Готові списки джерел за темами / Centralized heating system

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Centralized heating system"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Centralized heating system"

Stepanov, Oleg, and Polina Tretyakova. "Centralized Heating System with Heat Pumps." MATEC Web of Conferences 73 (2016): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167302016.

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Bedych, T. V. "MOBILE PREMISES HEATING SYSTEM." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 18, no. 3 (37) (September 24, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021no3/60-64.

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Анотація:

In production and in everyday life, various heating systems are used. Alternative heating methods have also been used in recent years. One of the sources for the heating system is the Sun. The use of solar energy is of great importance for objects cut off from centralized heat and power supply systems: small villages and auls, farm formations, distant pasture breeding, mobile houses. Heating from the sun, created on the basis of solar panels, is carried out by installing an electric heater. Currently, more and more attention of consumers is drawn to the electrically conductive carbon-based fuel material (carbon). The aim of the study was to study the use of an alternative energy source in the form of solar radiation and carbon thermal flexible material as a heater for heating mobile living quarters of farmers. To carry out the research, a solar station and a heater with a carbon fiber heat-emitting flexible material were installed on the farmer's mobile house. Studies have shown that the proposed system is efficient and in comparison with other systems, such as solar collectors, the system has a number of advantages.

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Liu, Yanfeng, Deze Hu, Xi Luo, and Ting Mu. "Design Optimization of Centralized–Decentralized Hybrid Solar Heating System Based on Building Clustering." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031019.

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Clean heating has not been widely applied in rural Chinese areas. Considering the abundance of solar energy resources, harvesting solar energy for heating can be an effective solution to the problem of space heating in most rural areas. As the disperse building distribution in rural areas makes it difficult to implement centralized heating on a large scale, deploying centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system can achieve the best result from both the technical and economic perspectives. Taking a virtual village in Tibet as an example, this paper explores how to obtain optimal design of centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system based on building clustering. The results show that: (1) Compared with the fully centralized system and fully decentralized system, the centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system in the studied case could achieve a life cycle cost (LCC) saving of 4.8% and 2.3%, respectively; (2) The LCC of centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system basically decreases when the cost of the heating pipelines in the whole region decreases, but the emergence of single-household solar heating system may greatly increase the operating cost; (3) The necessity of designing a centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system can be determined by the pipeline price and building density, but the threshold values of pipeline price and building density are highly case-specific.

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Jiang, Xiangting, Yaojun Lv, and Haoran Yan. "Design of Centralized Heating Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2022 (March 2, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1308615.

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Анотація:

Current centralized heating monitoring system has realized the collection and control of working condition data in heating power stations, but there are still some shortcomings, such as the inability to collect data on the working conditions of user sides, and the inability to meet the further demand of heating enterprises for the refinement of heating network monitoring data. A wireless sensor network is a fully distributed sensor system with no central node, which can intensively deploy many sensor nodes to monitoring area through random placement, and integrates sensors, data processing and communication modules to form a self-organized network system. Therefore, in order to realize the intelligence of heating system and improve the flexibility of node data collection, the monitoring system can use wireless sensor network technology to realize wireless collection of node data, and display the collected data on a man-machine interface in real time. On the basis of research results from previous scholars, this paper expounds the research status and significance of centralized heating monitoring system design, elaborates the development background, current status and future challenges of wireless sensor network technology, introduces the methods and principles of wireless network communication protocol and heating and heat balance flow analysis, proposes a structural model of a centralized heating monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks, carries out the design of perception and convergence nodes, analyzes the layout of wireless sensor networks, explores the design scheme of centralized heating monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks, conducts the hardware and software design of the monitoring system, implements the software testing and hardware debugging of the centralized heating monitoring system, and finally discusses the relationship between data transfer related tasks and task scheduling. The study results show that the application of the centralized heating monitoring system based on the wireless sensor networks can not only more conveniently monitor, control and manage the entire heating networks, but also make full use of the centralized monitoring and quantitative management functions of the wireless sensor networks. This achieves dynamic tracking and monitoring of heating operation, real-time diagnosis of hidden dangers in heating operation, and safe, normal and energy-saving operation of the centralized heating system. The study results of this paper provide a reference for further researches on the design of centralized heating monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks.

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Kyzym, M. O., Y. I. Kotliarov, and V. Y. Khaustova. "Analyzing the Centralized Heat Provision of Large Localities in Ukraine and Countries of the World." Business Inform 9, no. 524 (2021): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-9-96-107.

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Анотація:

The presented research is aimed at defining the features of organizing the centralized heat provision of large localities in Ukraine and countries of the world. Within the terms of the set aim, the article considers the characteristics of the main heat supply organizations of large cities of Ukraine, the major regional and municipal programs that are effective in them, and the characteristic features of heat supply; the main problems of centralized heat supply in these localities. It is noted that Ukraine displays one of the world’s highest saturation of cities with heat networks: the total length of heat pipelines is approximately 47 thousand km in terms of two-pipe calculation. The share of centralized heating in the total structure of heat supply in Ukraine comprises about 42%. The centralized heat supply system is provided for approximately 60% of the total area, hot water supply – more than 40% of the total area of the country’s housing stock. On the basis of consideration of heat supply systems in several large cities of Ukraine, the general features of their district heating systems are identified. The experience of building a heat supply system in separated countries of the world (Russia, China, Denmark, Finland, USA, Canada, etc.) is analyzed. The scale of district heating systems in the researched world countries is considered. Modern trends in the development of district heating systems in Europe are studied and differences between Ukrainian district heating systems, including in terms of powers of local authorities in the field of heat supply, are determined. It is specified that local authorities in Ukraine are practically deprived of powers to regulate the development of CHP plants and capacities operating on renewable energy sources, which in developed countries is a priority for the development of centralized heat supply.

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Shelimanova, O., and A. Kolienko. "Improving the efficiency of heat release regulation in centralized heat supply systems." Energy and automation, no. 5(51) (October 28, 2020): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2020.05.081.

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Ensuring optimal hydraulic and thermal regimes in district heating systems (DHS) in the regulation of heat supply is an important factor in improving the energy and economic efficiency of DHS. In addition, high efficiency of the HS system is a factor that can ensure the preservation of its vital functions. Solving the problem of increasing the energy efficiency of the heat supply system is a complex problem that requires changes at all stages of heat transformation: in the energy source, heating networks and subscriber heating systems of heat consumers. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of heat dissipation control processes in district heating systems on their energy and economic efficiency, provide recommendations for improving control processes taking into account modern challenges and regulatory requirements, analyze heat dissipation temperature schedules and select the optimal temperature schedule. It is shown that the optimal is the combined quantitative and qualitative regulation of heat release, which should be carried out both at the energy source and at consumers. The paper considers the possibility of using combined control systems in the existing district heating systems of Ukrainian cities. It is shown that the achievement of high energy efficiency is possible only with the introduction of automatic individual heating points with weather control and pressure drop regulators at the inlet to the buildings in the subscriber heating systems. Calculations of the amount of heat consumption reduction of centralized heat supply systems with the introduction of optimal control systems are performed.

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Rehman, Hassam ur, Janne Hirvonen, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, and Kai Sirén. "EU Emission Targets of 2050: Costs and CO2 Emissions Comparison of Three Different Solar and Heat Pump-Based Community-Level District Heating Systems in Nordic Conditions." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164167.

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In Finland, old apartments (1980s) contribute toward emissions. The objective is to reduce CO2 emissions to reach Europe’s targets of 2050. Three different centralized solar-based district heating systems integrated either with non-renovated or renovated old buildings in the community were simulated and compared against the reference city-level district heating system. The three proposed centralized systems were: Case 1: photovoltaic (PV) with a ground source heat pump (GSHP); Case 2: PV with an air-water heat pump (A2WHP); and Case 3: PV with A2WHPs, seasonal storage, and GSHPs. TRNSYS simulation software was used for dynamic simulation of the systems. Life cycle cost (LCC), CO2 emissions and purchased electricity were calculated and compared. The results show that the community-level district heating system (Case 3) outperformed Case 1, Case 2, and the city-level district heating. With non-renovated buildings, the relative emissions reduction was 83% when the reference energy system was replaced with Case 3 and the emissions reduction cost was 3.74 €/kg.CO2/yr. The relative emissions reduction was 91% when the buildings were deep renovated and integrated with Case 3 when compared to the reference system with non-renovated buildings and the emission reduction cost was 11.9 €/kg.CO2/yr. Such district heating systems could help in meeting Europe’s emissions target for 2050.

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Delle, Marta, Iveta Civcisa, Valdis Vitolins, Dace Lauka, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Integration of Sun PV Electricity in Centralized Heating Systems." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0093.

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Abstract During the experimental research, an algorithm was developed as a guide for the introduction of solar panels (PV) in centralized heat supply (CHS) companies and a SWOT analysis of the developed algorithm action blocks was performed. SWOT analysis was carried out for a project implemented in practise and, as a result of which the centralized heat supply system uses solar power with a total capacity of 30 kW. We found that in Latvia, the areas that are suitable for solar panels are several times higher than those required by the systems. Main tasks of the work: to analyse and study available literature and information on solar PV integration into CHS; analyse available solar PV power generation equipment and technologies; develop a roadmap for easy and understandable deployment of solar panels in the company.

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Xu, De Cheng. "Research on the Technology of Intelligent Control Terminal Personalized Heating Heating System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.720.

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Анотація:

This design develop the equipment of centralized heat supply system heating according to need, energy-saving emission reduction technology in the end of indoor.The intelligent control, remote control technology that applied to the indoor heating system, developed with the realization of wireless remote control by mobile phone short message; along with the change of environment temperature and sunshine environment and intelligent control of heat supply; intelligent temperature control, real-time temperature storage, query and other functions of the controller.By controlling the switch on the intelligent control valve, which can be heating, reducing waste according to the actual situation of different users, to achieve the purpose of energy saving.

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OSANU, Aura, Liviu ENACACHE, and Marius BODOR. "The Evolution of CO2 Emissions from the Heating Systems of a Large City." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 45, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2022.2.01.

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Different current reasons, like global warming due to greenhouse gases and high energy prices, creates the necessity to make the heating systems in large cities more efficient. The present paper presents a real situation for an urban agglomeration, regarding the transition from a centralized heating system to a decentralized one. Two types of decentralized possibilities are discussed and analyzed taking into account especially the CO2 emissions, during several recent years. In this respect, a calculus of CO2 emissions from the former heating system, compared to the present heating systems is also presented and discussed.

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Більше джерел

Частини книг з теми "Centralized heating system"

Raczyński, Maciej, Artur Wyrwa, Marcin Pluta, and Wojciech Suwała. "Optimal Energy Portfolios in the Heating Sector and Flexibility Potentials of Combined-Heat-Power Plants and District Heating Systems." In The Future European Energy System, 219–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60914-6_12.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the role of centralized district heating (DH) systems in context of energy system flexibility and decarbonization. The analysis is performed by applying the model TIMES-Heat-EU. Capacity expansion and operation of the district heating generation units is mainly driven by the evolution of the district heating demand, which varies between the REFLEX scenarios. In all scenarios fuel and technology switches toward bioenergy and natural gas leading to CO2 emission reduction. Since the total amount of energy produced (both heat and electricity) is the highest in the High-RES centralized scenario, the corresponding CO2 emissions for district heating are the highest as well. The CO2 emissions can be reduced by ⁓60% in 2050 compared to 2015. Furthermore, the role of thermal energy storage and power-to-heat technologies is examined.

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Fialko, N. M., N. P. Tymchenko, and Ju V. Sherenkovskiy. "Fourth Generation of District Heating and Centralized Heating Supply Systems of Ukraine." In Proceedings of CEE 2019, 74–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27011-7_10.

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Collier, Stephen J. "The Intransigence of Things." In Post-Soviet Social. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691148304.003.0008.

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This chapter looks at the reform of communal services, particularly centralized heating systems. The heating system was a key element of the Soviet variant of “infrastructural” social modernity. Soviet planners recognized heat as an “elementary need”; through pipes, boilers, transfers, and radiators, the norms of social modernity were hard-wired into the very material structure and spatial layout of Soviet cities. As such, during the Soviet period, the provision of heat to the Russian population had been established as a basic responsibility of the state. It is no surprise that as the character of that responsibility was called into question, heat became the topic of contentious debate and urgent political concern. By the early 2000s, it was widely recognized that Russia faced an “infrastructure crisis” that was simultaneously financial, technical, political, and social.

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Nieva, Eduardo G., María F. Peralta, and Diego A. Beltramone. "Home Automation by Brain-Computer Interface." In Advanced Research and Trends in New Technologies, Software, Human-Computer Interaction, and Communicability, 502–10. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4490-8.ch045.

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In the present work, the authors use the Brain Computer Interface technology to allow the dependent persons the utilization of the basic elements of their house, such as turning on and turning off lamps, rolling up and down a roller shutter, or switching on the heating system. For doing this, it is necessary to automate these devices and to centralize its managing in a platform, which constitutes a domotics system. In order to achieve this, the authors have used the MindWave NeuroSky ® commercial device. It is affordable, portable, and wireless, and senses and delivers the computer the electroencephalographic signals produced in the frontal lobe and the levels of attention, relaxation, and blinking to the computer. In order to determine the efficiency of the obtained signals a test software was designed, which verified the operation´s device with different persons. The authors conclude that the easiest way to control the attention levels is concentrating on a certain point, and the way to control the relaxation levels is by closing the eyes. As a second step, the authors develop a software that takes the signal from the EEG (Electro Encephalo Graphy) sensor, processes it, and sends signals via USB to an Arduino board, which is associated with electronics that complies the different tasks. The user chooses the action by managing the attention levels. When they are higher than a particular threshold value, the action is executed. In order to disable this action, the user must lower the threshold level and overcome it again. This is the simplest and fastest way to handle, but it brings several problems: if the user concentrates for any other reason and this signal exceeds the threshold, it causes the activation of an involuntary action. To solve this problem, the authors use a three variables combination that can become independent of each other thru training properly. These variables are attention, meditation, and blink. When you comply with the three simultaneous previously established conditions, the action is executed, and when they return to fulfill the conditions, the action is deactivated. The software also has the feature of personalizing its conditions, so it can be best for any user, even a novice one.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Centralized heating system"

Xie, Zhenhui, and Xuejing Zheng. "Short-term forecasting for heating load of centralized heat-supply system." In 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cecnet.2011.5769230.

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Rehman, Hassam ur, Janne Hirvonen, and Kai Siren. "Design and Optimization of a De-Centralized Community Sized Solar Heating System for Nordic Region." In ISES Solar World Conference 2017 and the IEA SHC Solar Heating and Cooling Conference for Buildings and Industry 2017. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/swc.2017.29.09.

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Liu, Shaoxiong, Chi Zhang, Wei Zhong, Yi Zhou, Qing Jia, and Xiaojie Lin. "Technical and economic analysis of distributed and centralized district heating system for low-carbon transformation in China." In 2021 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispec53008.2021.9736089.

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Zhang, Lei, Ziteng Xiang, and Jing Ye. "Centralized Dispatch Method of Heat and Electricity Integrated System Based on Network Simplification of Large-Scale Heating Networks." In 2021 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpsasia52756.2021.9621741.

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Li, Lin, Qingshan Xu, Xianxu Huo, and Baoguo Zhao. "Day-Ahead Centralized Optimal Dispatching of Active Distribution Power System with Combined Cooling, Heating and Power-Based Microgrids." In 2018 IEEE 8th Annual International Conference on CYBER Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cyber.2018.8688086.

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Li, Haoran, Juan Hou, and Natasa Nord. "A fast and effective method for modelling and optimizing district heating systems in the Modelica language." In 63rd International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2022, Trondheim, Norway, September 20-21, 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp192046.

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Анотація:

A district heating system is a centralized energy system that supplies heat to end users such as buildings and industrial facilities. This centralized system may have multiple heat sources, a complex distribution network, and a large number of end users. Moreover, the heat distribution and utilization processes entail tumultuous thermal dynamics. Therefore, modelling and optimizing such a system generally demands arduous labour and necessitates powerful computing resources. To overcome these difficulties, this study introduced a fast and effective method for modelling and optimizing district heating systems using the Modelica language. Firstly, a simplified district heating system model was developed. This simplified model lumped all the end-users into a single thermal pinot with critical physical constraints. Meanwhile, the distribution network was simplified into two pipelines: supply and return. In addition, a one-dimensional discrete model was used to describe the behaviours of water tank thermal energy storage. Other essential components, like central and distributed heat sources, were modelled using basic mass and energy balance equations. Afterwards, two optimization frameworks were formulated, which incorporated the developed system model: a long-term optimal operation framework aimed at a yearly level open-loop optimization with a two-hour resolution, and a model predictive control framework aimed at a daily level close-loop optimization with a one-hour resolution. The proposed method was tested numerically on a university campus district heating system in Norway on a personal computer. Model validation showed that the proposed modelling approach could capture the key characteristics of the studied system. Optimization results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed optimization frameworks both for the long-term and short-term optimization.

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Fong, K. F., T. T. Chow, and V. I. Hanby. "Development of Optimal Design of Solar Water Heating System by Using Evolutionary Algorithm." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76189.

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Анотація:

There are growing initiatives to promote renewable energy in Hong Kong, particularly for solar energy. In order to encourage wider application of centralized solar water heating system for high-rise residential buildings, it is important to pursue an optimal design to get significant energy saving potential. In this regard, system optimization would be useful, as it can relate to a number of design variables of the solar water heating system such as the tilt angle and surface azimuth of the solar collectors, the storage capacity of the hot water calorifier, and the flow rate of the circulation pump set for the solar collectors. The objective function is to maximize the year-round energy saving by using the solar heating instead of conventional domestic electric heating. For the methodology of optimization, evolutionary programming, one of the paradigms of evolutionary algorithm, was applied. This has been proven to be effective for optimization problems with a non-linear and multi-dimensional nature. To generate values for the objective function, a TRNSYS plant simulation model was developed and coupled with the optimization algorithm. From the optimization results, it is suggested that the solar collectors can be installed onto the external shading devices as an integrated architectural feature, since the optimal tilt angle is 21° and relatively flat. The optimal surface azimuth is southwest 16° instead of due south. For the engineering design, both the optimal values of calorifier storage capacity and pump flow rate show that the calculations from normal design practice may not achieve an optimal performance. Therefore, an effective methodology of optimization and simulation is essential to generate an optimal design in a holistic approach.

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Guan, Tingting, and Per Alvfors. "The Economic Performance of an Integrated Biogas Plant and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power System (PEMFC-CHP) in Sweden." In ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2014-6713.

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A Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power system (PEMFC-CHP) fuelled by the hydrogen-rich gas reformed from biogas may be seen as an efficient and sustainable technology. This system can provide electrical and thermal energy dynamically to residential applications. In this study, an assessment of the economic performance of an integrated biogas plant and PEMFC-CHP for Swedish electricity and heat prices is presented. The economic factors considered are the capital and operation & maintenance (O&M) costs of the biogas plant and the PEMFC-CHP, the price of heat and electricity, and the value of the digestate as fertilizer. The analysis includes two cases: 1) both biogas plant and PEMFC-CHP are located on the farm. The farm sells the electricity and heat to the power grid and district heating system, respectively; 2) the PEMFC-CHP is located in a centralized-biogas plant, not on the farm. The manure is transported from farms to the plant. The plant also sells the electricity and heat to the power grid and district heating system. The results show that the farm-based and the centralized biogas plant have almost the same biogas production cost. The electricity cost of today, expected for 2020, and for the break-even of this integrated system are 530, 305 and 197 €/MWh, respectively. With the current trend of the fuel cell industry development, this break-even price may be reached in the near future.

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Cho, Heejin, Rogelio Luck, and Louay M. Chamra. "Technical and Economical Analysis of a Micro-CHP Facility Based on Dynamic Simulation: A Case Study." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41885.

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Анотація:

Combined Heating and Power (CHP) generation systems have been widely recognized as a key alternative for heat and electricity generation due to their outstanding energy efficiency, reduced emissions, and relative independence from centralized power grids. Similar to CHP systems, micro-CHP (micro-Cooling, Heating, and Power) systems consist of power cogeneration systems and thermally-activated components such as absorption chillers, water tanks, boilers and air handling units. There have been many studies in regard to steady-state models following load profiles in order to demonstrate the economic advantage of CHP systems. However, there has not been much work using dynamic simulation of CHP systems, which include the transient response of the building along with the rest of the CHP components. This paper presents both technical and economical results from the dynamic simulation of the micro-CHP system used to model the test facility at Mississippi State University (MSU). The results are compared to a dynamic model using a conventional heating and cooling system. TRNSYS, a dynamic simulation program, is used to simulate the time response of the micro-CHP system based on the transient heating, cooling, and electric power demand of a test facility. The performance and costs of a conventional heating and cooling system are assessed using TRNSYS and the results are then compared against the simulated performance of the micro-CHP system. Details of the simulation model include geometric and material information (e.g., size and type of walls and windows), internal gains (following the equipment and occupancy schedules), local weather information (e.g., ambient temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation), and estimated infiltration of the test facility.

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Chandan, Vikas, Gina Zak, and Andrew Alleyne. "Modeling of Complex Hydronic Systems for Energy Efficient Operation." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2558.

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Анотація:

Energy requirements for heating and cooling of residential, commercial and industrial spaces constitute a major fraction of end use energy consumed. Centralized systems such as hydronic networks are becoming increasingly popular to meet those requirements. Energy efficient operation of such systems requires intelligent energy management strategies, which necessitates an understanding of the complex dynamical interactions among its components from a mathematical and physical perspective. In this work, concepts from linear graph theory are applied to model complex hydronic networks. Further, time-scale decomposition techniques have been employed to obtain a more succinct representation of the overall system dynamics. Lastly, the usefulness of the proposed model for energy efficient operation of the system through advanced control techniques has been discussed.

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