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1
Losos, E. "The Smithsonian's center for tropical forest science: Addressing carbon sequestration forestry projects." Corporate Environmental Strategy 6, no. 1 (1999): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1066-7938(00)80011-1.
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Cardelús, Catherine L., Amare Bitew Mekonnen, Kelsey H. Jensen, Carrie L. Woods, Mabel C. Baez, Martha Montufar, Kathryn Bazany, Berhanu Abraha Tsegay, Peter R. Scull, and William H. Peck. "Edge effects and human disturbance influence soil physical and chemical properties in Sacred Church Forests in Ethiopia." Plant and Soil 453, no. 1-2 (June 23, 2020): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04595-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Aims Tropical forests are increasingly threatened by edge effects as forest degradation and deforestation continues, compromising soil integrity, seedling regeneration capacity, and ecosystem services. Ninety-three percent of the last remaining forests of northern Ethiopia, which number 1022 in the South Gondar region of our study, are <16 ha and are protected because they have a Tewahido Orthodox Christian church at their center. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of human disturbance, forest size, distance from population center and other factors on the soil properties and nutrient status of sacred church forests. We also compared forest soil physical and chemical properties across land cover types in these forests. Methods We assessed the soil physical (water content and bulk density) and chemical (total carbon and nitrogen, available phosphorus, ammonium) properties of 40 sacred church forests across three spatial scales: within individual forests; among forests; and across land cover type (forest, forest edge-exterior, Eucalyptus plantation). We used distance from the edge within each forest to examine edge effects on soil nutrients. Results We found that nutrients and carbon decreased significantly from the interior to the outer edge of these forests and with forest size. Further, the soil of Eucalyptus plantations and areas outside of the forest were largely indistinguishable; both had significantly lower nutrient concentrations than sacred church forest soil. Conclusion Our research highlights the insidious impacts of edge effects and human disturbance on forest soils and the need for an integrated soil management program in the region that balances local needs with forest conservation. The conservation of these sacred church forests is important for maintaining regional soil nutrient status relative to agricultural lands and Eucalyptus plantations.
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Daba, Damena Edae, Bikila Workineh Dullo, and Teshome Soromessa. "Effect of Forest Management on Carbon Stock of Tropical Moist Afromontane Forest." International Journal of Forestry Research 2022 (September 30, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3691638.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Moist tropical forests have a significant role in provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. However, these forests are under threat of deforestation and forest degradation. In Ethiopia, the moist evergreen Afromontane forests have the potential for carbon storage and support a high diversity of plant species. However, it is under severe threat of deforestation and degradation.This investigation was conducted to obtain adequate information on the carbon stock potential of the moist Afromontane forest of southwestern Ethiopia. A comparison of carbon stock was conducted between disturbed and undisturbed forests. A systematic sampling design was applied for recording woody species and soil data. A total of 100 main plots of 400 m2 were laid to record trees and shrubs with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. The soil data were collected from 1 m2 subplots established at the four corners and the center of each main plot. The DBH and height were measured to calculate the aboveground carbon of trees and shrubs with DBH ≥ 5 cm. A total of 68 tree and shrub species belonging to 59 genera and 33 families were recorded. The mean carbon stock density was 203.80 ± 12.38 t·ha–1 (aboveground carbon stock) and 40.76 ± 2.47 t·ha–1 (belowground carbon stock). The highest proportion of aboveground carbon (t·ha–1) (42.34%) was contributed by a few tree individuals with DBH > 70 cm. The soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) (t·ha–1) for the depth of 0–30 cm is ranging from 58.97 to 198.33 across plots; the mean is 117.16 ± 3.15. The carbon stored in the moist Afromontane forest indicates its huge potential for climate change mitigation. Therefore, for the enhancement of forest biodiversity and carbon sequestration effective conservation measure and sound management approach is essential.
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Vincent, Valdimir, Fabiola Roja-García, and Andy Barthelemy Nahum Lafleur. "Diversidad y estructura de las especies forestales en Sarazin, Departamento Centro, Haití." e-CUCBA 10, no. 19 (December 22, 2022): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/ecucba.vi19.270.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study carried out in secondary tropical forests of Sarazin, 2nd communal section of Mirebalais, Haiti aims to describethe diversity and structure of forest species to promote their conservation. A systematic sampling consisting of four transects of10,000 m long and 1,000 m wide was carried out, in each one five square plots were evaluated (20 plots). The diversity of forestspecies was characterized by calculating diversity indices. The structure of the forest species was described through the distributionof individuals by diameter class with a width of 10 cm and by height class with a width of 5 m. The surveys show that the studyarea has a partial specific richness of 40 species divided into 38 genera and 23 families. The Fabaceae family was the mostrepresentative with 11 species, and the most abundant species was Prosopis juliflora. Natural and human disturbances influence thediametrical and vertical structure. The structural analysis showed that, despite the existence of a reasonable number of species, inmost cases they are trees in minimal quantities, small and sporadically distributed. Despite disturbances correlated withanthropogenic activities and extreme weather events, Sarazin's tropical forests have shown some resilience.
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Viennois, Gaëlle, Eric A. Nicolini, and Frédéric Borne. "Forest vs Savanna dynamics in the contact zones of French Guiana." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, no. 208 (September 5, 2014): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2014.104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Savannas and tropical forests delineated by sharp boundaries are two alternative stable ecosystems. What is the natural evolution of forests over savannas in coastal savanna in French Guiana? The dynamic balance between forest advance and retreat is a response to disturbances such as fire or extreme drought events. Fire maintains savanna by its action on forest-savanna contact areas, while a dry climate prevents forest expansion. This paper focuses on coastal savannas of French Guiana nested in the Guiana Space Center (CSG) that is occasionally threatened by bushfires in the dry season. This study spanned over 60 years of landscape changes around the CSG and used a georeferenced set of aerial and Pléiades satellite images. Forest and savanna dynamics were mapped and highlighted with the computing of shape indicators. This study showed that the forest progressed of 23% onto savanna and mainly at the forest—savanna contact zones.
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Lobo-Araújo, Lahert William, Mariellen Cristine Costa, Luís Fábio Silveira, and Mercival Roberto Francisco. "Massive Bird Nest Losses: A Neglected Threat for Passerine Birds in Atlantic Forest Fragments from the Pernambuco Endemism Center." Diversity 16, no. 4 (March 29, 2024): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16040207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Understanding the mechanisms by which tropical forest fragmentation can affect the persistence of species and populations is of scientific and practical interest. However, nest survival has been one the least addressed of the potentially harmful effects associated with habitat fragmentation, and studies involving nest predator’s identification are still underdeveloped. The Pernambuco Endemism Center (PEC) is the part of the Atlantic Forest located north of the São Francisco River, in northeastern Brazil, where large forest tracts no longer exist and a wave of bird extinctions has occurred recently. Here, we investigated the nest survival of forest understory birds from three PEC fragments (690, 979, and 1036 ha), and we used infra-red camera traps for predators’ identification. Overall, the apparent nest survival was 15.5%, and nest-day-based survival probability for the four more representative species (including two endemic and threatened taxa) were 2.6, 4.4, 6.9, and 18.9%, being 2.7 to 8.5 times smaller than populations or related taxa from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Predators were marmosets (25%), opossums (25%), tegu (19.4%), coati (16.7%), snakes (8.3%), and hawks (5.5%). Jackknife2 model-predicted nest predator’s richness was 20.7 (SD = 1.6). We reinforce the evidence that nest predation associated with fragmentation can affect negatively the bird populations from tropical forests.
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Meyer, V., S. S. Saatchi, J. Chave, J. W. Dalling, S. Bohlman, G. A. Fricker, C. Robinson, M. Neumann, and S. Hubbell. "Detecting tropical forest biomass dynamics from repeated airborne lidar measurements." Biogeosciences 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2013): 5421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5421-2013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Reducing uncertainty of terrestrial carbon cycle depends strongly on the accurate estimation of changes of global forest carbon stock. However, this is a challenging problem from either ground surveys or remote sensing techniques in tropical forests. Here, we examine the feasibility of estimating changes of tropical forest biomass from two airborne lidar measurements of forest height acquired about 10 yr apart over Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. We used the forest inventory data from the 50 ha Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) plot collected every 5 yr during the study period to calibrate the estimation. We compared two approaches for detecting changes in forest aboveground biomass (AGB): (1) relating changes in lidar height metrics from two sensors directly to changes in ground-estimated biomass; and (2) estimating biomass from each lidar sensor and then computing changes in biomass from the difference of two biomass estimates, using two models, namely one model based on five relative height metrics and the other based only on mean canopy height (MCH). We performed the analysis at different spatial scales from 0.04 ha to 10 ha. Method (1) had large uncertainty in directly detecting biomass changes at scales smaller than 10 ha, but provided detailed information about changes of forest structure. The magnitude of error associated with both the mean biomass stock and mean biomass change declined with increasing spatial scales. Method (2) was accurate at the 1 ha scale to estimate AGB stocks (R2 = 0.7 and RMSEmean = 27.6 Mg ha−1). However, to predict biomass changes, errors became comparable to ground estimates only at a spatial scale of about 10 ha or more. Biomass changes were in the same direction at the spatial scale of 1 ha in 60 to 64% of the subplots, corresponding to p values of respectively 0.1 and 0.033. Large errors in estimating biomass changes from lidar data resulted from the uncertainty in detecting changes at 1 ha from ground census data, differences of approximately one year between the ground census and lidar measurements, and differences in sensor characteristics. Our results indicate that the 50 ha BCI plot lost a significant amount of biomass (−0.8 Mg ha−1 yr−1 ± 2.2(SD)) over the past decade (2000–2010). Over the entire island and during the same period, mean AGB change was 0.2 ± 2.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1 with old growth forests losing −0.7 Mg ha−1 yr−1 ± 2.2 (SD), and secondary forests gaining +1.8 Mg ha yr−1 ± 3.4 (SD) biomass. Our analysis suggests that repeated lidar surveys, despite taking measurement with different sensors, can estimate biomass changes in old-growth tropical forests at landscape scales (>10 ha).
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Good, Peter, Chris Jones, Jason Lowe, Richard Betts, and Nicola Gedney. "Comparing Tropical Forest Projections from Two Generations of Hadley Centre Earth System Models, HadGEM2-ES and HadCM3LC." Journal of Climate 26, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): 495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00366.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Future changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and associated influences on climate could affect the future sustainability of tropical forests. The authors report on tropical forest projections from the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 2 Earth System configuration (HadGEM2-ES) and compare them to results from the previous generation model [third climate configuration of the Met Office Unified Model in lower resolution with carbon cycle (HadCM3LC)], which had projected near-complete dieback of the Amazon rain forest for a business as usual scenario. In contrast, HadGEM2-ES projects minimal change in Amazon forest extent. The main aim of this study is a preliminary investigation of this difference between the two models. It is found that around 40% of the difference in forest dieback projections is associated with differences in the projected change in dry-season length. Differences in control climatologies of temperature and dry-season length, projected regional warming, and the forest response to climate and CO2 also all contribute to the increased survival of forest in HadGEM2-ES. However, HadGEM2-ES does not invalidate HadCM3LC: Amazon dieback remains a possible scenario of dangerous change that requires further understanding. The authors discuss the relevance to assessments of dieback risk and future work toward narrowing uncertainty about the fate of the Amazon forest.
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Ashton, Peter. "Tree Demography Plots." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 16 (July 26, 2018): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2018.244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The pantropical network of large tree demography plots coordinated by the Smithsonian’s Center for Tropical Forest Science has now gone global, as part of the Smithsonian Institution Global Earth Observatories. Some four million tropical trees, representing about 10,000 species, are now tagged, provisionally identified and periodically recensused. Some 3,000 species are captured in the six plots within Malesia. These include species rarely collected and many that are now endangered. Easy location of trees for periodic examination for fertile material and detailed ecological data, together with seasoned in-country research teams, provide unique opportunities for research collaboration.
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Fu, Chang, Xiqiang Song, Yu Xie, Cai Wang, Jianbiao Luo, Ying Fang, Bing Cao, and Zixuan Qiu. "Research on the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Mangrove Forests in the Hainan Island from 1991 to 2021 Based on SVM and Res-UNet Algorithms." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 5554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215554.
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Mangrove ecosystems play a dominant role in global, tropical, and subtropical coastal wetlands. Remote sensing plays a central role in mangrove conservation, as it is the preferred tool for monitoring changes in spatiotemporal distribution. To improve correlated estimation accuracies and explore the influencing mechanisms based on the mangrove ground survey, this study used a support vector machine (SVM) machine learning and Res-UNet deep learning algorithms to identify the land area of mangrove forests and the crown surface cover area of mangrove forests in the Hainan Island from 1991 to 2021. Both classification techniques were verified by a confusion matrix, which from 1991 to 2021, revealed overall accuracies of 93.11 ± 1.54% and 96.43 ± 1.15% for SVM and Res-UNet, respectively. Res-UNet was more accurate in identifying the crown surface cover area, whereas SVM was more suitable for obtaining the land area. Furthermore, based on the crown surface cover area of the mangrove forests on the Hainan Island, influencing mechanisms were analyzed through dynamic changes and landscape patterns. Since 1991, the Hainan Island mangrove forest area has increased, with the center of mass moving from coastal areas to the ocean and increasing the overall landscape fragmentation. Moreover, the change in the mangrove forests area was correlated with economic development and the increasingly urban population of the entire island. Altogether, the reliable assessment of the tropical mangrove forest land area and crown surface cover provides an important research foundation for the protection and restoration plans of tropical mangrove forests.
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Marsik, Matthew, Forrest R. Stevens, and Jane Southworth. "Amazon deforestation: Rates and patterns of land cover change and fragmentation in Pando, northern Bolivia, 1986 to 2005." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 35, no. 3 (April 11, 2011): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133311399492.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Much research has focused on deforestation in the Amazon, particularly with proximity to roads and population centers as proximate causes. This research presents the analysis of rates and patterns of land cover change in Pando, northern Bolivia, an area with most of its tropical humid forest still intact. Using a decision tree classifier, five forest/non-forest (FNF) classifications were created for 1986, 1991, 1996, 2000, and 2005 from 40 Landsat images that were preprocessed and mosaicked. FNF trajectory images were created for each date pair to indicate areas of stable forest and non-forest, and areas and rates of de/reforestation. Mean patch size, perimeter-area ratio, fractal dimension, and aggregation index metrics were calculated for the FNF trajectory images based on increasing buffer distances from road and along the main access road. In 2005, forest covered 95% of the area in Pando. Large areas of aggregated deforestation occur nearest the department capital of Cobija, along the border with Brazil, and about 50 km west and east of Cobija along the principal access road. Deforestation becomes patchier with increased distance from the population center and laterally from the road. Multiple non-linear relationships exist between the fragmentation metrics and distance from road. The results have implications for understanding and managing the spatial contiguity of these forests, which provide valuable ecological services as well as the livelihood base for many inhabitants.
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França, Rafaela C., Mayara Morais, Frederico G. R. França, Dennis Rödder, and Mirco Solé. "Snakes of the Pernambuco Endemism Center, Brazil: diversity, natural history and conservation." ZooKeys 1002 (December 10, 2020): 115–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1002.50997.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Atlantic Forest is one of the largest and richest tropical rainforests on the planet, being one of the 25 world priorities for conservation. The Atlantic Forest portion located north of the São Francisco River corresponds to the Pernambuco Endemism Center (PEC). We describe the snake composition of the PEC, providing information about the diversity, natural history and geographical distribution of the species, based on records from five scientific collections and additional information from the literature. A total of 78 species of snakes distributed in eight families was registered in the Pernambuco Endemism Center. The Caatinga is the Brazilian biome that most shares species with the PEC, followed by Cerrado. On the other hand, seven species are considered endemic of this region. Most of the snake species in the PEC have been registered in forest (94.8%), followed by “Brejos Nordestinos” (46.1%), Tabuleiros (43.5%), Restingas (14.1%) and Mangroves (5.1%). The PEC snake fauna includes mainly terrestrial species (60.2%) and cryptozoic and/or fossorial species (21.7%), but also presents a high richness of semi-arboreal and arboreal species (29.5%). Vertebrates are the main food item consumed by the species (78% of species), among the main prey are mammals, lizards, and amphibians. Most species show a strictly nocturnal activity period (50%), followed by strictly diurnal (38%). The PEC is the most degraded and least known region of the Atlantic Forest, yet it has revealed a high richness of snake species, including seven endemic species. It is emphasized that regional conservation efforts need to be intensified, because few forests in the region are formally protected, and the majority consist of small and poorly protected fragments, which means that many species in the region may be in risk of extinction.
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Cook, Kerry H., and Edward K. Vizy. "Effects of Twenty-First-Century Climate Change on the Amazon Rain Forest." Journal of Climate 21, no. 3 (February 1, 2008): 542–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1838.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A regional atmospheric model with 60-km resolution is asynchronously coupled with a potential vegetation model to study the implications of twenty-first-century climate change for the tropical and subtropical climate and vegetation of South America. The coupled model produces an accurate simulation of the present day climate and vegetation. Future climate is simulated by increasing atmospheric CO2 levels to 757 ppmv and imposing lateral and surface boundary conditions derived from a GCM simulation for 2081–2100 from the Canadian Climate Center GCM. The coupled regional model simulation projects a 70% reduction in the extent of the Amazon rain forest by the end of the twenty-first century and a large eastward expansion of the caatinga vegetation that is prominent in the Nordeste region of Brazil today. These changes in vegetation are related to reductions in annual mean rainfall and a modification of the seasonal cycle that are associated with a weakening of tropical circulation systems.
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Majure, Lucas C., Kasey Pham, and Teodoro Clase. "Castela senticosa (Simaroubaceae: Sapindales), a New Species from the Caribbean Clade Endemic to Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest on Hispaniola." Systematic Botany 46, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 1033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364421x16370109698560.
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Abstract— Recent fieldwork in the Sierra Martín García in southwestern Dominican Republic has yielded a new species of the American clade Castela (Simaroubaceae), Castela senticosa sp. nov., from seasonally dry tropical forest. This species has been collected from two separate localities, including Môle St. Nicolas in northwestern Haiti in 1929, but until now fertile material with both flowers and fruit was unknown. We provide a photographic plate and illustration, place it phylogenetically using plastome data, and compare it morphologically with close relatives. This increases the number of known species of Castela on Hispaniola from one to two, both of which are endemic but from different clades, and yields another species for the Greater Antilles, a known biodiversity hotspot and clear center of diversification for this group of arid-adapted, thorny shrubs. This work emphasizes that seasonally dry, tropical forests, although often understudied, house as yet undiscovered biodiversity and deserve far more comprehensive studies.
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Ho Tong Minh, Dinh, Yen-Nhi Ngo, and Thu Trang Lê. "Potential of P-Band SAR Tomography in Forest Type Classification." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040696.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Forest type classification using spaceborne remote sensing is a challenge. Low-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) signals (i.e., P-band, ∼0.69 m wavelength) are needed to penetrate a thick vegetation layer. However, this measurement alone does not guarantee a good performance in forest classification tasks. SAR tomography, a technique employing multiple acquisitions over the same areas to form a three-dimensional image, has been demonstrated to improve SAR’s capability in many applications. Our study shows the potential value of SAR tomography acquisitions to improve forest classification. By using P-band tomographic SAR data from the German Aerospace Center F-SAR sensor during the AfriSAR campaign in February 2016, the vertical profiles of five different forest types at a tropical forest site in Mondah, Gabon (South Africa) were analyzed and exploited for the classification task. We demonstrated that the high sensitivity of SAR tomography to forest vertical structure enables the improvement of classification performance by up to 33%. Interestingly, by using the standard Random Forest technique, we found that the ground (i.e., at 5–10 m) and volume layers (i.e., 20–40 m) play an important role in identifying the forest type. Together, these results suggested the promise of the TomoSAR technique for mapping forest types with high accuracy in tropical areas and could provide strong support for the next Earth Explorer BIOMASS spaceborne mission which will collect P-band tomographic SAR data.
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Lu, Siqi, Chuanrong Zhang, Jinwei Dong, Muhammad Adil, and Heli Lu. "Assessing Elevation-Based Forest Dynamics over Space and Time toward REDD+ MRV in Upland Myanmar." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 6117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Implementation of a measuring, reporting, and verifying (MRV) framework is essential for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, MRV can be regarded as an important mechanism to mitigate global warming. Upland Myanmar, with an elevation of ~80–2600 m, is experiencing tropical deforestation, which is commonly explained by the expansion of shifting cultivation. The vegetation change tracker algorithm, with its high-automation and wild-adaptation features, and the enhanced integrated forest z-score were applied in this elevation-based study of time series deforestation monitoring in upland Myanmar using data from 2003 to 2015. Four spatial patterns of deforestation, namely stripes, adjacent, filled, and staggered, were found in the research area. Moreover, our work showed that the center of elevation of deforestation was ~1000 m. Further analysis revealed that this center tended to shift to a higher elevation over time; a “golden cross”/changeover could be deciphered at ~1000 m, indicating that the scale and intensity of shifting cultivation continue to expand vertically. The results suggest the need to track the elevation-based signature of vegetation clearings to help achieve the goals of REDD+ at the regional level in tropical rainforest countries.
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El Moussawi, Ibrahim, Dinh Ho Tong Minh, Nicolas Baghdadi, Chadi Abdallah, Jalal Jomaah, Olivier Strauss, Marco Lavalle, and Yen-Nhi Ngo. "Monitoring Tropical Forest Structure Using SAR Tomography at L- and P-Band." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161934.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our study aims to provide a comparison of the P- and L-band TomoSAR profiles, Land Vegetation and Ice Sensor (LVIS), and discrete return LiDAR to assess the ability for TomoSAR to monitor and estimate the tropical forest structure parameters for enhanced forest management and to support biomass missions. The comparison relies on the unique UAVSAR Jet propulsion Laboratory (JPL)/NASA L-band data, P-band data acquired by ONERA airborne system (SETHI), Small Footprint LiDAR (SFL), and NASA Land, Vegetation and Ice Sensor (LVIS) LiDAR datasets acquired in 2015 and 2016 in the frame of the AfriSAR campaign. Prior to multi-baseline data processing, a phase residual correction methodology based on phase calibration via phase center double localization has been implemented to improve the phase measurements and compensate for the phase perturbations, and disturbances originated from uncertainties in allocating flight trajectories. First, the vertical structure was estimated from L- and P-band corrected Tomography SAR data measurements, then compared with the canopy height model from SFL data. After that, the SAR and LiDAR three-dimensional (3D) datasets are compared and discussed at a qualitative basis at the region of interest. The L- and P-band’s performance for canopy penetration was assessed to determine the underlying ground locations. Additionally, the 3D records for each configuration were compared with their ability to derive forest vertical structure. Finally, the vertical structure extracted from the 3D radar reflectivity from L- and P-band are compared with SFL data, resulting in a root mean square error of 3.02 m and 3.68 m, where the coefficient of determination shows a value of 0.95 and 0.93 for P- and L-band, respectively. The results demonstrate that TomoSAR holds promise for a scientific basis in forest management activities.
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Sano, Edson E., Paola Rizzoli, Christian N. Koyama, Manabu Watanabe, Marcos Adami, Yosio E. Shimabukuro, Gustavo Bayma, and Daniel M. Freitas. "Comparative Analysis of the Global Forest/Non-Forest Maps Derived from SAR and Optical Sensors. Case Studies from Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado Biomes." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030367.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global-scale forest/non-forest (FNF) maps are of crucial importance for applications like biomass estimation and deforestation monitoring. Global FNF maps based on optical remote sensing data have been produced by the wall-to-wall satellite image analyses or sampling strategies. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) also made available their global FNF maps based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. This paper attempted to answer the following scientific question: how comparable are the FNF products derived from optical and SAR data? As test sites we selected the Amazon (tropical rainforest) and Cerrado (tropical savanna) biomes, the two largest Brazilian biomes. Forest estimations from 2015 derived from TanDEM-X (X band; HH polarization) and ALOS-2 (L band; HV polarization) SAR data, as well as forest cover information derived from Landsat 8 optical data were compared with each other at the municipality and image sampling levels. The optical-based forest estimations considered in this study were derived from the MapBiomas project, a Brazilian multi-institutional project to map land use and land cover (LULC) classes of an entire country based on historical time series of Landsat data. In addition to the existing forest maps, a set of 1619 Landsat 8 RGB color composites was used to generate new independent comparison data composed of circular areas with 5-km diameter, which were visually interpreted after image segmentation. The Spearman rank correlation estimated the correlation among the data sets and the paired Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon tested the hypothesis that the data sets are statistically equal. Results showed that forest maps derived from SAR and optical satellites are statistically different regardless of biome or scale of study (municipality or image sampling), except for the Cerrado´s forest estimations derived from TanDEM-X and ALOS-2. Nevertheless, the percentage of pixels classified as forest or non-forest by both SAR sensors were 90% and 80% for the Amazon and Cerrado biome, respectively, indicating an overall good agreement.
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Sigit, Diana Vivanti, Ammar Zain, Haifa Murisa, Khansa Shafa Kamila, Nur Alfi Ramadhanty, Risa Aulia Mahaqi, and Rizhal Hendi Ristanto. "Biodiversity of epiphytic lichen at the bodogol nature conservation education center, sukabumi, west java." JPBIO (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi) 7, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31932/jpbio.v7i2.1669.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Bodogol Education and Nature Conservation Center (PPKA) area is a representative area for lowland mountain tropical forest ecosystems on the island of Java so that the biodiversity in this area is quite high. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of lichens found in the Rasamala and Cikaweni lines of PPKA Bodogol, Sukabumi, West Java. Biodiversity research is important because of the presence of lichens as part of biodiversity that is beneficial to the ecosystem. The research method used is descriptive with exploratory techniques. Determination of trees that contain lichens is done by using purposive sampling technique. The results showed that in both pathways, lichens with crustose talus type dominated. On the Rasamala Line, 7 types of lichens were found, while on the Cikaweni Line, 5 types of lichens were found. The species diversity (H') of lichens in the Rasamala pathway was 1.51 while in the Cikaweni route it was 1.18. So based on the Shannon-Wienner formula, the biodiversity in the Rasamala and Cikaweni trails is in the medium category.
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Baret, Stéphane, Thomas Le Bourgeois, and Dominique Strasberg. "Comment Rubus alceifolius, une espèce exotique envahissante, pourrait-elle progressivement coloniser la totalité d'une forêt tropicale humide ?" Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Few quantitative studies confirm or refute actual theories on the capacity of exotic species to invade and colonize new environments. To evaluate these theories, we tested some biological traits of an invasive bramble (Rubus alceifolius Poiret), known for the importance of its sexual reproduction on lowlands, at La Réunion (Indian Ocean). We studied R. alceifolius seed distribution in one of the last tropical lowland rainforests of the island. Seed count was greater under R. alceifolius patches (> 10 000 seed/m2) than in understoreys not colonized by the bramble (approximately 3000 seed/m2). In R. alceifolius patches, localized within gaps, our results showed that seed-rain and seed-bank before and after the fruit period decreased significantly from the center to the edge of the gap. This pattern was certainly due to the variation in luminosity, which decreased from the center of the gap to the edge. We conclude that seed dispersal of this species within the forest is mainly via running water. A number of seeds (10%20%) were able to wait for a new opening in which to germinate. A small proportion of these seeds remained viable in the soil for many years. Monospecific R. alceifolius patches can be considered nurseries and are the main source for colonization of new areas within the forest. Our quantitative results confirm that copious sexual reproduction, a large soil seedbank, and a high germination rate are biological traits that greatly contribute to the invasiveness of this plant. They also provide important information for forestry services establishing adapted control plans.Key words: seedbank, dissemination, introduced plant, biological invasion, life history traits, viability.
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Rahman, Dede Aulia, Riki Herliansyah, Puji Rianti, Ujang Mamat Rahmat, Asep Yayus Firdaus, and Mochamad Syamsudin. "Ecology and Conservation of the Endangered Banteng (Bos javanicus) in Indonesia Tropical Lowland Forest." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 26, no. 2 (October 27, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.26.2.68.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Banteng, Bos javanicus, as wild cattle is a vital and importance source of germplasm in Indonesia. Various human activities currently threaten their conservation status. Nonetheless, no long-term monitoring programmes are in place for this species. Using distribution point and statistical analysis based on 46,116 camera trap days from December 2015 to January 2017, we aimed to provide habitat preferences, activity patterns and ecological data for banteng population in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP). It is the largest population of banteng in Indonesia and is living in a limited habitat area. According to the best occupancy model, the most suitable areas for this species were the secondary forest located at the center portion of UKNP. The presence of the invasive cluster sugar palm, Arenga obtusifolia, in dry season provides additional alternative food for banteng when its main food is scarcer in the forest. Banteng was cathemeral all year round, with the proportion of cathemeral records and the recording rate did not change with the protection of the level area, moon phase or season. To reduce the probability of encountering predators, banteng avoided the space use of dholes. Selection and avoidance of habitats was stronger than avoidance of the predator activity areas. Habitat competition from domestic cattle which grazed illegally in the national park appears to be a problem to the species since zoonosis appears from domestic cattle to banteng. Therefore, effective law enforcement and an adequate conservation strategy are required to eliminate the impacts of both direct and indirect threats.
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Vitt, Laurie J. "Ecology and life history of the scansorial arboreal lizard Plica plica (Iguanidae) in Amazonian Brazil." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A field study on two populations of the tropical iguanid lizard Plica plica in the Brazilian Amazon revealed that this lowland forest species is diurnal, occurs on vertical smooth-barked trunks of the largest trees in the forest, and feeds mostly on ants. Comparisons between rainy season samples from Pará and dry season samples from Rondonia show that even though lizards ate, on average, the same number of prey, prey were larger in Rondonia and prey diversity was greater in Pará. Lizards sleep on tree trunks or similar surfaces when available, apparently leaving the trees only to deposit eggs. Clutches are deposited in palm litter and inside rotted palm trunks. Clutch size averages 2.9 ± 0.1 eggs and is significantly correlated with female snout–vent length. The reproductive season appears to be extended in that females produce at least two clutches. Relative clutch mass of females is low compared with that of other sit-and-wait foraging lizard species, and this, coupled with the flattened morphology, presumably reflects adaptations for maintaining the center of gravity near vertical smooth tree trunks.
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Medeiros, Adan S. S., Gisele Calderaro, Patricia C. Guimarães, Mateus R. Magalhaes, Marcos V. B. Morais, Sameh A. A. Rafee, Igor O. Ribeiro, et al. "Power plant fuel switching and air quality in a tropical, forested environment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 14 (July 26, 2017): 8987–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8987-2017.
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Abstract. How a changing energy matrix for electricity production affects air quality is considered for an urban region in a tropical, forested environment. Manaus, the largest city in the central Amazon Basin of Brazil, is in the process of changing its energy matrix for electricity production from fuel oil and diesel to natural gas over an approximately 10-year period, with a minor contribution by hydropower. Three scenarios of urban air quality, specifically afternoon ozone concentrations, were simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-Chem) model. The first scenario used fuel oil and diesel for electricity production, which was the reality in 2008. The second scenario was based on the fuel mix from 2014, the most current year for which data were available. The third scenario considered nearly complete use of natural gas for electricity production, which is the anticipated future, possibly for 2018. For each case, inventories of anthropogenic emissions were based on electricity generation, refinery operations, and transportation. Transportation and refinery operations were held constant across the three scenarios to focus on effects of power plant fuel switching in a tropical context. The simulated NOx and CO emissions for the urban region decrease by 89 and 55 %, respectively, after the complete change in the energy matrix. The results of the simulations indicate that a change to natural gas significantly decreases maximum afternoon ozone concentrations over the population center, reducing ozone by > 70 % for the most polluted days. The sensitivity of ozone concentrations to the fuel switchover is consistent with a NOx-limited regime, as expected for a tropical forest having high emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds, high water vapor concentrations, and abundant solar radiation. There are key differences in a shifting energy matrix in a tropical, forested environment compared to other world environments. Policies favoring the burning of natural gas in place of fuel oil and diesel have great potential for ozone reduction and improved air quality for growing urban regions located in tropical, forested environments around the world.
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Lalrinkimi and R. K. Lallianthanga. "Documentation of tree species within Mizoram Science Centre, Berawtlang, Aizawl, India, with notes on their ethnomedicinal values." Science Vision 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33493/scivis.19.03.01.
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This study provides a first report of the various tree species prevailing in the tropical semi-evergreen forest within Mizoram Science Centre, Berawtlang, Aizawl in relation to their diversity; and also mentions traditional ethnomedicinal and economic uses of the species. A total number of 776 individual trees were assessed within the study site belonging to 74 different species representing 61 genera and 34 families. Among these, 55 tree species have been reported by previous workers to possess indigenous medicinal values. The most abundant tree species at the study site was found to be Callicarpa arborea (hnahkiah) of Verbenaceae comprising 14.30% of the total trees assessed, followed by Anogeissus acuminata (zairum) of Combretaceae with 12.62%, and Schima wallichii (khiang) of Theaceae with 10.56%. A concise list of the species recorded along with their ethnomedicinal and economic uses have been presented here. The prospect of in situ conservation of tree species is briefly highlighted.
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Suarez-Rubio, Marcela, Paul J. J. Bates, Thein Aung, Nay Myo Hlaing, Sai Sein Lin Oo, Yu Kay Zin Htun, Saw Myat Ohn Mar, et al. "Bird diversity along an urban to rural gradient in large tropical cities peaks in mid-level urbanization." PeerJ 11 (October 9, 2023): e16098. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16098.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The gradient from natural to urban areas strongly associates with the structure of avian communities over that gradient. Most research on urban birds is from temperate areas and knowledge from tropical Southeast Asia is lacking. We examined bird species diversity, relative abundance, and species composition along an urban to rural gradient in three Myanmar cities, and assessed potential environmental factors responsible for the changes. We counted birds within 40 point-count sites with 50-m fixed-radius in three large cities of Myanmar, namely Mandalay, Mawlamyine, and Myeik. We distinguished four urban habitat types (Downtown–urban, University Campus–suburban, Paddy Field–agriculture, Hill–forest). We classified all species into migrant or resident and into major feeding groups and related with several environmental parameters such as ‘impervious surface’. We counted 5,423 individuals of 103 species with roughly equal species diversity between the three cities. Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) was the most frequent species. The species composition differed significantly between the four major habitat types. Omnivores were more abundant in the city center than all other functional groups. Interestingly, insectivores were also predominant in the city center. In addition, more generalist’ species occurred towards the city center compared to the periphery, indicating that the periphery has increased relevance for specialized birds. We found some marked differences in species composition between the three cities of Mandalay, Mawlamyine, and Myeik. Additionally to species composition, species diversity and relative abundance differed significantly between each of the four major habitat types in all three cities.
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Morrison, Emily B. "Vigilance behavior of a tropical bird in response to indirect and direct cues of predation risk." Behaviour 148, no. 9-10 (2011): 1067–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x589316.
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AbstractAnimals use a variety of cues to evaluate their risk of predation when foraging, including direct cues of predator presence such as vocalizations or scent, and indirect cues, or environmental correlates of predation risk, such as vegetation structure. Research took place in a large-scale forest restoration experiment where habitat patches of different sizes were planted. I examined the effects of predator vocalizations (direct cues) on the vigilance behavior of Cherrie's Tanagers (Ramphocelus costaricensis) foraging in three different locations with varying amounts of vegetation cover (indirect cues): small patches and the centers and edges of large patches. Results show that the indirect cue of predation risk mediated birds' response to the direct cue. The increase in time birds spent alert in response to the predator call was significantly greater in the presumably riskier small patches and large patch edges compared to the relatively safe large patch centers. The increase in frequency of head-turns also was significantly greater in small patches compared to the large patch centers in response to the predator call. Although birds recognized the threat of the predator call and reacted by fleeing more quickly than after the non-predator call, this response did not differ between locations. Birds appeared to integrate information from both types of cues to evaluate their predation risk and determine their vigilance response. Individuals responded more strongly to the direct cue of predation risk when foraging in the presumably riskier smaller patches and large patch edges by increasing vigilance. These results highlight the importance of investigating behavioral responses to the characteristics of forest restoration sites, many of which consist of small patches of habitat.
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Numbisi, Frederick N., and Frieke Van Coillie. "Does Sentinel-1A Backscatter Capture the Spatial Variability in Canopy Gaps of Tropical Agroforests? A Proof-of-Concept in Cocoa Landscapes in Cameroon." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 4163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A reliable estimation and monitoring of tree canopy cover or shade distribution is essential for a sustainable cocoa production via agroforestry systems. Remote sensing (RS) data offer great potential in retrieving and monitoring vegetation status at landscape scales. However, parallel advancements in image processing and analysis are required to appropriately use such data for different targeted applications. This study assessed the potential of Sentinel-1A (S-1A) C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter in estimating canopy cover variability in cocoa agroforestry landscapes. We investigated two landscapes, in Center and South Cameroon, which differ in predominant vegetation: forest-savannah transition and forest landscape, respectively. We estimated canopy cover using in-situ digital hemispherical photographs (DHPs) measures of gap fraction, verified the relationship with SAR backscatter intensity and assessed predictions based on three machine learning approaches: multivariate bootstrap regression, neural networks regression, and random forest regression. Our results showed that about 30% of the variance in canopy gap fraction in the cocoa production landscapes was shared by the used SAR backscatter parameters: a combination of S-1A backscatter intensity, backscatter coefficients, difference, cross ratios, and normalized ratios. Based on the model predictions, the VV (co-polarization) backscatter showed high importance in estimating canopy gap fraction; the VH (cross-polarized) backscatter was less sensitive to the estimated canopy gap. We observed that a combination of different backscatter variables was more reliable at predicting the canopy gap variability in the considered type of vegetation in this study—agroforests. Semi-variogram analysis of canopy gap fraction at the landscape scale revealed higher spatial clustering of canopy gap, based on spatial correlation, at a distance range of 18.95 m in the vegetation transition landscape, compared to a 51.12 m spatial correlation range in the forest landscape. We provide new insight on the spatial variability of canopy gaps in the cocoa landscapes which may be essential for predicting impacts of changing and extreme (drought) weather conditions on farm management and productivity. Our results contribute a proof-of-concept in using current and future SAR images to support management tools or strategies on tree inventorying and decisions regarding incentives for shade tree retention and planting in cocoa landscapes.
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Tsutsui, Jun-ichi, and Akira Kasahara. "Simulated tropical cyclones using the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 101, no. D10 (June 1, 1996): 15013–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jd03774.
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Peck, George W., Fanny Castro-Llanos, Victor M. López-Sifuentes, Gissella M. Vásquez, and Erica Lindroth. "Comparative Analysis of Mosquito Trap Counts In the Peruvian Amazon: Effect of Trap Type and Other Covariates On Counts and Diversity." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/17-6724.1.
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ABSTRACT Efficient detection of multiple species of adult mosquitoes in various habitats using effective traps is a crucial 1st step in any disease prevention program. Novel trap types that target tropical vectors of human diseases require field testing in the habitat of the vector–disease system in question. This paper analyzes a series of mosquito trapping studies conducted at Mapacocha, San Juan Bautista District, Loreto, Peru, during August–September 2013 and April–May 2014. Six trap configurations were evaluated in forest and rural locations. Adult mosquito counts were analyzed using full Bayesian inference of multilevel generalized linear models and posterior probability point estimates of the difference of means of the combined trap catch by trap type comparisons of all species. Light traps (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] incandescent, white light-emitting diode [LED], and ultraviolet LED) caught greater numbers of mosquitoes compared with traps baited with yeast-generated CO2 and Biogents Sentinel™ traps (battery powered traps without light and passive box traps). However, diversity measures (species richness, evenness, and similarity) were consistently nearly equal among trap types. Arbovirus vectors were more common in forest locations, while malaria vectors were more common near human habitations. Location had a significant effect on trap effectiveness and mosquito diversity, with traps from forest locations having greater numbers and greater species richness, compared with traps set near human habitations. The results of this study will inform mosquito surveillance trap choices in remote regions of central South America, including regions with emerging tropical diseases, such and dengue and Zika virus.
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Baratto, Jakeline, Cássio Arthur Wollmann, and Ismael Luiz Hoppe. "Variabilidade Termo-Higrométrica no Parque Estadual do Espinilho, em Barra do Quaraí (RS), sob Domínio Tropical Continental (Thermo-Hygrometric Variability in the Espinilho State Park in Barra do Quaraí (RS), under Atmospheric Tropical Domain Tropical)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 6, no. 6 (April 8, 2014): 1734–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v6.6.p1734-1743.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Neste trabalho propôs-se fazer uma análise da variabilidade Termo-Higrométrica no Parque Estadual do Espinilho situado em Barra do Quaraí (RS) e identificar o sistema atmosférico atuante. Assim foi realizada uma saída de campo para a coleta dos dados da temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar. Para a coleta da altitude, e das coordenas UTM foi utilizado o GPS, assim em cada ponto utilizou um termômetro de bulbo seco para analisar a temperatura do ar e para a analise da umidade relativa do ar utilizou um termômetro eletrônico. Dessa forma foram coletados quatro pontos no decorrer da principal trilha do Parque por meio de transecto. Para identificar os sistemas atmosféricos atuantes fez-se necessária a utilização de imagem de satélites e as cartas sinóticas do dia da coleta. Na análise dos resultados foi possivel identificar que a cobertura do solo foi o fator que mais influenciou para a variação da temperatura e da umidade nos quatros pontos. Outro fator importante foi o horário da coleta dos dados quanto mais se aproxima do meio-dia maior será a temperatura do ar e menor será a URA. Na analise do sistema atmosférico foi observado no Estado o domínio de um centro de baixa pressão e assim analisando as cartas sinóticas pode-se concluir que a região do Parque estava sobre domínio da Massa Tropical Continental. A B S T R A C T This research concerns in to analyze the thermo-hygrometric variability in Espinilho State Park located in Barra do Quaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and also identify the active atmospheric system. So it was necessary to realize a field work trip to collect data on air temperature and relative humidity. To collect the altitude, and UTM coordinates was used GPS, so at each point used a dry bulb thermometer and to analyze the air temperature and to analyze the relative humidity used an electronic thermometer. By this way were collected these climatic elements along four points over the main track of the Park. To identify the atmospheric systems it was necessary to use satellite images and synoptic maps of the day collection data. In analyzing the results it was possible to identify that the forest cover was the most important factor involved for the change of temperature and humidity on four points. Another important factor was the time of data collection as closest to noon higher the air temperature and the lower the humidity. In the analysis of the atmospheric system was observed in the domain of a center of low pressure and thus analyzing the synoptic maps can conclude that the region was above domain of Continental Tropical Mass. Keywords: State Park Espinilho; Thermo-hygrometric variability, land cover, temperature, relative humidity.
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Lima, Maria Andrea, and James W. Wilson. "Convective Storm Initiation in a Moist Tropical Environment." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1847–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2279.1.
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Abstract Radar and satellite data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission–Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere (TRMM–LBA) project have been examined to determine causes for convective storm initiation in the southwest Amazon region. The locations and times of storm initiation were based on the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol). Both the radar and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-8 (GOES-8) visible data were used to identify cold pools produced by convective precipitation. These data along with high-resolution topographic data were used to determine possible convective storm triggering mechanisms. The terrain elevation varied from 100 to 600 m. Tropical forests cover the area with numerous clear-cut areas used for cattle grazing and farming. This paper presents the results from 5 February 1999. A total of 315 storms were initiated within 130 km of the S-Pol radar. This day was classified as a weak monsoon regime where convection developed in response to the diurnal cycle of solar heating. Scattered shallow cumulus during the morning developed into deep convection by early afternoon. Storm initiation began about 1100 LST and peaked around 1500–1600 LST. The causes of storm initiation were classified into four categories. The most common initiation mechanism was caused by forced lifting by a gust front (GF; 36%). Forcing by terrain (>300 m) without any other triggering mechanism accounted for 21% of the initiations and colliding GFs accounted for 16%. For the remaining 27% a triggering mechanism was not identified. Examination of all days during TRMM–LBA showed that this one detailed study day was representative of many days. A conceptual model of storm initiation and evolution is presented. The results of this study should have implications for other locations when synoptic-scale forcing mechanisms are at a minimum. These results should also have implications for very short-period forecasting techniques in any location where terrain, GFs, and colliding boundaries influence storm evolution.
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Luo, Hongbin, Cairong Yue, Fuming Xie, Bodong Zhu, and Si Chen. "A Method for Forest Canopy Height Inversion Based on Machine Learning and Feature Mining Using UAVSAR." Remote Sensing 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 5849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225849.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mapping of tropical rainforest forest structure parameters plays an important role in biodiversity and carbon stock estimation. The current mechanism models based on PolInSAR for forest height inversion (e.g., the RVoG model) are physical process models, and realistic conditions for model parameterization are often difficult to establish for practical applications, resulting in large forest height estimation errors. As an alternative, machine learning approaches offer the benefit of model simplicity, but these tools provide limited capabilities for interpretation and generalization. To explore the forest height estimation method combining the mechanism model and the empirical model, we utilized UAVSAR multi-baseline PolInSAR L-band data from the AfriSAR project and propose a solution of a mechanism model combined with machine learning. In this paper, two mechanism models were used as controls, the RVoG three-phase method and the RVoG phase-coherence amplitude method. The vertical structure parameters of the forest obtained from the mechanism model were used as the independent variables of the machine learning model. Random forest (RF) and partial least squares (PLS) regression models were used to invert the forest canopy height. Results show that the inversion accuracy of the machine learning method, combined with the mechanism model, is significantly better than that of the single-mechanism model method. The most influential independent variables were penetration depth, volume coherence phase center height, coherence separation, and baseline selection. With the precondition that the cumulative contribution of the independent variables was greater than 90%, the number of independent variables in the two study areas was reduced from 19 to 4, and the accuracy of the RF-RVoG-DEP model was higher than that of the PLS-RVoG-DEP model. For the Lope test area, the R2 of the RVoG phase coherence amplitude method is 0.723, the RMSE is 8.583 m, and the model bias is −2.431 m; the R2 of the RVoG three-stage method is 0.775, the RMSE is 7.748, and the bias is 1.120 m, the R2 of the PLS-RVoG-DEP model is 0.850, the RMSE is 6.320 m, and the bias is 0.002 m; and the R2 of the RF-RVoG-DEP model is 0.900, the RMSE is 5.154 m, and the bias is −0.061 m. The results for the Pongara test area are consistent with the pattern for the Lope test area. The combined “fusion model” offers a substantial improvement in forest height estimation from the traditional mechanism modeling method.
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Andrade, PM, FAM Santos, and FR Martins. "Foliar growth of Eriocnema fulva Naudin (Melastomataceae) in a forest fragment in southeastern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 1 (February 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000100002.
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Eriocnema fulva Naudin is an endangered herbaceous, perennial, iteroparous, evergreen species geographically restricted to southeastern-center Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil. The individuals occur as patches on rocky riverbanks shaded by seasonal semideciduous Atlantic forest; they are fixed by roots and have a pending stem. Aiming to investigate leaf development and its importance for individual survival, fifteen contiguous plots (1 x 1 m) were set down in Jambreiro Forest (19° 58’-59’ S and 43° 52’-55’ W, 800-1100 m altitude), in the municipality of Nova Lima. A total of 260 individuals with the largest leaf blade length > 1 cm was tagged and measured in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Leaf expansion was recorded each month during 26 months until April 2000. Plant size was measured through leaf blade length, petiole length, stem length, and number of leaves. Significant changes were detected only after two years, thus indicating that plant growth is slow. The proportion of surviving leaves after two years was 60%. Total blade expansion took over 14 months, a slow growth rate when compared to leaves of other tropical forest canopy and understory species. Long leaf lifespans are to be found in plants exhibiting slow growth, and we observed that some leaves lived longer than three years. Petiole growth can help to better position the leaf in the search for light, thus contributing to the growth and survival of the plant. The relationships among size measures were significant, reinforcing the great contribution of leaf size for plant size. The age of the largest individual was estimated as 36 years based on the median annual leaf production rate.
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VÖLTZ, RAFAEL R., ANDERSON ALVES-ARAÚJO, and RENATO GOLDENBERG. "Native Species of Sapotaceae Juss. in Paraná, Brazil." Phytotaxa 430, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 224–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.430.4.1.
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Sapotaceae is a large family of angiosperms which has predominantly tree species, and worldwide distribution in subtropical and tropical regions. The Neotropics are one of the greatest centers of diversity of Sapotaceae, and in Brazil, the family comprises 12 genera and 234 species, of which 103 species are endemic. We present here a taxonomic treatment for the native species of Sapotaceae from the State of Paraná, with an identification key, descriptions, geographic distribution, phenology, illustrations, and current conservation status for all taxa. Twenty-two species were documented in Paraná, belonging to seven genera. The richest genus was Pouteria with 11 species, followed by Chrysophyllum with five species and Pradosia with two species. The genera Diploon, Ecclinusa, Manilkara, and Sideroxylon have only one species each. Pouteria guianensis and Pouteria ramiflora are new records for the state. The Atlantic Rain Forest is the richest vegetation type with six genera and 13 species, followed by the Seasonal Forest with three genera and nine species. The Araucaria Forest and Cerrado have two genera each, the former with three species and the latter with two species. Out of 22 species, one has been mentioned as endangered (EN), one is vulnerable (VU), one is near threatened (NT), nine are least concern (LC), and ten have not been evaluated (NE).
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Moura, Mariana Neves, Vanessa Terra, and Flávia C. P. Garcia. "Piptadenia (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil." Rodriguésia 68, no. 1 (March 2017): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The genus Piptadenia includes approximately 24 species that are distributed in the tropical regions of South America, with centers of diversity in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest in Brazil in which twenty-one species occur. A taxonomic study of Piptadenia was conducted in the state of Minas Gerais based on an analysis of approximately 270 specimens from 11 herbaria, field observations and field work in the main conservation units and other focal areas in Minas Gerais. These areas include the three vegetation domains in the state: Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga. Six of the species in the genus were sampled: P. adiantoides, P. gonoacantha, P. macradenia, P. micracantha, P. paniculata and P. viridiflora. Two species that have previously been cited in the state were not found in this study: P. irwinii and P. stipulacea. These species were not found in the herbaria collections that were consulted or during the field work. We present an identification key for the Minas Gerais species of Piptadenia as well as descriptions, illustrations, geographical distributions, comments about the taxonomic characters and some information related to the flowering and fruiting periods.
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Zuev, Vladimir V., Vladimir D. Burlakov, Aleksei V. Nevzorov, Vladimir L. Pravdin, Ekaterina S. Savelieva, and Vladislav V. Gerasimov. "30-year lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer state over Tomsk (Western Siberia, Russia)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 3067–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3067-2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. There are only four lidar stations in the world which have almost continuously performed observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer (SAL) state over the last 30 years. The longest time series of the SAL lidar measurements have been accumulated at the Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii) since 1973, the NASA Langley Research Center (Hampton, Virginia) since 1974, and Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany) since 1976. The fourth lidar station we present started to perform routine observations of the SAL parameters in Tomsk (56.48° N, 85.05° E, Western Siberia, Russia) in 1986. In this paper, we mainly focus on and discuss the stratospheric background period from 2000 to 2005 and the causes of the SAL perturbations over Tomsk in the 2006–2015 period. During the last decade, volcanic aerosol plumes from tropical Mt. Manam, Soufrière Hills, Rabaul, Merapi, Nabro, and Kelut and extratropical (northern) Mt. Okmok, Kasatochi, Redoubt, Sarychev Peak, Eyjafjallajökull, and Grímsvötn were detected in the stratosphere over Tomsk. When it was possible, we used the NOAA HYSPLIT trajectory model to assign aerosol layers observed over Tomsk to the corresponding volcanic eruptions. The trajectory analysis highlighted some surprising results. For example, in the cases of the Okmok, Kasatochi, and Eyjafjallajökull eruptions, the HYSPLIT air mass backward trajectories, started from altitudes of aerosol layers detected over Tomsk with a lidar, passed over these volcanoes on their eruption days at altitudes higher than the maximum plume altitudes given by the Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program. An explanation of these facts is suggested. The role of both tropical and northern volcanic eruptions in volcanogenic aerosol loading of the midlatitude stratosphere is also discussed. In addition to volcanoes, we considered other possible causes of the SAL perturbations over Tomsk, i.e., the polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) events and smoke plumes from strong forest fires. At least two PSC events were detected in 1995 and 2007. We also make an assumption that the Kelut volcanic eruption (Indonesia, February 2014) could be the cause of the SAL perturbations over Tomsk during the first quarter of 2015.
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LÓPEZ-PÉREZ, JORGE DAVID, SERGIO ZAMUDIO, GUADALUPE MUNGUÍA-LINO, and AARÓN RODRÍGUEZ. "Species richness, geographic distribution and endemism of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) in the Mexican Transition Zone." Phytotaxa 641, no. 1 (March 14, 2024): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.641.1.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The genus Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) is composed of 115 species of carnivorous plants and Mexico is a center of diversification. The Mexican Transition Zone (MTZ) is the boundary between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. It includes the main mountain ranges of Mexico, which extend south to northeastern Nicaragua. Its geological history, physiographic diversity and climatic complexity would have provided the environment to support a rich flora as well as angiosperm endemism. It was expected that the distribution of Pinguicula would have the same pattern. To test this hypothesis, a database was constructed based on the review of herbaria specimens, digital herbaria, bibliography, and databases. Species richness distribution and endemism were evaluated by country, biome, biogeographic province, elevation gradient, and three grid-cells sizes. The species richness of Pinguicula was centered in Mexico in an elevation gradient extending from 1,501–2,000 m. Also, species richness was greatest in the Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forest biome. However, considering biogeographic criteria, the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOr) was the richest province. This was also supported by the distribution of the cells with the highest species richness and endemism. The results showed that the pattern of species richness and endemism of Pinguicula was concentrated along the MTZ, particularly in the SMOr.
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Wu, Lan, Enliang Guo, Yinghe An, Qian Xiong, Xian Shi, Xiang Zhang, and Zhongyi Sun. "Evaluating the Losses and Recovery of GPP in the Subtropical Mangrove Forest Directly Attacked by Tropical Cyclone: Case Study in Hainan Island." Remote Sensing 15, no. 8 (April 16, 2023): 2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082094.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The gross primary production (GPP) of the mangrove ecosystem determines the upper limit of the scale of its “blue carbon” sink. Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most important extreme events that threaten the subtropical mangrove ecosystem and have a serious impact on mangrove ecosystem GPP. However, there are somewhat insufficient scientific findings on regional-scale mangrove ecosystem GPP responding to large-scale weather events such as TCs. Therefore, we selected the subtropical Hainan Island mangrove ecosystem, where more than two TCs pass through per year, as the research area; selected direct-attack TCs as the research object; and took the mangrove vegetation photosynthesis light-use efficiency model established based on the eddy covariance observation data as the tool to evaluate the loss and recovery of mangrove ecosystem GPP after TCs attacked at a regional scale. We found that the TC impacted the mangrove ecosystem GPP through the photosynthetic area and rate, and the recovery of the rate occurred prior to the recovery of the area; the loss of mangrove ecosystem GPP is inversely proportional to the distance to the center of the TC and the distance to the coastline; and the canopy height, diameter at breast height, and aspect where the tree stands significantly influence the response of the mangrove ecosystem GPP to TCs. However, the response varies for different mangrove community compositions, soil conditions, and planting densities as well as different frequencies and intensities of TCs, and they should be analyzed in detail. This study is expected to provide technical and data support for the protection of blue carbon in a subtropical island mangrove ecosystem in response to extreme events and post-disaster recovery.
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ROJAS-PIÑA, VANESSA, and LEONARDO O. ALVARADO-CÁRDENAS. "Beaucarnea olsonii (Ruscaceae), a new species of ponytail palm from southwestern Puebla, Mexico." Phytotaxa 286, no. 1 (November 25, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.286.1.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Beaucarnea olsonii is described and illustrated from tropical deciduous forests of SW Puebla, Mexico. The new species can be distinguished from other Beaucarnea species by its massively swollen base that abruptly tapers into slender branches, by its conspicuously long stigma, and by its pedicel articulation that occurs at 2/3 of the length of the pedicel below the flower. With this new addition, the total number of endemic species of Beaucarnea for Mexico increases to 10, making this country the greatest center of diversification and endemism for the genus. We also provide a distribution map and a conservation status recommendation for the new species, as well as a key to the Beaucarnea species of southern central Mexico.
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Couvreur, Thomas L. P., Leo-Paul M. J. Dagallier, Francoise Crozier, Jean-Paul Ghogue, Paul H. Hoekstra, Narcisse G. Kamdem, David M. Johnson, Nancy A. Murray, and Bonaventure Sonké. "Flora of Cameroon – Annonaceae Vol 45." PhytoKeys 207 (September 20, 2022): 1–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.207.61432.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Annonaceae is a major pantropical family with 113 genera and about 2550 species. Cameroon is one of the most biodiverse countries in Africa but its flora remains incompletely known. In this volume of the Flora of Cameroon, we describe 166 native taxa representing 163 species in 28 native genera within the family Annonaceae. A total of 22 species (about 13%) are endemic to the country. We provide keys to all native genera, species, and infraspecific taxa. For each species a detailed morphological description and a map of its distribution in Cameroon are provided. Distribution maps and diversity analyses are based on a taxonomically verified database of 2073 collections. Across Africa, Cameroon is a center of diversity for Annonaceae harboring one of the highest numbers of species and genera. For example, Cameroon harbors the highest number of African species for the only pantropical genus of Annonaceae, Xylopia. Annonaceae are found across all 10 administrative regions of Cameroon but diversity is concentrated within the tropical rain forest areas situated in the south and South-West. The areas around Bipindi and Mount Cameroon show the highest levels of diversity, but this is correlated with collection effort. Line drawings and/or photographs accompany most species. One species new to science Uvariopsis etugeana Dagallier & Couvreur sp. nov. is described. We also undertake a number of nomenclatural changes such as lectotypifications, six new synonymies and two new combinations (Uvaria anisotricha (Le Thomas) Couvreur, comb. nov.; Uvariodendron fuscum var. giganteum (Engl.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. nov.).
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Tan, Ming Kai, and Rodzay bin Haji Abdul Wahab. "Preliminary study on the diversity of Orthoptera from Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei Darussalam, Borneo." Journal of Orthoptera Research 27, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.27.24152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Orthoptera, comprising grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids, is diverse and species rich in tropical Southeast Asia, including the island of Borneo. However, not every part of Southeast Asia is equally well sampled and studied. This includes Brunei Darussalam, specifically at the Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre (KBFSC) within the Ulu Temburong National Park. We present here an annotated and illustrated checklist of Orthoptera from the primary dipterocarp forest around Kuala Belalong based on three field trips in 2016 and 2017. We provide notes on their taxonomy (including how each species was identified) and natural history of species. In total, 72 species were recorded, representing eight of the 16 monophyletic orthopteran superfamilies. In total, 73.6% of all species recorded were singletons and doubletons, indicating that many species are probably rare. The collection led to the discovery of ten species new to science already published separately, with more expected to be described from pending material and confirmation. More species, including undescribed ones (at least four new species), are expected with continued sampling effort. Despite the 21 day-long surveying efforts from three trips around KBFSC, we believe that the species list provided here is non-exhaustive and only a preliminary one.
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SCHOOLS, MOLLY, and S. BLAIR HEDGES. "Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae)." Zootaxa 4974, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 201–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lizards of the family Diploglossidae occur in moist, tropical forests of Middle America, South America, and Caribbean islands. Our analyses based on new molecular and morphological data indicate that the widely distributed genera Celestus Gray, 1839 and Diploglossus Wiegmann, 1834 are paraphyletic. We restrict the former to Caribbean islands and the latter to South America and Caribbean islands. We assign species in Middle America, formerly placed in Celestus and Diploglossus, to Advenus gen. nov., Mesoamericus gen. nov., and Siderolamprus Cope, 1861. We assign species on Caribbean islands, formerly placed in Celestus, to Caribicus gen. nov., Comptus gen. nov., Celestus, Panolopus Cope, 1862, Sauresia Gray, 1852, and Wetmorena Cochran, 1927. Our phylogenetic tree supports three major clades in the family: Celestinae subfam. nov. (Advenus gen. nov., Caribicus gen. nov., Comptus gen. nov., Celestus, Panolopus, Sauresia, and Wetmorena), Diploglossinae (Diploglossus and Ophiodes Wagler, 1828), and Siderolamprinae subfam. nov. (Mesoamericus gen. nov. and Siderolamprus). Our timetree indicates that the diploglossid lineage originated in the early Cenozoic and established three major centers of diversification in the Americas: Middle America (siderolamprines and one celestine), South America (diploglossines), and Caribbean islands (celestines and diploglossines). The majority of threatened species are on Caribbean islands, with the major threats being deforestation and predation by the introduced mongoose. Molecular and morphological data indicate that there are many undescribed species in this family of lizards.
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Ratke, Rafael Felippe, Alan Mario Zuffo, Fábio Steiner, Jorge González Aguilera, Matheus Liber de Godoy, Ricardo Gava, Job Teixeira de Oliveira, et al. "Can Soil Moisture and Crop Production Be Influenced by Different Cropping Systems?" AgriEngineering 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5010007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The different conditions of soil vegetation cover combined with irrigation management and/or agricultural production systems can influence soil moisture content and crop yields. This study investigated the impact of agricultural production systems and center pivot irrigation management on soil moisture content during the cultivation of soybean and off-season corn crops. Two field experiments were conducted during the 2018–2019 growing season in tropical Cerrado soil conditions; one experiment consisted of the application of three irrigation water depths (0%, 50%, and 100% of the crop evapotranspiration) during soybean cultivation in a no-tillage system under ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis) straw, and the second experiment consisted of the intercropped or nonintercropped cultivation of corn hybrids with ruzigrass in an agricultural area with and without the influence of eucalyptus reforestation. The volumetric soil moisture was measured using an electronic soil moisture meter (Hidrofarm), and the 1000-grain mass and yield of the soybean and corn were measured in the two trials. Irrigation and the no-till system did not influence soybean yields. The soybean cultivars NA 5909 RG and TMG 7067 IPRO presented TGM above 180 g, and this represented on average a 22% higher TGM than the BMX DESAFIO RR and CD 2737 RR. The presence of eucalyptus forest promoted a 1.5% increase in soil moisture in the corn crop. Soil management systems, such as irrigation, use cover crops, which may not increase the productivity of soybean and corn crops as expected.
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Heng, Zhiwei, Yunfei Fu, Guosheng Liu, Renjun Zhou, Yu Wang, Renmin Yuan, Jingchao Guo, and Xue Dong. "A Study of the Distribution and Variability of Cloud Water Using ISCCP, SSM/I Cloud Product, and Reanalysis Datasets." Journal of Climate 27, no. 9 (April 23, 2014): 3114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00031.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this paper, the global distribution of cloud water based on International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) datasets is presented, and the variability of cloud water from ISCCP, the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), ERA-Interim, and CFSR data over the time period of 1995 through 2009 is discussed. The results show noticeable differences in cloud water over land and over ocean, as well as latitudinal variations. Large values of cloud water are mainly distributed over the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, eastern ITCZ, regions off the west coast of the continents as well as tropical rain forest. Cloud water path (CWP), liquid water path (LWP), and ice water path (IWP) from these datasets show a relatively good agreement in distributions and zonal means. The results of trend analyzing show an increasing trend in CWP, and also a significant increasing trend of LWP can be found in the dataset of ISCCP, ERA-Interim, and CFSR over the ocean. Besides the long-term variation trend, rises of cloud water are found when temperature and water vapor exhibit a positive anomaly. EOF analyses are also applied to the anomalies of cloud water, the first dominate mode of CWP and IWP are similar, and a phase change can be found in the LWP time coefficient around 1999 in ISCCP and CFSR and around 2002 in ERA-Interim.
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Sanín, David, Alexandre Salino, and Alan R. Smith. "Taxonomic Revision of Serpocaulon (Polypodiaceae)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 108 (October 18, 2023): 288–464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2023766.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present a taxonomic revision of Serpocaulon A. R. Sm. (Polypodiaceae), a tropical American fern genus. Our work is based on a morphological analysis of 56 characters recorded from 2167 specimens deposited in 41 herbaria. Field trips were carried out in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru, where observations on the habit and habitat of several species were made. Digital images were also consulted. A total of 260 names were found and their nomenclatural types were studied, resulting in the lectotypification of 47 names (first-step 30, second-step 17 names). We recognize 37 species and five hybrids in Serpocaulon; one of the hybrids is given a new status (S. ×semipinnatifidum (Fée) A. R. Sm.) and another one is described (S. ×tabuleirense D. Sanín & Salino). Moreover, 19 names are newly synonymized, five species are excluded, 17 names are considered as of uncertain application, and five as nomina nuda. We document for 22 species a total of 62 chorological novelties in different countries. The elevational range of the genus is 0–4200 m. The Andes of Ecuador and Colombia are the main center of diversity and endemism; secondarily, the Atlantic Rain Forest of Brazil has five endemic species. We provide a taxonomic key, descriptions, discussions, local names, uses, illustrations, photographs of the plants in the field, microphotographs of the rhizome scales and the spores, and distribution maps of all species.
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Dariah, Ai, Fahmuddin Agus, Erni Susanti, and Jubaedah. "Relationship between Distance Sampling and Carbon Dioxide Emission under Oil Palm Plantation." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 18, no. 2 (June 10, 2013): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.v18i2.125-130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbon dioxide emission on peatland under oil palm plantation were highly varied probably due to many factors involved. The objectives of the research were to evaluate the effect of distance sampling from center of oil palm tree on Carbon dioxide flux, and to study the factors that cause variability of carbon dioxide flux on peatland under oil palm plantation. The study was conducted on peatland at Arang-Arang Village, Kumpek Ulu Sub-District, Muaro Jambi District, Jambi Province, on six year old oil palm plantation. The study was conducted in the form of observational exploratory. Emission measurements performed on 5 selected oil palm trees at points within 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 cm from the center of trunk. Carbon dioxide flux was measured using (IRGA), Li-COR 820. The results showed that there is significant correlation between the distance of sampling from center of oil palm tree and Carbon dioxide flux. The farther distance from the tree, Carbon dioxide flux more decreased. Before applying fertilizer, variability of soil fertility was not significantly correlated with the flux of Carbon dioxide, so the difference of Carbon dioxide flux based on distance sampling can be caused by root distribution factor. After fertilizer application, variability of Carbon dioxide flux under the oil palm tree were beside affected by differences in root distribution, was also greatly influenced by fertilization.Keywords: Carbon dioxide flux, distance sampling, oil palm, peat, root-related respiration [How to Cite: Dariah A, F Agus, E Susanti and Jubaedah. 2013.Relationship between Sampling Distance and Carbon Dioxide Emission under Oil Palm Plantation. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 125-130. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.125][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.125] REFERENCESAgus F, E Handayani, van M Noordwijk, K Idris and S Sabiham. 2010 Root respiration interferes with peat CO2 emission measurement. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. 1 - 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD.Amador JA and RD Jones. 1993. Nutrient limitation on microbial respiration in peat soil with diffrent total phosphorus content. Soil Biol Biochem 25: 793-801.Franklin O, P Hoogberg, A Ekbled and GI Agren. 2003. Pine forest floor carbon accumulation in response to N and PK addition: Bomb C-14 modeling and respiration studies. Ecosystem 6: 644-658. Freeman C, N Ostle and H Kang. 2001. An Enzymic ‘latch’ on global carbon store-a shortage of oxigen locks up carbon in peatlands by restraining a single enzyme. Nature 409: 149-149.Hanson PJ, NT Edwards, CT Garten and JA Andrew. 2000. Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: A review of methods and observations. Biogeochemistry 48: 115-146.Henson IE, and SH Chai. 1997. Analysis of oil palm productivity. II. Biomass, distribution, productivity and turnover of the root system. Elaeis 9: 78-92.Hergoualc’h K and LV Verchot. 2011. Stocks and fluxes of carbon associated with land use change in Southeast Asian tropical peatlands: A review. Glob Biogeochem Cycl 25. doi:10.1029/2009GB003718.Howarth RW and SG Fisher. 1976. Carbon, nitrogen, phosporus dynamic during leaf decay in nutrient-enriched stream microecosystems. Freshwater Biol 6: 221-228.Husen E and F Agus. 2011. Microbial activities as affected by peat dryness ans ameliorant. Am J Environ Sci 7: 348-353.Jauhiainen J, A Hooijer and SE Page. 2012. Carbon dioxide emissions from an Acacia plantation on peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biogeosciences 9: 617–630. DOI:10.5194/bg-9-617-2012.Khalid H, ZZ Zin and JM Anderson. 1999. Quantification of oil palm biomass and nutrient value in mature planttation. II Below-ground biomass. J Oil Palm Res 11: 63-71.Knorr KH, MR Oosterwoud and C Blodau. 2008. Experimental drought alters rates of soil respiration and methanogenesis but not carbon exchange in soil of a temperate fen. Soil Biol Biochem 40: 1781-1791.Law BE, FM Kelliher, DD Baldocchi, PM Anthoni, J. Irvine, D. Moore and SV Tuyl. 2001. Spatial and temporal variation in respiration in a young ponderosa pine forest during a summer drought. Agric Forest Meteorol 110: 27-43.Laiho R, J Laine, CC Trettin and L Finner. 2004. Scot pine litter decomposition along drainage succession and soil nutrient gradient in peat land forest, and the effect of inter-annual weather variation. Soil Biol Biochem 36: 1095-1109.Madsen R, L Xu, B Claassen and D McDermit. 2009. Surface monitoring method for carbon capture and storage projects. Energy Procedia 1: 2161-2168Martoyo K. 1992. Kajian Sifat Fisik Tanah Podsolik untuk Tanaman Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis gueneensis Jacq) di Sumatera Utara. Tesis Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Gajah Mada. Yogyakarta (in Indonesian).Melling L, R Hatano and KJ Goh. 2007. Nitrous oxide emissions from three ecosystem in tropical peatlands of Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 53: 792-805.Minkkinen K, J Laine, NJ Shurpali, P Makiranta, J Alm and T Pentilla. 2007. Heterotropic soil respiration in forestry-drained peatland. Boreal Environ Res 12: 115-126. Murdiyarso D, K Hergoualc’h K and LV Verchot. 2010 Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in tropical peatlands. PNAS 107: 19655-19660.Olsen R, S Linden, R Giesler, and P Hogberg. 2005. Fertilization of boreal forest reduce of both autrotrophic dan heterotrophic soil respiration . Glob Change Biol 11: 1745-1753.Silvola J, J Valijoki and H Aaltonen. 1985. Effect of draining and fertilization on soil respiration at three ameliorated peatland site. Acta For Fem 191: 1-32.Silvola J, J Alm, U Aklholm, H Nykanen and PJ Martikainen. 1996a. Carbon dioxide fluxes from peat in boreal mires under varying temperature and moisture condition. J Ecol 84: 219-228.Silvola J, J Alm, U. Ahlholm, H Nykanen, and PJ Martikainen. 1996b. The contribution of plant roots to carbon dioxide fluxes from organic soils. Biol Fertil Soils 23: 126-131.Wang W, K Ohseb and J Liuc. 2005. Contribution of root respiration to soil respiration in a C3/C4 mixed grassland. J Bioscience 30: 507-514.
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Pratiwi, Dian Neli, Sugeng P. Haryanto, Yulianti Yanti, Arum Samsul Bakri, Winda Indriyati, and Elly Lestari Rustiati. "Participatory fecal collection on wild sumatran elephants' dungs in Simpang Tiga Abadi, Selapan, South Sumatera: The significant role of local community involvement." BIOVALENTIA: Biological Research Journal 10, no. 1 (June 17, 2024): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24233/biov.10.1.2024.381.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sumatran elephant Elephas maximus sumatranus is a critically endangered species under pressure of habitat fragmentation and human-elephant conflict (HEC) such as in one plantation and/or settlement area next to its natural habitat, Simpang Tiga Abadi, Selapan, South Sumatera. Due to HEC, local people may experience economic loss and human casualty. Simpang Tiga Abadi is avillage, especially 5 sub-settlements directly close to the production forest area of PT. Bumi Khatulistiwa Mandiri, which is the natural habitat of sumatran elephants. The communities collaborated and company were formed an elephant watch group to monitor and deter sumatran elephants from entering plantation areas and settlements. On the other side, sumatran elephants entering the plantation may give some conservation support as indirect conflict mitigation approaches. A non-invasive sampling can be done by gathering information on its fecal based genetic diversity and may become one of supporting sumatran elephant conservation efforts. Under the Center for Applied Science Studies, Sriwijaya University project: "Genetic analysis of the sumatran elephant sub-population in its habitat pocket in Sugihan- Simpang Heran, South Sumatra", Tropical Forest Conservation Action (TFCA) cycle VIII project, the significant role of local community affected by HEC on gathering information and fecal samples of sumatran elephant entering the PT. Bumi Khatulistiwa Mandiri plantation was conducted. Sumatran elephants’ fecal sampling involved the local communities affected by HEC. Its aim is to value the significance of local people’s involvement in finding and collecting dung left by wild sumatran elephants during entering both plantation areas. Data on areas were recorded, and its dung samples were collected for molecular analysis. Collecting information and mapping the entry points of sumatran elephants were done supported by the Simpang Tiga Abadi community, consisting of sumatran elephant’s entry points, dung presence, individual numbers, and group activities, as well as the damage. Eighteen fecal samples of 5 entry points were collected in 5 days. By doing the assistance, the local communities learnt the benefits and important value of sumatran elephant and its dung. This research is the first local communities’ indirect step in efforts to conserve sumatran elephants in Simpang Tiga Abadi Village, Selapan, South Sumatra.
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Londoño-Paéz, Sandra Milena, Jose Alfredo Orjuela-Chaves, Faver Álvarez-Carrillo, Juan Carlos Suarez-Salazar, Lucena Vasquez-Gamboa, Jhoyner Felipe Ortiz-Meneses, and Gustavo Adolfo Celis Parra. "Ethological behavior of Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and Caqueteño Creole cattle in three tree cover systems of Brachiaria decumbens paddocks at the Amazon foothills in Colombia." Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias 21, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/223811712122022148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study was conducted at the Amazon Research Center CIMAZ - MACAGUAL of the University of Amazonia, Colombia, with a tropical rain forest climate (Af). The behavior of Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and Caqueteño Creole cattle, the animals were observed in paddocks with three levels of scattered tree cover density. The pasture was composed of Braquiaria decumbens with 35 days of regrowth. Direct observations were made from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. with 10-minute intervals between the recording of the activities. The activity performed most often during the day by all of the animals was grazing under the sun, and those who pasture the most are the Caqueteño Creole, followed by the Bos indicus and, finally, the Bos taurus. Ruminating was the second most important activity performed by the cattle, having presented the same tendency. In the paddocks with a low level of tree cover, the animals pasture more in the shade; this trend is more relevant among B. taurus cattle. Caqueteño Creole cattle dedicate less time to water consumption and rest, spending more time grazing, in the high and medium cover levels, they interrupt the grazing at noon for a shorter time compared to B. indicus and B. taurus; after 2 p.m., the creoles vertiginously increase grazing. At the high cover level, the peak of grazing of the Caqueteño Creoles is at 9 a.m. and from 1-1:30 p.m., while at the medium tree cover level, the peak of pasturing was at noon, 1:30 p.m., and 4:30 p.m., at the high tree level of cover, the peak for the three breeds was at 11 a.m. Only at the average tree level of cover did the Caquetaño creoles and B. indicus present a similar peak. In 9-9:30 a.m. and 4-5 p.m., the breeds substantially reduce rumination.
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Rybak, Mateusz, Andrzej Witkowski, Łukasz Peszek, John P. Kociolek, Yenny Risjani, Duc Hung Nguyen, Jinpeng Zhang, et al. "Marine and brackish Luticola D.G.Mann (Bacillariophyta) species from the Java Sea and South China Sea coasts with the description of three new species." PhytoKeys 183 (October 22, 2021): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.183.71049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, samples were collected from the Java Sea coasts, from the South China Sea in Hainan Island coasts and Quảng Yên region and Rú Chá mangrove near Hue in Central Vietnam. In studied samples a total of eight Luticola species have been observed. Three of the taxa studied are described herein as species new to science – Luticola orientalissp. nov., L. cribriareolatasp. nov. and L. halongianasp. nov. Under light microscopy (LM) L. orientalissp. nov. and L. cribriareolatasp. nov. are similar with rhombic-lanceolate to rhombic/ elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic valve shapes and narrowly rounded apices. Both species can be easily distinguished by stria density (higher density in L. orientalis). Under SEML. cribriareolata is characterized by cribrate areola occlusions, a character thus far observed only in three established species. The remaining species of the whole genus known thus far are characterized by hymenate areola. Similar morphology Luticola species have been observed from tropical mangrove forests from Madagascar but they all can be easily distinguished based on the lack of grooves in the central area. The third species – L. halongianasp. nov. has rhombic-elliptic to rhombic-lanceolate valves with broadly rounded to slightly protracted apices in larger specimens. This species has a relatively broad central area. Also unique among brackish-water Luticola is the small, rounded stigma positioned almost midway between the valve center and valve margin. In the habitats from which the new species are described we also identified five established Luticola taxa including, L. belawanensis, L. celebesica, L. inserata, L. seposita and L. tropica. For those species we provide detailed SEM characteristics of valve ultrastructure, as well as the range of environmental conditions and geographic distribution within the study area.
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Gomes, Dênis José Cardoso, Letícia Pereira da Silva, Nedilson Sanches Ferreira, Emily Amaro Pires, Maria Regina Da Silva Oliveira, Ingrid Cassia Porto Lima, and Gustavo Francesco de Morais Dias. "Variabilidade hidroclimática e alterações do uso e cobertura da terra, Sub-Bacia Hidrográfica do Médio São Francisco." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 050. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.1.p050-067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As mudanças climáticas e o inadequado uso da terra causam modificações no regime fluvial, colocando em risco a segurança hídrica do Agreste nordestino. Utilizou-se os índices climáticos da National Oceanic and Administration Agency; dados hidrometeorológicos da Agência Nacional de Águas e a precipitação espacializada do Global Precipitation Climatology Center; uso do solo do Projeto MapBiomas. Gerou-se a variabilidade anual e mensal das variáveis hidroclimáticas, calculando a média histórica e o desvio padrão da precipitação medida, além do Índice de Anomalia de Chuva (IAC) para analisar e relacionar com as oscilações climáticas. As flutuações hidrológicas foram observadas associando aos anos extremos com o clima e chuvas anuais. Através do ambiente de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas foi produzido e analisado as mudanças do uso e cobertura do solo. Há tendências de aquecimento nos oceanos, principalmente no Atlântico tropical. Os eventos extremos na maioria ocorreram em anos favoráveis. A precipitação espacial, o IAC e registros de estiagens na área centro-norte da bacia indica vulnerabilidade natural à secas. A cota e vazão apresentam tendências de diminuição com o passar dos anos e sua sazonalidade corresponde as variações mensais da chuva com defasagem de 1 mês. As mudanças do uso e ocupação da terra mostram que o pasto e a agricultura são os principais responsáveis pelo desmatamento. Extremos climáticos inibidores de chuvas associados ao cortes florestais podem estar causando a redução no nível do trecho médio do rio São Francisco, aumentando riscos ambientais e alertas para a intensificação de futuros cenários de secas.Palavras-chave: Extremos climáticos, Variabilidade fluvial, Desmatamento. Hydroclimatic variability and changes in land use and land cover, Middle São Francisco River Basin A B S T R A C TClimate change and inadequate land use cause changes in the river regime, putting the water security of the Northeastern Agreste at risk. From the National Oceanic and Administration Agency were used the climate indexes; the hydrometeorological data from the National Water Agency and a spatialized unit from the Global Precipitation Climatology Center; the land uses data were extracted from the Mapbiomas Project. The annual and monthly variability of the hydroclimatic variables was generated, calculating the historical average and the standard deviation of the measured precipitation, in addition to the Rain Anomaly Index (IAC) to analyze and relate to climatic oscillations. Hydrological fluctuations were observed associating extreme years with the climate and annual rainfall. Through the Geographic Information Systems environment, changes in land use and land cover were produced and analyzed. There are warming trends in the oceans, mainly in the tropical Atlantic. Most extreme events occurred in favorable years. Spatial precipitation, IAC and drought records in the north-central area of the basin indicate natural vulnerability to drought. The quota and flow show downward trends over the years and their seasonality corresponds to monthly variations in rainfall with a lag of 1 month. Changes in land use and occupation show that pasture and agriculture are primarily responsible for deforestation. Rain-inhibiting climatic extremes associated with forest cutting may be causing a reduction in the level of the middle section of the São Francisco River, increasing environmental risks and warnings for the intensification of future drought scenarios.Keywords: Climatic extremes, river variability, deforestation.