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Статті в журналах з теми "Cerebrovascular disease - Patients"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 31 липня 2024

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1

Rotta, Newra Tellechea, Alexandre Rodrigues da Silva, Flora Luciana Figueira da Silva, Lygia Ohlweiler, Eraldo Belarmino Jr, Valéria Raimundo Fonteles, Josiane Ranzan, Orlando Javier Ramos Rodriguez, and Régis Osório Martins. "Cerebrovascular disease in pediatric patients." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 60, no. 4 (December 2002): 959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2002000600013.

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Although rare in childhood, stroke may have a serious impact when it happens in this stage of life. Also, it may be the first sign of a systemic disease. We report 12 cases of patients with stroke treated in the Neuropediatrics Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) from March 1997 to March 2000. All patients, from term infants to 12-year-old children hospitalized in the Pediatrics Unit of HCPA, had clinical suspicion of stroke, which was later confirmed by radiological studies. Patient follow up ranged from 1 to 6 years (mean = 3.4 years). Presenting symptoms were hemiparesis in 9 patients, seizures in 7, deviation of labial commissure in 3, and loss of consciousness in 1. The increase in the number of cases of childhood stroke identified and later confirmed by noninvasive methods had helped in the determination of different ethiologies of stroke: the most frequent being hematologic, cardiac and genetic diseases. However, our study included 6 newborns with stroke whose ethiology was not identified. Seven children with seizures received phenobarbital. Six term infants had neonatal seizures secondary to stroke and restricted to the first 72 hours of life.

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2

Grotta, James. "Cerebrovascular Disease in Young Patients." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 78, no. 01 (1997): 013–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1657494.

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3

Mirkhamzaevna, Mamurova Malika, and Abrorova Viloyathon. "INTRODUCTION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE CAUSED BY ARTERIAL HYPOTENSION, IN PATIENTS OF YOUNG AGE." Frontline Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Journal 02, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/medical-fmspj-02-04-07.

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Vascular diseases of the brain due to their high prevalence and severe consequences for the health of the population represent a major medical and social problem. In the structure of cerebrovascular diseases significant weight have chronic forms of vascular lesions of the brain, which in the domestic literature is traditionally treated as a discirculatory encephalopathy. In Uzbekistan the number of sufferers with chronic forms of cerebrovascular diseases is increasing, therefore the urgency of solving this problem in Uzbekistan can be defined as an extreme one, requiring the concentration of efforts of specialists in different fields.

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4

Parfenov, V. A. "Ménière’s disease and chronic cerebrovascular diseases." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 19 (December 1, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-19-35-40.

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Ménière’s disease (MD) is an idiopathic inner ear disease, which is characterized by noise in the ears, periodic attacks of vertigo and the development of sensorineural hearing loss. MD is characterized by endolymphatic hydrops – an increase in the volume of endolymph that fills the membered labyrinth of the inner ear. Currently highlighted subtypes MD. The first subtype meets most often and is characterized by classical manifestations of MD. The second subtype is characterized by the development of sensorineural hearing loss, to which only after a long time are joined by the episodes of dizziness. The third subtype of MD includes family cases of the disease. The fourth and fifth subtypes of MD is observed in patients with migraine and autoimmune diseases. The diagnosis of definite MD is based on the 2 or more spontaneous episodes of vertigo with each lasting 20 minutes to 12 hours, low-to medium-frequency sensorineural hearing loss in one ear, fluctuating aural symptoms (fullness, hearing, tinnitus) located in the affected ear, and lack of data for other reasons for dizziness. There are no effective treatment for auditory disorders MD, therapy is aimed at preventing dizziness attacks. The first line of MD’s therapy includes a dietary salt restriction, the use of betahistine and diuretics. Betahistine (Betaserc) is usually used in a daily dose of 48 mg for 3–6 months to reduce the frequency of vertigo. For long-term treatment, it is convenient to use a betahistine modified-released (Betaserc Long) 48 mg, taken once a day. With the ineffectiveness of conservative therapy, other methods of therapy are possible: intratympanic administration of corticosteroids or gentamicin, labyrinthectomy or vestibular neurectomy. Unfortunately, many patients suffering from BM mistakenly makes a diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, cervical osteochondrosis. Diagnostic errors are usually caused by the fact that the patients with MD are not conducted audiometry, vestibular tests, and the signs of cerebral microangiopathy identified when MRI brain are mistakenly regarded as confirmation of vascular dizziness genesis.

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5

Starchina, Yu A., O. V. Kosivtsova, and E. A. Sokolov. "Management of patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2023-2-91-97.

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Cerebrovascular disease is one of the most common pathologies in the practice of a neurologist. Vascular cognitive impairment is the earliest and most objective sign of cerebrovascular pathology. The correction of vascular risk factors – antihypertensive, antiplatelet, lipid-lowering therapy, have the leading role in the treatment of patients with cerebrovascular diseases. It is necessary to pay special attention to non-drug methods of therapy, such as quitting smoking and alcohol abuse, regular physical activity. The possibilities of using dipyridamole for symptomatic and pathogenetic therapy are discussed.

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6

Kitamura, Shin. "Neuroimaging in patients with cerebrovascular disease." Journal of Nippon Medical School 61, no. 5 (1994): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1272/jnms1923.61.510.

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7

Khasanova, D. R., T. V. Danilova, and Z. K. Latypova. "Epilepsy in patients with ischemic brain disease." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 2 (April 15, 2013): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1595.

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Epilepsy is one of the most actual social problems in modern neurology and psychiatry. According to the results of the domestic and foreign studies, the risk of developing epilepsy increases with age. The increased rate of nervous system vascular and degenerative diseases as well as brain tumors and head injuries in elderly patients is one of the reasons for it. The review is devoted to the development of epilepsy in adults having an active cerebrovascular disease. Epilepsy is the disease with multiple causative factors. Among the etiological factors of epilepsy development in adults, the predominant place belongs to vascular diseases. The article presents the epidemiological aspects of the problem, the questions of pathophysiology, the variability of epileptic syndromes developing as a result of ischemic brain disease. It describes the characteristics of epileptic process as a result of a vascular lesion. The role of the cerebrovascular reactivity in brain vascular diseases development is described. A place of different research methods (such as electroencephalography, transcranial and extracranial duplex ultrasonography scanning of the major brain vessels, different modes of magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in identifying risk factors for seizures in patients with cerebrovascular pathology is reported. Possible exogenous and endogenous precipitants (cerebral atherosclerotic vascular disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular deregulation, increased convulsive predisposition, the external epileptic triggers, etc.) are described.

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8

Locāne, Sintija, Elīna Pūcīte, Evija Miglāne, Andrejs Millers, Arina Novasa, Renija Ieviņa, and Tatjana Muravska. "Antiplatelet Resistance in Patients with Atherosclerosis." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 73, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2019-0058.

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Abstract Variable platelet response to aspirin and clopidogrel is a well-known phenomenon in patients with coronary artery disease and ischemic cerebral stroke. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequency and possible risk factors of antiplatelet resistance in patients with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. The VerifyNow system was used to evaluate adenosine-5-diphosphate and platelet P2YI2 receptor function in patients with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, who received dual antiplatelet therapy. Aspirin resistance was defined as aspirin reaction units (ARU) ≥ 550. Clopidogrel resistance was defined as Platelet Reaction Units (PRU) > 230. In the group of cerebrovascular diseases there were 13.2% (n = 27) patients with aspirin and 24.5% (n = 50) with clopidogrel resistance. However, in the cardiovascular group there were 20% (n = 9) aspirin and 11.1% (n = 5) clopidogrel resistant patients. In the cerebrovascular group, aspirin resistant patients had a lower triglyceride level (p = 0.001, r = 0.26) than aspirin sensitive patients. Clopidogrel resistant patients had a significantly higher level of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) (p = 0.016, r = 023), triglycerides (p = 0.033, r = 0.16) and lower level of high-density lipoproteins (p = 0.027, r = 0.16) than clopidogrel sensitive patients. In the cardiovascular group, patients who were resistant to aspirin had a significantly higher high-density lipoprotein level (p = 0.038, r = 0.31). No other factors differed significantly between the aspirin or clopidogrel resistant and sensitive patients in the cardiovascular group. Aspirin resistance was more common in patients with cardiovascular disease, and clopidogrel resistance in patients with cerebrovascular disease, although the difference was not significant. Our findings indicate that diabetes mellitus and an elevated level of lipoproteins could be risk factors for aspirin or clopidogrel resistance in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Further studies should be conducted using larger patient cohorts with balanced groups of patients to investigate clinical aspects of antiplatelet resistance.

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9

Martinez, Veline, Esteban Echeverri, Maria Alejandra Urbano, Laura Juliana Ballen, and Guillermo Edinson Guzman. "Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Disease." Revista Ciencias de la Salud 21, no. 3 (October 4, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.12671.

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Introduction: Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with hemorrhagic stroke being the deadliest form of acute stroke. Therefore, the cause of the event should be determined to direct the associated therapy and take preventive measures. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been described as a rare etiology of stroke. Although hyperhomocysteinemia has been associated with venous thrombotic events, altered endothelial function, and procoagulant states, its clinical role in stroke remains controversial. Case description: We present a case of a 60-year-old male patient with primary autoimmune hypothyroidism who presented with dysarthria, facial paresis, and left upper-limb monoparesis after sexual intercourse. A simple skull computed tomography scan showed hyperintensity in the right basal ganglion, indicating an acute hemorrhagic event. Etiological studies were performed, including ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, cerebral angiography, and transthoracic echocardiogram, which ruled out underlying vascular pathology. During follow-up, vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia were detected, without other blood biochemical profile alterations. Supplementation was initiated, and homocysteine levels gradually decreased, without new neurological deficits observed during follow-up. Conclusion: Quantification of homocysteine should be considered in patients with a cerebrovascular disease without apparent cause, as documenting hyperhomocysteinemia and correcting its underlying etiology are essential not only for providing appropriate management but also for preventing future events.

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10

LABINSKIY, A. "Ultramicroscopic study of hair follicles in healthy people and patients with cerebrovascular disease." Experimental and Clinical Physiology and Biochemistry 2015, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25040/ecpb2015.03.037.

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11

Fernandes, Darci Ramos, Edenilde Alves dos Santos, Rosilda Silva Dias, Silvia Raimunda Costa Leite, Dayse Eveline Santos Sousa, and Jedaías Silas da Silva. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE PACIENTES COM DOENÇA CEREBROVASCULAR: uma avaliação retrospectiva." Cadernos de Pesquisa 20, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2229.v20.n1.p.50-57.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever características demográficas e clínicas dos pacientes com doença cerebrovascular e caracterizar os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da doença. Trata-se de estudo descritivo , observacional e retrospectivo que fez uma revisão de todos os prontuários médicos dos pacientes com doença cerebrovascular que estiveram internados em um Hospital Universitário em São Luís-Maran hão no período de 1992 a 2010, totalizando 346 pacientes. Os resultados evidenciaram que a maioria dos pacientes com DCV são homens, na faixa etária de 51 a 80 anos. Os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento das DVC são hipertensão arterial, dislipidemias, diabetes, tabagismo e etilismo, independentemente do sexo e faixa etária. Os dados descritos neste estudo serão importantes para despertar um maior interesse para as doenças cerebrovasculares na cidade de São Luís e auxiliar outros pesquisadores desta instituição no planejamento de condutas, implantação de melhorias nos atendimentos e criação de programas e estrat égias de preven ção mais específica. A elabora ção de um protocolo de intervenção clínica para atendimento de pacientes acometidos por doença cerebrovascular foi a contribuição para a equipe.Palavras-chave: Doença cerebrovascular. Prontuários. Fatores de risco.CHARACTERIZATION OF PATIENTS WITH CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE: a retrospective reviewAbstract: This study aimed to describe demograp hic and clinical characteristics of patients with cerebrovascular disease and characteri ze the risk factors for developing the disease. It is a descriptive , observational and retrospective study that did a review of all medical records of patients with cerebrovascular disease who were admitted to a universit y hospital in São Luís, Maran hão from 1992 to 2010, totaling 346 patients. The results showed that most patients with CVD are men, aged 51-80 years, the main risk factors for the development of CVD were hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and alcoholism regardless of gender and age. The data described in this study will be important to awaken a greater interest for cerebrovascular disease in the city of São Luís-MA, and help other researchers at this institution conducts planning, implementing improvements in the care and creation of programs and prevention strategies more specific. The development of a protocol for clinical intervention for treating patients suffering from cerebrovascular disease was the contribution to the team.Keywords: Cerebrovascular disease. Medical Records. Risk factorsCARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS PACIENTES CON ENFERMEDAD CEREBROVASCULAR: una evaluación retrospectiva Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular y caracteri zar los factores de riesgo para desarrollar la enfermedad. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo , observacional y retrospectivo producto de una revisión de los registros médicos de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular ingresados en un hospital universitario de São Luís, Maran hão desde 1992 hasta 2010, un total de 346 pacientes. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los pacientes con ECV son hombres, con edades entre 51-80 años. Los principales factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son la hipertensión, la dislipidemia , la diabetes, el tabaquismo, independientemente del sexo y edad. Los datos que se describen en este estudio serán importantes para despertar un mayor interés para la enfermedad cerebrovascular en la ciudad de São Luis, y ayudar a otros investigadores de esta institución para llevar a cabo la planificación, la implementación de mejoras en el cuidado y la creación de programas y estrategias de prevenci ón más específicas. El desarrollo de un protocolo de intervenci ón clínica para el tratamiento de pacientes que sufren de enfermedad cerebrovascular fue la contribución para el equipo.Palabras clave: Enfermedad Cerebrovascular. Registros Médicos. Factores de Riesgo.

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12

Nenadović, Aleksandar, Olivera Đurović, Snezana Stanković, Biljana Georgievski-Brkić, Milica Milivojević, Marjana Vukičević, Svetlana Radević, and Snežana Radovanović. "The risk of falls in patients with cerebrovascular disease." Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 40, no. 3 (2023): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/afmnai40-41745.

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Introduction/Aim. Patient falls in hospital conditions are among the most common serious adverse events following a cerebrovascular insult at all stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of falls in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Methods. A clinical case-control observational study was conducted in this investigation. The sample consisted of patients who suffered from cerebrovascular diseases and were admitted to the Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava" in Belgrade, in the period from February 3, 2018, to June 28, 2019. The Morse questionnaire was used to assess a fall risk. All statistical calculations were performed using the standard commercial software package SPSS, version 21.0. Results. Most of the subjects with a cerebrovascular insult (505 (90.0%)) had a high risk of falls, i.e. they had the Morse score values ≥ 45. The mean Morse score of the subjects in the study was 67.07 ± 21.08. The risk of falling, according to the Morse score, is the highest among subjects diagnosed with bleeding (95.7%: 96.7%) and left-sided neurological deficit (91.7%:90.8%) in both examined groups. Conclusion. It is of great importance to organizing training programs for patients, healthcare providers, and medical staff to prevent falls in hospital conditions.

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13

Tabuchi, Sadaharu. "Auditory Dysfunction in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/261824.

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Auditory dysfunction is a common clinical symptom that can induce profound effects on the quality of life of those affected. Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is the most prevalent neurological disorder today, but it has generally been considered a rare cause of auditory dysfunction. However, a substantial proportion of patients with stroke might have auditory dysfunction that has been underestimated due to difficulties with evaluation. The present study reviews relationships between auditory dysfunction and types of CVD including cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebrovascular malformation, moyamoya disease, and superficial siderosis. Recent advances in the etiology, anatomy, and strategies to diagnose and treat these conditions are described. The numbers of patients with CVD accompanied by auditory dysfunction will increase as the population ages. Cerebrovascular diseases often include the auditory system, resulting in various types of auditory dysfunctions, such as unilateral or bilateral deafness, cortical deafness, pure word deafness, auditory agnosia, and auditory hallucinations, some of which are subtle and can only be detected by precise psychoacoustic and electrophysiological testing. The contribution of CVD to auditory dysfunction needs to be understood because CVD can be fatal if overlooked.

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14

YAMAMOTO, Sumiko. "Gait Analysis of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease." Rigakuryoho Kagaku 17, no. 1 (2002): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.17.3.

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15

ISHIBASHI, AKIRA, and YOSHITAKE YOKOKURA. "Outcomes in Patients with Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease." Kurume Medical Journal 48, no. 3 (2001): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2739/kurumemedj.48.223.

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16

Perju-Dumbrava, Laura, Maria-Lucia Muntean, and Dafin Muresanu. "Cerebrovascular Profile Assessment in Parkinson’s Disease Patients." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 13, no. 4 (July 31, 2014): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527313666140618110409.

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17

Passavanti, MB, MA Tedesco, F. Massimo, G. Ratti, G. Di Salvo, F. Argenzio, G. Limongelli, C. Aurilio, and M. Chiefari. "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cerebrovascular disease." Critical Care 2, Suppl 1 (1998): P060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc190.

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18

Mochio, Soichiro, Takeo Hasunuma, Hisayoshi Oka, Kenichi Sato, and Akira Kurita. "Magnetic stimulation in patients with cerebrovascular disease." Nosotchu 14, no. 5 (1992): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3995/jstroke.14.555.

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19

Britton, M., U. Faire, C. Helmers, K. Miah, C. Ryding, and P. O. Wester. "Arrhythmias in Patients with Acute Cerebrovascular Disease." Acta Medica Scandinavica 205, no. 1-6 (April 24, 2009): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1979.tb06076.x.

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20

Erfurth, Eva Marie, and Lars Hagmar. "Cerebrovascular disease in patients with pituitary tumors." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 16, no. 7 (September 2005): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2005.07.004.

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21

Caplan, Louis R., and Fong Kwong Sonny Hon. "Clinical diagnosis of patients with cerebrovascular disease." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 31, no. 1 (March 2004): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(03)00118-0.

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22

Lehmann, E. D., K. D. Hopkins, R. L. Jones, A. G. Rudd, and R. G. Gosling. "Aortic Distensibility in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease." Clinical Science 89, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0890247.

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1. Non-invasive aortic compliance measurements have been used previously to assess the distensibility of the aorta in several pathological conditions associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We set out to establish whether aortic compliance is abnormal in patients with stroke. 2. Pulse wave velocity measurements of thoracoabdominal aortic compliance were made in 20 stroke patients and 25 age- and sex-matched hospitalized, non-stroke control subjects putatively free of cardiovascular disease. Since compliance varies with non-chronic changes in blood pressure, a blood pressure corrected index of aortic distensibility, Cp, was calculated. 3. Aortic compliance was significantly reduced in patients with stroke compared with non-stroke control subjects (0.46 ± 0.27 versus 0.86 ± 0.34%/10 mmHg, P < 0.0002), corresponding with higher values for pulse wave velocity. Stroke patients also had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P < 0.02 and P < 0.002 respectively) and total cholesterol levels (P < 0.004) than the control subjects. Calculation of Cp did not alter the observation of stiffer aortas in the stroke cohort (P < 0.0007). 4. In both stroke patient and control cohorts, as expected, inverse trends were observed between aortic compliance and blood pressure. Also as expected, in the control group Cp values did not show a relationship with blood pressure (r = 0.02, P = 0.092, not significant). However, in the stroke cohort a marked dependence of Cp on blood pressure was observed (r = −0.48, P = 0.03). 5. Transoesophageal echocardiographic studies have recently identified advanced atherosclerosis in the ascending aorta as a possible source of cerebral emboli and an independent risk factor for ischaemic stroke. Our observations of significantly stiffer thoracoabdominal aortas in patients with stroke lead us to hypothesize that a totally non-invasive assessment of aortic compliance may potentially prove a useful surrogate marker of such atherosclerotic risk. 6. Blood pressure-corrected indices of arterial elastic properties based on normotensive models are widely applied in the literature. Our observation that these indices exhibit a considerable blood pressure dependence leads us to urge caution in the use of such corrections, especially in hypertensive patients.

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23

Harriott, Andrea M., Eli Zimmerman, Aneesh B. Singhal, Michael R. Jaff, Mark E. Lindsay, and Guy A. Rordorf. "Cerebrovascular fibromuscular dysplasia." Neurology: Clinical Practice 7, no. 3 (January 16, 2017): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000339.

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AbstractBackground:Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare noninflammatory, nonatherosclerotic arteriopathy of medium-sized arteries affecting up to 7% of the population. The disease can affect any artery but commonly affects renal, extracranial carotid, and vertebral arteries. The epidemiology and natural course of cerebrovascular FMD is unknown and requires further investigation.Methods:We present demographic and outcomes data on a case series of 81 patients with cerebrovascular FMD from Massachusetts General Hospital presenting between 2011 and 2015 followed by a review of the peer-reviewed literature.Results:Patients were a median age of 53 years (±12 SD) and the majority were women. Approximately 50% had a history of tobacco use and more than two-thirds had hypertension. Most patients were on monoplatelet therapy with aspirin; during follow-up, 7 of 67 had progressive disease or additional symptoms. One of 67 patients had a cerebrovascular event: TIA. There were 5 of 67 who had noncerebrovascular events or disease progression and 1 death of unclear cause.Conclusions:Cerebrovascular FMD may present with myriad symptoms. Our data support that patients with FMD with symptomatic disease have a low rate of recurrent symptoms or disease progression and can be managed conservatively with stroke risk modification, antiplatelet agents, surveillance imaging, and counseling.

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24

Toyoda, Kazunori, and Toshiharu Ninomiya. "Stroke and cerebrovascular diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease." Lancet Neurology 13, no. 8 (August 2014): 823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70026-2.

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25

Nur, Erfan, Yu-Sok Kim, Jasper Truijen, Eduard J. van Beers, Shyrin C. A. T. Davis, Dees P. Brandjes, Bart J. Biemond, and Johannes J. van Lieshout. "Cerebrovascular reserve capacity is impaired in patients with sickle cell disease." Blood 114, no. 16 (October 15, 2009): 3473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-05-223859.

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Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with a high incidence of ischemic stroke. SCD is characterized by hemolytic anemia, resulting in reduced nitric oxide-bioavailability, and by impaired cerebrovascular hemodynamics. Cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness is nitric oxide dependent and has been related to an increased stroke risk in microvascular diseases. We questioned whether cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness is impaired in SCD and related to hemolytic anemia. Transcranial Doppler-determined mean cerebral blood flow velocity (Vmean), near-infrared spectroscopy-determined cerebral oxygenation, and end-tidal CO2 tension were monitored during normocapnia and hypercapnia in 23 patients and 16 control subjects. Cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness was quantified as Δ% Vmean and Δμmol/L cerebral oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and total hemoglobin per mm Hg change in end-tidal CO2 tension. Both ways of measurements revealed lower cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness in SCD patients versus controls (Vmean, 3.7, 3.1-4.7 vs 5.9, 4.6-6.7 Δ% Vmean per mm Hg, P < .001; oxyhemoglobin, 0.36, 0.14-0.82 vs 0.78, 0.61-1.22 Δμmol/L per mm Hg, P = .025; deoxyhemoglobin, 0.35, 0.14-0.67 vs 0.58, 0.41-0.86 Δμmol/L per mm Hg, P = .033; total-hemoglobin, 0.13, 0.02-0.18 vs 0.23, 0.13-0.38 Δμmol/L per mm Hg, P = .038). Cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness was not related to markers of hemolytic anemia. In SCD patients, impaired cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness reflects reduced cerebrovascular reserve capacity, which may play a role in pathophysiology of stroke.

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Antonenko, L. M., N. V. Vakhnina, and D. O. Gromova. "Cognitive impairment, dizziness, and unsteadiness in hypertensive patients." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 12, no. 5 (October 25, 2020): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2020-5-92-97.

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Hypertension is a widespread disease related to modifiable vascular risk factors for stroke and chronic cerebrovascular diseases. The pathogenetic basis of brain damage in hypertension is cerebral microangiopathy that leads to vascular cognitive impairment (CI), instability, and falls. Microcirculatory changes in the presence of hypertension at the initial stages of cerebrovascular disease occur without visible clinical manifestations of brain damage. Pathogenetically justified treatment used at an early stage of the disease makes it possible to achieve good results in the prevention of vascular brain damage. An important aspect of selecting effective therapy is the competent diagnosis of the causes of dizziness and instability, which can be caused not only by brain damage, but also by peripheral vestibular system diseases. Early diagnosis of vascular CI, selection of adequate therapy, and prevention of their further progression are of great importance. The studies performed have shown the high efficacy of vinpocetine (Cavinton®) that has a multifactorial mechanism of action in the treatment and prevention of CI, dizziness, and instability caused by cerebrovascular disease.

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Virtanen, Juha, Markus Varpela, Fausto Biancari, Juho Jalkanen, and Harri Hakovirta. "Association between anatomical distribution of symptomatic peripheral artery disease and cerebrovascular disease." Vascular 28, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1708538119893825.

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Aim Peripheral arterial disease is frequently associated with significant atherosclerosis of other vascular beds. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible association between peripheral arterial disease segment-specific disease burden and cerebrovascular disease. Methods Two-hundred and twenty-six patients with clinically symptomatic peripheral arterial disease from the prospective PureASO registry were followed up after revascularization. The breadth of peripheral arterial disease was quantified at the time patients entered the study. The segment-specific peripheral arterial disease burden was correlated to cerebrovascular disease and imaging findings during a five-year follow-up. Results At five years, cerebrovascular disease-free survival after lower limb revascularization was 31%. Patients with peripheral arterial disease involving the crural arteries had significantly more ischemic degenerative changes at brain imaging ( p = 0.031), whereas patients with aorto-iliac and femoropopliteal segment peripheral arterial disease had more significant (>50% uni- or bilaterally) internal carotid artery stenosis compared to patients with crural peripheral arterial disease ( p = 0.006). According to Cox regression analyses, crural arteries burden was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality (adjusted HR 2.07, CI 95% 1.12–3.28, p = 0.021) and cerebrovascular events (adjusted HR 1.97, CI 95% 1.19–3.26, p = 0.008). Conclusions Present results suggest that atherosclerosis burden at different lower limb artery segments is associated with defined cerebrovascular disease. This further suggests that risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms are congruent across particular vascular beds.

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Chakor, Rahul T., and Nishikant Eklare. "Vertigo in Cerebrovascular Diseases." An International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Clinics 4, no. 1 (2012): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10003-1087.

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ABSTRACT Background Vertigo as a symptom of cerebrovascular disease is relatively uncommon. All types of cerebrovascular diseases namely ischemia, infarction, hemorrhage can produce vertigo. Since, cerebrovascular disease is an emergency prompt recognition and treatment is necessary to prevent neurologic deficit and death. Among cerebrovascular diseases vertebrobasilar territory strokes commonly present with vertigo. Since, the term vertigo is used nonspecifically by patients this may lead to delay in diagnosis of these strokes. This article reviews the epidemiology of vertigo in cerebrovascular diseases and the various stroke syndromes associated with vertigo. Summary Cerebrovascular diseases in the vertebrobasilar territory have vertigo, imbalance, dizziness in addition to other symptoms and signs. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, superior cerebellar artery and basilar artery territory strokes can present with true vertigo. A high index of suspicion of stroke in patients with vertigo and risk factors for stroke is essential. Other vascular causes of vertigo are small cerebellar hemorrhage, vestibular cortex stroke, rotational vertebral artery syndrome, transverse/sigmoid sinus thrombosis and vestibular paroxysmia. Conclusion Cerebrovascular disorders are estimated to account for 3 to 4% of patients with vertigo or dizziness. Early detection and treatment is necessary to prevent disability and death in these cases of vascular vertigo. How to cite this article Chakor RT, Eklare N. Vertigo in Cerebrovascular diseases. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2012;4(1):46-53.

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Boon, Agnita J. W., Joseph T. J. Tans, Ernst J. Delwel, Saskia M. Egeler-Peerdeman, Patrick W. Hanlo, Hans A. L. Wurzer, and Jo Hermans. "Dutch Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus Study: the role of cerebrovascular disease." Journal of Neurosurgery 90, no. 2 (February 1999): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.90.2.0221.

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Object. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease and its risk factors among patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and to assess the influence of these factors on the outcome of shunt placement.Methods. A cohort of 101 patients with NPH underwent shunt placement and was followed for 1 year. Gait disturbance and dementia were quantified using an NPH scale and handicap was determined using a modified Rankin scale (mRS). Primary outcome measures consisted of the differences between preoperative and last NPH scale and mRS scores. The presence of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiac disease, peripheral vascular disease, male gender, and advancing age was recorded. Cerebrovascular disease was defined as a history of stroke or a computerized tomography (CT) scan revealing infarcts or moderate-to-severe white matter hypodense lesions.The prevalence of risk factors for cerebrovascular disease was higher in the 45 patients with cerebrovascular disease than the 56 without it. Risk factors did not influence outcome after shunt placement. Intent-to-treat analysis revealed that the mean improvement in the various scales was significantly less for patients with a history of stroke (14 patients), CT scans revealing infarctions (13), or white matter hypodense lesions (32 patients) than for those without cerebrovascular disease. The proportion of patients who responded to shunt placement was also significantly lower among patients with than those without cerebrovascular disease (p = 0.02).Conclusions. The authors identified a subgroup of patients with NPH and cerebrovascular disease who showed disappointing results after shunt placement. Cerebrovascular disease was an important predictor of poor outcome.

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Orlova, A. S., N. I. Men’shova, S. A. Rumjanceva, E. V. Silina, V. A. Stupin, V. A. Orlov, T. G. Sinel’nikova, and S. B. Bolevich. "Cardiovascular comorbidity and free radical mediated processes imbalance in patients with acute stroke." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 6 (December 15, 2013): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1796.

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Aim. To study the free radical imbalance in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease and cardiovascular comorbidity and to determine its prognostic value. Methods. 141 patients with acute cerebrovascular disease of different severity aged 28-94 years (mean age 65.48±13.44 years) with various concomitant conditions were included. Ischemic stroke was diagnosed in 87 (61.7%), haemorragic stroke - in 35 (24.8%), transient ischemic attack - in 19 (13.5%) patients. Free radical processes in blood serum were examined repeatedly based on oxidative and peroxidative markers of oxidative stress. Results. Among the observed patients, 25.5% had one or no cardiovascular diseases, 24.8% had two, 27.0% had three and 22.7% had four and over. The increase in free radical imbalance was related to the increase in concomitant conditions number - there was a decrease of leukocyte chemiluminescence basal intensity by 1,76 times in patients with 4 cardiovascular diseases and above compared to 1 cardiovascular disease; increase of zymosan-stimulated leukocyte chemiluminescence intensity by 1.44 times; depression of antiperoxide activity of secondary serum by 1.36 times and increase of malondialdehyde by 1.5 times (р 0.05). Unfavorable outcome was observed in 9.7% of patients with 1 cardiovascular disease, which is 2.66 times lower compared to patients with acute cerebrovascular disease and 2 cardiovascular diseases (р 0.05), 3.55 times lower compared to patients with 3 cardiovascular diseases (р 0.05) and 2.67 times lower compared to patients with ≥4 cardiovascular diseases (р 0.05). Conclusion. Indices of free radical processes may be used as additional markers for prognosis and functional outcome evaluation of acute cerebrovascular disease with concomitant cardiovascular diseases.

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Lu, Jiajie, Wei Liu, and Hongru Zhao. "Headache in cerebrovascular diseases." Stroke and Vascular Neurology 5, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000333.

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Headache is a common accompanying symptom of cerebrovascular diseases. The most common patterns of headache for different cerebrovascular disorders, aetiology and pathogenesis and diagnostic workup are reviewed with emphasis on distinguishing characteristics. It will be a clinical guide for physicians who treat patients with headache or cerebral vascular disease.

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Yalap, Eray, Gizem Öztürk, Burak Özaltun, Mine Hayriye Sorgun, Şule Şengül, M. Cenk Akbostancı, and Canan Togay Işıkay. "Comparison of Nocturnal Blood Pressure Patterns between Parkinson’s Disease, Cerebrovascular, and Other Neurological Diseases." Neurological Sciences and Neurophysiology 41, no. 1 (2024): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/nsn.nsn_173_23.

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Background: The rise in average systolic blood pressure at night compared with daytime is called reverse dipping. Reverse dipping is one of the indicators of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Reverse dipping may increase cardiovascular mortality. We aimed to document nocturnal blood pressure patterns of patients with Parkinson’s Disease, cerebrovascular diseases, and other neurological diseases. Method: Patients who applied to the neurology department between 2012 and 2016 and had 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were enrolled. Patients without an MRI examination were excluded. Patients in the cerebrovascular disease group had ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, vascular parkinsonism, and/or vascular dementia. The patients who did not have PD or cerebrovascular disease were assigned to the other neurological diseases group. Nocturnal blood pressure patterns were examined and categorized into two as dipping/non-dipping and reverse dipping. Dipping/non-dipping and reverse dipping rates were compared between groups. The difference between the groups was evaluated using the chi-square test. Results: A total of 126 patients were enrolled, 59% (n:74) of them were female while 41% (n:52) were male. The median age was 62 (18 - 88) years. The rates of dipping, non-dipping, and reverse dipping were as follows; 5.3%, 57.9%, 36.8% in the PD, 37%, 40.7%, 22.2% in the cerebrovascular disease, and 37.5%, 51.2%, and 11.3% in the other neurological diseases group. The rate of reverse dipping was significantly higher in the PD group (p=0.024), while it was lower in other neurological disease group (p=0.029). The rates in the cerebrovascular disease group were not statistically different. Conclusion: Reverse dipping is an important yet unnoticed autonomic dysfunction feature which can increase cardiovascular mortality in PD patients.

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Nakai, Michikazu, Yoshitaka Iwanaga, Yoko Sumita, Shinichi Wada, Haruhiko Hiramatsu, Koji Iihara, Takahide Kohro, et al. "Associations among cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Analysis of the nationwide claims-based JROAD-DPC dataset." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): e0264390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264390.

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Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are frequently interconnected due to underlying pathology involving atherosclerosis and thromboembolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of clinical interactions among cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases on patient outcomes using a large-scale nationwide claims-based dataset. Cardiovascular diseases were defined as myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and aortic dissection. Cerebrovascular diseases were defined as cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. This retrospective study included 2,736,986 inpatient records (1,800,255 patients) at 911 hospitals from 2015 to 2016 from Japanese registry of all cardiac and vascular disease-diagnostic procedure combination dataset. Interactions among comorbidities and complications, rehospitalization, and clinical outcomes including in-hospital mortality were investigated. Among hospitalization records that involved cardiovascular disease, 5.9% (32,686 records) had cerebrovascular disease as a comorbidity and 2.1% (11,362 records) included an incident cerebrovascular complication after hospitalization. Cerebrovascular disease as a comorbidity or complication was associated with higher in-hospital mortality than no cerebrovascular disease (adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval]: 1.10 [1.06–1.14], 2.02 [1.91–2.13], respectively). Among 367,904 hospitalization records that involved cerebrovascular disease, 17.7% (63,647 records) had cardiovascular disease listed as comorbidity and 3.3% (11,834 records) as a complication. Only cardiovascular disease as a complication was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR [95% confidence interval]: 1.29 [1.22–1.37]). In addition, in-hospital mortality during rehospitalization due to the other disease was significantly higher than mortality during the hospitalization due to the first disease. In conclusion, substantial associations were observed between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a large-scale nationwide claims-based dataset; these associations had a significant impact on clinical outcomes. More intensive prevention and management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease might be crucial.

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Johansen, Michelle C., and Rebecca F. Gottesman. "Cerebrovascular Disease and Cognitive Outcome in Patients with Cardiac Disease." Seminars in Neurology 41, no. 04 (April 13, 2021): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726330.

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AbstractThe pace of understanding cognitive decline and dementia has rapidly accelerated over the past decade, with constantly evolving insights into the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Notably, more overlap has been discovered in the pathophysiology between what was previously understood to be Alzheimer's disease and VCID, leading to a heightened emphasis on disease prevention through early and aggressive control of vascular risk factors. One particularly vulnerable population may be those with cardiac disease, as they are at risk for cerebrovascular disease, which itself can lead to dementia, and increasing evidence supports cognitive impairment in disease processes such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation, independent of ischemic stroke, suggesting other potential mechanisms. In this article, we review the evidence supporting the relationship between cardiac disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cognitive decline and discuss the ongoing and future research efforts aimed at defining the important relationship between these entities.

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Polonara, G., J. Bove, L. Regnicolo, N. Herber, E. Cesaroni, and N. Zamponi. "Paediatric Cerebrovascular Disease: Neuroradiological Diagnosis." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 18, no. 3 (June 2005): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090501800306.

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The low incidence (2.6 cases in 100,000) of cerebrovascular disease in paediatric patients compared with the adult population makes it a diagnostic challenge. Etiological factors have changed over time: whereas in the past bacterial meningitis was the most frequent cause, heart disease, haematological disorders, vasculopathy and viral infections have now become the most common. Haemorrhagic stroke is most frequently due to arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), cavernous angioma, haematological disorders and intracranial aneurysms. Traumatic or fibrodyplastic arterial thrombosis is extremely rare. Venous thrombosis most commonly affects the upper sagittal sinus. In two thirds of cases the cause of stroke remains unknown. For years, symptoms of acute CNS deficits have been studied with computed tomography (CT), especially to rule out haemorrhage. To avoid exposing paediatric patients to ionizing radiation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), more sensitive and specific for the identification of acute ischaemic stroke, is currently the first-line diagnostic technique. In particular, diffusion-weighted sequences are capable of early identification of ischaemic areas. Association with perfusion techniques will define the areas at high risk of further damage and to attempt to estimate the final volume of the lesion. MR spectroscopy contributes to the characterization of ischaemic lesions. MR angiography (MRA) has proved to be a noninvasive technique with the same diagnostic effectiveness as conventional angiography for dissections, transient cerebral arteriopathy and moyamoya. The cervical arteries are studied using contrast-enhanced sequences. Conventional angiography remains the technique of choice for the study of small vessels disease and AVMs.

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Charidimou, Andreas, Deborah Blacker, and Anand Viswanathan. "Context is everything: From cardiovascular disease to cerebral microbleeds." International Journal of Stroke 13, no. 1 (September 14, 2017): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493017730907.

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Increasingly, our approach to cerebrovascular disease has become blurred by evidence published in literature often without careful consideration of what this evidence implies for specific patients at hand. In this essay, we analyze key contextual issues in cerebrovascular small vessel disease, in an attempt to highlight the symbolic gap that exists between research and clinical practice, a recurring theme in medicine. We highlight the importance of considering context when using data from epidemiologic, neuroimaging, and biomarker studies in determining relevance to the patient at hand. We argue, that while biomarkers and neuroimaging may eventually serve to help to identify individuals with specific cerebrovascular diseases, we must always continue to understand patients in a specific clinical context. These reflections are particularly relevant when considering cerebral microbleeds—a key marker of cerebrovascular small vessel disease whose detection often raises thorny clinical dilemmas.

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Li, Yanjiao, Zhipeng Liu, Baojin Wu, Jingrui Zhang, and Chao Li. "Combined Application of CT Perfusion Imaging and CT Angiography in Imaging Diagnosis of Acute Cerebrovascular Diseases." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (October 29, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4825285.

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The incidence rate of cerebrovascular diseases is increasing year by year, but the accuracy of clinical diagnosis is not high enough to cause disease. Many patients cannot effectively diagnose and treat the disease at the early stage. CT perfusion imaging (CTP) and CT angiography (CTA) were used to diagnose cerebrovascular diseases. In this paper, 26 cases of patients with acute cerebrovascular disease in our hospital from June to August 2020 were selected as the research objects. According to the diagnosis method voluntarily chosen by patients, 6 cases were only detected by CT perfusion imaging, 8 cases were only detected by CT angiography, and the remaining 12 cases were diagnosed by CT perfusion imaging and CT angiography. Then, according to the diagnosis results of the CT image of the patients with cerebrovascular disease, these samples were followed up after 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months, and more accurate diagnosis results were obtained. The study showed that, after 3 months of CT detection, the sensitivity of patients with CTP detection was 67%, that of patients with CTA detection was 72%, and that of patients with combined detection was 83%. After 6 months of CT detection, the sensitivity of patients with CTP detection was 75%, that of patients with CTA detection was 79%, and that of patients with combined detection was 93%. After 9 months of CT detection, the sensitivity of patients with CTP detection was 86%, that of patients with CTA detection was 89%, and that of patients with combined detection was 99%. Therefore, the use of CTA combined with CTP joint detection of acute cerebrovascular disease imaging technology can effectively improve the diagnostic accuracy of patients.

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TERASAKA, Shunsuke, Satoshi KURODA, Satoshi USHIKOSHI, Masanori NAKAMURA, Ken KAZUMATA, Daina KASHIWAZAKI, Fumiyuki OKAMOTO, Katsuhiko NAKANISHI, and Yoshinobu IWASAKI. "Prophylactic Cerebrovascular Reconstructive Surgery for Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease in Patients with Cardiac Surgery." Surgery for Cerebral Stroke 35, no. 5 (2007): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2335/scs.35.335.

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39

Lin, Kailong, Liusheng Chen, Yang Wang, Yeqiang Xu, Guanliang Wang, Hongfang Li, Yicheng Pan, Lichun Ma, and Siyi He. "Endovascular treatment of cerebrovascular stenosis with stent for patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease." Medicine 99, no. 47 (November 20, 2020): e23313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000023313.

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40

Lin, Chien-Heng, Jung-Nien Lai, Inn-Chi Lee, I.-Ching Chou, Wei-De Lin, Mei-Chen Lin, and Syuan-Yu Hong. "Kawasaki Disease May Increase the Risk of Subsequent Cerebrovascular Disease." Stroke 53, no. 4 (April 2022): 1256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.032953.

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Background: Previous epidemiological investigations examining the association between Kawasaki disease (KD) and cerebrovascular disease have had conflicting results. We analyzed the association between KD and cerebrovascular disease by conducting a population-based retrospective cohort study designed to investigate the hypothesis that KD could be a risk factor for subsequent cerebrovascular disease. Methods: From the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, the data of children (aged 0–18 years old) with KD (n=8467) were collected. Starting with the first year of study observation (referred to as the baseline year), data was collected for each child with KD, and 4 non-KD patients matched for sex, urbanization level of residence, and parental occupation were randomly selected to form the non-KD cohort (n=33 868) for our analysis. For the period from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2012, we calculated the follow-up person-years for each patient, which is the time from the index date to the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease, death, or the end of 2012. Furthermore, we compared the incidence, the incidence rate ratio, and the 95% CI of cerebrovascular disease between the KD and non-KD cohorts. Results: The overall cerebrovascular disease incidence rate was found to be 3.19-fold higher, which is significantly higher, in the KD cohort than in the non-KD cohort (14.73 versus 4.62 per 100 000 person-years), and the overall risk of cerebrovascular disease remained higher in the KD cohort (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.16 [95% CI, 1.46–6.85]). Furthermore, children aged <5 years showed a significantly higher risk of subsequent cerebrovascular disease in the KD cohort (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.14 [95% CI, 1.43–6.92]). Conclusions: This nationwide retrospective cohort study shows that KD may increase the risk of subsequent cerebrovascular disease, especially in those with KD aged <5 years old.

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Nakajima, Kazuo, Masahiko Ichinose, and Shin'ichi Takada. "Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 32, no. 7 (1995): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.32.497.

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42

Shibazaki, Kensaku, Kazumi Kimura, Junichi Uemura, Kenichiro Sakai, Yuki Sakamoto, and Shuichi Fujii. "Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with cerebrovascular disease." Nosotchu 33, no. 5 (2011): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3995/jstroke.33.488.

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43

Perju-Dumbrava, L., Muntean ML, and Muresanu DF. "Cerebrovascular Profile Assessment in Parkinson`s Disease Patients." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 999, no. 999 (September 1, 2013): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18715273113129990107.

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44

Tanaka, Hisashi, Akio Takeda, and Sawao Ishikawa. "Anosognosia and Somatoparaphrenia in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease." Higher Brain Function Research 15, no. 2 (1995): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2496/apr.15.192.

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45

Nielson, Christopher, and Richard M. Fleming. "Blood Glucose and Cerebrovascular Disease in Nondiabetic Patients." Angiology 58, no. 5 (September 28, 2007): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319707303695.

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46

Camargo, Carlos Henrique Ferreira, Eduardo Antunes Martins, Marcos Christiano Lange, Henrique Alvaro Hoffmann, Jissa Jeanete Luciano, Marcelo Rezende Young Blood, Marcelo Derbli Schafranski, Marcelo Machado Ferro, and Edmar Miyoshi. "Abnormal Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/523041.

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Background. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is an important nonmotor manifestation of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Changes in cerebrovascular reactivity may contribute to this manifestation and can be monitored using transcranial Doppler.Objective. To identify possible changes in cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with OH.Methods. Twenty-two individuals were selected and divided into three groups: with and without OH and controls. Transcranial Doppler was used to assess basal mean blood flow velocity, postapnea mean blood flow velocity, percentage increase in mean blood flow velocity, and cerebrovascular reactivity as measured by the breath-holding index.Results. PD patients had lower values of basal velocity (p=0.019), postapnea velocity (p=0.0015), percentage increase in velocity (p=0.039), and breath-holding index (p=0.04) than the controls. Patients with OH had higher values of basal velocity (p=0.09) and postapnea velocity (p=0.19) but lower values of percentage increase in velocity (p=0.22) and breath-holding index (p=0.32) than patients without OH.Conclusions. PD patients present with abnormalities in a compensatory mechanism that regulates cerebral blood flow. OH could be an indicator of these abnormalities.

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47

Silvestrini, M., M. Matteis, G. Bernardi, A. Pietroiusti, and A. Galante. "Leukocyte aggregation in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 89, no. 3 (January 29, 2009): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb01669.x.

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48

Khadjooi, Kayvan, Deepak Bhatia, and John Paterson. "P0217 DRIVING ADVICE IN PATIENTS WITH CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE." European Journal of Internal Medicine 20 (May 2009): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-6205(09)60237-5.

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Prati, P., M. Casaroli, C. Vinci, and I. Pittaro. "Secondary prevention in patients with cerebrovascular ischaemic disease." Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences 19, S1 (October 1998): S43—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00713886.

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50

Moussouttas, M., L. Aguilar, K. Fuentes, B. Anyanwu, H. Manassarians, N. Papamitsakis, Q. Shi, and P. Visintainer. "Cerebrovascular disease among patients from the Indian subcontinent." Neurology 67, no. 5 (September 11, 2006): 894–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000233923.63869.8c.

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