Статті в журналах: "Census-based socio-economic status index"

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Taheri, Majid, Mohammad Tavakol, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi, and Mahmoud Abbasi. "Socio-Economic Status Inequity in Self Rated Health in Patients with Breast Cancer." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.028.

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AIM: We investigate the evaluation of socio-economic status (SES) inequality on self-rated health (SRH) at women with breast cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study METHODS: The current study conducted on all 270 breast cancer patients that were admitted to one of the hospitals of Arak University Medical Sciences (Arak, Iran from April to July 2018) by census (using non-random sampling (accessible sampling). SES was calculated by asset-based questionnaire and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to estimate the families' SES. Concentration Index (C) and Curve (CC) was used to measure SES inequality in SRH. The data were analysed with Stata software. RESULTS: The number of persons with good SRH by the level of SES was 165 (61.1%) and with poor SRH was 105 (38.9%). The number of persons with good SRH in comparison to same-aged people by level of SES was 135 (50%) and with poor SRH was 135 (50%). Concentration index of SRH in all level of SES was 0.061 (SE = 0.03). Also, Concentration index for SRH in comparison to same-aged people at different levels of SES was -0.044 (SE = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that there is inequality in SRH in a patient with breast cancer of the richest level of SES.

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King, Nicola. "History of the term ‘indexer’ in British census returns." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 38, Issue 4 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 349–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2020.35.

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Through an analysis based primarily on British census returns from 1851 to 1911, supplemented by other online genealogical resources, the evolving use of the terms ‘index’ and ‘indexer’ in occupational descriptions is charted. Initially, the majority of entries related to watch, clock and gas meter index makers. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, ‘index clerks’ and others involved in putting things into alphabetical order became more prominent, with the first appearance of an identifiable book indexer in the census returns dating from 1881. Supplementing the existing literature on well-known pioneers of the profession, such as Henry B. Wheatley, the census returns and other sources consulted offer fascinating glimpses into the socio-economic status, family background and everyday lives of ‘ordinary’ indexers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the vast majority of whom were female and living in or near London.

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Tello, Juan Eduardo, Julia Jones, Paola Bonizzato, Mariangela Mazzi, Francesco Amaddeo, and Michele Tansella. "A census-based socio-economic status (SES) index as a tool to examine the relationship between mental health services use and deprivation." Social Science & Medicine 61, no. 10 (November 2005): 2096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.018.

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Golkari, Ali, Aira Sabokseir, Aubrey Sheiham, and Richard G. Watt. "Socioeconomic gradients in general and oral health of primary school children in Shiraz, Iran." F1000Research 5 (April 27, 2016): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8641.1.

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Background: Health status is largely determined by socio-economic status. The general health of individuals at higher social hierarchy is better than people in lower levels. Likewise, people with higher socio-economic status have better oral health than lower socio-economic groups. There has not been much work regarding the influence of socio-economic status on the health conditions of children in developing countries, particularly in Iran. The aim of this study was to compare the oral and general health conditions of primary school children of three different socio-economic areas in the city of Shiraz, Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 335, 8- to 11-year-old primary schoolchildren in Shiraz. The children were selected by a three-stage cluster sampling method from three socio-economically different areas. Tools and methods used by the United Kingdom’s Medical Research Council were used to obtain anthropometric variables as indicators of general health. The Decay, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index for permanent teeth, dmft Index for primary teeth, the Modified Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) Index, the Gingival Index (GI) and the Debris Index-Simplified (DI-S) were used for oral health assessment. Results: Height (P<0.001), weight (P<0.001), and BMI (P=0.001) significantly increased as the socio-economic status of area increased. GI score (P<0.001), DI-S score (P<0.001), number of permanent teeth with DDE (P=0.008), and number of DDE lesions in permanent teeth (P=0.008) significantly decreased as the socio-economic status of area increased.Discussion: Findings of this study generally confirmed that social gradients exist in both general and oral health status of the primary schoolchildren of Shiraz. The influence of socio-economic status on health condition means children have different life chances based on their socio-economic conditions. These findings emphasize the significance of interventions for tackling socio-economic inequalities in order to improve the health status of children in lower socio-economic areas.

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Beal-Hodges, Mary, Mary O. Borg, and Harriet A. Stranahan. "A Re-Examination Of The Property Tax Burden." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v14i2.9627.

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The property tax is the major source of own revenues for most city and county governments, yet economists have had very little definitive information to share with policymakers about the burden that it imposes on local citizens. This is because most previous studies of property taxes have used a Suits index analysis which does not allow for any independent variables other than income. We estimate a regression model using current income and various socio-demographic variables in order to take a more fine grained approach. We use data obtained from the Florida Department of Revenue from 326,976 single family homeowners in four northeast Florida counties geo-coded with the 2010 block group census data. We find that the property tax is regressive with respect to current income. With respect to demographic variables, we find that homeowners over the age of 65 pay a higher average tax rate based on their current incomes. African Americans pay a lower tax rate than other races based on their current income. When we combine income and demographic variables to predict the tax rate paid by a hypothetical low socio-economic status household versus a high socio-economic status household, we find that the high SES household pays a higher average tax rate. Thus, the demographic variables temper the regressivity of the property tax based on current income alone.

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Villanueva, Karen, Hannah Badland, Robert Tanton, Ilan Katz, Sally Brinkman, Ju-Lin Lee, Geoffrey Woolcock, Billie Giles-Corti, and Sharon Goldfeld. "Local Housing Characteristics Associated with Early Childhood Development Outcomes in Australian Disadvantaged Communities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101719.

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Disadvantaged communities tend to have poorer early childhood development outcomes. Access to safe, secure, and stable housing is a well-known social determinant of health but there is a need to examine key features of neighbourhood housing that reduce early childhood development inequities. The 2012 Australian Early Development Census (AEDC), a population-wide measure of early childhood development, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics Socio-economic Index for Areas Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage were used to select fourteen disadvantaged local communities in five Australian states and territories based on those performing better (off-diagonal), or as expected (on-diagonal) on the AEDC relative to their socio-economic profile. Between 2015–2017, qualitative and quantitative housing data were collected in the local communities. In total, 87 interviews with stakeholders, 30 focus groups with local service providers and parents, and Australian Census dwelling information were analysed. A comparative case study approach was used to examine differences in housing characteristics (e.g., public housing, density, affordability, and tenure) between disadvantaged local communities performing ‘better than expected’ and ‘as expected’ on early childhood development. Perceived better housing affordability, objectively measured housing tenure (ownership) and perceived and objectively measured lower-density public housing were housing characteristics that emerged as points of difference for disadvantaged local communities where children had relatively better early childhood development outcomes. These characteristics are potential modifiable and policy sensitive housing levers for reducing early childhood development inequities.

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Tang, Wen, Blair Grace, Stephen P. McDonald, Carmel M. Hawley, Sunil V. Badve, Neil C. Boudville, Fiona G. Brown, Philip A. Clayton, and David W. Johnson. "Socio-Economic Status and Peritonitis in Australian Non-Indigenous Peritoneal Dialysis Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 35, no. 4 (July 2015): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2013.00004.

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♦BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis.♦MethodsAssociations between area SES and peritonitis risk and outcomes were examined in all non-indigenous patients who received PD in Australia between 1 October 2003 and 31 December 2010 (peritonitis outcomes). SES was assessed by deciles of postcode-based Australian Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), including Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD), Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD), Index of Economic Resources (IER) and Index of Education and Occupation (IEO).♦Results7,417 patients were included in the present study. Mixed-effects Poisson regression demonstrated that incident rate ratios for peritonitis were generally lower in the higher SEIFA-based deciles compared with the reference (decile 1), although the reductions were only statistically significant in some deciles (IRSAD deciles 2 and 4 – 9; IRSD deciles 4 – 6; IER deciles 4 and 6; IEO deciles 3 and 6). Mixed-effects logistic regression showed that lower probabilities of hospitalization were predicted by relatively higher SES, and lower probabilities of peritonitis-associated death were predicted by less SES disadvantage status and greater access to economic resources. No association was observed between SES and the risks of peritonitis cure, catheter removal and permanent hemodialysis (HD) transfer.♦ConclusionsIn Australia, where there is universal free healthcare, higher SES was associated with lower risks of peritonitis-associated hospitalization and death, and a lower risk of peritonitis in some categories.

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Kumar, Rajeev, and Balram Paswan. "Changes in socio-economic inequality in nutritional status among children in EAG states, India." Public Health Nutrition 24, no. 6 (January 27, 2021): 1304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980021000343.

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AbstractObjective:The primary purpose of this study is to examine changes in socio-economic inequality in nutritional status (stunting and underweight) among children in Empowered Action Group (EAG) states.Design:The study is based on the most recent two wave’s cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in 2005–2006 (NFHS-3) and 2015–2016 (NFHS-4). The study used height-for-age (stunting) and weight-for-age (underweight) of children as anthropometric indicators.Setting:EAG states including Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in India.Participants:The study includes a total of 11 858 (NFHS-3) and 92 630 (NFHS-4) children under 5 years of age.Result:The socio-economic inequality in stunting remained unchanged in all EAG states. At the same time, the inequality in underweight decreased during 2005–2016. On decomposing, the factors contributing to socio-economic inequality revealed that household wealth index, mother’s education and mother’s nutritional status were the largest contributors to stunting (47 %, 24 % and 8 %) and underweight (51 %, 21 % and 16 %), respectively, in 2015–2016.Conclusion:The study concluded the socio-economic inequality in underweight among children under 5 years of age increased over the years in EAG states in India. Altogether, household wealth index, mother’s education and mother’s nutritional status contributed to nearly 80 % to inequality in stunting and 90 % to inequality in underweight in 2015–2016. Hence, efforts should be made to minimise the socio-economic inequality in the nutritional status of children, particularly in EAG states in India.

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Sia, Aaron D., Lana J. Williams, Julie A. Pasco, Felice N. Jacka, Sharon L. Brennan-Olsen, and J. Lennert Veerman. "The Population Mean Mood Predicts The Prevalence of Depression in an Australian Context." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 5 (November 16, 2017): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417740207.

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Background: The mean population mood has been demonstrated to strongly correlate with the prevalence of depression in European populations. Mean population mood has, therefore, been proposed as both a metric to measure the impact of population-level interventions to prevent depression and a target for public health policy. Aim: To demonstrate the relationship between mean population mood and the prevalence of depression using Australian data in order to broaden the applicability of this finding to the Australian population. Methods: We used data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study to assess the relationship between population mean mood and depression. Participants reported mood symptoms via questionnaire (the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale or General Health Questionnaire-12). Depression was diagnosed by semi-structured clinical interview ( Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Non-patient Edition). Stratification by age and socio-economic status was used to create subpopulation groups. Socio-economic status was measured using Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage quintiles, an area-based measure based on Australian census data and published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The mean subpopulation questionnaire scores and subpopulation prevalence of depression were then analysed using regression and predictive models. Results: Mean subpopulation questionnaire scores correlated well with the prevalence of depression across socio-economic status groups in women but not age groups. Questionnaire scores tended to underestimate the prevalence of depression in the young and overestimate it in the elderly. Conclusion: The mean population mood was demonstrated to correlate with the population prevalence of depression in Australia for women, but not for men. Due to the issues of questionnaire validity and sample size in the oldest age groups, the age analysis is unlikely to be a representative of population characteristics. Further work to identify population determinants of mean mood could potentially create policy targets to reduce the prevalence of depression.

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Donisi, V., J. Jones, R. Pertile, D. Salazzari, L. Grigoletti, M. Tansella, and F. Amaddeo. "The difficult task of predicting the costs of community-based mental health care. A comprehensive case register study." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 20, no. 3 (June 13, 2011): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796011000473.

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Background.Previous studies have attempted to forecast the costs of mental health care, using clinical and individual variables; the inclusion of ecological measures could improve the knowledge of predictors of psychiatric service utilisation and costs to support clinical and strategic decision-making.Methods.Using a Psychiatric Case Register (PCR), all patients with an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis, who had at least one contact with community-based psychiatric services in the Verona Health District, Northern Italy, were included in the study (N = 4558). For each patient, one year's total cost of care was calculated by merging service contact data with unit cost estimates and clinical and socio-demographic variables were collected. A socio-economic status (SES) index was developed, as a proxy of deprivation, using census data. Multilevel multiple regression models, considering socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients as well as socioeconomic local characteristics, were estimated to predict costs.Results.The mean annual cost for all patients was 2,606.11 Euros; patients with an ongoing episode of care and with psychosis presented higher mean costs. Previous psychiatric history represented the most significant predictor of cost (36.99%R2increase) and diagnosis was also a significant predictor but explained only 4.96% of cost variance. Psychiatric costs were uniform throughout the Verona Health District and SES characteristics alone contributed towards less than 1% of the cost variance.Conclusions.For all patients of community-based psychiatric services, a comprehensive model, including both patients' individual characteristics and socioeconomic local status, was able to predict 43% of variance in costs of care.

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Shabbir, Malik Shahzad. "Human Prosperity Measurement within The Gloom of Maqasid Al-Shariah." Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business 7, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/grieb.2019.072-05.

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This study is trying to interpret the theory of Maqasid Al-Shariah in wide context, which further based on the measurement of socio-economic prosperity; it takes into account the major drawbacks of the existing measurements. The proposed measurement is an integrated Maqasid Al-Shariah based composite index to measure socio-economic prosperity of economies in general and muslim countries in particular. The integrated Maqasid Al-Shariah based measurement does not isolate economic and social progress from the spiritual and biophysical variables that effect human prosperity. Specifically, in this paper, we will be looking at the theory of Maqasid Al-Shariah and socio-economic prosperity, in order to develop these constructs within the proposed composite index and the measurement variables, where each variable constructs under the Maqasid Al-Shariah. This study argues that the existing measurements of socio-economic progress are limited by number of measured variables and, therefore, do not portray the real socio-economic prosperity status.

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Hu, Anning. "Reassessing Disparity in Access to Higher Education in Contemporary China." China Quarterly 220 (November 24, 2014): 1123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014001167.

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AbstractIn this commentary on the research note by Wang Xiaobing, Chengfang Liu, Linxiu Zhang, Yaojiang Shi and Scott Rozelle, “College is a rich, Han, urban, male club: research notes from a census survey of four tier one colleges in China,” I address several caveats in using the relative disparity index in assessing the extent of inequality in access to higher education. Based on these discussions, I point out the potential limitations existing in the empirical study of Wang and colleagues, and reassess the extent of disparity in college education opportunities in contemporary China using data from the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey. Although the descriptive patterns consolidate the study of Wang and colleagues, only household registration status is significantly associated with the likelihood of attending college. These findings indicate that disparities per gender, economic status, and ethnicity based on a limited number of colleges are likely to be subject to sampling errors. Finally, no interaction effects between socio-demographic factors are detected. I offer some reflections on the disproportionality approach in the research of education inequality.

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Kaczmarek, Maria, and Magdalena Skrzypczak. "Variation in biological status among Polish males and underlying socio-economic factors." Anthropological Review 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10044-008-0010-8.

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Variation in biological status among Polish males and underlying socio-economic factorsThe main purpose of this study was to evaluate the socio-economic and lifestyle factors associated with biological status of Polish men. Data were collected during a cross-sectional survey carried out in Poznań and several localities in Western Poland, between 2000 and 2002. The sample consisted of 2509 men ranging from 30 to 90 years of age. Biological status was expressed in terms of functional-biological age (BA) computed as a composite z-score of 11 biomarkers according to the method proposed by Borkan and Norris [1980a], and physiological reserve index (PR) developed by Goffauxet al.[2005]. The average biological age profiles (BAP) were compared in several subgroups of participants. The subgroups were categorized based on demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics. It was found that values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, physical and emotional aging indicators and perceived satisfaction with life were significantly associated with most of the study factors, except for smoking habit and education level. The multivariate logistic regression models revealed that two factors, financial situation and physical activity, were significantly associated with the physiological reserve index estimation. The study confirmed the role of the socio-economic and lifestyle factors likely to play in men's biological status and aging rates.

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Ariawan, Iwan. "Indeks Sosio-ekonomi Menggunakan Principal Component Analysis." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2006): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v1i2.317.

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In household survey, we could measure socio-economic status through income, expenditure and ownership of valuable goods. Measuring income and ex- penditure in developing countries has many weaknesses, therefore many researchers prefer to use the ownership of valuable goods as proxy of socio-eco- nomic status. Using ownership of valuable goods as proxy indicator creates another problem of having many variables for the socio-economic proxy. To show how to simplify many variables of ownership of valuable goods into 1 socio-economic index. Using prinicpal component analysis with Stata. Using Indonesia Demographic & Health Survey 2002-2003 data, 7 binomial variables of ownership of valuable goods and 3 ordinal variables of housing condition to construct socio-economic indices using principal component analysis (PCA), tetrachoric and polychoric correlation.We used Stata to construct the socio-economic in- dex. Correlation matrices were derived using tetrachoric command for tetrachoric correlation and polychoric command for polychoric correlation. Two socio- economic indices were constructed, 1 index was based only on 7 binomial variables of ownership of valuable goods and 1 index was based on 7 binomial variables of ownership of valuable goods and 3 ordinal variables of housing conditions. PCA was used to construct those 2 indices. In 7 variables model, the socio-economic index could explain 57% variance and in 10 variables model, the socio-economic index could explain 54% variance. We also showed the use of xtile command to regroup the subjects based on quintile of socio-economic indices. PCA, tetrachoric and polychoric correlation could be used to con- struct socio-economic indices based on information of ownership of valueable goods and housing conditions.Key words: Socio-economic indices, principal component analysis, tetrachoric correlation, polychoric correlation.Pada penelitian survei, kita dapat mengukur tingkat status sosio-ekonomi rumah tangga melalui pemasukan, pengeluaran dan kepemilikan barang-barang berharga. Penggunaan variabel pemasukan dan pengeluaran di negara berkembang memiliki banyak kelemahan, sehingga banyak peneliti lebih suka meng- gunakan variabel kepemilikan barang berharga untuk mengukur status sosio-ekpnomi. Namun, penggunaan variabel kepemilikan barang berharga menim- bulkan masalah lain, yaitu banyaknya variabel untuk mengukur status sosio-ekonomi. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah menyederhanakan banyak variabel kepemi- likan barang berharga menjadi 1 indeks sosio-ekonomi. Data yang digunakan adalah data Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia 2002-2003 yang memili- ki 7 variabel binomial tentang kepemilikan barang berharga dan 3 variabel ordinal tentang keadaan rumah untuk membuat indeks sosio-ekonomi. Indeks diben- tuk dengan menggunakan principal component analysis (PCA), korelasi tetrakorik dan polikorik. Kami memperlihatkan bagaimana membuat indeks sosio- ekonomi dengan bantuan perangkat lunak Stata. Matriks korelasi tetrakorik dibentuk dengan perintah tetrachoric dan matriks korelasi polikorik dibentuk den- gan perintah polychoric. Dua indeks sosio-ekonomi dibentuk, 1 indeks berdasarkan 7 variabel binomial kepemilikan barang berharga dan 1 indeks lagi berdasarkan ke 7 variabel binomial tersebut ditambah 3 variabel ordinal kondisi rumah. Kedua indeks dibentuk dengan prosedur PCA. Pada model 7 vari- abel binomial, indeks yang terbentuk dapat menjelaskan 57% varians kepemilikan barang berharga dan pada model 7 variabel binomial ditambah 3 variabel ordinal, indeks dapat menjelaskan 54% varians kepemilikan barang berharga dan kondisi rumah. Kami juga memperlihatkan penggunaan perintah xtile un- tuk membagi subyek penelitian menurut kuintil indeks sosio-ekonomi. PCA, korrelasi tetrakorik dan polikorik dapat digunakan untuk membentuk indeks so- sio-ekonomi berdasarakan informasi tentang kepemilikan barang berharga dan kondisi rumah.Kata kunci: indeks sosio-ekonomi, principal component analysis, korelasi tetrakorik, korelasi polikorik.

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Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Mansooreh Fateh, Neman Gorgani, and Akbar Fotouhi. "Mother's education is the most important factor in socio-economic inequality of child stunting in Iran." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 9 (September 4, 2013): 2010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013002280.

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AbstractObjectiveMalnutrition is one of the most important health problems, especially in developing countries. The present study aimed to describe the socio-economic inequality in stunting and its determinants in Iran for the first time.DesignCross-sectional, population-based survey, carried out in 2009. Using randomized cluster sampling, weight and height of children were measured and anthropometric indices were calculated based on child growth standards given by the WHO. Socio-economic status of families was determined using principal component analysis on household assets and social specifications of families. The concentration index was used to calculate socio-economic inequality in stunting and its determinants were measured by decomposition of this index. Factors affecting the gap between socio-economic groups were recognized by using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method.SettingShahroud District in north-eastern Iran.SubjectsChildren (n 1395) aged <6 years.ResultsThe concentration index for socio-economic inequality in stunting was −0·1913. Mother's education contributed 70 % in decomposition of this index. Mean height-for-age Z-score was −0·544 and −0·335 for low and high socio-economic groups, respectively. Mother's education was the factor contributing most to the gap between these two groups.ConclusionsThere was a significant socio-economic inequality in the studied children. If mother's education is distributed equally in all the different groups of Iranian society, one can expect to eliminate 70 % of the socio-economic inequalities. Even in high socio-economic groups, the mean height-for-age Z-score was lower than the international standards. These issues emphasize the necessity of applying new interventions especially for the improvement of maternal education.

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Kamaruzaman Bin Syed Ali, Syed, Misbon Onn Bin Hassan, Nguang Ung Siong, Imran Akhmad, and Zulakbal Abd Karim. "Nutritional Practices and Body Mass Index among Secondary School Students." International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (May 26, 2022): 618–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.2442.

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This study investigated the nutritional practices and body mass index (BMI) among secondary school students in Kerian District, Perak. The respondents of this study consisted of 363 first, second, and fourth-grade students who were selected through a simple random sampling method in secondary schools in Kerian District, Perak. Questionnaires were distributed to selected schools in this study. The questionnaire in the study was obtained from the Meal Pattern Questionnaire (MPQ), which requires the socio-economic status of parents' monthly income, students' body mass index, and students' eating habits. The study's findings showed that the nutritional practices among secondary school students are in the presence of moderate, whereas the body mass index of students is also at the level of underweight. Meanwhile, students' socio-economic status is of the low-income group. In addition, there were significant differences in terms of nutritional practices among secondary school students based on the family's socio-economic status. The study's findings also showed no significant relationship between dietary practices and body mass index (BMI) of secondary school students. The findings of this study can be used as a reference and provide conclusive assistance in improving the nutritional practices through learning sessions and learning of Physical and Health Education in schools.

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Yang, J. F., K. Lei, S. T. Khu, F. Qiao, and Q. Liu. "Assessment of water ecological carrying capacity using an indicator-based method applied to Tieling City, China." Water Supply 15, no. 5 (April 20, 2015): 940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.051.

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Water ecological carrying capacity (WECC) refers to the ability of a water ecosystem to support and withstand economic and social development. WECC assessments can provide helpful information for resolving water issues. Since WECC involves a wide range of influence factors, indicator-based methods are useful tools for this type of evaluation. However, there are still some imperfections in the existing indicator-based methods for WECC evaluation, primarily in the aspects of index frameworks, indicator selection and evaluation criteria. Based on the pressure-support force-state index framework, this paper presents an indicator-based WECC evaluation method (PSSM). Using PSSM, overall WECC evaluation can be obtained by assessing the pressure of socio-economic development on the water ecosystem, the support from the water ecosystem for human development, and the health status of the water ecosystem. PSSM is directly focused on the pressure-support effect, and fully considers the determinant influence on WECC of the health status of the water ecosystem. The application of PSSM in Tieling City shows that further reduction in the pressure that comes from socio-economic development is still required, and the health status of the water ecosystem should be further improved.

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Choi, Phil M., Benjamin Tscharke, Saer Samanipour, Wayne D. Hall, Coral E. Gartner, Jochen F. Mueller, Kevin V. Thomas, and Jake W. O’Brien. "Social, demographic, and economic correlates of food and chemical consumption measured by wastewater-based epidemiology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 43 (October 7, 2019): 21864–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910242116.

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Wastewater is a potential treasure trove of chemicals that reflects population behavior and health status. Wastewater-based epidemiology has been employed to determine population-scale consumption of chemicals, particularly illicit drugs, across different communities and over time. However, the sociodemographic or socioeconomic correlates of chemical consumption and exposure are unclear. This study explores the relationships between catchment specific sociodemographic parameters and biomarkers in wastewater generated by the respective catchments. Domestic wastewater influent samples taken during the 2016 Australian census week were analyzed for a range of diet, drug, pharmaceutical, and lifestyle biomarkers. We present both linear and rank-order (i.e., Pearson and Spearman) correlations between loads of 42 biomarkers and census-derived metrics, index of relative socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage (IRSAD), median age, and 40 socioeconomic index for area (SEIFA) descriptors. Biomarkers of caffeine, citrus, and dietary fiber consumption had strong positive correlations with IRSAD, while tramadol, atenolol, and pregabalin had strong negative correlation with IRSAD. As expected, atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide correlated positively with median age. We also found specific SEIFA descriptors such as occupation and educational attainment correlating with each biomarker. Our study demonstrates that wastewater-based epidemiology can be used to study sociodemographic influences and disparities in chemical consumption.

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Salarzadeh Jenatabadi, Hashem, Nurulaini Abu Shamsi, Boon-Kwee Ng, Nor Aishah Abdullah, and Khairul Anam Che Mentri. "Adolescent Obesity Modeling: A Framework of Socio-Economic Analysis on Public Health." Healthcare 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080925.

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Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-Bayesian) was applied across different research areas to model the correlation between manifest and latent variables. The primary purpose of this study is to introduce a new framework of complexity to adolescent obesity modeling based on adolescent lifestyle through the application of SEM-Bayesian. The introduced model was designed based on the relationships among several factors: household socioeconomic status, healthy food intake, unhealthy food intake, lifestyle, body mass index (BMI) and body fat. One of the main contributions of this study is from considering both BMI and body fat as dependent variables. To demonstrate the reliability of the model, especially in terms of its fitting and accuracy, real-time data were extracted and analyzed across 881 adolescents from secondary schools in Tehran, Iran. The output of this study may be helpful for researchers who are interested in adolescent obesity modeling based on the lifestyle and household socioeconomic status of adolescents.

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Ersoy, Betul, Hafize Sunalcan Günes, Turkan Gunay, Ozge Yilmaz, Erhun Kasirga, and Ayten Egemen. "Interaction of two public health problems in Turkish schoolchildren: nutritional deficiencies and goitre." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 8 (December 2006): 1001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/phn2006983.

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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to determine the interaction of and association between frequency of goitre detected by palpation, nutritional status evaluated by anthropometric indices and socio-economic status in school-aged children.SubjectsOne thousand and eighteen prepubertal and pubertal children (aged 6–14 years) attending primary schools in an urban area were included in this study.Design and settingAll subjects were evaluated for the presence of goitre and nutritional status. Thyroid size was assessed using the World Health Organization's (WHO) palpation system (1960). Severity of protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) was based on WHO criteria. Children were grouped into four categories of socio-economic status.ResultsEight per cent of children were detected to have goitre by palpation. Body mass index and weight-for-height were significantly lower in children who had palpable goitre than in children who did not have goitre (P < 0.05). Frequencies of having palpable goitre and being stunted and underweight were especially higher in children with very low socio-economic status (P = 0.016, 0.01 and 0.01, respectively). Frequency of being stunted, underweight and wasted in children with palpable goitre did not change significantly according to socio-economic status (P>0.05). In logistic regression analyses, the most important factor in detection of palpable goitre was socio-economic status (B = 0.517, P = 0.004). Fathers' education and occupation were found to be most significant (P = 0.031 and 0.020, respectively).ConclusionChildren detected to have palpable goitre were thinner. However, nutritional disorders were not more frequent among children with palpable goitre compared with children without goitre. Goitre and nutritional deficiencies were more common in children with lower socio-economic status but the frequency of nutritional disorders in children with palpable goitre did not change according to socio-economic status.

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Azam Haris Che Amat, Muhammad, Syibrah Naim, and Syerrina Zakaria. "Fuzzy Logic Approach to Identify Deprivation Index in Peninsular Malaysia." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v7i4.1352.

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Deprivation indices are similar to inequalities index or index of disadvantageous. It was built to measure the basic necessities in a specific study area or region. There were many indices that have been constructed in the previous study. However, since these indices had depended mostly on two factors; socio-economic conditions and geography of the study area, thus different result would be generated in different areas. The objective of this study is to construct the new index based on above factors in Peninsular Malaysia by using a fuzzy logic approach. This study employed twelve variables from different facilities condition that was obtained from Malaysia 2000’s census report. These variables were considered as input parameters in the fuzzy logic system. Data turned into linguistic variables and shaped into rules in the form of IF-ELSE conditions. After that, the centroid of area method is applied to acquire the final deprivation index for a specific district in Peninsular Malaysia. The result showed that less developed states generated lower index for examples Kelantan and Kedah while more developed states generated a higher index for examples Selangor and W.P. Kuala Lumpur.

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Kern, David M., Amy H. Auchincloss, Lance S. Ballester, and Lucy F. Robinson. "Neighbourhood variation in the price of soda relative to milk and its association with neighbourhood socio-economic status and race." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 18 (June 30, 2016): 3386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016001579.

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AbstractObjectiveSoda consumption is high in the USA, especially among minorities and individuals of lower socio-economic status (SES); this may be due to its affordable price in relation to healthier alternatives. The objective of the present study was to examine geospatial variation in price of milk and soda, and the price of milk relative to soda, by neighbourhood SES and proportion of Hispanic and black individuals.DesignRetailer soda and milk prices (n 2987; Information Resources, Inc. Academic Data Set 2004–2011) were linked to census block group sociodemographic characteristics (American Community Survey 2005–2009). Linear hierarchical regression models were used to adjust for confounders.SettingLarge chain supermarkets and superstores (n 1743) in forty-one states and 1694 block groups (USA).ResultsFor equivalent fluid ounces, price of soda on average was 62 % lower than milk ($US 0·23 v. $US 0·63 per serving) and there was high dispersion in milk price across geographic areas. After adjustment for confounding, neighbourhoods with a higher concentration of black and Hispanic individuals tended to have lower soda prices and higher milk prices (−$US 0·001 and +$US 0·007 in price per serving, respectively, for a one quintile increase in black/Hispanic population), while soda and milk both became less expensive as SES decreased (–$US 0·002 and −$US 0·015 in serving price per one sd decrease in SES index, respectively).ConclusionsNeighbourhoods with a higher concentration of blacks and Hispanics may be at greater risk of higher soda consumption due to more affordable prices, in absolute terms and relative to the price of milk.

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Xu, Zengwang, and Bin Jiang. "Effects of Social Vulnerability and Spatial Accessibility on COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage: A Census-Tract Level Study in Milwaukee County, USA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 12304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912304.

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COVID-19 vaccination coverage was studied by race/ethnicity, up-to-date doses, and by how it was affected by social vulnerability and spatial accessibility at the census-tract level in Milwaukee County, WI, USA. Social vulnerability was quantified at the census-tract level by an aggregate index and its sub-components calculated using the principal components analysis method. The spatial accessibility was assessed by clinic-to-population ratio and travel impedance. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial regression models were employed to examine how social vulnerability and spatial accessibility relate to the vaccination rates of different doses. We found great disparities in vaccination rates by race and between areas of low and high social vulnerability. Comparing to non-Hispanic Blacks, the vaccination rate of non-Hispanic Whites in the county is 23% higher (60% vs. 37%) in overall rate (one or more doses), and 20% higher (29% vs. 9%) in booster rate (three or more doses). We also found that the overall social-vulnerability index does not show a statistically significant relationship with the overall vaccination rate when it is defined as the rate of people who have received one or more doses of vaccines. However, after the vaccination rate is stratified by up-to-date doses, social vulnerability has positive effects on one-dose and two-dose rates, but negative effects on booster rate, and the effects of social vulnerability become increasingly stronger and turn to negative for multi-dose vaccination rates, indicating the increasing challenges of high social vulnerability areas to multi-dose vaccination. The large negative effects of socio-economic status on the booster rate suggests the importance of improving general socio-economic conditions to promote multi-dose vaccination rates.

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Brennan, David S., and Kiran A. Singh. "Grocery purchasing among older adults by chewing ability, dietary knowledge and socio-economic status." Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 7 (September 21, 2010): 1279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010002508.

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AbstractObjectivesNutrition plays a central role in health, with poor dietary habits and nutritional intake being associated with a range of chronic diseases. The aim was to examine grocery purchasing behaviour in relation to chewing ability, dietary knowledge and socio-economic status (SES) among older adults.DesignData were collected by mailed survey in 2008. Grocery purchasing was measured using a sixteen-item index of compliance of food purchasing with dietary guidelines. Self-reported number of teeth was classified as an inadequate dentition if less than twenty-one teeth were present. Chewing ability was based on a five-item chewing index. Dietary knowledge was collected using twenty true/false items. SES was assessed using a subjective social status rating representing where people stand in society.SettingPopulation survey in Adelaide, South Australia.SubjectsAdults aged 60–71 years.ResultsResponses were collected from 444 persons (response rate = 68·8 %). Among dentate persons, 24·4 % had an inadequate dentition with 10·3 % defined as ‘chewing deficient’. Multivariate regression coefficients adjusted for age, sex and income showed chewing deficiency (−5·8) and low SES (−3·6) was associated (P < 0·05) with lower grocery purchasing scores, but dietary knowledge was not statistically significant.ConclusionsFor older adults, chewing deficiency and lower social status were associated with lower compliance with dietary guidelines, independent of dietary knowledge.

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Ryabov, Igor. "The Role of Residential Segregation in Explaining Racial Gaps in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity." Youth & Society 50, no. 4 (September 23, 2015): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15607165.

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The present study used nationally representative data from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) merged with census-track data from the American Community Survey (ACS) to model race-ethnic disparities in overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease among children and adolescents as a function of neighborhood race-ethnic segregation, socio-economic status, household size and structure, family history of obesity, and other important predictors. Results indicate that African American and Hispanic children and adolescents are more likely to suffer from obesity and obesity-related disease than their non-Hispanic White peers. We also found that race-ethnic segregation proxied by the Index of Dissimilarity has a strong and negative effect on the weight status and health outcomes mentioned above. Moreover, race-ethnic segregation appears to explain up to 20% of the difference between minority children and their non-Hispanic White peers in the prevalence rate of overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease.

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Polak, Maciej, Agnieszka Genowska, Krystyna Szafraniec, Justyna Fryc, Jacek Jamiołkowski, and Andrzej Pająk. "Area-Based Socio-Economic Inequalities in Mortality from Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101791.

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Background: After political transformation in 1989/1990, Poland experienced a general improvement in living conditions and quality of life, but the benefits did not extend evenly across all segments of the society. We hypothesized that the regional differences in mortality due to diseases of the respiratory system are related to socioeconomic status (SES) and its changes over time. Materials and methods: An ecological study was carried out in 66 sub-regions of Poland using the data from the period of 2010 to 2014. Age-standardized mortality rates (SMRs) were calculated separately for men and women in three age categories: ≥15, 25–64 years, and ≥65 years. An area-based SES index was derived from the characteristics of the sub-regions using the z-score method. Multiple weighted linear regression models were constructed to estimate a real socioeconomic gradient for mortality resulting from lung cancer and respiratory diseases. Results: In the regions studied, the SMRs for respiratory disease varied from 70/100,000 to 215/100,000 in men and from 18/100,000 to 53/100,000 in women. The SMRs for lung cancer varied from 36/100,000 to 110/100,000 among men and from 26/100,000 to 77/100,000 among women. After adjusting for the prevalence of smoking and environmental pollution, the SES index was found to be inversely associated with the SMR for lung cancer in each category of age among men, and in the age group of 25–64 years among women. An increase of the SES index between 2010 and 2014 was associated with a decrease of SMR for respiratory disease both in men and women, but this change was not significantly associated with the SMR for lung cancer. Conclusion: SES appears to be an important correlate of mortality from respiratory diseases and lung cancer at the population level, particularly in men. A lower SES was associated with greater mortality from lung cancer and respiratory diseases. An increase in SES over time was related to a decrease in mortality from respiratory disease, but not from lung cancer.

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Nguyen, Minh Duc, Shirley AA Beresford, and Adam Drewnowski. "Trends in overweight by socio-economic status in Vietnam: 1992 to 2002." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 2 (February 2007): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007224085.

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AbstractObjectiveTo explore socio-economic factors associated with rising rates of overweight among Vietnamese adults.DesignThe study was based on three national surveys of socio-economic factors and health conducted over a 10-year period. The studies were: the Vietnamese Living Standard Survey 1992–1993 (11 982 participants); the Vietnamese Living Standard Survey 1997–1998 (15 975 participants); and the Vietnamese National Health Survey 2001–2002 (94 656 participants).SubjectsMale and female adults >18 years old were stratified by gender, age group, area of residence, occupation, education and relative food expenditures. Overweight was defined using body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg m− 2.ResultsOverweight rates in Vietnam more than doubled between 1992 and 2002 (from 2.0 to 5.7%). Significant increases were observed for men and women, in urban and rural areas, and for all age groups. In univariate analyses, both age and higher socio-economic status were associated with higher rates of overweight. Using the most recent survey, urban populations were more likely to be overweight than rural ones (odds ratio (OR) = 1.79), white-collar workers were more likely to be overweight than manual labourers (OR = 1.95) and persons in the top level of food expenditures were more likely to be overweight than persons in the bottom level (OR = 4.96) after adjustment for other factors. Education was inversely associated with overweight after adjusting for covariates.ConclusionEconomic growth and improved standard of living are associated with higher rates of overweight in nations in early stages of economic development. In Vietnam, higher rates of overweight were observed among the higher income and occupation groups.

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Mishra, Priyanka, Jitender Solanki, Rahul Choudhary, Chetan Sharma, Prachi Sharma, and Disha Shah. "Attitude towards oral hygiene among different socio-economic groups in Jaipur city, Rajasthan." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 92, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-976.

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Background. Socio-economic status is a total measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual or family economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education and occupation. Objective. The study was conducted to determine the differences in attitudes of people from different socioeconomic statuses towards their oral hygiene. Method. A cross sectional study was conducted among subjects of various socioeconomic groups. Socioeconomic status and oral hygiene data was collected using Aggarwal scale having 22 items questionnaire addressing various aspects of knowledge and attitude of subjects towards oral health, and simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI- S), respectively. Statistical analysis was done using chi- square test and frequency distribution (P< 0.05 taken as significant). Results: Among 500 subjects, 260 (52%) were found to have good oral hygiene, and most of them (43.46%) were from lower middle class group. A highly significant association was found between the oral hygiene and socioeconomic status (p=0.000). Conclusion. It could be concluded that the socioeconomic status is not the only factor that determines a person’s attitude towards oral hygiene, but other factors such as lack of awareness, lack of availability of dentist nearby, fear and anxiety also play an important role.

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Farokhnezhad Afshar, Pouya, Parvaneh Asgari, Mahmoud Shiri, and Fatemeh Bahramnezhad. "A Review of the Iran's elderly status according to the census records." Galen Medical Journal 5, no. 1 (March 9, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v5i1.397.

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For many reasons, the elderly population in Iran is considered a growing phenomenon. An accelerated decline in birth rate in the past two decades, medical-health advances, and increased life expectancy are among the major reasons. Based on the definitions of the Country’s Population Index, Iran's elderly population, with a growth rate of 3.9% compared to the total population growth (2.29%) between 2007 and 2012 has reached to the elderly population of 8.26% in 2012, which puts Iran among countries with aging populations. Now, Iran's elderly population is 6205998 people, including approximately 48.70% aged men and 51.30% aged women. Iran, based on the age criteria of the population structure, is now faced with the aging phenomenon, and since this phenomenon encompasses health, economic and social consequences, as well as service requirements, elderly population of Iran should be comprehensively and continuously evaluated so that the health and medical officials could deal with the incident with proper planning and meet the needs of this group of the society. [GMJ.2016;5(1):1-6]

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Gardner, Bret J., Jay G. Pedersen, Mary E. Campbell, and James C. McClay. "Incorporating a location-based socioeconomic index into a de-identified i2b2 clinical data warehouse." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 26, no. 4 (January 31, 2019): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocy172.

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Abstract Objective Clinical research data warehouses are largely populated from information extracted from electronic health records (EHRs). While these data provide information about a patient’s medications, laboratory results, diagnoses, and history, her social, economic, and environmental determinants of health are also major contributing factors in readmission, morbidity, and mortality and are often absent or unstructured in the EHR. Details about a patient’s socioeconomic status may be found in the U.S. census. To facilitate researching the impacts of socioeconomic status on health outcomes, clinical and socioeconomic data must be linked in a repository in a fashion that supports seamless interrogation of these diverse data elements. This study demonstrates a method for linking clinical and location-based data and querying these data in a de-identified data warehouse using Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside. Materials and Methods Patient data were extracted from the EHR at Nebraska Medicine. Socioeconomic variables originated from the 2011-2015 five-year block group estimates from the American Community Survey. Data querying was performed using Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside. All location-based data were truncated to prevent identification of a location with a population <20 000 individuals. Results We successfully linked location-based and clinical data in a de-identified data warehouse and demonstrated its utility with a sample use case. Discussion With location-based data available for querying, research investigating the impact of socioeconomic context on health outcomes is possible. Efforts to improve geocoding can readily be incorporated into this model. Conclusion This study demonstrates a means for incorporating and querying census data in a de-identified clinical data warehouse.

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Lin, Shiqi, Yuan Zhang, Lifang Jiang, Jiajia Li, Jian Chai, Lijun Pei, and Xuejun Shang. "Interactive Effects of Maternal Vitamin D Status and Socio-Economic Status on the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion: Evidence from Henan Province, China." Nutrients 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14020291.

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Background: Maternal vitamin D deficiency might generate adverse reproductive outcomes, and socio-economic inequalities in micronutrient-related diseases have often been found. This study aimed to explore the interactive effects of maternal vitamin D status and socio-economic status (SES) on risk of spontaneous abortion. Methods: A population-based case–control study was conducted including 293 women with spontaneous abortion and 498 control women in December 2009 and January, 2010 in Henan Province, China. Information on pregnancy outcomes, maternal demographic, lifestyle and exposure factors and blood samples were collected at the same time. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL. SES index was constructed with principal component analysis by aggregating women’s and their husbands’ education level and occupation, and household income and expenditure. Interactive effects were assessed on a multiplicative scale with ratio of the odds ratio (ROR). Results: Compared to those with high SES and vitamin D sufficiency, women with vitamin D deficiency and low SES index had an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (aOR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.23–3.23). The ROR was 2.06 (95% CI: 1.04–4.10), indicating a significant positive multiplicative interaction. Conclusions: Maternal low SES may strengthen the effect of vitamin D deficiency exposure on spontaneous abortion risk in this Chinese population.

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Matiuk, Т. V., and O. V. Poluiaktova. "The Socio-Economic Development and Its Relationship with the Indicators of Empowerment, Economic Freedoms and Opportunities." Business Inform 5, no. 520 (2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-5-22-28.

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The article analyzes the key aspects and factors of the socio-economic development of society. On the basis of the studied theoretical approaches, the essence of the concept of «economic development» is specified. The most important components of the new quality of growth are defined. Both the need to and possibility of supplementing the indicator of the country’s success in socio-economic development (HDI), which is annually calculated by UNDP and reflects the relationship between the assessment of longevity in the country, the level of literacy and education of the population and the standard of living, indicators of empowerment, economic freedoms and opportunities, is substantiated. Based on the correlation analysis of indicators of the human development index, on the one hand, and the human development index, taking into account indicators of empowerment, economic freedoms and opportunities, as well as the index of life satisfaction, political and economic freedom, on the other hand, it has been proved that there is a direct strong connection between these indicators. This testifies the direct impact of the extent of life satisfaction, economic independence and political participation on the socio-economic development of society. A comparison of the composition of the resulting clusters with the rating of countries by the level of human development within the traditional HDI showed that there are certain differences. Thus, the largest number of countries with a very high level of human development when applying indicators of empowerment have lost their status. Similar results are observed for many other countries that, according to the HDI rating, taking into account empowerment, found themselves in a lower level of human development in a group of countries. The research showed that none of the countries moved in the ranking to a higher group. The obtained results confirmed the hypothesis that there is a fairly strong relationship between the levels of overall satisfaction with life, democracy and economic freedom and socio-economic development.

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Mohsena, Masuda, CG Nicholas Mascie-Taylor, and Rie Goto. "Association between socio-economic status and childhood undernutrition in Bangladesh; a comparison of possession score and poverty index." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 10 (June 25, 2010): 1498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010001758.

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AbstractObjectiveTo determine how much of the variation in nutritional status of Bangladeshi children under 5 years old can be attributed to the socio-economic status of the family.DesignNutritional status used reference Z-scores of weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ). A ‘possession score’ was generated based on ownership of a radio, television, bicycle, motorcycle and telephone, and the availability of electricity, with categories of 0 to 4+ possessions. A five-point (quintile) ‘poverty index’ was created using principal component analysis.SettingThe Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004 was the source of data.SubjectsA sample of 4891 children aged <5 years was obtained.ResultsSome 57·8 % of the sample was either stunted, wasted or underweight (7·7 % were stunted, wasted and underweight). Of those stunted (48·4 %), 25·7 % were also underweight. Underweight and wasting prevalences were 40·7 % and 14·3 %, respectively. Mean WAZ, HAZ and WHZ did not differ by sex. Children of mothers with no education or no possessions were, on average, about 1 sd more underweight and stunted than those with higher educated mothers or with 4+ possessions. The possession score provided much greater discrimination of undernutrition than the poverty index. Nearly 50 % of children from households with no possessions were stunted, wasted or underweight (only 27 % in the poorest quintile), compared with only 3–6 % of children from households with 4+ possessions (over 13 % in the richest quintile).ConclusionsMaternal education and possession score were the main predictors of a child’s nutritional status. Possession score was a much better indicator of undernutrition than the poverty index.

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Shiva Prasad Sharma, S. V., P. S. Roy, and V. Chakravarthi. "ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL VULNERABILITY TO THE IMPACT OF FLOOD HAZARD: A CASE STUDY OF KOPILI RIVER BASIN, ASSAM, INDIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-455-2018.

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Abstract. In the present study, an attempt is made to understand the impact on Social Vulnerability of the Kopili basin due to various severities of flood hazard. The flood hazard is generated using multi-temporal historical satellite based analysis and integration of annual flood inundation layers. The census of India data of 2001 and 2011 is spatially joined with village database to study the impact at village level. Using 5 Census variables from both Census 2001 &amp; 2011 as vulnerability indicators, the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) is derived and classified into various vulnerable zones namely Low, Moderate and High Vulnerable zones. The findings of the study show that the number of villages falling in Low and High Vulnerable zones had decreased during Census 2011 when compared to 2001 and a rise of 6% in villages falling in moderate vulnerable zones during 2011 is observed. The spatial database generated is useful to understand the impact of floods on the Social Vulnerability status of the basin and can be a useful input to further study the Physical, Economic and Environmental Vulnerabilities of the basin.

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Kiely, M., A. Flynn, KE Harrington, PJ Robson, and G. Cran. "Sampling description and procedures used to conduct the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 5a (October 2001): 1029–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001183.

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AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this survey was to establish a database of habitual food and drink consumption in a representative sample of Irish adults, aged 18–64 years. The present paper describes the sampling protocol, response rate and characteristics of the survey population in terms of sex and age groups, seasonality, geographical location, marital status, social class, socio-economic status and education level.DesignA cross-sectional food consumption survey was carried out. In the Republic of Ireland, a nationally representative sample of adults was randomly selected with a validated two-stage clustered design, using the electoral register as the sampling frame. This method produced a self-weighting or ‘epsem’ sample of individuals, where each adult who was registered to vote had an equal opportunity of being selected. Similarly, in Northern Ireland, a two-stage random sampling procedure was used. The sampling frame was the electoral register, and the sample was stratified by urban/rural and by an index of material deprivation, to ensure representation of each sector of the community. The recruitment procedure was the same in the North and South. An introductory letter with an information leaflet was posted to each selected individual and these were followed up by a visit from a fieldworker, who invited participation in the survey.SettingNorthern Ireland and Republic of Ireland between 1997 and 1999.ResultsThe response rate, which is the percentage of the total number of people who completed a 7-day food diary (n = 1379) out of the total eligible sample (n = 2177), was 63%. Non-respondents and dropouts constituted 34% and 3%, respectively, of the total eligible sample. Compared with the most recent census figures available, the sample was generally found to be representative in terms of sex and age group profiles, geographical location, marital status, seasonality, social class, socio-economic group and education level. Data on sex and age group and geographical location were collected from non-respondents for comparison with the survey sample. There were no apparent differences between them.ConclusionThe North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey has established a Samplino relational database of habitual food and drink consumption, in addition to data on Response rate habitual physical activity, anthropometric measurements, socio-demographic factors, Demographics lifestyle, health status indicators and attitudes, in a nationally representative sample Socio-economic factors of the population of the island of Ireland.

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Ester, Shirly. "Factors and Parameters Influencing Student Achievement in Mathematics: A Comparative Study between Israel and Finland." European Journal of Educational Research 11, no. 3 (July 15, 2022): 1813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.3.1813.

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In all years of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in primary mathematics education, Finland ranked in the lower places (44-61) in the dispersion index (the difference in scores between the 95th percentile and the 5th percentile), while Israel ranked in the upper places (1-3) in the same index. In the last PISA test, Israel ranked first (among the 78 participating countries) in grade differences, while Finland ranked 61st. The score for dispersion in Israel is 356 points, the highest among the countries and economic entities of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Based on these results, this comparative study between Israel and Finland was conducted to investigate the most important sociological factor in the Pisa test that influences most student achievements in mathematics in Finland and Israel, as well as the reasons for the differences in achievement between mathematics scores. The results of this study show that the differences in achievement in Israel are due to students' socio-economic status and the sector. In contrast, Finland's first sociological factor influencing student performance is socio-economic status. Nevertheless, it has a more negligible influence than in Israel. The second factor is student motivation.

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McCann, Stewart J. H. "U.S. State Resident Big Five Personality and Work Satisfaction: The Importance of Neuroticism." Cross-Cultural Research 52, no. 2 (August 15, 2017): 155–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397117723607.

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Two studies determined relations between state resident Big Five personality scores and state work satisfaction for the 50 states in the United States. Study 1 and 2 personality profiles were based on responses of 619,397 residents to the 44-item Big Five Inventory. For Studies 1 and 2, state work satisfaction scores were respectively taken from the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index based on 353,039 phone interviews in 2008 and on 353,564 in 2012. Higher neuroticism was associated with lower work satisfaction ( r = −.49, p < .001) in both studies despite negative recession impacts in Study 2. In Study 1, the robust relation persisted with state socioeconomic status, percent of White population identified in the census, urban population percent, unemployment rate, economic conservatism, income inequality, and political conservatism controlled. In Study 2, the relation persisted while controlling for peak-recession and end-of-recession unemployment rates, 2010-2011 GDP growth, and the other corresponding control variables of Study 1.

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Sadad, Abdul, Thamrin, Nofrizal, and Dessy Yoswaty. "Analyze of Sustainability of Ecotourism in Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park in Riau Province, Indonesia." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 7 (November 30, 2022): 2335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170735.

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This study aims to analyze the sustainability of ecotourism in Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park, Riau Province. This research uses the modified Rapfish - Rapid Appraisal for ecotourism (Rap-ecotourism) method which is based on the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) approach. The results showed that the sustainability status of ecotourism management in Bukit Tinggi National Park in a multidimensional manner was categorized as quite sustainable. The ecological dimension has a sustainable status with an index value of 91.68. The economic dimension is less sustainable with an index value of 49.88. the socio-cultural dimension has a fairly sustainable status with an index value of 67.38. The legal and institutional dimensions are quite sustainable with an index value of 55.06. The technology infrastructure dimension has a fairly sustainable status with an index value of 56.71. Therefore, the results of this analysis indicate that there is a need for intervention on the attributes that are the main levers so that ecotourism management can be carried out sustainably.

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Nayak, L. T., and B. D. Ajjodi. "Regional Imbalance in the Levels of Development in Bagalkot District- Karnataka: A Spatial Analysis." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 6, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2021.v06.i12.009.

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After independence India has made remarkable progress in the socio-economic status of the people. But the attainment of this has spread highly uneven among the urban and rural areas. Regional imbalances are common phenomenon in the world, which occurred across different continents, countries and regions in different extent and India is not exception in this context. This phenomenon spread among inter-regions, inter-states and intra-states n India. This resulted into uneven development in the country. This process of imbalance is not exception in Bagalkot district. There are three major rivers namely the Krishna, the Malaprabha and the Ghataprabha and their tributaries flow in the study area and play important role in the development of the district. However, the study reveals that there exists a wide imbalance in the level of socio-economic development in the region. In view of this, an attempt has been made in this research work to evaluate and compares temporal growth and spatial pattern of disparities in the levels of socio-economic development at block level in Bagalkot district. Correlation coefficient technique has been applied to understand the correlation between different factors which are responsible for widening the regional imbalance. To analyses the regional imbalance of six taluks of Bagalkot district, 23 social, economic and demographic indicators have been considered. The present paper is based on secondary information based on which the socio-economic imbalance among the taluks of the district is made with the help of composite development index for two time of point i.e. 1997 and 2017 data. It has been observed that the social indicator values varied from 11 to 27. The study period witnessed Bagalkot, Badami, Hunagund and Jamkhandi are the three taluks which represent high social development, whereas low (< 11) social development was observed in Bilagi taluk. The outstanding causes for this backwardness are are, less number of education institutes, communication centers, adult education centers, health centers, family planning centers, recreational centers etc. The observed values of economic development are ranging between 19 and 35. It had been observed in only two taluks viz Bilagi and Hungund were found in high economic development, and low economic development was recorded in Jamakhandi taluk. Bagalkot, Mudhol and Badami taluks registered under relatively developed range. Lastly to understand the overall development, the observed values of socio-economic, economic and infrastructure indicators are added and derived a separate composite index.

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Hossain, Samar, Sharma Priyanka, Talib Hossain, and Surendra Mohan Mathur. "A study on the Relationship of the weight pattern with the socioeconomic status among adolescents school going children in an Indian Metropolitan City." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2017.v03i02.12.

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Objective: The last two decades have witnessed an increase in health care costs due to obesity and related issues among children and adolescents. Childhood obesity is a global phenomenon affecting all socio-economic groups, irrespective of age, sex or ethnicity. The study was done to find the the prevalence of obesity and overweight and their association with socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk factors. Materials and Methods: School based cross sectional study carried out over a period of 4 months in three schools of East Delhi. The study was carried out in 629 school children of 10–18 years of age and belonging to different socioeconomic statuses in schools in East Delhi. The obesity and overweight were considered using an updated body mass index reference. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to determine the Socio-economic status and life style factors. Results: The prevalence of overweight among children was higher in middle socioeconomic status groups as compared to high socioeconomic class in both boys and girls whereas the prevalence of obesity was higher in high Socio economic status group as compared to middle socioeconomic group. The prevalence of obesity as well as overweight in low SES group was the lowest as compared to other group. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the prevalence of overweight and obesity varies remarkably with different socioeconomic development levels.

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Pandey, Vivek Kumar, Pradeep Aggarwal, and Rakesh Kakkar. "Modified BG Prasads Socio-economic Classification-2018: The need of an update in the present scenario." Indian Journal of Community Health 30, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2018.v30i01.014.

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Modified BG Prasad socioeconomic scale has been in use for determining the socio-economic status of study subjects in community-based health studies in India since 1961.It is an income-based scale and, therefore, constant update is required to take inflation and depreciation of rupee into account. For industrial workers (IW), the consumer price index (CPI) is used to calculate updated income categories at any given point of time, viz Jan 2018.These details of the calculations involved will help many researchers to calculate specific income categories for their ongoing and prospective research work in current calendar year. On the Department of Labour website (www.labourbureaunew.gov.in), state-specific CPI values are also available and should be used to determine more accurate income categories.The current exercise is a step towards increasing the validity of use of classification with relevance to the current price levels and enabling a real time update for a considerable time in the near future.The health behavior of an individual or a community is interdependent on their socio-economic status. The concept of socio-economic status is widely used in medical sociology. The social standing of an individual or a family in the society can be measured by it. Therefore, is an important factor affecting the health condition of an individual or a family. (1)Socio-economic status has been defined as “The position that an individual or family occupies with reference to the prevailing average standards of cultural and material possessions, income and participation in group activity of the community”. The social status may be inherited, but in modern society it is achieved on the basis of occupation, income, type of housing and neighborhood, membership of the certain associations and organizations, material, possessions, etc. (2)In India, several methods or scales have been developed for classifying different populations based on their socio-economic status, viz. Parikh scale 1964, Shirpurkar scale 1967, Jalota scale 1970, Kulsherestha scale 1972, Srivastava scale 1978, Bharadwaj scale 2001. (3-8)Modified BG Prasad’s classification that is used for both urban and rural areas. Modified Kuppuswamy classification is used in urban and peri urban areas which considers the education of the head of family, occupation of head of the family and per capita monthly income.(9,10) Another classification for rural areas is Uday Pareekh classification which takes into account following characteristics namely caste

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Atmika, I. Made, I. Made Sudarma, and Ketut Budi Susrusa. "The Sustainability of Upland Rice Farming in Bangli District, Bali Province." JURNAL MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS (Journal Of Agribusiness Management) 9, no. 01 (June 11, 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jma.2021.v09.i01.p01.

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This study aimed to determine index and status of upland rice farming sustainability in terms of economic, ecological, socio-cultural, legal and institutional as well as technological and infrastructural dimensions; to identify what attributes are sensitive to upland rice farming sustainability; and to establish the strategy for upland rice farming sustainability in Bangli District of Bali Province. Data analysis was performed using RAP-FARM through Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) method, leverage and prospective analysis. Based on the results, the sustainability index of upland rice farming for ecological (60.21) and socio-cultural dimension (56.98) were categorized as quite sustainable. Meanwhile, for economic (41.53), legal and institutional (27.80), technological and infrastructural dimensions (36.61) were classified as less sustainable. In multidimensional term, index value and sustainability status of upland rice farming were considered as less sustainable (44.63). On the leverage analysis, 15 sensitive attributes of 5 sustainability dimensions were acquired. On the prospective analysis, 6 key variables had a strong effect on the upland rice farming sustainability, namely last five-year government subsidies, inorganic fertilizer usage level, organic fertilizer usage level, straw utilization as organic fertilizer, rice price stability among farmers, and frequency of counseling and training activities. To improve the status of upland rice farming sustainability, efforts should be performed through intervening sensitive attributes and establishing a sustainability strategy.

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Hatcher, Abigail M., Sthembiso Pollen Mkhize, Alexandra Parker, and Julia de Kadt. "Depressive symptoms and violence exposure in a population-based sample of adult women in South Africa." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): e0001079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001079.

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Depressive symptoms are a major burden of disease globally and is associated with violence and poverty. However, much of the research linking these conditions is from resource-rich settings and among smaller, clinical samples. Secondary data from a household survey in Gauteng Province of South Africa examines the cross-sectional association between adult women’s elevated depressive symptoms and markers of violence. Using tablet computers, participants self-completed interview modules to screen for depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item screener), childhood exposure to physical and sexual abuse (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire 4-item index), as well as past-year exposure to sexual or intimate partner violence (SIPV; WHO Multicountry Study instrument 4-item index). Socio-economic status, food security, education, and income were self-reported. Representative data at the ward level allows for modeling of results using survey commands and mixed-level modeling. Of the 7,276 adult women participating in the household survey, 42.1% reported elevated depressive symptoms. A total of 63.9% reported childhood violence exposure and 5.3% had past-year SIPV. Multi-level modeling suggests that violence is a strong predictor of depressive symptoms. Childhood abuse alone increases the odds of high depressive symptomology, after controlling for individual-level markers of poverty and neighborhood of residence (aOR 1.31, 95%, CI 1.17–1.37). Combined exposure to childhood abuse and past-year SIPV increased odds of reporting elevated depressive symptoms (aOR 2.05, 95%, CI 1.54–2.71). Ward characteristics account for 6% of the variance in depressive symptoms, over and above the contributions of household food security and socio-economic status. Exposure to violence in childhood and past-year SIPV were associated with depressive symptoms among women. These associations persist after controlling for socio-economic markers and latent neighborhood characteristics, which also had significant association with elevated depressive symptoms. These data suggest that efforts to reduce the burden of depressive symptoms may benefit from approaches that prevent violence against women and children.

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Sampa, Asma Yeasmin, Md Ariful Alam, Md Abdul Latif, and Md Masbaul Islam. "Socio-economic status and rationale of mango cultivation based on some selected areas in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 6, no. 1 (May 14, 2019): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v6i1.41389.

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The study was conducted among 104 mango producer through primary data collection to assess the profitability in mango production, demographic and socio-economic condition of farmers in four villages of Northern region of Bangladesh. The study encompasses the comparison of cost and profit of other crop with mango cultivation. Most farmers depend on mango production because the climate is unfavorable for field crop production but very conducive for mango cultivation in Barind ecosystem. Problem Confrontation Index (PCI) was used to measure the problems of mango production. On the basis of PCI formula, out of the 16 problems, insects and diseases infestation was identified as the major problem with PCI 429 followed by dropping of fruits and flowers with PCI 409. Lack of better varieties/ Seedling/ grafts, modern technology and climate change was also three major problems with PCI 387, 193 and 276 respectively. Cost and return analysis of mango production revealed that 10 mango varieties are founds as profitable with the higher working investment and human labor development. Cultivator had to spend 106659 taka for one hectors of land or 120 mango trees and average profit was 299010. Average profit from mango cultivation (299010Tk/ha) was higher than Average profit from onion cultivation (260412Tk/ha).Most farmers (about 87%) practiced intercropping with mango. the cost incurred by Harvesting, Sorting and Grading of mango cultivation was more than other crops. Although respondents certified that Rajshahi district is profitable in respect of mango production further study should be taken place with other variables and characteristics. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(1): 79-90, April 2019

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SEMIYU ALIM, ABDULRAZAQ, SALISU IBRAHIM, and ALIYU YAHAYA. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY STATUS AMONG RURAL FARMING FAMILIES IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA." JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 8, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56160/jaeess202281010.

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This study was designed to analyze the food security status among rural farming families in Jigawa state. Multistage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 184 respondents. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaire with the help of well-trained enumerators. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression and food security index. Result revealed that rural farming families were predominantly male (71.7%) and most were married (79.9%), with one form of education or another (67.4%). The mean age for the households’ head was 42 years and the mean household size was 10 persons per household. The mean for farming experience and annual farm income of the respondents were 21.9 years and ₦ 32,238 respectively. Using the recommended calorie required approach the study revealed that 30.4% and 69.6% of the households were food secure and food insecure respectively. A Logit regression model made up of nine regressors was specified. Households size (P<0.01), farm size (P<0.05), farm income (P<0.1), educational level of the household head (P<0.01) and household head access to credit facilities (P<0.05), were found to determine the food security status of the farming families in the study area. The three most important challenges faced by the households were inadequate supply of farm inputs 41.8%, pests and diseases 20.1%, limited access to credits 18.5%. Based on the recommended energy level of 2, 900 Kilocalories per person per day it could be concluded that the study area is food insecure since a higher proportion of the sample households are food insecure.

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Arnotti, Karla, and Mandy Bamber. "Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Overweight or Obese Individuals: A Meta-Analysis." Western Journal of Nursing Research 42, no. 4 (June 29, 2019): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945919858699.

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Researchers have shown that fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC) promotes weight loss and prevents weight gain, thereby reducing risks for chronic health conditions. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the overall effects of FVC interventions on weight loss for those with body-mass index (BMI) >25; we follow-up with moderator analyses to determine if effects varied based on participants, interventions, methods, or source characteristics. Extensive literature searches were conducted, resulting in 16 studies and providing 17 comparisons, across 3,719 participants. The overall summary effect was large (−2.81kg; p<.001). Several moderators were significant for increased weight loss: low socio-economic status (−4.99kg; p<.001), higher baseline BMI (slope=−0.29; p=.047), longer interventions (slope=0.012; p<.001), and recruitment setting [health care/programs (−3.7kg; p<.001); work/academic settings (−5.2kg: p<.001)]. Future researchers should investigate varying intervention lengths and examine specific needs of subgroups—higher versus lower socio-economic status, and overweight versus obese.

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Mohd Zaini, N. N. N., A. R. Abdul Rasam, and C. B. Ahmad. "Socio-Economic Characteristics of Urban Tuberculosis Areas in Petaling, Selangor: A Current Spatial Exploratory Scenario." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1067, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1067/1/012041.

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Abstract World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated one-third of the world population as potentially infected with tuberculosis (TB) in 2020. Almost nine (9) million people are detected with TB with approximately two (2) million deaths every year. Selangor state reported among the highest cases of current TB trend in Malaysia. Poverty, immunosuppressive and co-morbidities would relate to the recent TB scenario and urban socioeconomic status (SES) in the state. The study was conducted to exploratory analyse the contemporary effects of SES on the disease in Petaling using a geospatial approach. The main SES factors applied in this study are level of job, income, and education, while Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) of geostatistical interpolation and correlation analysis method were utilised to visualize and estimate the SES-based risk index map and determine the possible socio-economic characteristics. Based on a five likert scale and index method, the risk map was categorised into proposed five (5) classes from Class 1 (blue = very low risk) to Class 5 (red = very high risk). The overall risk map was suggested in a Class 3 (medium-low level) as closely consistent with the correlation analysis (r = 0.37), suggesting that both TB cases and SES factors increased in response to each other but have a medium - weak direct implication. The result has shown that overall SES factor does not greatly affect the local TB cases in 2017, but further study need to be explored on the other potential mediating variables.

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Pandit, Sonu Kumar, Soumo Mitra, and Prateeti Pal. "Orthodontic treatment need and perception: A comparative study between different socio-economic groups of patients." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 12 (December 17, 2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/apos_32_2021.

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Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare parents’ perceptions of their children’s malocclusion and clinician-measured normative orthodontic treatment need with the socioeconomic status of the parents as a means of assessing whether demand for treatment is uniform across socioeconomic groups. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 212 (125 girls and 87 boys) subjects between the ages of 8 and 25 years (mean age 17.03 ± 3.9) were assessed. The parents were asked to score the dental attractiveness of their children and their socioeconomic status (SES) based on the aesthetic component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and the modified Kuppuswamy scale (2018), respectively. The subjects recorded their self-perception using the OASIS scale. These scores were then compared within themselves and with those of the clinician who also scored the Dental Health Component (DHC) and AC of the IOTN. The AC grade of the IOTN and parents’ SES was tested with the Chi-square test. The association between the AC scores of the IOTN, DHC, and the characteristics of the subjects was tested with Spearman’s correlation coefficient (rho). Results: Treatment uptake was uniform throughout the different socioeconomic groups. Association between the SES group and DHC group and clinician-measured AC were statistically not significant (P = 0.3958), (P = 0.3447). Parents, in this study population, irrespective of their socioeconomic status rated their children’s orthodontic treatment need less severely than the clinician (P = 0.0001). Severity of malocclusion as measured by DHC was much higher in male subjects than in females (P = 0.0348). Conclusion: Socioeconomic status of the parents did not seem to affect their perception of dental appearance. Self-perception of appearance and perceived treatment need was uniform throughout the different socioeconomic groups.

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Asmawati, Asmawati, and Fransario A. Pasolon. "Analisis hubungan karies gigi dan status gizi anak usia 10-11 tahun di SD Athirah, SDN 1 Bawakaraeng dan SDN 3 Bangkala." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 6, no. 2 (October 30, 2007): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v6i2.179.

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Tooth decay is a serious problem in health of tooth and oral inIndonesia with finite prevalence up to 90.05% mainly at school age ofchildren. Tooth decay can be caused by various factors, such asmicroorganism, food, tooth, saliva, and time, and supported by variousother factors like race, age, gender, and genes. Children's dental cariesis frequently caused by the habit to consume food cariogenic whichdoes not only affect tooth but also the nutrition status of child. The aim of this analytic observational study was to know the prevalenceof tooth decay, nutrition status, and the relation of dental caries andnutrition status at school age child ( 0.05 . This study involved 180samples (60 samples from SD Athirah, SDN 1 Bawakaraeng, and SDN3 Bangkala respectively). These three elementary schools in wereselected based on their socio-economic status. SD Athirah representsthe high socio economic status, SDN 1 Bawakaraeng the middle socioeconomicstatus,and SDN 3 Bangkala the lowest status. Dental cariesstatus was investigated with DMF-T index and nutrition status with BM/Aindex. Data were analyzed using chi-square test. Results of the studywere as follows from the three schools, only SD Athirah shows relationbetween dental caries and nutrition status with its significance value0.009 (p<0.05). no significance relation between dental caries andnutrition status at SDN 1 Bawakaraeng with p=0.536 (p>0.05). Thesimilar relation was found at SDN 3 Bangkala with p= 0.926 (p>0.05).

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Raushan, Rajesh, Sanghmitra S. Acharya, and Mukesh Ravi Raushan. "Caste and Socioeconomic Inequality in Child Health and Nutrition in India: Evidences from National Family Health Survey." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v3i2.450.

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This study is on caste inequality in child health outcomes: mortality, malnutrition and anaemia for the year 1998/99 to year 2019/21 and examines the association of socio-economic factors with outcomes. Disparity ratio (DR) and Concentration Index (CI) are computed to examine inequality in outcomes. The association of socio-economic factors was modelled using logit regression. The study finds marginalised group were more likely to have poor health outcomes. The disparity ratio found increased among SC and ST compared to Others during 1998-99 and 2019-21. The value of the concentration index was found high on U5MR among SC and ST. Among SC and ST, the child health outcome greatly varies for poorest and richest. Odds ratio is 40-60 per cent higher for SC and ST compared to children belonging to Others. On socio-economic factors; land ownership and wealth status contribute significantly but house ownership not so. Caste-based inequality is still impacting health and nutrition of children in the country. The more focused inclusive policy and clustering of marginalised groups at regional level can be helpful in improving health and nutrition of marginalised children concentrated in different regions with equity lens to push the SDG Goals.

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