Статті в журналах: "Cephalometry"

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Zielak, João César, David Gulin Neto, Leonardo Fernandes da Cunha, Tatiana Miranda Deliberador, and Allan Fernando Giovanini. "Cephalometric Approach to the Occlusal Vertical Dimension Reestablishment." Case Reports in Dentistry 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/920840.

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The occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) refers to the length of the face as determined by the amount of separation of the jaws. Its determination is important for the manufacture of restorations. However, defining the correct occlusal vertical dimension for edentulous patients is one of the most important steps for function and esthetics rehabilitation. Cephalometry is a standardized method of assessing dental and facial proportions and their interrelation. Additionally, cephalometric analysis of the facial vertical dimension can establish an individual pattern for each patient. This analysis should become a permanent part of each patient’s record. Hence, this study presented a case report with the use of cephalometry as an auxiliary tool in the rehabilitation of OVD. Clinical relevance showed that cephalometric analysis can be an accurate and convenient instrument to treatment planning and prognostic of oral rehabilitation. The reader should understand the clinical implications of using cephalometry as a tool in the rehabilitation of OVD.

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Drachevska, I. Yu. "Features and modern aspects of the use of teleroentgenographic indicators determined by STEINER, RICKETTS and DOWNS METHODS (analysis of scientific literature)." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 24, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2020-24(2)-21.

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Annotation. The aim of the work is to analyze the modern scientific literature on the features and use of methods of cephalometric analysis of lateral teleroentgenograms by Steiner, Ricketts and Downs methods. The introduction of modern methods of dental care, which include an individual approach to the patient depending on the characteristics of his face is the most promising in clinical medicine. However, at the same time, such an approach requires a solid theoretical basis, foundation, and further large-scale clinical trials. Clinical anthropology, one of the parts of which is cephalometry, meets such requirements most fully. Cephalometry, in turn, is reflected in clinical application in the form of cephalometric analysis, which is a key element to begin providing modern dental care to the population.

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Metli, Şule Nur, Mücahid Yıldırım, Emire Aybüke Erdur, and Ömer Erdur. "A comparison of transversal changes occurring in the treatment of rapid maxillary expansion with acoustic rhinometry." International Dental Research 12, Suppl. 1 (December 31, 2022): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.434.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cephalometric transversal measurements and nasal patency before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment applied to patients with maxillary transversal deficiency. Methodology: The records of 30 patients with maxillary transversal insufficiency and 20 patients without normal dentofacial and nasal symptoms were used. Acoustic rhinometry (MCA1, MCA2, VOL1, VOL2) and cephalometry measurements (JR–JL, MMTI, nasal width) were analyzed before (TO) and six months after (T1) RME. Results: There were no significant differences in age and gender between the groups. After the RME treatment of the patients in the study group, there was a significant increase in the cephalometric measurement (JL–JR, MMTI, nasal width) and acoustic rhinometry measurement parameters (MCA1, MCA2, VOL1, VOL2). Cephalometric measurements showed consistent changes in the patients in the study group, suggesting that RME treatment increased the maxilla’s growth capacity. The postero-anterior cephalometry results improved after RME treatment and approached those of the control group. Conclusion: Significant improvement was observed in the cephalometric transversal measurements after RME treatment. This improvement indicated that RME increases maxillary growth capacity. There was no correlation between cephalometric and acoustic rhinometry. This result may be due to the inability of postero-anterior cephalometry to effectively evaluate the maxilla-related part of the nasal structures. How to cite this article: Metli ŞN, Yıldırım M, Erdur EA, Erdur Ö. A comparison of transversal changes occurring in the treatment of rapid maxillary expansion with acoustic rhinometry. Int Dent Res 2022;12(Suppl.1):97-102. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.434 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

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Yousefi, Faezeh, Vahid Mollabashi, Soroush Bahmani, and Maryam Farhadian. "Comparison of Gonial Angle and Alveolar Bone Height Changes in Panoramic and Lateral Cephalometry Radiography in Growing Patients." Avicenna Journal of Dental Research 14, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajdr.2022.06.

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Background: This study aimed to compare the gonial angle and alveolar bone height changes between panoramic and lateral cephalometry radiographic images in class II malocclusion patients before and after orthodontic treatment. Methods: The obtained radiographic images were selected from among 120 class 2 malocclusion cases. The gonial angle and alveolar bone height were measured in the midline and molar regions of panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs using the software tools before and after the treatment of patients. Study data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 21.0), and a significance level was set to 0.05 for all statistical tests. Results: Based on the results, no significant difference was found regarding the gonial angle before and after treatment on the right and left sides in panoramic radiography and the gonial angle changes before and after treatment in cephalometric radiography (P>0.05). However, the obtained results for posterior and anterior alveolar ridge height were significant in panoramic and cephalometric radiographs (P<0.05). Moreover, the comparison of the measured gonial angle values before treatment in panoramic and cephalometric radiography represented a significant level (P<0.05). Eventually, the statistical results suggested that the alveolar bone height differences between panoramic and cephalometry radiography were significantly different in both anterior and posterior regions after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusions: The findings indicated that only measurements obtained from the panoramic radiography were valid for the gonial angle. However, panoramic and cephalometry radiography procedures cannot be replaced for assessing the anterior and posterior alveolar bone height.

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Narkhede, Sameer, Paritosh Rao, Veera Sawant, Sanpreet Singh Sachdev, Suraj Arora, Ajinkya M. Pawar, Rodolfo Reda, and Luca Testarelli. "Digital Versus Manual Tracing in Cephalometric Analysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 6 (May 25, 2024): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm14060566.

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Background: Over the years, various researchers have attempted to compare digital cephalometry with the conventional manual approach. There is a need to comprehensively analyze the findings from the earlier studies and determine the potential advantages and limitations of each method. The present systematic review aimed to compare the accuracy of digital and manual tracing in cephalometric analysis for the identification of skeletal and dental landmarks. Methods: A systematic search was performed using the keywords “Digital” AND “Manual” AND “Cephalometry” to identify relevant studies published in the English language in the past decade. The electronic data resources consulted for the elaborate search included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, ERIC, and ScienceDirect with controlled vocabulary and free text terms. Results: A total of n = 20 studies were identified that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria within the timeframe of 2013 to 2023. The data extracted from the included articles and corresponding meta-analyses are presented in the text. Conclusions: The findings of the present systematic review and meta-analysis revealed trends suggesting that digital tracing may offer reliable measurements for specific cephalometric parameters efficiently and accurately. Orthodontists must consider the potential benefits of digital cephalometry, including time-saving and user-friendliness.

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6

Taub, Peter J. "Cephalometry." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 18, no. 4 (July 2007): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e31806848cf.

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7

Alshamrani, Khalaf, Hassan Alshamrani, F. F. Alqahtani, and Ali H. Alshehri. "Automation of Cephalometrics Using Machine Learning Methods." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (June 21, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3061154.

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Cephalometry is a medical test that can detect teeth, skeleton, or appearance problems. In this scenario, the patient’s lateral radiograph of the face was utilised to construct a tracing from the tracing of lines on the lateral radiograph of the face of the soft and hard structures (skin and bone, respectively). Certain cephalometric locations and characteristic lines and angles are indicated after the tracing is completed to do the real examination. In this unique study, it is proposed that machine learning models be employed to create cephalometry. These models can recognise cephalometric locations in X-ray images, allowing the study’s computing procedure to be completed faster. To correlate a probability map with an input image, they combine an Autoencoder architecture with convolutional neural networks and Inception layers. These innovative architectures were demonstrated. When many models were compared, it was observed that they all performed admirably in this task.

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8

Berwig, Luana, Ana da Silva, Eliane Corrêa, Eliane Serpa, and Rodrigo Ritzel. "Correlation between nasopharyngoscopy and cephalometry in the diagnosis of hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsils." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 16, no. 02 (April 2012): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7162/s1809-97772012000200009.

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Summary Introduction: Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil is one of the main causes of mouth breathing, and accurate diagnosis of this alteration is important for proper therapeutic planning. Therefore, studies have been conducted in order to provide information regarding the procedures that can be used for the diagnosis of pharyngeal obstruction. Objective: To verify the correlation between nasopharyngoscopy and cephalometric examinations in the diagnosis of pharyngeal tonsil hyperplasia. Method: This was a cross-sectional, clinical, experimental, and quantitative study. Fifty-five children took part in this study, 30 girls and 25 boys, aged between 7 and 11 years. The children underwent nasofibropharyngoscopic and cephalometric evaluation to determine the grade of nasopharyngeal obstruction. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient at the 5% significance level was used to verify the correlation between these exams. Results: In the nasopharyngoscopy evaluation, most children showed grade 2 and 3 hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil, which was followed by grade 1. In the cephalometry assessment, most children showed grade 1 hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil, which was followed by grade 2. A statistically significant regular positive correlation was observed between the exams. Conclusion: It was concluded that the evaluation of the pharyngeal tonsil hyperplasia could be carried out by fiber optic nasopharyngoscopy and cephalometry, as these examinations were regularly correlated. However, it was found that cephalometry tended to underestimate the size of the pharyngeal tonsil relative to nasopharyngoscopy.

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9

Daokar, Suchita Tarvade, and Raksha Rajput. "Cephalometric Appraisal of Antero-posterior Skeletal Discrepancy: An Overview." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 8, no. 1 (October 13, 2018): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v8i1.21349.

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Cephalometry is one of the important diagnostic tools for assessment of jaw relationship. Sagittal jaw relationship is of utmost concern to the patients and orthodontist. Many linear and angular parameters are used for measurement of sagittal jaw discrepancies. This article reviews various AP cephalometric parameters

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Arat, Zuleyha Mirzen, Mehmet Okan Akcam, Elçin Esenlik, and F. Emel Arat. "Inconsistencies in the Differential Diagnosis of Open Bite." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/021907-80.1.

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Abstract Objective: To examine inconsistencies in the differential diagnosis of open bite. Materials and Methods: Using visual judgments, a total of 77 anterior open-bite cases in the postpubertal growth period were grouped as either morphogenetic, functional, or combination. The same sample was also grouped as either hyperdivergent, normodivergent, or hypodivergent using mandibular-plane angle and conventional cephalometry. Kappa analysis was used to test the agreement between the 2 methods of evaluation, and χ2 tests were used to analyze the distribution of cephalometrically grouped hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent cases among the visually assessed morphogenetic, functional and combination groups and vice versa. A κ score of 0.343 indicated a weak agreement between visual judgment and cephalometric methods of evaluation (P < .001). Results: Despite the expectation that cases evaluated as hyperdivergent using cephalometry would be visually evaluated as morphogenetic, more than half of the cases assessed as hyperdivergent were in fact classified as functional. Conclusions: These findings highlight the inadequacy of relying solely on cephalometric evaluation to classify open bite.

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Reis, Eliano da Fonseca, Nathanael Attilas Aleva, Lucas de Morais Barros, Hércules Henrique Onibene Castro, Daniel Rodrigues Silva, and Juscélio Clemente de Abreu. "Comparisons of Cephalometric image analysis by Information Technology (IT) in the treatment of Dentomaxillofacial Changes." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 5 (2022): 044–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.95.4.

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Cephalometry is one of the most important complementary exams in the diagnosis and planning of orthodontic, surgical, speech therapy, otorhinolaryngology and facial orthopedic treatments. The lateral cephalogram used for cephalometry can also assess the maturation of the cervical vertebrae to complement the diagnosis of bone age, orofacial dysfunction and changes in the Upper Airway (UAS). Due to the technological evolution for obtaining and interpreting images and with the emergence of software that are auxiliary in the diagnosis of orofacial alterations, the objective of this work was to develop diagnostic hypotheses and suggestions for treatments of dentomaxillofacial alterations , from comparisons of IT data. four commonly used cephalometric techniques. The software used for the analysis of the images was Cefanalis ® and the parameters Cephalometric measurements were obtained using the techniques of Jarabak , McNamara , Ricketts and USP. The advantage of having four analyzes gathered in a single software and the possibility of making cephalometric tracings of each of these techniques in combination allows the orthodontist to perform the entire procedure in his own office. More than the cephalometric tracing itself, it is possible to elaborate diagnostic hypotheses for each of the listed measures and treatment proposals for each of the changes in normality. The findings of this study made it possible to complement the data for an accurate diagnosis performed by professionals who use CCom .

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12

Sinha, Pramod K. "ORTHODONTIC CEPHALOMETRY." Journal of the American Dental Association 127, no. 6 (June 1996): 738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1996.0305.

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13

Graber, T. M. "Radiographic Cephalometry." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 109, no. 2 (February 1996): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(96)80074-6.

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14

Speidel, T. Michael. "Orthodontic cephalometry." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 111, no. 4 (April 1997): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(97)80037-6.

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Hermann, N. V., B. L. Jensen, E. Dahl, T. A. Darvann, and S. Kreiborg. "A Method for Three-Projection Infant Cephalometry." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 38, no. 4 (July 2001): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2001_038_0299_amftpi_2.0.co_2.

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Objective: To assess morphology and growth in infants and children with craniofacial anomalies based on comprehensive digitization of radiographic films in three, mutually orthogonal projections. Method: The method consists of (1) acquisition of radiographic films in a highly standardized three-projection (lateral, frontal, and axial) cephalometer, (2) marking and digitization of a total of 279 anatomical landmarks in the three projections, and (3) computation and presentation (tabular and graphical) of 356 linear and angular variables describing the craniofacial morphology, including soft tissue. Computation of statistical entities describing a patient, a group of patients, the differences between patients or groups of patients was carried out. Error assessment of the method involved investigation of error distribution among a number of error sources. Duplicate digitization of radiographic films from 30 randomly selected patients, and from 10 dry skulls, was carried out to determine the errors contributed by the procedure of landmark digitization and the distribution of error among landmarks and variables, as well as between projections. Results: The average error due to landmark digitization, s(i), determined by duplicate digitization and calculated by use of Dahlberg's formula was 0.8 mm for linear variables and 1.6 degrees for angular variables. Conclusion: This method of infant cephalometry has been shown to be highly accurate and reproducible, and it adds significant new potential for, e.g., asymmetry detection, population comparison, and growth measurements compared to other cephalometric techniques due to its standardized acquisition and digitization protocol, inclusion of an axial projection, and the large number of well-defined landmarks and variables involved.

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Xu, Meng, Bingyang Liu, Zhaoyang Luo, Min Sun, Yongqian Wang, Ningbei Yin, Xiaojun Tang, and Tao Song. "Using a New Deep Learning Method for 3D Cephalometry in Patients With Hemifacial Microsomia." Annals of Plastic Surgery 91, no. 3 (September 2023): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000003647.

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Abstract Deep learning algorithms based on automatic 3D cephalometric marking points about people without craniomaxillofacial deformities have achieved good results. However, there has been no previous report about hemifacial microsomia (HFM). The purpose of this study is to apply a new deep learning method based on a 3D point cloud graph convolutional neural network to predict and locate landmarks in patients with HFM based on the relationships between points. The authors used a PointNet++ model to investigate the automatic 3D cephalometry. And the mean distance error (MDE) of the center coordinate position and the success detection rate (SDR) were used to evaluate the accuracy of systematic labeling. A total of 135 patients were enrolled. The MDE for all 32 landmarks was 1.46 ± 1.308 mm, and 10 landmarks showed SDRs at 2 mm over 90%, and only 4 landmarks showed SDRs at 2 mm under 60%. Compared with the manual reproducibility, the standard distance deviation and coefficient of variation values for the MDE of the artificial intelligence system was 0.67 and 0.43, respectively. In summary, our training sets were derived from HFM computed tomography to achieve accurate results. The 3D cephalometry system based on the graph convolutional network algorithm may be suitable for the 3D cephalometry system in HFM cases. More accurate results may be obtained if the HFM training set is expanded in the future.

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Kragskov, Jens, Carles Bosch, Carsten Gyldensted, and Steen Sindet-Pedersen. "Comparison of the Reliability of Craniofacial Anatomic Landmarks Based on Cephalometric Radiographs and Three-Dimensional CT Scans." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 34, no. 2 (March 1997): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0111_cotroc_2.3.co_2.

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Objective Conventional cephalometry is an inexpensive and well-established method for evaluating patients with dentofacial deformities. However, patients with major deformities, and in particular asymmetric cases are difficult to evaluate by conventional cephalometry. Both two- and three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) have been proposed to alleviate some of these difficulties. Only a few studies using metallic markers have indicated 3-D CT to be a useful diagnostic method, whereas no studies have evaluated the reliability of the anatomic cephalometric points used in 3-D CT. The aim of our study therefore was to compare the reliability of anatomic cephalometric points from conventional cephalograms and 3-D CT. Methods Nine human dry skulls were CT scanned. In addition standard lateral and frontal cephalograms were obtained. The CT scans were 3-D image reconstructed, and the cephalometric points were recorded as x, y, and z co-ordinates by two investigators. Computerized cephalometrics were performed on the lateral and frontal cephalograms. Intra- and interindividual variations were calculated for each method and tested for statistical significance. Results Lateral cephalogram measures were more reliable than 3-D CT, with interobserver variations less than 1 mm for most points compared to about 2 mm for 3-D CT. Lateral cephalometrics also showed significantly less interobserver variation for six variables. This was, however, less obvious when 3-D CT was compared to frontal cephalograms. Frontal cephalometrics showed significantly less interobserver variation for three of the investigated variables. Conclusions For standard lateral and frontal cephalometric points, there is no evidence that 3-D CT is more reliable than the conventional cephalometric methods in normal skull, and the benefit of 3-D CT cephalometric is indicated to be in the severe asymmetric craniofacial syndrome patients, as conventional cephalometrics is known to be inferior in these cases.

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Terawatpothong, Anutta, Chidchanok Sessirisombat, Wish Banhiran, Hitoshi Hotokezaka, Noriaki Yoshida, and Irin Sirisoontorn. "Relationship between Cephalometric and Ultrasonic Airway Parameters in Adults with High Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 12 (June 17, 2024): 3540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123540.

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Background/Objectives: Polysomnography and cephalometry have been used for studying obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) etiology. The association between craniofacial skeleton and OSA severity remains controversial. To study OSA’s etiology, cephalometry, fiberoptic pharyngoscopy, polysomnography, and sleep endoscopy have been used; however, airway obstructions cannot be located. Recent research suggested ultrasonography for OSA screening and upper airway obstruction localization. Thus, this study aims to investigate the relationship between specific craniofacial cephalometric and ultrasonic airway parameters in adults at high risk of OSA. Methods: To assess craniofacial structure, lateral cephalograms were taken from thirty-three adults over 18 with a STOP-Bang questionnaire score of three or higher and a waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) of 0.5 or higher. Airway parameters were assessed through submental ultrasound. Results: NSBA correlated with tongue base airspace width, while MP-H correlated with oropharynx, tongue base, and epiglottis airspace width. SNA, SNB, and NSBA correlated with tongue width at the oropharynx. At tongue base, ANB and MP-H correlated with tongue width. SNB and NSBA were associated with deep tissue thickness at the oropharynx, while MP-H correlated with superficial tissue thickness at velum and oropharynx. Conclusions: Cephalometric parameters (SNA, SNB, ANB, NSBA, and MP-H) were correlated with ultrasonic parameters in the velum, oropharynx, tongue base, and epiglottis.

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Reginald, B. Ajay, P. Pankaj Mallik, and Veera Nagi Reddy. "Cephalometry Compliments Dactylography." Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine 37, no. 4 (2015): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0848.2015.00094.9.

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Frongia, Gianluigi, Pietro Bracco, and Maria Grazia Piancino. "Three-Dimensional Cephalometry." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 24, no. 3 (May 2013): e308-e311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e31828f2e8e.

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Burlakov, Pavlo. "CPCT image combination algorithm for 3D cephalometry." Ukrainian Scientific Medical Youth Journal 144, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/usmyj.1(144).2024.92-97.

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3D cefalometry as a method of diagnosis of orthodontic patients for treatment planning has many advantages over the classical adopted as the "gold standard" 2D, but its main disadvantage is the large retgenological load on the patient when conducting MSCT or CBCT of a large field of vision (FOV 25*25 cm). To develop an ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) diagnostic protocol and reduce the dose-area product (DAP) per patient during 3D orthodontic diagnostics (cephalometry) by combining CPCT images taken on a scanner with a smaller field of vision (FOV). Methods : CBCT images of the upper and lower jaw and temporo mandibular joints of the middle patients who sought dental assistance at the «Expir» clinic. Mimics Medical software (Materialise, Belgium) Based on our developed and patented method of cephalometric analysis DVB, it has been shown that it is possible to perform a cephalometry analysis and to plan orthodontic treatment on combined CBCT images and thus reduce the DAP for the patient to 1532 mGr*cm2. The digital approach to the improvement of diagnostic methods, developed in accordance with the ALARA principles, allows to improve the quality of orthodontic services and reduce the X-ray load on patients.

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Puspitasari, Yustisia, Sitti Fadhilah Oemar Mattalitti, Eva Novawaty, and Neny Roeswahjuni. "COMPARISON OF THE ACCURACY OF MANUAL CEPHALOMETRY RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND WEB-BASED DIGITAL SOFTWARE." Dentino: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/dentino.v9i1.18864.

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Background: Determining anatomical landmarks - in the cranium, maxilla and mandible - as well as measuring skeletal and dental angles on cephalometric radiographs are supporting examinations that determine important diagnoses in orthodontic treatment. Traditionally, cephalometric analysis has been performed by tracing radiographic landmarks on acetate overlays and measuring linear and angular variables using protractor. However, despite its widespread use in orthodontics, the technique is time consuming and has several drawbacks, including a high risk of error in tracing, landmark identification, and measurement. Objective: to evaluate the difference of cephalometric measurements using manual and digital technique. Method: pre-treatment cephalometric digital radiographs of 40 patients were traced manually and digitally using WebCeph Ver. 1.0.0 computer software program by the same investigator. A total of 8 anatomical landmarks were located and five angular measurements based on Steiner Analysis were measured. Independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the difference of manual and digital measurements. Result: the p-values for SNA, SNB, ANB, I-NA, I-NB were greater than 0.05 (p>0.05). Conclusion: There were no significant difference between manual and digital tracing cephalometric technique using WebCeph for SNA, SNB, ANB, I-NA and I-NB Keywords: Cephalometric measurement, Digital cephalometric analysis, Steiner Analysis, Tracing cephalometry, WebCeph

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Yuen, H. M., H. L. Chan, C. T. Au, K. C. Chan, L. M. Lui, and A. M. Li. "0882 Local Deformation Analysis of Lateral Cephalogram for Childhood OSA Classification." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.878.

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Abstract Introduction Craniofacial profile is one of the anatomical causes of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Cephalometry provides information on patients’ skeletal structures and soft tissues. Traditional cephalometric analysis focuses on linear distances, angles, ratios and area of specific variables. Its classification power is often disappointed. In this study, a novel approach to cephalometric analysis using local deformation information was carried out to assess its efficacy in OSA classification. Methods This study was a retrospective analysis based on 60 case-control pairs who were Chinese children recruited for sleep studies in the Prince of Wales Hospital, with accessible lateral cephalometry and polysomnography (PSG) data. Local deformation technique was adopted to derive 1215 deformations from 15 manual landmarking on each cephalogram. In addition, three linear distances (hyoid bone to mandibular plane, hyoid bone to posterior pharyngeal wall, and minimal distance between tongue base and posterior pharyngeal wall) were measured from each cephalogram. A total of 1218 information features were obtained per subject. Classification models were built with an equal ratio between OSA and non-OSA groups (defined by OAHI≥1 and OAHI<1 respectively). Forty pairs were used as training data and twenty pairs were used as testing data. Results Three model settings which used all 1218 cephalometric features, 800 features, and 500 features were tested. The accuracy for the three settings were 67.5% (sensitivity: 70%, specificity: 65%), 87.5% (sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 85%), and 92.5% (sensitivity: 95%, specificity: 90%) respectively. Apart from the three distances, the 500 topmost discriminative features were predominantly landmarks around the nasal cavity. Conclusion A new approach to cephalometric analysis using local deformation information can provide additional details on each cephalogram, hence, achieving better classification. The classification models using 500 features yielded the highest accuracy among the three settings. This setting could benefit most from the comprehensive comparison while avoiding overfitting. Support -

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RETCHESKI, Alexandre Jose, Nelson Padilha da SILVA, Fernanda LEITE, and Paulo Roberto Aranha NOUER. "Reliability of adenoid hypertrophy diagnosis by cephalometric radiography." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 62, no. 3 (September 2014): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-8637201400030000071762.

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OBJECTIVE: To verify the reliability of adenoid hypertrophy diagnosis by cephalometric radiography. METHOD: Thirty male subjects, aged between 12 and 15 years, either mouth-breathers, or not, were selected. Diagnostic tests for adenoid hypertrophy were performed by radiological cephalometry based on lateral cephalometric radiographs and nasal endoscopy (gold standard). The CefX Cephalometric software program, version 2000 was used and the rhinoscopy was performed with a flexible endoscope. Blockage of 47% and 75% of the nasopharynx were taken as the cutoff points for cephalometric radiography and endoscopy, respectively. RESULTS: The correlation between the two examinations was considered moderately positive (0.5). Tests of validity and reliability reported a sensitivity of 100%; specificity 65.5%; positive predictive value of 9.1%; negative predictive value 100%, and exactness of 66.60%. CONCLUSION: Lateral cephalometric radiography was considered practical and comfortable for the patient; relatively efficient for detecting adenoid hypertrophy and obtaining the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction.

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Ed-dhahraouy, Mohammed, Hicham Riri, Manal Ezzahmouly, Abdelmajid El Moutaouakkil, Hakima Aghoutan, and Farid Bourzgui. "Proposition of local automatic algorithm for landmark detection in 3D cephalometry." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.1827.

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This study proposes a new contribution to solve the problem of automatic landmarks detection in three-dimensional cephalometry. 3D images obtained from CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) equipment were used for automatic identification of twelve landmarks. The proposed method is based on a local geometry and intensity criteria of skull structures. After the step of preprocessing and binarization, the algorithm segments the skull into three structures using the geometry information of nasal cavity and intensity information of the teeth. Each targeted landmark was detected using local geometrical information of the volume of interest containing this landmark. The ICC and confidence interval (95% CI) for each direction were 0, 91 (0.75 to 0.96) for x- direction; 0.92 (0.83 to 0.97) for y-direction; 0.92 (0.79 to 0.97) for z-direction. The mean error of detection was calculated using the Euclidian distance between the 3D coordinates of manually and automatically detected landmarks. The overall mean error of the algorithm was 2.76 mm with a standard deviation of 1.43 mm. Our proposed approach for automatic landmark identification in 3D cephalometric was capable of detecting 12 landmarks on 3D CBCT images which can be facilitate the use of 3D cephalometry to orthodontists.

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Bettega, G., M. Chenin, H. Sadek, P. Cinquin, J. Lebeau, M. Coulomb, and B. Raphael. "Three-Dimensional Fetal Cephalometry." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 33, no. 6 (November 1996): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569(1996)033<0463:tdfc>2.3.co;2.

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Lumban Gaol, Maria Natalina. "Cephalometry Variation of Bataknese." Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 13, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/bib.v13i1.4100.

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Indonesia merupakan negara dengan penduduk yang terdiri dari berbagai macam etnis dan suku bangsa, salah satu suku bangsa terbesar di Indonesia adalah suku Batak. Suku Batak terbagi menjadi beberapa subsuku, dengan subsuku terbesar yaitu Batak Toba, Batak Karo, dan Batak Simalungun. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis variasi kefalometri pada suku Batak. Adanya peningkatan jumlah populasi dari suku bangsa di berbagai wilayah, diikuti dengan meningkatnya aktivitas lalu lintas dan kuantitas tindak kejahatan dapat menyebabkan peningkatan peluang terjadinya kecelakaan lalu lintas dan korban kejahatan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui variasi kefalometri dan indeks kefalometri pada masyarakat suku Batak yang dapat digunakan dalam proses pengungkapan identitas korban kejahatan maupun kecelakaan lalu lintas. Penelitian ini melibatkan 60 subjek suku Batak yang terdiri dari 20 orang subsuku Batak Toba, 20 orang subsuku Batak Karo, dan 20 orang subsuku Batak Simalungun. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan tahapan pengajuan kelayakan etik (ethical clearance), pendataan subjek, pengukuran subjek, perhitungan indeks kefalometri, dan analisis data. Hasil yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa subsuku Batak Toba, Karo, dan Simalungun memiliki tipe kepala brachycephalic, tipe dahi lebar, dan tipe hidung platyrrhine. Adapun pada subsuku Batak Toba dan Karo diketahui memiliki tipe wajah leptoprosopic sedangkan pada subsuku Batak Simalungun memiliki tipe wajah mesoprosopic. Pada penelitian ini juga diketahui bahwa antara subsuku Batak Toba dengan Batak Karo tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada seluruh data ukuran tubuh dan kefalometri, namun antara subsuku Batak Toba dengan Batak Simalungun terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada lebar minimum frontal, lebar hidung, dan frontoparietal index, sedangkan antara subsuku Batak Simalungun dengan Batak Karo terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada lebar minimum frontal dan lebar wajah.

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Bettega, G. ,., M. Chenin, H. ,. Sadek, P. Cinquin, J. Lebeau, M. Coulomb, and B. ,. Raphaël. "Three-Dimensional Fetal Cephalometry." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 33, no. 6 (November 1996): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1996_033_0463_tdfc_2.3.co_2.

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Craniofacial growth has been the subject of numerous studies in which different techniques have been elaborated aiming to model this dynamic phenomenon in a rational manner. One of the methods employed is cephalometric analysis applied to the fetus. Generally, however, these studies are confined to the exploration of a single spatial plane (sagittal plane), whose orientation is never defined in a rigorous and perfectly reproducible manner. Thus, none of these analyses offers a formal growth model. This has led us to propose a new method of fetal cephalometric study taking into account criteria for proper reproducible analysis: spatial exploration of the head performed through three-dimensional tomodensitometric images and precise location of landmarks and reproducibility of the orientation of each image, which is assured by reference to the vestibular orientation (based on the external semicircular canals), as has been described by Girard and Perez and further developed by Fenart. When the labyrinth is developed, this orientation does not change during the growth stages of the head, even with craniofacial deformities. This permits application of this orientation on fetuses and the superposition of images of different subjects. The methodology is presented using two normal human fetuses, and the advantages of this computerized tool are discussed.

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Leggat, T. G. "Introduction to radiographic cephalometry." British Journal of Sports Medicine 20, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.20.3.124-a.

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30

Schendel, Stephen A. "Introduction to Radiographic Cephalometry." Annals of Plastic Surgery 17, no. 2 (August 1986): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000637-198608000-00016.

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Hirschmann, P. N. "Introduction to Radiographic Cephalometry." Journal of Dentistry 14, no. 2 (April 1986): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(86)90072-2.

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32

Ross, R. Bruce. "Introduction to Radiographic Cephalometry." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 80, no. 4 (October 1987): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198710000-00033.

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Shintani, Tomoko, Kohji Asakura, Yuji Nakano, Fumiaki Matsuda, and Akikatsu Kataura. "Cephalometry in OSAS children." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 83, no. 9 (1990): 1435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.83.1435.

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34

Cacciotti, Leo R. "Introduction to Radiographic Cephalometry." Radiology 161, no. 1 (October 1986): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.161.1.68.

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Bond, A. M. "Introduction to radiographic cephalometry." British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 24, no. 5 (October 1986): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-4356(86)90028-8.

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Morris, Charles R. "Introduction to Radiographic Cephalometry." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 56, no. 4 (October 1986): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(86)90409-9.

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37

Omotoso, D. R., A. J. Olanrewaju, U. C. Okwuonu, O. Adagboyin, and E. O. Bienonwu. "Morphometric study of cephalo-facial indices among Bini children in southern Nigeria." Anatomy Journal of Africa 8, no. 2 (August 19, 2019): 1580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v8i2.189031.

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Cephalometry is an important branch of anthropometry which involves the morphological study of structures present in the human head or scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head. Some of the most important cephalometric parameters include the length/height and breadth/width of the head, the face and the nose as well as their respective indices. These cephalometric parameters are vital in the description of variation which is a common phenomenon that characterizes human physiognomy. They are also useful in the description of human inter-racial and intra-racial similarities both within and across gender. This study involved 450 Bini children (235 males and 215 females) between ages 5-12 years. The length and width of the head and face of each subject was measured between the appropriate anatomical landmarks using spreading and sliding calipers. The measurements were used to calculate the cephalic and facial indices for each subject. The result showed sexual variation in both cephalic and facial indices among the Bini children with the males having higher values than the females. Also, the result of this study showed that prevalence of brachycephalic head type among both male (51.1%) and female (49.8%) Bini children. The mesoproscopic face type was the most prevalent face type among both male (62.6%) and female (47.4%) Bini children. The cephalo-facial indices are vital in demonstrating similarity and variation in physical morphologies of individuals or group of people of different ethnicity, races, gender and geographical locations. Keywords: Cephalometry, Cephalic index, facial index, Bini children, Nigeria

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Lytovchenko, Stepan O., Olexandr V. Pelypenko, and Oksana D. Danyliv. "Influence of the Neck Posture on the Masticatory Apparatus in Children." Acta Balneologica 65, no. 5 (2023): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/abal202305108.

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Aim: The study aimed to determine the peculiarities of influence of the neck posture on masticatory apparatus in children. Materials and Methods: We reviewed lateral cephalometric radiographs of 22 children, 10 girls, and 12 boys (mean age 12 years). Steiner cephalometric analysis and analysis of the upper cervical spine, which was available on corresponding cephalometric radiographs, were performed. In addition to cephalometric analysis, the angle between the McGregor line and the base of C2 (Oc-C2), the angle between the base of C1 and C2, and the angle between C2 and C5 were determined. Spearman’s correlation was computed to assess the relationship between neck sagittal plane posture and cephalometry results. Results: The strong correlation between sagittal neck posture and positioning of the incisor teeth was determined. We found, that the more lordotic is the neck and kyphotic or frontal tilted is the occipital position, the more the position of the incisors is altered towards open bite. Oc-C2 angle had a negative correlation with the Max1-NA (1-NA) angle (r (20) = - 0.63, p = .002), and 1uNA (r(20) = -0.65, p = .001), and positive with interincisor (II) angle (r (20) = 0.55, p = .007). C1-C2 angle had a negative correlation with 1uNA (r(20) = -0.50, p = .017). C2-C5 angle was found to have an opposite relation with incisors: negative correlation with II (r(20) = -0.55, p = .006), positive with Max1-NA (r(20) = 0.44, p = .038), Max1-SN (r (20) = 0.45, p = .031) and Mand1-NB (r(20) = 0.42, p = .048). The upper cervical vertebrae positioning in the sagittal plane is in strong relation with incisors positioning and can be the cause of open bite or vice versa. Conclusions: Based on cephalometry radiographs analysis we can consider the relation between the neck vertebrae posture and masticatory apparatus to be significant. Neck sagittal alignment is strongly related to the occipital tilt and has a strong correlation with incisors proclining, meaning the increase in spinal lordosis angle is related to forward occipital tilt and an increase in interincisor angle, resulting in upper incisor proclination.

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Fang, Jing Jing, Jia Kuang Liu, Chia Wei Chang, and Yu Cheng Lin. "A Bridging Method between 2D and 3D Cephalometry Using Computed Tomography Synthesized Cephalograms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1589.

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Traditional cephalograms are X-ray films, which provide either frontal or lateral overlapped perspective medical imaging. Although computed tomography imaging provides more information in 3-dimensional anatomy, the landmarks for cephalometry are located in space which does not carry normal standards in 3-D cephalometry. The CT natural imaging method is different from X-ray in that they respectively use orthogonal and perspective projections. Thus, we cannot apply the statistical normal values gathered from traditional 2D cephometry to 3D cephalometry. This study makes use of calibrated synthesized cephalograms from computed tomography to construct a cephalometry bridge between 2-D and 3-D. In this thesis, we first review the imaging model of a specific X-ray machine (Asahi OrthoStage AUTO IIIN) by a camera calibration method. We then construct a reference system for a virtual head, and synthesize calibrated X-ray cephalograms using the volume rendering algorithm. System accuracy for the synthesis X-ray cephalograms is verified through an interactive corresponding landmark system between 2-D and 3-D. An experimental clinician was invited to manually place 17 landmarks on the X-rays and their corresponding, shuffled in random order. The systematic error, average error, and standard deviation of landmark positions are 0.15 mm, 0.97 mm, and 0.45 mm, respectively. The interactive system bridges the transformation from orthogonal 3-D to perspective 2-D cephalometry.

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Krasteva, Stilyana, Silviya Krasteva, Konstantin Georgiev, and Anzhelina Krasteva. "COMPARATIVE CEPHALOMETRIC AND 3D CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANALISIS OF ALVEOLAR BONE DESTRUCTION FOR TEETH IN ANTERIOR CROSSBITE." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 29, no. 1 (January 26, 2023): 4779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2023291.4779.

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Purpose: To assess the degree of bone destruction for teeth in anterior crossbite by means of 3D cone beam computed tomography and lateral cephalometry. Material/methods: 20 patients with anterior crossbite underwent 3D cone beam computed tomography and lateral cephalometry of the anterior segments of the maxilla and mandible. The destruction of the bone in the anterior segments of the maxilla and mandible was measured (vestibularly and lingually)– the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the top of the alveolar bone. The parameters of bone resorption for teeth 21 and 31 on cephalogramsand 3D computed tomography images were compared. For both incisors, the mean value registered by means of cephalometry was slightly higher than that registered with 3D. Results: The total mean value of bone destruction for anterior teeth was significantly higher vestibularly compared to lingually, both for the maxilla (p = 0.030) and mandible (p = 0.030). Significantly higher mean values of bone destruction were found in the mandible compared to the maxilla. For both incisors (21 and 31), the mean value of resorption recorded by cephalometry was slightly higher than that recorded by 3D cone beam computed tomography, but without statistical significance. Conclusion: We found significantly higher values of vestibular bone destruction compared to lingual bone destruction. Bone destruction in the mandible reached a significantly higher level than that in the maxilla. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean values of bone destruction measured by means of cephalometry and 3D cone beam computed tomography.

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Makhlynets, N., Z. Ozhogan, and A. Pantus. "Improving the quality of diagnosis of maxillomandibular anomalies on the background of chronic habits." SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA 114, no. 3 (2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33295/1992-576x-2023-3-29.

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The aim of the study. Improving the effectiveness of the diagnosis of maxillomandibular anomalies among the patients with pathological occlusion, existing bad habits is relevant due to the spread of social stress among young people and the search for its compensation through the development of bad habits. Research methods. We conducted clinical and radiological methods of examination of 60 patients aged 15–17 with acquired maxillomandibular anomalies, deformities, and 15 people in the comparison group. We studied the data of computer tomograms, performed stereotopometric analysis (threedimensional cephalometry), determination of the thickness of the masticatory muscles in symmetrical areas of the face. Patients underwent a secret questionnaire to identify stressors that affected the body, studied the relationship between the presence of stress and the appearance of changes in cephalometric parameters. Scientific novelty. Clinical studies and survey results have shown that 95 % of patients surveyed have bad habits that are associated with chronic social stress. The results of examination of cephalometric analysis and photoprotocol confirm the expressed disproportions of one of the jaws, where there is a oral habit; confirm the presence of acquired rather than congenital deformity of the facial skeleton, which is associated with changes in the thickness of the masticatory muscles on the side of the deformation. Conclusions. Our research has shown that bad habits progress in the presence of chronic social stress, which according to the survey results in 95% of patients. Distance learning is the most important stress factor in most patients surveyed.3D cephalometric analysis should be included in the mandatory methods for the diagnosis of acquired deformities of the maxillofacial area. Clinical and radiological research methods help the orthodontist to identify a whole range of interrelated etiological factors in the development of dental anomalies and acquired deformities of the maxillofacial area and make a correct plan of complex treatment. Key words: Stress, Sleeping Habits, Tongue Habits, Cephalometry, Face, Orthodontic, Deformities.

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Faure, J., A. Oueiss, J. Treil, S. Chen, V. Wong, and J. M. Inglese. "3D cephalometry and artificial intelligence." Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics 19, no. 4 (2016): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/odfen/2018117.

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Parhiz, A., S. Schepers, I. Lambrichts, L. Vrielinck, Y. Sun, and C. Politis. "Lateral cephalometry changes after SARPE." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 40, no. 7 (July 2011): 662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2011.03.005.

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44

Kreshanti, Prasetyanugraheni, Siti Handayani, Maulina Rachmasari, Julieta Pancawati, Amila Jeni Susanto, Grace Wangge, and Alita Indania. "Long Term Evaluation Of Maxillary Growth After ‘The Non Denuded Palatoplasty’ Technique." Jurnal Plastik Rekonstruksi 5, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14228/jpr.v5i2.254.

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Background : Conventional Two Flap Palatoplasty technique will produce lateral defects without any periosteal coverage. These denuded lateral defects are prone to contamination and infection. These will result in wound contraction, scar formation and maxillary growth impairment. In 2011, we studied “The Non Denuded Palatoplasty” technique. This technique precipitated the epithelialization process of the lateral defects. Faster epithelialization is expected to decrease wound contraction and good maxillary growth. Method : This is a case control study to compare the maxillary growth of 2 groups consists of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients repaired with “The Non Denuded Palatoplasty” technique and Conventional Two Flap Palatoplasty. The outcome will be evaluated from cephalometry and the dental cast for each patient is evaluated using GOSLON YARDSTICK method. Data will be analyzed using SPSS version 20. Result : A total of 4 patients in The Non Denuded Palatoplasty group and 10 in the Conventional Two Flap Palatoplasty. The cephalometric SNA, SNB and ANB point showed Class III skeletal jaw relationship or deficient maxilla. Meanwhile the GOSLON yardstick type III are the most common GOSLON on both group with good inter-ratter reliability (p=0.839) based on Mann Whitney test. In these study, there was no correlation between cephalometric variables with GOSLON score. Conclusion: Our results showed that modification (The Non Denuded Palatoplasty) technique made no statistically significant difference to the maxillary growth. However this study has several limitations, one of which being the small sample size due to family, social and other factors that are beyond the control of the investigating team. Also the evaluation was conducted in patients aged 7-9 years, hence the result of this study is not the final outcome. Keywords: maxillary growth evaluation, cephalometry, Goslon Yardstick, two flap palatoplasty

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Pulatov Khamidullo Talyat Ugli. "The Role of Cephalometry in The Diagnosis of Orthodontic Patients." Texas Journal of Medical Science 26 (November 8, 2023): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.62480/tjms.2023.vol26.pp61-62.

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Orthodontics is a department of dentistry that focuses on the alignment and positioning of enamel and jaws to acquire top of the line oral fitness and function. To supply high quality orthodontic treatment, correct prognosis is crucial. The use of cephalometry, a specialised imaging technique, performs a pivotal function in evaluating and diagnosing orthodontic patients. This article objectives to spotlight the importance of cephalometry in orthodontic diagnosis, showcasing its advantages and applications.

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46

Opris, Horia, Mihaela Baciut, Simion Bran, Florin Onisor, Oana Almasan, Avram Manea, Tiberiu Tamas, et al. "Lateral Cephalometric Analytical Uses for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: The Importance of Cervical Posture and Hyoid Position." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 11077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711077.

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The temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is a syndrome that affects the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Its pathophysiology is not yet fully known. Cephalometric analysis is used for routine evaluation regarding orthodontic treatment and other purposes. The aim of this study was to assess if using cephalometric analysis and TMJ conservative therapy to evaluate the hyoid bone position and the cervical posture reduced symptoms in adults with TMDs compared to no intervention. The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature (PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase) for clinical studies of TMDs with conservative treatment and lateral cephalometric analysis of the hyoid and cervical posture. To assess the risk of bias for non-randomized clinical trials ROBINS-I tool was used. Out of 137 studies found, 6 remained to be included. Most of them found a link between TMD and lateral cephalometric analysis, but there was a high risk of bias. This review found a possible link between TMDs, the neck and cervical posture. There is a benefit reported regarding the use of the lateral cephalometry as a treatment, but more extensive prospective randomized clinical trials are necessary to be able to draw definitive conclusions.

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Perrotti, Giovanna, Giulia Baccaglione, Tommaso Clauser, Riccardo Scaini, Roberta Grassi, Luca Testarelli, Rodolfo Reda, Tiziano Testori, and Massimo Del Fabbro. "Total Face Approach (TFA) 3D Cephalometry and Superimposition in Orthognathic Surgery: Evaluation of the Vertical Dimensions in a Consecutive Series." Methods and Protocols 4, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps4020036.

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Background: Cephalometry is fundamental in diagnosis, analysis, and planning of orthodontic-surgical treatment as it reveals skeletal relationship between the upper and lower jaw as well as facial aesthetic parameters. Nevertheless, 3D cephalometry has still not become the exam of choice in orthognathic treatment even though today CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) is routinely used in other branches of dentistry. Methods: In a sample of 13 patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery a chin-vertex CBCT exam was prescribed prior to orthodontic treatment (OT) and 12 months after surgery (T1). The DICOM files uploaded to MaterialiseSimplant Ortho software pro 2.1 (Materialise Co., Leuven, Belgium) were analyzed following the multiplane 3D Total Face cephalometry protocol (TFA). Results: Results comparing pre-op and post-op TFA 3D cephalometry, were then evaluated considering reference values reported in literature. The CBCT, carried out pre- and post-surgery, were subsequently analyzed employing the superimposition method using cranial base as reference. The aim of this study is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in orthognathic surgery. Conclusions: Multiplane 3D TFA allows the clinician to locate where major or minor skeletal discrepancies are found with respect to ideal parameters and is also useful in classifying skeletal intermaxillary relation. The superimposition method is highly intuitive but does not provide information on the quantity and location of osteotomic movement.

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Arsenina, O. I., K. M. Shishkin, M. K. Shishkin, and N. V. Popova. "Efficiency of cephalometry in orthodontic treatment planning: cephalometric parameters and their age-related changes." Stomatologiya 96, no. 3 (2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat201796345-48.

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49

Pałka, Justyna, Grzegorz Zieliński, Joanna Gawda, and Piotr Gawda. "Diagnostic methods used in children with malocclusion." Polish Journal of Public Health 130, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjph-2020-0009.

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Abstract Introduction. With advances in technology, there has been a need for more precise imaging methods which have become an integral part of the orthodontic treatment plan. Aim. The aim of this study is to present diagnostic methods that are currently used in children with malocclusion. Material and methods. The materials analysed in this review are articles from PubMed and Google Scholar. To identify relevant publications, the search was carried out using the key word combination: imaging, diagnostics, malocclusion, children, orthodontics. The number of 16 research papers in which these keywords appeared were qualified for this review. Results. According to the mentioned publications, pantomographic images are the most frequently recommended method for detecting dental anomalies. Cephalometry was used to observe changes in the facial axis and to measure the length of the jaw. CBCT is being used more and more often, mainly to identify possible prognostic factors in the case of canine retention/eruption in the maxilla. The method of magnetic resonance imaging was also compared with cephalometric images. Conclusions. 1. The pantomogram is a useful and frequently used method in the detection of craniofacial anomalies. 2. Cephalometry allows the effects of the treatment to be monitored. 3. CBCT is a significant diagnostic tool to assess the growth of craniofacial structures. 4. MRI diagnostics limits the patient’s exposure to harmful ionizing radiation. 5. There is a need to educate medical staff and conduct further research on the methods of diagnostic imaging in children.

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Licci, Maria, Agnes Paasche, Alexandru Szathmari, Pierre-Aurélien Beuriat, Carmine Mottolese, Raphael Guzman, and Federico Di Rocco. "Predictive Value of Sonographic Parameters on the Effects of Cranial Molding Helmet Therapy in Infants with Positional Plagiocephaly." Diagnostics 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2024): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14131407.

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Positional plagiocephaly is a deformational cranial flattening frequently treated in pediatric neurosurgical practice. Positional maneuvers and orthotic helmet therapy are preferred therapeutic options for moderate-to-severe forms. Treatment response seems to be age-dependent. Nevertheless, predictive data are vague, and cost-efficiency might be a limiting factor for treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the early predictive value of sonographic parameters on the efficacy of orthotic helmet therapy through the assessment of changes in skull shape and correlation of the parameters with caliper cephalometry values and with age. A consecutive cohort of 49 patients < 10 months of age, undergoing orthotic helmet therapy for positional plagiocephaly, was recruited prospectively. The authors routinely assessed the patency of the lambdoid sutures by ultrasound and the following additional skull parameters were measured: suture width, adjacent full bone thickness, adjacent cortical bone thickness and occipital angle. Caliper cephalometric values, as well as demographic and clinical data were collected. Retrospective data analysis showed an inverse relation between both cortical and full skull bone thickness and early treatment efficacy, defined by a reduction in the occipital angle. The improvement of sonographic parameters correlated with the development of cranial caliper cephalometry values. In conclusion, the sonographic assessment of skull bone thickness is a safe and cost-effective tool to predict the early efficacy of orthotic helmet therapy in positional plagiocephaly and might, therefore, help the clinician to foresee the potential evolution of the deformity.

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