiques induites par les dispositifs de certification de la gestion forestière. De l‘autre, il présente un travail de recherche qui porte spécifiquement sur les questions d‘efficacité environnementale des dispositifs internationaux de prise en charge du problème de déclin des forêts tropicales.Dans ce premier document, nous introduisons les problématiques abordées et les disciplines mobilisées dans le cadre de ces deux démarches. Nous évoquons également notre posture de recherche. Puis nous mentionnons les perspectives qu‘offrent ces travaux de recherche : en réduisant la distance qui mène vers l‘évaluation des dispositifs de prise en charge du problème de déclin des forêts tropicales humides, ces deux démarches offrent des perspectives de travaux de recherche futurs portant sur l‘efficacité écologique de la gestion des forêts tropicales humides.Document 2 - Transformations politiques induites par l’émergence d’un dispositif de certification de la gestion forestière : le cas du FSCCe document est consacré à l‘analyse des effets politiques d‘un dispositif de certification de la gestion forestière, le Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Il intègre un recueil de cinq textes publiés dans des ouvrages et revues scientifiques entre 2007 et 2011, dans le cadre de notre participation au projet NORMES « Réguler par les normes : les dispositifs de normalisation dans la gouvernance du développement durable » financé par l‘Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR). Les publications sont précédées par un texte de cadrage qui présente l‘historique et les rouages du dispositif FSC. Ces travaux de recherche permettent d‘améliorer notre compréhension des transformations politiques induites par l‘émergence du FSC. Nous mettons en avant les innovations institutionnelles produites par le FSC, la portée et les limites de mise en œuvre de ce dispositif volontaire, les changements comportementaux qu‘il induit, les effets détournés qu‘il génère, notamment en termes d’équité entre les catégories d‘acteurs concernées. L‘analyse des rapports publics-privés montre que loin d‘être un dispositif privé isolé, le FSC a une certaine influence sur l‘élaboration des politiques publiques et réciproquement, son développement est conditionné par un certain degré d‘intervention étatique.Document 3 – Poser les bases d’un référentiel d’évaluation des dispositifs de prise en charge du problème du déclin des forêts tropicales humidesCe document présente le travail de recherche que nous avons conduit sur les questions d‘efficacité environnementale des dispositifs de prise en charge des problèmes de déforestation et de dégradation des forêts tropicales humides. Face au constat de cette insuffisante prise en charge, malgré les déclarations internationales et les nombreux dispositifs qui se succèdent depuis plusieurs décennies, nous nous sommes penchés sur les cadres d‘évaluation qui permettraient de mesurer l‘efficacité environnementale des dispositifs à l’œuvre
Document 1: Presentation of the doctoral research dossierThis document presents the general framework of the doctoral research dossier. It intends to briefly explain the research methodology, in order to better understand the dual approach adopted and the structure of this doctoral research. On the one hand, the dossier is based on several articles published on the issue of forest certification schemes political transformations. On the other hand, the dossier includes a research on the issue of environmental effectiveness of rainforest management devices. This first document introduces the critical stand, the issues addressed and the disciplines involved in these two approaches. Finally, the prospects offered by this research are mentioned.Document 2: Political transformations induced by the development of forest management certification: the case of FSC.This document analyses the political impact of a forest management certification device: the Forest Steward Council (FSC). It integrates five articles published in academic/scientific books and journals between 2007 and 2011, which were published in the framework of the NORMES research project “Regulation by standards : the instruments of regulations in the governance of sustainable development”, financed by the French National Agency of Research (ANR). The publications are preceded by a framing text which presents the background and the working of the FSC-instrument, and then introduces the texts succinctly.The research activities permit to enhance the understanding of political transformations, induced by the FSC. The institutional innovations which were produced by the FSC will be emphasized, as well as the reach and the limits of this voluntary instrument, the behavorial changes it brings about, and the side-effects it generates, in particular in terms of equity between the concerned players in this field.Finally, the analysis of the public-private relations shows that, far from being a private and isolated instrument, the FSC exerts a certain influence on the elaboration of public politics, and, reciprocally, its development is conditioned by a certain degree of governmental intervention.Document 3: Laying the bases of a benchmark for assessing the devices which corner the deforestation and rainforest degradation problems.This document concentrates on the issue of effectiveness of the devices which tackle the problems of deforestation and rainforest degradation. The starting point of this work is the problem-solving difficulties, despite repeated international statements and devices adopted in recent decades.Based on these observations, the research focuses on evaluation frameworks that would assess the environmental effectiveness of such devices. It starts with a critical analysis of the theoretical framework used to address global environmental issues, specifically the effectiveness of global environmental regimes theories (Underdal, 1992, Young, 1998). Then, an extensive literature review on the rainforest management issues is presented, showing the complexity of the problem. The research pointed out the failures of the current approaches implemented to tackle the deforestation and rainforest degradation. Finally, by using the framework of the Strategic analysis of environmental management (Mermet 1992, 1998, Mermet & a, 2005, 2010), this study demonstrated that despite the complexity of the deforestation and rainforest degradation problem, it is legitimate, useful and possible to construct a referential for evaluation focused on environmental challenges that forests are facing. The basis of this framework is laid out, by detailing the principal elements that will be able to frame the evaluation of the effectiveness of the management of these forests

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The silviculture activity, as well as other economic activities (industrial, agrarian, farming, etc.), can cause environmental impacts, both positive and negative, according to a number of circumstances, such as in relation to the conditions prior to planting, water regime in the region, the biome of insertion of the activity, the management techniques employed, the integration of the local population, among others. Plantations of exotic species (ex. genera Eucalyptus and Pinus) have been the subject of severe criticism regarding the possible reduction of biodiversity. These criticisms have arisen from situations and relationships that conflict that have occurred, for decades, between those responsible for the implementation and use of these plantations on one side and the other people aware of the need for preservation of biodiversity. In this study we selected 15 Brazilian companies that are certified to the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) with the aim of assessing whether the Management Plans from forests certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) had evidence of the use of the results of monitoring of biodiversity (especially fauna) in interventions of forest management aimed at biological conservation. The method used was the documentary analysis of the Public Summaries of the Management Plans, between the years of 2011 to 2015, available on the internet. Among the several results obtained, of note is the fact that the 15 forestry companies, 13 (87%) conducted an inventory of qualitative and quantitative aspects of wild fauna, and analyzing the total hectares of areas monitored in relation to the total number of areas in plantation of eucalyptus, in 8 (53%) forestry companies monitoring is conducted in areas that have a range of 5% to 47% of the areas under certification. We can observe, through critical analysis of their management plans, in which they are sampling of static form the structure of biodiversity, through lists of species. It concludes that there are no concrete evidence of the use of information obtained through monitoring of fauna for making decisions about the best ways of intervention of forest management, indicating uncertainty when the real possibility of same to assist in the conservation of biodiversity. This way, was proposed a protocol model for monitoring of fauna, with specific methodologies for the group of wild mammals. In this case, the results can be used in the assessment of the impacts of forest management of forestry companies contributing to the fitting of the form of forest management compatible with the maintenance of its biodiversity.
A atividade de silvicultura, assim como outras atividades econômicas (industrial, agrária, pastoril, etc.), pode causar impactos ambientais, tanto positivos, quanto negativos, de acordo com uma série de circunstâncias, como em relação às condições prévias ao plantio, regime hídrico da região, o bioma de inserção da atividade, as técnicas de manejo empregadas, a integração da população local, entre outras. As plantações florestais de espécies exóticas (ex. gêneros Eucalyptus e Pinus) vêm sendo objeto de severas críticas quanto à possível redução da biodiversidade. Estas críticas surgiram a partir de situações e relações conflituosas que vêm ocorrendo, por décadas, entre aqueles responsáveis pela implantação e utilização destes plantios de um lado e do outro as pessoas conscientes da necessidade de preservação da biodiversidade. Nesse trabalho foram selecionadas 15 Empresas Florestais brasileiras que possuem certificação do Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) com o objetivo de avaliar se os Planos de Manejo de Florestas Certificadas pelo Conselho de Manejo Florestal no Brasil (FSC-Brasil) apresentaram evidências da utilização dos resultados de monitoramentos da biodiversidade (especialmente fauna) nas intervenções de manejo florestal voltadas à conservação biológica. O método utilizado foi da análise documental dos Resumos Públicos dos Planos de Manejo, entre os anos de 2011 a 2015, disponibilizados na internet. Dentre os vários resultados obtidos, destaca-se o fato de que das 15 empresas florestais, 13 (87%) realizaram inventários qualitativos e quantitativos da fauna silvestre, sendo que, analisando o total em hectares, de áreas monitoradas em relação ao total de áreas em plantio de eucaliptos, em 8 (53%) empresas florestais o monitoramento é realizado em áreas que apresentam um intervalo de 5% a 47% das áreas sob certificação. Podemos observar, através da análise crítica de seus planos de manejo, em que estão amostrando de forma estática a estrutura da biodiversidade, por meio de listas de espécies. Conclui-se, que não existem evidências concretas do uso das informações obtidas por meio do monitoramento da fauna para a tomada de decisões sobre as melhores formas de intervenção de manejo florestal, indicando incertezas quando a real possibilidade das mesmas em auxiliar na conservação da biodiversidade. Dessa forma, foi proposto um modelo de protocolo de monitoramento de fauna, específico com as metodologias para o grupo de mamíferos silvestres. Neste caso, os resultados podem ser utilizados na avaliação dos impactos do manejo florestal das empresas florestais contribuindo com as readequações da forma do manejo florestal compatíveis com a manutenção de sua biodiversidade.

A growing number of Swedish forest owners are choosing to certify their forestry. However, there appears to be a lack of field surveys which describe differences between certified and non-certified forests concerning the degree of completed environmental considerations. In order to know to what extent certified forests contribute towards improved environmental consideration, we need studies on how large the difference is in relation to non-certified forests. Differences between certified and non-certified forest clearings were quantified through an inventory of the number of retention trees, dead trees and snags. The result showed that the retained number of the investigated parameters varied greatly between individual clearings, regardless of certification status. However, the results suggested that the certified clearings had an average higher incidence ofthe investigated parameters. In comparison to statistics of southern Sweden's average, the results also suggested that the certified clearings (from the county “Blekinge”) most of the time had a higher incidence of the investigated parameters, while the non-certified clearings most of the time had a lower incidence of the investigated parameters. The environmental considerations on neither the certified nor the non-certified clearings were found to be near the highest amount that could be required by the Swedish forestry act. This observation is interesting, especially since the certified clearings would be expected to maintain a consistently high level in relation to the law requirement.

Miljöcertifieringssystemen PEFC och FSC ställer krav på uppföljning och revision för att säkerställa att kraven och kvalitén uppnås. Studiens syfte var att belysa de skogliga maskinentreprenörerna och förvaltarnas/virkesinköparnas erfarenheter av arbete med uppföljning inom miljöcertifierat skogsbruk. Materialet insamlades genom telefonintervjuer och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys, vilket ledde fram till resultatet. Uppföljningen och traktdirektivet har en viktig roll för att nå miljöcertifieringarnas krav. Dialog och delaktighet mellan de olika yrkesgrupperna var viktig, enligt respondenterna, för att miljöcertifieringen ska nå en hög kvalité och för att skapa engagemang och vilja att förbättra arbetet.
The environmental certification systems PEFC and FSC require follow-up and auditing to ensure that the requirements are followed and that quality is achieved. The purpose of this study was to illuminate the experience of machine entrepreneurs, forestry managers and timber buyers of work with evaluation of environmental certified forestry. Data was gathered through telephone interviews and was analysed using qualitative content analysis. Evaluation and contract directives have an important role in achieving environmental certification requirements. Dialogue and co-operation between the different groups is important, according to respondents, for environmental certifications to achieve high quality and to create commitment and desire to improve the work.

O sistema de certificação florestal FSC, cujo objetivo institucional é reduzir os impactos negativos da exploração predatória de florestas, é um mecanismo criado e governado por atores da sociedade civil. Sem dispor de poder governamental para regulamentar a forma de atuação do setor privado, o FSC define regras socioambientais de produção que são seguidas por milhares de empresas em centenas de países, representando cerca de 20% das áreas florestais produtivas. Atualmente o FSC reúne entre seus afiliados as principais organizações ambientalistas, movimentos sociais e empresas florestais do mundo. Estudar os mecanismos internos de funcionamento do FSC, utilizados para manter o apoio desta densa rede de organizações, cada qual com seus interesses específicos e muitas vezes antagônicos, de modo que consiga ser, ao mesmo tempo, uma oportunidade de ganhos para empresas privadas e uma estratégia de redução de impactos socioambientais para organizações ambientais e sociais, é o objetivo central desta dissertação de mestrado. Para isso foi analisado o desenho institucional do FSC e os mecanismos utilizados no processo de tomada de decisões, por meio de um estudo das últimas duas Assembléias Gerais do FSC (2005 e 2008), instância máxima de decisão do sistema. Este estudo foi realizado a partir de análises dos resultados das decisões tomadas nestas ocasiões, e de interpretações factuais do processo de negociação que existe entre os diferentes setores envolvidos. Estas assembléias constituem reais arenas de negociação entre os diversos atores interessados no setor florestal, sejam empresas privadas, organizações ambientalistas ou movimentos sociais, ambos com poder igualitário de voto em todas as decisões que definem o funcionamento do sistema. As análises realizadas nesta dissertação demonstraram que este desenho institucional de tomada de decisões é fundamental para a legitimação do sistema, e é em grande parte responsável por manter o apoio dos diversos setores. Ao compartilharem as decisões, prevalece um ambiente de confiança e cooperação entre os atores, que resulta em uma percepção de co-responsabilidade sobre a configuração do sistema. Esta situação não apresenta nenhum sinal de estabilidade, pelo contrário, é através das freqüentes contestações por parte dos atores que a legitimidade do sistema se reafirma periodicamente nos resultados obtidos nas Assembléias Gerais. Os resultados desta dissertação contribuem para o entendimento dos novos mecanismos de governança, onde a sociedade civil passa a ter um papel fundamental no enfrentamento dos grandes desafios globais.
The FSC forest certification system, which institutional goal is to reduce the negative impacts of predatory use of forests, is a mechanism created and managed by civil society actors. Without the governmental power to regulate the behavior of the private sector, the FSC has defined social and environmental standards that are followed by thousands of companies in hundreds of countries, representing around 20% of the world productive forest area. Currently FSC has the support of the major environmentalist organizations, social movements and private companies in the world. The central objective of this dissertation is to study the internal FSC mechanisms, applied to maintain the support of this dense network of organizations, each of those with its specific and most of the time opposed interests, able to be, at the same time, an opportunity of benefits for private companies, and a strategy to reduce the social and environmental impacts of harvesting activities for the civil society organizations. In order to achieve this, the FSC institutional design and decision making process were assessed, through an analysis of two FSC General Assemblies (2005 and 2008). The study has evaluated the results of the decisions that were taken by the FSC members in these two occasions, and the negotiation processes between the different stakeholders that were in place for the approval of such decisions. The FSC General Assembly configures a real negotiation arena, where private companies, environmentalists and social organizations have equal voting power in all decisions that affect the functioning of the system. The analyses demonstrates that the institutional design that defines the decision making process in FSC is crucial for the legitimacy of the system, and is in great part responsible to maintain the support of such diverse stakeholders group. Once the decisions are taken collectively, there´s a prevailing environment of trust and cooperation among stakeholders, resulting in a perception of co-responsibility over the general configuration of the system. This is far away from a stable situation, but rather it´s due to the frequent conflicts among stakeholders that the system´s legitimacy is periodically reaffirmed in the FSC General Assemblies. The result of this dissertation is a contribution for the general understanding of the new governance mechanisms, where civil society plays a fundamental role in addressing the major global challenges.

A Certificação do Conselho de Manejo Florestal (FSC) é um instrumento de gestão que tem como objetivo estimular manejo sustentável dos produtos florestais considerando aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Nos últimos anos, os esforços em promover a certificação comunitária como ferramenta para o desenvolvimento das populações rurais enfatizou os produtos florestais não-madeireiros (PFNM´s), gerando benefícios e inúmeros desafios, inclusive o de conciliar as normas de certificação às práticas tradicionais de manejo. Mesmo considerando que os PFNM´s representem a principal fonte de renda de milhares de famílias em todo mundo, poucos trabalhos científicos têm questionado a percepção das comunidades envolvidas. Diante da experiência das Associações dos Seringueiros Porto Dias (ASPD) e dos Moradores e Agroextrativistas do Remanso de Capixaba (Amarca), ambas certificadas pelo FSC com madeira e produtos não madeireiros, este estudo objetivou avaliar a percepção a respeito deste processo nas duas comunidades do estado do Acre, na Amazônia ocidental brasileira. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista estruturada, com perguntas do tipo semi-abertas e fechadas sobre as dificuldades encontradas para cumprir ações relacionadas à certificação, além de questões a respeito da satisfação, perspectiva e credibilidade do processo. Foram entrevistados 100% dos representantes das famílias das associações ASPD (n=7) e Amarca (n=10). As entrevistas foram individuais e realizadas por um único entrevistador, garantindo a independência e uniformidade das análises. As dificuldades relatadas foram tabuladas através de uma escala tipo Likert, sendo que os pontos mais críticos estão relacionados à gestão de resíduos sólidos e ao manejo de animais silvestres. O aspecto positivo mais considerado pelos entrevistados (35,3%) foi o aumento no valor comercial do produto, embora nem sempre isso ocorra. Em relação aos aspectos negativos da certificação, foi relatada a dificuldade em cumprir normas e acordos de comercialização, além do manejo mais trabalhoso. A maioria dos entrevistados não considera nenhum aspecto negativo relevante. Constatou-se que 88,23% dos entrevistados recomendam a certificação a outras comunidades não certificadas e que a intenção em dar continuidade ao processo é unânime, com restrições de melhoria na captação de novos mercados. Em relação à credibilidade no processo de certificação, 76,47% dos entrevistados acreditam que a certificação possa trazer benefícios sociais, 82,35% benefícios econômicos e 94,12% confiam nos benefício de caráter ambiental como a conservação da floresta Amazônica. Agregar valor ao produto manejado e contribuir para melhoria das condições de vida dos associados são desafios para a consolidação da certificação florestal comunitária dos PFNM´s no estado do Acre.
The certification of the Forest Stewardship Council is a management tool that aims to encourage the sustainable management of forest products considering social, economic and environmental aspects. In recent years, there have been efforts promoting community certification as a tool for developing non-timber forest products (NTFPs), hence generating many benefits and challenges, including that of reconciling the certification standards to the traditional management practices. Even considering that NTFPs are the main source of income for thousands of families worldwide, few scientific studies have questioned the perception of the communities involved. Given the experience of the Associações dos Seringueiros Porto Dias (ASPD) and of the Moradores e Agroextrativistas do Remanso de Capixaba (Amarca) associations, both certified by the FSC with NTFPs, this study aimed to assess both communities\' perception regarding this process in the state of Acre, in the brazilian Amazon forest. Data were collected through structured interviews, with semi-open and closed type questions on the difficulties encountered to comply with the actions related to certification, in addition to questions concerning the satisfaction, perspective and credibility of the process. 100% of the representatives of the families pertaining to the ASPD (n=7) and AMARC (n=10) associations were interviewed. The interviews were individual and conducted by only one interviewer, thereby ensuring the independence and uniformity of the analyses. The difficulties reported were tabulated using a Likert scale, with the most critical points related to solid waste management and to the handling of wild animals. The positive aspect considered by most respondents (35.3%) was the increased market value of the product, although this is not always the case. Regarding the negative aspects of certification, the difficulty in meeting the standards and marketing agreements was reported, in addition to a more difficult management. Most of the respondents do not consider any negative aspect to be relevant. It was found that 88.23% of the respondents recommend certification to other non-certified communities and that the intention to continue the process is unanimous, with restrictions on the improvement of gaining new markets. Regarding the credibility in the certification process, 76.47% of the respondents believe that certification can bring social benefits, 82.35% believe in economic benefits and 94.12% believe in the environmental benefits, as for instance the preservation of the Amazon forest. Adding value to the managed products and contributing to improving the living conditions of the members are challenges for the consolidation of the community forest certification of NTFPs in the state of Acre, Brazil.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
In recent decades, the intensification of environmental concern generated by human activities is causing reflexes in various sectors of society. In this context the market started to demand information and guarantees about the forest products. One of the tools developed for this purpose is the forest certification, represented in Brazil mainly by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). In addition to attest the management system, the forest certification requires compliance with the laws in force in the country and of social, economic and environmental more restrictive criteria. For certification and maintenance of the certificate, it is required that all non-compliances with requirements of the standards are treated in the sense of being corrected by avoiding their recurrence. Thus, this study aims to analyze the future changes arising from the integration of International Generic Indicators (IGIs), taking into account the difficulties encountered for compliance with the current standard in the process of FSC certification audits in the context of forest plantations in Brazil. To this end, were obtained data and information from forest management certification audits in the last five years. The results obtained indicate that organizations have a higher difficulty to meet the Principles 4, 6, 7 and 8, strictly linked to the social aspects, such worker’s rights and community relations, environmental impacts, and social and environmental monitoring. The changes arising from the IGIs are mainly related to the new concepts and approaches that impact directly in social areas, environmental impact assessment/monitoring, and management of the forest management. Analyses intend to contribute and support decision-making by the forest sector, and assist in the process of recertification and certification processes of new organizations
Nas últimas décadas, a intensificação da preocupação ambiental gerada pelas atividades humanas vem causando reflexos em vários setores da sociedade. Neste contexto o mercado passou a exigir informações e garantias sobre os produtos florestais. Um dos instrumentos desenvolvidos para tal fim é a certificação florestal, representada no Brasil principalmente pelo Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Além de atestar o sistema de manejo, a certificação florestal exige o cumprimento das legislações vigentes no país e de critérios sociais, econômicos e ambientais mais restritivos. Para a certificação e manutenção do certificado, é exigido que todas as não conformidades com requisitos das normas sejam tratadas no sentido de serem corrigidas evitando sua recorrência. Desta forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as futuras mudanças advindas da inserção dos Indicadores Genéricos Internacionais (IGIs), levando em consideração as dificuldades encontradas para cumprimento do padrão atual nos processos de auditorias de certificação FSC no contexto das plantações florestais no Brasil. Para tanto, foram obtidos dados e informações das auditorias de certificação de manejo florestal nos últimos cinco anos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as organizações apresentam maior dificuldade para cumprir os Princípios 4, 6, 7 e 8, estritamente ligados à aspectos sociais, como direito dos trabalhadores e relações com a comunidade, aos impactos ambientais, e monitoramento social e ambiental. As alterações advindas dos IGIs estão principalmente relacionadas a novos conceitos e abordagens que impactam diretamente nas áreas sociais, avaliação de impacto ambiental/monitoramento, e gestão do manejo. As análises realizadas se propõem a contribuir e subsidiar as tomadas de decisão pelo setor florestal, e auxiliar nos processos de recertificação e em processos de certificação de novas organizações.

Enquanto o mundo discute os esforços para combater as alterações climáticas globais, reconhece-se cada vez mais o papel vital das florestas na manutenção do bem-estar ecológico, social, econômico e cultural. Reafirma-se a importância da definição dos direitos de propriedade (posse e uso) sobre as florestas que pode determinar o seu destino. Para muitos países, as políticas de gestão de florestas combinam vários modos de acesso e gestão como i) áreas protegidas; ii) concessões florestais com critérios de gestão baseados em desempenho; iii) a devolução de áreas de florestas para as comunidades tradicionais e povos indígenas que farão sua gestão.O maior desafio é cumprir o planejado e implantar os diversos modos de gestão florestal para alcançar os objetivos sociais, econômicos e ambientais previstos face à pressão dos interesses econômicos internos e externos. A concessão de florestas é a forma dominante de gestão em quase todos os países da África Central e Ocidental. Ela também é o tipo dominante de exploração de florestas na Ásia (Malásia, Indonésia, Papua-Nova Guiné e Camboja). Na segunda metade dos anos 90, com o forte apoio de projetos de cooperação multilateral e de ONGs internacionais, a Bolívia introduziu a concessão florestal como um modo de conceder direitos de posse e uso sobre florestas. No Brasil, após duas tentativas fracassadas, o governo aprovou sua nova lei de gestão de florestas públicas em 2006. Bolívia e Brasil têm muito em comum em relação aos conflitos fundiários e desafios para impor novas regras relativas à maneira como as florestas podem ser exploradas nas suas regiões amazônicas, principalmente. Este trabalho de investigação centra-se sobre os principais obstáculos enfrentados pelas autoridades florestais bolivianas e brasileiras para implantar as concessões florestais na escala inicialmente prevista. O desenvolvimento do trabalho demandou a mobilização de duas correntes teórico-metodológicas. Por um lado, buscou-se um mapeamento dos modos pelos quais os indivíduos e grupos se apropriam e formulam regras para gerir porções de florestas. Por outro lado, a abordagem teórica da sociologia econômica, mais precisamente os trabalhos de Neil Fligstein e sua abordagem política-cultural, forneceu elementos para avaliar o processo de organização social da produção florestal madeireira nas duas regiões estudadas, que depende de quatro fatores: i) os direitos de propriedade, ii) as estruturas de governança, iii) as regras de troca e iv) as concepções de controle. A abordagem política-cultural considera a participação dos atores sociais como governos, empresas e consumidores, entre outros, e os incentivos para ações de cooperação com base nos laços cognitivos que os ligam. O estudo centrou-se na região amazônica de cada país: nas terras baixas bolivianas e, no Brasil, na região da rodovia Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163). Isto porque estas regiões são os principais alvos para implantação de concessões florestais. Mostra-se neste estudo que sob um cenário de confusão fundiária, no qual há batalhas por pedaços dos territórios florestais e onde as alianças políticas são forjadas para favorecer outros padrões de uso das terras, a aplicação de concessões florestais em grande escala pode ser inviabilizada ou ficar bastante reduzida.
As the world is preparing to scale up its efforts to combat global climate change, groups are increasingly recognizing the vital role forests play in maintaining ecological, social, economic and cultural well-being. They are beginning to affirm more that forest tenure plays a fundamental role in determining the fate of the worlds forests. In many countries, questions are raised on whether tropical forests should be publicly, commonly or privately owned. For many countries the forest management policies will likely involve a combination of: i) protected areas of sufficient size to provide habitat protection, and in a contiguous pattern; ii) forest concessions with enforceable performance-based management criteria; iii) community forests and community forest concessions managed by communities and indigenous groups. The challenge is to undertake the land use planning commitment and implementation to achieve this in the face of pressure from internal and external interests. Forest concessions of various types are the dominant form of forest tenure in almost all the forest countries of West and Central Africa. They are also the dominant types of forest tenure in Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Cambodia). In South America, Peru and Bolivia introduced forest concession as a possible tenure model in the early 90s with the strong support of international NGOs. In Brazil, after two failed attempts, the government has passed its new forest management law in 2006. Bolivia and Brazil have much in common regarding forest tenure conflicts and challenges to enforce new rules in the forestry sector. Forest concession implementation in these countries has generated many expectations and investments in law changes.This research work focuses on the main barriers faced by Bolivian and Brazilian forest authorities in implementing forest concession on the scale initially planned. The studies required a mapping of the property rights regimes over forest and forest resources as well as a theoretical approach of economic sociology. This approach, which provides elements to evaluate the process of social market construction, is dependent upon four essential factors: property rights, governance structures, rules of exchange and conceptions of control. The political-cultural approach emphasizes the historic perspective of the markets to understand the role of dominant groups and challengers in action arenas. It also considers the participation of social actors like governments, firms and consumers, among others, and their incentives for cooperative actions based on the cognitive ties that bind them. This empiric study focused on each countrys geographically-delimited regions of Amazon: in the Bolivian lowlands region and in the Brazilian Cuiabá-Santarém Highway (namely BR-163). Thats because they are the main targets for forest concession implementation. We show in this study that under a tenure uncertainty scenario, in which there are battles for territorial pieces and political alliances are forged that prefer other land use (and forests uses also) patterns the forest concessions implementation on a large scale will be jeopardized in these territories.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
森林環境暨資源學研究所
106
The market scale and demand of ecosystem service face challenges on development and expansion because of the lack of well-designed monitoring system and certification system. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), an independent, non-government, and not for profit organization, established ecosystem service certification system on the fields, including watershed services, biological diversity conservation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration and storage, and recreation services. In order to encourage buyers and sellers to enter the market and enhance the motivations on global forest conservation, the information of forest management and environment resources will be documented and communicated to the public for mitigating the problem of incomplete and asymmetric information (on the market). The goal of this study is to discuss the progresses and challenges of FSC ecosystem service certification system. The pilot projects of Forest Certification for Ecosystem Services and FSC Ecosystem Services Procedure are literature reviewed and comprehensive analyzed. As the result, we discovered that, firstly, the current ecosystem service certification is limited by the difficulty of quantifying ecosystem services, which in turn of declining the demand of certification. Secondly, carbon sequestration and storage are still the most promising and potential services in the market. In the pilot, the city, Huong Son, Vietnam, obtained the FSC Ecosystem Service Certification on carbon sequestration and storage service, and become the first certified place in the world. Finally, according to the environmental conditions in Taiwan and the requirements of the FSC Ecosystem Services Procedure, Lianhuachi Research Center (LRC) is recommended to be the most suitable place on certifying ecosystem services. Because of rich biodiversity and water supply, Lianhuachi Research Center (LRC) could consider, in advance, biological diversity conservation, watershed services and recreation services for certification.

The challenges faced by the Brazilian forest industry dealing with the natural forests and plantations have provided favourable ground for the establishment of forest certification. This study presents the first investigation of the two certification systems (FSC and Cerflor) in Brazil from the private sector perspective. Through an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), market, learning, and signaling were validated as governance mechanisms of forest certification in Brazil. The results from the importance and performance analysis (IPA) indicated that companies did not see any return in terms of a better price for certified products; however, they demonstrated high satisfaction with the performances of non-economic benefits. Descriptive statistics revealed external pressures influencing companies to pursue forest certification and overall accomplishments of certification from economic, social and ecological points of view. Finally, suggestions for future research and conclusions are made in order to provide information for the industry, certification systems, and the Brazilian government.

This dissertation examines changes that companies made in order to obtain Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec, and the role that provincial governments have played in the implementation of this emerging market-based form of governance. It analyzes the indirect roles that governments have played in either encouraging or inhibiting the adoption of certification through their policies, as well as the direct roles played in response to particular certification attempts that occurred on public land. Through the use of case studies of individual operations in each province, the interaction between state and non-state authority is explored, as well as the role that forest tenure played in each operation’s ability to obtain certification. The results reveal that the changes required to obtain certification were substantial but associated with only a small subset of the FSC’s Principles and Criteria, heavily weighted towards environmental issues. While corrective action requests are issued to the company pursuing certification, the results show that non-exclusive tenure limits a company’s ability to respond to these requests without the cooperation of the provincial government and resource users with overlapping tenure rights. However, limited duration of forest tenure does not preclude certification, and for the most part, provincial governments are found to play important facilitative roles in certification, both through their policies and regulations, and as providers of information and technical support. Further, the majority of the corrective actions were not required to be implemented prior to certification being awarded, but within the five year term of the certificate. This appears to have acted as a flexibility mechanism, allowing the certification system to secure the participation of companies in the short term, with the hope of leveraging greater change in the long term from the company, the government in question, and other resource users with overlapping tenure rights.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
森林暨自然資源研究所
94
Abstract Since people around the world gradually recognize the importance of retaining the forest, FSC thus plays a very important role. In order to help Taiwan’s wood product manufacturers obtain the global market share while protecting the forest ecology, as well as how to adopt the concept of FSC certification become the most important task now and in the future. Therefore, this research applies the qualitative method and intensive interview to categorize and analyze the materials offered by an FSC CoC certified company in order to understand the benefits of FSC CoC and the process of being certified. Through learning from the existed case, the application of FSC certification will become a smoother process. This research result shows that the factors in adopting FSC CoC certification for wood product manufacturer are as follows: First, well prepare before certification can make the application process more efficiently; second, proper management technique can enhence information management and improve management performance; third, emphasis on human resource management after being certified can increase employees’ work commitment and royalty; finally, effective operation management can reduce production time and increase productivity. As a result, the goal of sustainable forest management can be achieved.

Thesis (M.S)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2003.
Title from title page screen (viewed Mar. 15, 2004). Thesis advisor: David Ostermeier. Document formatted into pages (vi, 82 p. : col. ill.). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-69).

Nobia AB i Tidaholm tillverkar kompletta kök till privatpersoner och byggprojekt. I samhället har hållbarhetstänket ökat markant vilket betyder att kunderna ställer högre krav på det de konsumerar. För att producera hållbara kök med hänsyn till miljö och människor i enlighet med deras affärsstrategi krävs det att verksamheten är certifierad. De certifikat som är av intresse är Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) och Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC).  För att erhålla ett certifikat krävs det att vissa krav uppfylls och att spårbarhet finns i verksamheten. För att erhålla ett av certifikaten måste bristerna identifieras och förslag på åtgärder tas fram. För spårbarheten gäller det att produktionen granskas och att verksamheten jämförs med de ställda kraven. Efter utförd studie har det påvisat möjligheten till certifiering för Nobias verksamhet i Tidaholm. Teorin samlades in genom litteratur, standarder och artiklar. Metoder som användes för att undersöka nuläget var diskussioner, processkartläggning och observationer. Utifrån teorin och undersökningen av nuläget tillämpades en gapanalys för att jämföra differensen mellan certifikatens krav och den befintliga uppfyllandegraden. Flertalet brister påvisades och de största mest påverkningsbara sammanfattades i en prioriteringslista. Utifrån analysen togs förslag arbetssätt och åtgärder fram för att uppnå spårbarhet. Resultatet innefattar teoretiska åtgärder relaterat till arbetssättet och praktiska åtgärder för hur spårbarheten kan uppnås. Slutligen har Nobia goda möjligheter att på ett strategiskt sätt möjlighet till att utveckla sin verksamhet till en certifierad produktion med hjälp av ett teoretiskt arbetssätt samt praktiska åtgärder.
Nobia AB in Tidaholm manufacture complete kitchens towards private persons and building projects. With the increasing awareness of sustainability in the society, there is an increase of sustainable consumption by the customers which leads to higher demands on sustainable kitchens. To produce kitchens with the environment and people in mind in line with their business strategi, their organization needs to be certified. The certificates of interests are the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). To acquire certification Nobia will need to fulfil the demands in the standard and have traceability in their production. To acquire traceability, it is needed to review the production and to compare the organisation with the standards demands. After the completed study it has been proven that there is a possibility to certify Nobia’s organization in Tidaholm. The theory chapter was collected through literature, standards, and articles. Methods that were used to examine the current situation was discussions, process mapping and observations at the company. From the theory and the examination of the current situation was a gap analysis completed to compare the difference between Nobia’s current situation and the demands in the standard. Multiple breaches were discovered and the changes that would help the traceability the most was summarized in a priority list. The result includes theoretical measures related to working practice and practical measures as to how traceability can be achieved. Lastly is that Nobia has a good possibility, in a strategic way, to develop their organization and produce certified production with the help of a theoretical and practical measures.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to analyze the current effects of FSC production on the Czech market. The analysis of certified products in the Czech Republic was performed from the perspective of consumers and companies. The first step was a short consumer survey, which was distributed among respondents in electronic and paper versions. The main objective of this research was to measure awareness of FSC logo and its effects in the consumer choice process. The second part of this research was dedicated to companies producing or selling certified furniture. The field research was conducted among selected stores situated in České Budějovice.

Abstract The growing importance of forest certification has been under discussion in recent decades. In 21st century the FSC certification has been spreading across the Europe, and it has caused controversies among the citizens. The standards differ within the European Union, which has led to the situation where forest owners in some countries aren’t able to adapt the FSC certification, and are losing their markets. There are two forest certification organizations in Europe, the PEFC and the FSC. These two organizations can be seen as competitors nowadays. Both have certified forest around the world, in all continents. Among the forestry experts and forest owners, there is no consensus, whether the forest certifications are affecting positively to the market situation or not. Situations vary between the countries, since the standards and the usage of certificates differ. This thesis describes the situation of the forest certifications in Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic and Austria. The results are gathered from literature, articles and forestry experts' interviews by countries. From the results of these interviews a SWOT analysis is conducted, which assess whether the FSC certification is developing the market situation with positive or negative effect. The conclusions are based on the SWOT analysis results, and include suggestions for the further development for FSC forest certification by countries.

碩士
國立高雄大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班(EMBA)
99
Green consumer activities have aroused the attention of consumers on the environmental issues, and it emphasises the incentives under the green consumer and green marketing in response. In this study, the timber industry with obtaining Forest Stewardship Council (Forest Stewardship Council; FSC) certification as to the main topics in depth to explore the environmental consumer attitudes, awareness of forest certification, green marketing and environmental awareness for the purchase intention of green wood products . In this study, the objects are consumer with average purchasing power, and adopted convenience sampling, A total of 400 questionnaires are distributed, 330 are gathered and valid questionnaires are also 330, so the recall rate of valid questionnaires is 82.5%. And in exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, variance analysis and regression analysis for testing consumer environmental attitudes, forest certification awareness, green marketing and environmental awareness these variables’ relationship with the consumer purchase intention. The results of empirical study are (1) the factor of ecological risk factors has a positive and direct influence on consumer purchase intention (2) forest certification cognitive factor has a positive and direct influence on consumer purchase intention (3) green cognitive factor has a positive and direct influence on consumer purchase intention (4) natural law factor has a positive and direct influence on consumer purchase intention (5) green product factor has a positive and direct influence on consumer purchase intention (6) environmental information factor has a positive and direct influence on consumer purchase intention . Consumers generally have not seen the FSC certification mark, so the timber firms should strive to promote the FSC forest certification, allowing consumers to furtherenhance their willingness to buy. The study also found that consumers are either attitudes or intentions are positive on FSC certification supports, so the timber industry should be inform their targeted marketing strategy carefully to find the optimal one.

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certifies forests that have been grown in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. It attempts to increase market share for certified paper via a Business Development Plan (BDP). This thesis provides analysis of the FSCs marketing using a survey and case study approach. The survey of institutional paper buyers reveals trends that suggest that the market for FSC and other certified papers is gaining popularity with institutional buyers, even though final consumers remain price sensitive. Components of institutional behavior that might cause an organization to adopt FSC are analyzed. This analysis reveals that adoption is more likely if it is important to an institution’s stakeholders and if reputation can be increased, even given increased costs. However, much of the growth in market share of FSC remains unexplained by the BDP. Hence the market for FSC and certified paper may be expanding independent of FSC and BDP.
Agricultural and Resource Eonomics