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1
Cussen, Cliodna, and Palazzo Grassi. "I Celti." Comhar 51, no. 1 (1992): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25571689.
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2
Gambacurta, Giovanna. "I Celti e il Veneto." Etudes Celtiques 39, no. 1 (2013): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2013.2396.
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3
Campos Calvo-Sotelo, Javier. "I Celti, la prima Europa: The Role of Celtic Myth and Celtic Music in the Construction of European Identity." Popular Music and Society 40, no. 4 (January 29, 2016): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007766.2015.1121642.
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4
Cuzzolin, Pieluigi. "Identità e alterità fra i Celti. Alcune riflessioni." Il segno e le lettere - Saggi 9788879167284 (May 2015): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7359/728-2015-cuzz.
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5
Whelan, G. V., Dáithí Ó. hÓgáin, Mairéad Carew, Peter Berresford Ellis, Vittorio Di Martino, and K. W. Nicholls. "Celtia under the Celts." Books Ireland, no. 265 (2004): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20632679.
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6
Carney, Michael WP, and Brian F. Sheffield. "Alcoholism diagnosis and Celtic names." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 12, no. 3 (September 1995): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700014518.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractObjective: To investigate assertions that Celts have higher rates of alcoholism and mental illness than non-Celts.Method: The records of 3,000 admissions to Northwick Park Hospital Psychiatric Unit, Harrow (a North West London suburban middle class borough research hospital with a strictly defined catchment area – the London Borough of Harrow: population 200,000), from June 1987 for three years under the clinical care of four consultant psychiatrists, were examined.Results: There were 683 with non-Celtic names and 175 with Celtic names (16.7%) (data on 10 patients incomplete). 306 (35%) of non-Celts and 88 (50%) of Celts were aged under 40 years. Alcohol dependence (ICD 303) was significantly commoner (p<0.001) among the Celts (35.3%) than among the non-Celts (12.9%). There were highly significant excesses (p<0.001) of native-born Celts with ICD 303 (54%) compared with non-Celts 12.9% or with Celts born outside Celtdom (23%). Patients with Norman names tended to follow the Celts in these respects. There were no differences with respect to the prevalence of psychosis or other ICD categories among Celts and non-Celts.Conclusion: Doctors should be aware of the high prevalence of alcoholic dependence among people with Celtic names, whether these were born in Celtic countries or not, entertain a high index of diagnostic suspicion and take preventative measures accordingly. However, we found no excess of other categories of psychiatric disorder among Celts as compared with non-Celts. Patients with Norman-derived names seemed to follow the Celts in these respects.
7
Hamilton, Charles D. "Celt and Roman: The Celts of Italy." History: Reviews of New Books 27, no. 3 (January 1999): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1999.10528447.
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8
Kazakevych, Hennadii. "Ancient European Ethnic Groups as Cultural Identities (A Case Study of the Iron Age Celts)." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(83) (July 24, 2022): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(83).2022.258980.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The origin and widespread of ethnic and cultural entities, such as the Celts, Germans, Slavs, Scythians etc. remain an essential problem for both archaeologists and linguists. The article reassesses the main concepts of the Iron Age Celtic origin, including the traditional “Celts from Central Europe” approach, “the Celts from West” hypothesis, as well as the most recent assumptions according to which the Celts were just a historiographic cliché produced by the Classical authors. It seems that neither of these concepts could be accepted as an explanation of the Celtic origin; however, it is still possible to find common ground in understanding the “Celtic phenomenon” by synthesizing the disciplines of history, linguistics, archaeology, and population genetics. First of all, the Classical authors indeed used to attach an ethnic label Celts/Galatians/Gauls to various groups of population in Europe. However, there is no doubt that most of these groups in fact used some Celtic dialects. As far as the ethnic name Celts/Galatians/Gauls comes from the Celtic languages, it is highly likely that it was used by the Celts themselves at least to some extent (for example, as a sign of belonging to certain social group). Despite the concept of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures seems to be outdated, the archaeology still proves that most of the “Celtic tribes” shared some common features of craftsmanship, art, religious beliefs, and rituals. At the same time, genetic studies and isotope analyzes of the remains of buried at the Hallstatt and La Tène cemeteries in various regions of Europe, clearly show that there were no major migrations of population during the Iron Age which potentially could lead to the emergence of Celts as a distinct ethnic group. There were rather small-scale migrations and social contacts (i. e., marriage, fosterage etc.), as well as an exchange of goods, technologies and ideas that played a crucial role in widespread of the Celtic identity. The author puts forward an idea that the Celticness once became a prestigious cultural concept for social elite of distinct groups of the barbaric population throughout the Europe.
9
Costanza, Salvatore. "Polifemo, Galatea e le origini di Illiri e Celti alla luce delle fonti antiche (Timeo, Appiano) e umanistiche (Fr. Filelfo, N. Comes)." Živa Antika 71, no. 1-2 (2021): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47054/ziva21711-2027c.
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10
Blažek, Václav. "On Specific Zoological Isoglosses between Celtic and (Balto-)Slavic." Studia Celto-Slavica 6 (2012): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/cqlp7556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This contribution deals with three major questions: 1. Was ‘eagle’ in Celtic and Balto-Slavic extended in -l- or in -r-? 2. Can Balto-Slavic ‘swan’ be etymologised as ‘beaked’ with the help of Celtic? 3. Can words for ‘fox’ be based on a Celto-Baltic or Celto-Slavic isogloss?
11
Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz. "A Celtic Gloss in the Hesychian Lexicon." Studia Celto-Slavica 6 (2012): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/pjbw3825.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The well known lexicon, prepared by Hesychios of Alexandria (5th or 6th cent. AD), contains a number of glosses which are defined as “Celtic” or as “Galatian”. However, most Hesychian glosses appears with no ethnic designation. Some of them can be convincingly treated as Celtic (especially Galatian) terms. There is also the case which is connected with the following gloss: mátan · hē lynx. énioi dè matakòs è matakón “mátan [means] she-lynx. Some [call lynx] matakós or matakón.” These three names for ‘lynx’ seem to possess exact and convincing equivalents only in the Celtic Insular languages. Celtic *mat- ‘a kind of predator’ (1. lynx, 2. bear, 3. fox), *matākós m. ‘id.’ (1. lynx, 3. fox). 1. Continental Celtic mátan gl. hē lynx; also matakòs and matakón ‘lynx’ (Hesych.); 2. OIr. math (gen. sg. matho) m. (u-stem) ‘bear’ (< Celt. Goid. *matu-); see Gaul., OBritt. PN Matugenus m. Hisp.-Celt. PN Matugenus, Matucenus, OIr. PN Mathgen, OW. PN Madyein (< Celt. *Matu-genos, liter. ‘son of bear’); Scottish Gaelic mathan m. ‘bear’ (< Celt. Goid. *mat-agnos), also Sc. Gael. mathghamhuin ‘bear’, Early Ir. mathgaman ‘id.’; 3. OW. madawg, W. madog m. ‘fox’ (< Celt. Britt. *matākos); see Gaulish PN Matacus, Old Brittonic PN Matucus, Old Welsh PN Matauc, Matoc, Breton PN Matoc, later Matec; W. madyn m. ‘fox’, maden f. ‘a small she-fox, vixen’ (< Celt. Britt. *matinos m. vs. *matinā f.); see also Gaul. PN Matinus m., Matina f. I discuss the Celtic origin of the Hesychian gloss, the etymology of the Celtic words, as well as the problems of the original meaning.
12
Borsje, Jacqueline. "The Secret of the Celts Revisited." Religion & Theology 24, no. 1-2 (2017): 130–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15743012-02401007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What makes the Celts so popular today? Anton van Hamel and Joep Leerssen published on the popularity of imagery connected with pre-Christian Celts, Van Hamel seeing the holistic worldview and Leerssen mysteriousness as appealing characteristics. They explain waves of ‘Celtic revival’ that washed over Europe as reaction and romanticising movements that search for alternatives from contemporaneous dominant culture. Each period has produced its modernized versions of the Celtic past. Besides periodical heightened interest in things Celtic, Van Hamel saw a permanent basis of attraction in Celtic texts, which accommodate ‘primitive’ and romantic mentalities. This article also analyses Celtic Christianity (through The Celtic Way by Ian Bradley and The Celtic Way of Prayer by Esther de Waal) on the use of Celtic texts and imagery of Celtic culture. Two case studies are done (on the use of the Old-Irish Deer’s Cry and the description of a nineteenth-century Scottish ritual). Both the current search for ‘spirituality’ and the last wave of ‘Celtic revival’ seem to have sprung from a reaction movement that criticizes dominant religion/culture and seek inspiration and precursors in an idealized past. The roots of this romantic search for a lost paradise are, however, also present in medieval Irish literature itself. Elements such as aesthetics, imaginative worlds and the posited lost beauty of pre-industrial nature and traditional society are keys in explaining the bridges among the gap between ‘us’ and the Celts. The realization that Celtic languages are endangered or dead heightens the feeling of loss because they are the primary gates towards this lost way of (thinking about) life.
13
Mac Mathúna, Séamus. "Welcoming Remarks." Studia Celto-Slavica 2 (2009): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/mrra4615.
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14
Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, Ana Carballo, Ignacio Juarez, Ester Muñiz, Cristina Campos, Beatriz Tejedor, Manuel Martín-Villa, and Jose Palacio-Gruber. "HLA genes in Atlantic Celtic populations: are Celts Iberians?" International Journal of Modern Anthropology 1, no. 10 (May 5, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v1i10.2.
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15
Makaryshyn, Nadia. "CELTIC LANGUAGE ELEMENTS IN THE PLACE NAMES OF IRELAND." Inozenma Philologia, no. 133 (December 1, 2020): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fpl.2020.133.3177.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the culture and heritage of ancient Celts by analyzing the toponyms of Celtic origin in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, as well as in the places where the Irish diaspora is present. In accordance with the set goal, the article considers the cultural component in the meaning of linguistic units and the classifi cation of toponyms and their use in diff erent parts of the island. By the example of the analysis of the meaning of Celtic toponyms functioning in modern Ireland and Northern Ireland, it is shown that Celtic national heritage has not been lost. The study of toponyms allows us to penetrate into the worldview of the ancient people whose culture infl uenced and shaped the descendants of Celts. Key words: Celtic languages, place name, toponymy, Ireland, the Irish language, semantics.
16
ISAEVA, T. B., and V. M. PASHIN. "WELSH TOPONYMS AS REFLECTION OF LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOCULTURAL LEGACY OF THE CELTS WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF WALES." Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafiev 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/1995-0861-2020-54-4-249.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Statement of the problem. The Celtic languages are formed as one of the primary groups within the Indo-European language family. The 6th – 7th centuries saw the exodus of the Celts, as well as the Celtic language by the Germanic tribes and their languages from the territory of Britain pushed. Along with that we had our special interest riveted on linguistic artifacts which support the assumption about some Celtic tribes to staying within certain territories, particularly, within the territory of Wales, where during historical conquests, a considerable number of the Celtic tribes were pushed back to avoid the fate of being enslaved by the Anglo-Saxons. The object of linguistic analysis was the contemporary toponyms of Wales, including the linguistic and ethnic-cultural legacy of the Celts within the diachrony. The purpose of the article is to reveal and show the Celtic substrate in contemporary Welsh oikonymy within the territory of Wales as a proof of the preservation of the ancient lingo-social legacy of the Celts. The research methodology includes method of searching for particular toponymical units, which include the Celtic substrate, inductive method in finding a great number of oikonyms for creation of categorical classification according to the meaning of the name, comparative historical method, and the method of etymological analysis. Research results. The preservation of ancient ethnic-cultural legacy of the Celts and its distinctive interpretation are needed for understanding the movement of the English language expansion on a certain territory during the ancient period and immersion into the lingo-cultural, lingo-cognitive image of the world reflected in oikonyms. As a result of exploring the Celtic toponymic layer, it was found out that the north-western part of Wales was less influenced by the Anglo-Saxon invaders in diachrony and the local population of Celtic origin were able to preserve their unique ethnic-cultural identity. The conclusion. All names of places in Wales, especially the ones that are located in the north-western part remain unchanged from ancient times. Despite the attempts to push out the Celtic language and pressure on the part of the Anglo-Saxon invaders the expansion of the English language was halted by the courageous actions of the ancestors of the contemporary Welsh people. Today, this is reflected in the prevailing Celtic substrate among genuine Wales’ toponyms.
17
Morin, Jesse. "Near-Infrared Spectrometry of Stone Celts in Precontact British Columbia, Canada." American Antiquity 80, no. 3 (July 2015): 530–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.80.3.530.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research into broad patterns of trade and exchange in precontact British Columbia, Canada, has been very limited. This paper addresses that shortcoming by presenting the results of a mineralogical study of 1,374 stone celts and 131 sawn cores from which celts were manufactured from 196 archaeological sites across British Columbia. These artifacts were an integral part of the woodworking toolkits of aboriginal peoples in this region from ca. 3500 B.P. to around contact at about 180 B.P. The mineralogy of these artifacts was determined using a portable near-infrared spectrometer, and the resulting data mapped using Geographic Information Systems. The results of this study indicate that celt production and exchange largely occurred within five discrete celt stone regions. For two of these celt stone regions—the Salish Sea and the Canadian Plateau—1 argue that these represent interaction spheres. Only in the Salish Sea were considerable numbers of celts imported from another region. For the remaining three regions, not enough data are available on the geological distribution of various celt stones or on the spatial patterns of celt production to differentiate regional interaction from individual procurement and production.
18
Fomin, Maxim. "Russian and Western Celticists on Similarities between Early Irish and Early Indian Traditions." Studia Celto-Slavica 1 (2006): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/ulyq2921.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present contribution will not deal specifically with comparative aspects of Celto-Slavic but rather with the contribution of Celtic scholars, in particular Russian Celtic scholars, to the study of similarities between early Irish and early Indian traditions of kingship.
19
Crumley, Carole L. ": The Pagan Celts . Anne Ross. ; Celtic Britain . Charles Thomas. ; The Gods of the Celts . Miranda Green." American Anthropologist 90, no. 2 (June 1988): 476–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.2.02a00810.
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20
Matasović, Ranko. "Some Celto-Slavic Etymologies." Studia Celto-Slavica 3 (2010): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/shdx7745.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is based on the research which led to the publication of my “Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic” (EDPC). Its aim is to examine the exclusive Celto-Slavic lexical isoglosses, and to propose a few new etymologies, in which the Celtic-Slavic correspondences play an important role.
21
Treister, Michail Ju. "The Celts in the north Pontic area: a reassessment." Antiquity 67, no. 257 (December 1993): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00063791.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The recent great exhibition in Venice of Celtic art and artefacts showed once again the intriguing attraction of the Celtic traditions, so influential in our view of old Europe, both western and central. But what about the Celts in the east, and specifically in the region to the north and west of the Black Sea? And what is the relation between that artefactual evidence, Celtic artefacts in the west, and the evidence from the documents?
22
Fernández-Götz, Manuel. "‘Celts: art and identity’ exhibition: ‘New Celticism’ at the British Museum." Antiquity 90, no. 349 (February 2016): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Controversies about the ‘Celts’ have constituted an ongoing debate over the last few decades, with postures ranging from blank scepticism and denial, to critical revisions, but also to the maintenance of more traditional approaches. After a lively and overall useful debate in the pages of Antiquity between 1996–1998 (principally with articles by Vincent and Ruth Megaw vs Simon James and John Collis), Simon James's controversial volume The Atlantic Celts. Ancient people or modern invention? (1999) attracted considerable attention, both among scholars and the wider public, encouraging discussions about the relationship—if any—between modern Celtic identities and the ancient Celts. A major milestone was reached with the publication of John Collis's monograph The Celts. Origins, myths and inventions (2003), which is probably the best historiographical review about the construction of the concept and the different sources involved from Antiquity to modern times. One of his main points is that classical sources never referred to the presence of Celts on the British Isles and that the use of the term for the populations of ancient Britain was mainly an invention of the modern era (see also Morse 2005, How the Celts came to Britain). From a rather different perspective, new approaches based mostly on linguistics emphasise the crucial role of the Atlantic façade in the development of Celtic languages (Cunliffe & Koch 2010).
23
Hill, J. Michael. "The Origins of the Scottish Plantations in Ulster to 1625: A Reinterpretation." Journal of British Studies 32, no. 1 (January 1993): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is no question that the plantation of Ulster during the reign of James I had a profound effect on the course of British history. However, the nature of that plantation has been either misrepresented or misunderstood. In order to overcome this problem, we must address two provocative questions: (1) Were the Scots-Irish, the largest group of settlers, predominantly Celtic or non-Celtic ethnically and culturally? and (2) If they were mainly Celtic, why were they better able than non-Celts to establish viable settlements in Ulster, a predominantly Celtic area? A reexamination of the origins of the pre-1625 Scottish settlers and their methods of settlement indeed casts the problem of the Ulster Plantation in a new light.For the last two decades, historians have begun to question the portrayal of the Scots-Irish, or Ulster Scots, as frugal, hardworking, anglicized Presbyterian Lowlanders who brought the light of civilization to a benighted Celtic backwater. For example, Nicholas Canny correctly dismisses the “myth” of Ulster's material transformation by pointing out that the province, unlike Leinster and Munster, was settled by British planters from less economically advanced areas of the archipelago. But, again, he does not adequately examine the cultural and ethnic background of the dominant Scots-Irish. Traditionally, they have been classed as “Lowland,” non-Celts rather than as “Highland,” Celtic Scots. These designations are misleading because they oversimplify Scotland's historical and cultural divisions that had been in place as early as the Norman invasion.
24
Bendala, Manuel. "Celti y la romanización en el bajo Guadalquivir - S. Keay, J. Creighton and J. Remesal Rodríguez, CELTI (PEÑAFLOR). THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF A HISPANO-ROMAN TOWN IN BAETICA. SURVEY AND EXCAVATIONS 1987-1992 (Univ. of Southampton, Dept, of Archaeology, Monograph 2; Oxbow Books, Oxford 2000). Pp. xii + 252, con figs. y láms. y complementos en p. WEB. ISBN 1 84217 035 X (paper). $55." Journal of Roman Archaeology 15 (2002): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400014446.
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25
Batuzov, Aleksei Anatol'evich. "THE CELTS AND ROME: FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF CAESAR’S FIRST CELTIC LEGIONS." Manuscript, no. 11 (November 2019): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/manuscript.2019.11.14.
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Karl, Raimund. "The Celts in Antiquity: Crossing the Divide Between Ancient History and Archaeology." Revista Brasileira de História 40, no. 84 (August 2020): 167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93472020v40n84-08.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT One historical actor in Antiquity are the populations of Western-Central Europe, commonly called ‘Celts’ by classical authors. Themselves (mostly) illiterate until approximately the 1st century BC/AD, reports about them, written by foreigners like Polybius, Caesar, Diodorus and others have survived. The study of ‘Celtic’ societies thus can hardly rely on classical historiography, but is mainly based on archaeology. Historical sources and archaeology are difficult to reconcile, even if common themes can be identified in both types of sources. This article examines the differences, but also similarities between the various ‘Celtic’ societies of Europe and their neighbours, and the use of the term ‘the Celts’. The case study of the excavations at Meillionydd in North Wales is used to demonstrate how different types of source material and local and global scales can be integrated into a single, coherent explanatory model.
27
Donnard, Anna. "O Outro Mundo dos celtas atlânticos e a mítica Brasil, ilha dos afortunados: primeiras abordagens." Nuntius Antiquus 3 (June 30, 2009): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3636.3..14-28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
À l’Ouest de l’Europe, dans la mer celtique et plus loin dans l’Atlantique, une géographie celte de l’Autre Monde peut être identifiée. Dans cette géographie l’île Brasil est un élément de mythologie celte passé à un folklore chrétien. Nous essayons de comprendre comment le mythe d’une île de la mythologie celte, en l’occurrence l’île Brasil, ait passé, probablement, d’une littérature orale ou écrite perdue à la littérature et à la cartographie médiévales. Pour cela il nous faut travailler dans le champ difficile de l’hagiographie celtique et celto-latine en ayant aussi comme matériau d’analyse et comparaison les récits mythologiques, plus particulièrement les immarama: narratives de circunavegation des héros celtiques.
28
García Quintela, Marco V., and A. César Gonzalez-Garcia. "Archaeological Footprints of the “Celtic Calendar”?" Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 3, no. 1 (August 9, 2017): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsa.31039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite their elusiveness, the people referred to as “Celts” by ancient chroniclers left behind certain archaeological remains that may be interepreted from the perspective of archaeoastronomy in an attempt to discover a calendrical “root” for them. In recent years, a number of studies on Late Iron Age sites, Roman or romanised locations and Christian landscapes in Hispania and in Gaul raised the possibility of detecting physical evidence of the celestial concepts that some classical authors attributed to the Celtic mystics, the Druids. However, these studies dealt with certain key aspects of how the Celts organised time that are not generally known and which tend to be presented in a summary way. Here, we explore aspects such as the difficulty of referring to a "Celtic calendar" per se, the sources for our study, the difficulties of adjusting the cycles of the Sun and Moon, the role of the “horizon calendars” and how these aspects may have played a role in actions that left a physical footprint that can still be seen today at several archaeological sites. We show that, although there may be common aspects that connect all Celtic sites and areas, there was no common calendar as such, although there are solid indications of the usage of a shared time-reckoning system.
29
Muhammed, Dr Anmar Adnan. "The Religion of the Anglo-Saxons and its Influence on Literature and Different Aspects of Life." Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences 61, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v61i1.1239.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research paper aims to explore the influence of the religion adopted by the old British Isles inhabitants on literature and many aspects of their life. Before discussing the religion of the Anglo-Saxons, I think it would be more convenient if we discuss the religion of the Celts and then of Romanized Britain.Long before the Roman took military interest in the British island (about 600BC.) the Celtic tribes settled in two waves of invasion: the Goidels (Gaels) who went west and north towards Ireland while the second invasion the Britons who settled in the fertile mid-plains. There is nothing known about the religion of these barbarian tribesmen except what little can be deduced from the fairy folklore of Celts in Christian times. The most detailed account of old Celtic religion by a contemporary was written by Julius Caesar. The Celtic religion was known as the Druidian, they practiced magic and human sacrifice. It was a form of nature-worship. The priestly leaders (Druids) acted as prophets. They supervised the offering of sacrifices, and trained new priests, and this was the only form of education at that time. It was a religion of fear and priesthood and the Roman detested this power of the priesthood.
30
Stewart, Ian. "The coming of the Celts, AD 1860: Celtic nationalism in Ireland and Wales." Irish Studies Review 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670882.2018.1560908.
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31
Kalygin, Viktor. "The Celts and the Slavs: On K. H. Schmidt's Hypothesis on the Eastern Origin of the Celts." Studia Celto-Slavica 1 (2006): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/bgad3933.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current paper is an homage to the works of K. H. Schmidt; it explores a number of linguistic links between Celtic and Slavic branches of Indo-European. Special attention is devoted to the relative chronology of possible contacts of Celtic and Slavic tribes, and an attempt to fit those into the general European picture is made. First, the author points out to the existence of *-sie-/-sio- future forms in Continental Celtic, which stand as good evidence for contacts of at least some Celtic tribes with Eastern Europeans. Alongside with this go such parallels as the relative pronoun *ios and reduplicated desiderative (preserved in Old Irish as future). Second, there are number of Celto-Slavic isoglosses; these sometimes show identical, sometimes different grades of ablaut, as well as variations in suffixation. Here the author analyses a handful of popular etymological suggestions and finds a few of them unsatisfactory. Finally, the author mentions such long-distanced parallels between Celtic and Slavic, as the development of the system of aspect, on the one hand, and palatalisation, on the other.
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Kazakevych, Gennadii. "Iron Age Celtic art as the religious metanarrative visualization." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine 30, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.2.2021.269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the article is to reveal to which extent the Iron Age Celtic art visualized the metanarrative of the Celtic religion. The methodology is based on the applying of structural and semiotic approaches to the symbols and representations of the Celtic art, which are viewed as components of much more complicated system: the religious and mythological beliefs of the Iron Age Celts. Scientific novelty. The author puts forward an idea that the Early La Tиne, Waldalgesheim and Plastic art styles were closely connected to the Celtic beliefs in the afterlife and supranatural powers. Conclusions. The La Tиne decorated weapons, drinking vessels and personal ornaments were produced by the artisans who were closely connected to the priesthood. Such artifacts were used as apothropei in the highly ritualized spheres of social life such as war, banquet and burial rite. The author notes that the decline of the Plastic art style was simultaneous with the transformations of the Celtic burial rite which caused the disappearance of the burials during the late La Tиne period.
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Bichlmeier, Harald. "Ist der Name der nordwestböhmischen Stadt dt. Kaaden / tschech. Kadaň keltischen Ursprungs?" Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 65, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph-2018-650103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The North-West-Bohemian town Kaaden (Czech Kadaň) lies in an area where Celts settled some two millennia ago. For this reason a Celtic etymology was proposed for this placename, although a Slavic etymology based on the Common Slavic personal name *Kadanъ (attested in Old Czech, Polish, Sorabian) had existed for decades: Kadaň (taken over later on into German as Ka(a)den) was derived from the personal name *Kadanъ with the possessive suffix Common Slavic *-jь and meant originally ‘Kadan’s (castle/town)’. It will be shown that the Celtic etymology which argues for a Proto-Celtic *katu-dūno- ‘town/castle of the fight/battle’ invokes too many ad-hoc-developments and scarcely (if at all) attested soundchanges to be regarded at all plausible. The ‘classical’ Slavic etymology, on the other hand, can be shown to be flawless in all aspects.
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LUTZ, ANGELIKA. "Celtic influence on Old English and West Germanic." English Language and Linguistics 13, no. 2 (July 2009): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309003001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article concentrates on the question of language contact between English and Celtic in the period between the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britannia (?AD 449) and the Norman conquest of England (AD 1066) but in some places reaches out to West Germanic times and to the period after the Norman conquest. It focuses on a certain region, that of the Southern Lowlands, mainly Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and deals with evidence that has been mentioned before: (1) the twofold paradigm of ‘to be’ and (2) the Old English designations for Celts that refer to their status as slaves. The article demonstrates that both the syntactic and the lexico-semantic evidence is particularly concentrated in West Saxon texts. Together, both types of evidence are shown to support the assumption that a very substantial Celtic population exerted substratal influence on (pre-)Old English by way of large-scale language shift in one of the early heartlands of England. This substratal Insular Celtic influence on Old English is contrasted with the adstratal Celtic influence on continental West Germanic.
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Wolfram, Herwig. "Austria before Austria: The Medieval Past of Polities to Come." Austrian History Yearbook 38 (January 2007): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800021378.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Throughout the world, historians expand the history of their nations and states into periods when these polities did not yet exist. The French speak of their first dynasty and mean the Frankish Merovingians. Until recently French history textbooks even for students in the French overseas territories started with “Nos ancêtres, les Gaulois.” In the German Kaiserreich between 1871 and 1918, let us say, little Jan Kowalski in Poznan had to accept the Germanic peoples as his forefathers, as every textbook on German history dealt with them at length. Needless to say, not only German medievalists speak of Germans long before theodiscus or teutonicus came to mean deutsch. All over the world people search for the roots of their identity. Take, for instance, the present preoccupation with Celtic ancestors. Not only the Irish, Welsh, Scots, and Bretons, but a great many other Europeans also want to be Celts by origin. “Their successors in Brittany, Wales, or Ireland do not threaten anybody with Anschluss or war. The Celtic origins, therefore, fit the Austrian neutrality perfectly well,” as Erich Zöllner ironically put it in 1976 after Chancellor Bruno Kreisky had openly declared that the Celts and not the Germans were our forefathers.
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Mullen, Alex. "Linguistic Evidence for ‘Romanization’: Continuity and Change in Romano-British Onomastics: A Study of the Epigraphic Record with Particular Reference to Bath." Britannia 38 (November 2007): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000007784016548.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on a new online database of Celtic personal names, this research demonstrates how the study of Romano-British onomastics can shed light on the complexities of linguistic and cultural contacts, complementing archaeological material and literary sources. After an introductory section on methodology, Part One analyses naming formulae and expressions of filiation as evidence for both continuity and change dependent on social and geographical factors. Confusion and contamination between the Latin and Celtic systems proved much less common than on the Continent, where earlier contact with Roman culture and the written tradition for Continental Celtic occasionally facilitated an unusual form of syncretism. Part Two examines the naming formulae attested at Roman Bath and the mechanisms by which Celts adopted Latin names. The case-study of Bath relates continuity and change in both naming formulae and nomenclature to an acceptance of, or resistance to, ‘Romanization’ in Britain.
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Jovanovic, Borislav. "The eastern Celts and their invasions of hellenistic Greece and Asia minor." Balcanica, no. 45 (2014): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1445025j.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the fourth century BC the Celts expanded into the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathian Basin. After the major defeat at Delphi, in Greece, the surviving Celtic tribes formed an alliance under the name Scordisci. They settled in the wider territory around the confluence of the Sava and the Danube, which became a base for their subsequent invasions into Thrace and beyond. The Celtic presence in the region has been best documented by the necropoles in Karaburma (Singidunum) and Pecine (Viminacium). These graveyards had a complex arrangement of burials into groups and sections. The warrior graves contained pieces of weaponry showing decorative elements of both Western and Eastern Celtic art tradition. Some of the female graves contained rich personal adornment such as the coral bracelet and the M?nsingen-type fibula in a grave in Pecine. Until the Roman conquest, the Scordisci remained the most powerful military force in the region.
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Timmermann, Jörg. "La celtisation de la péninsule Ibérique à la lumière de la toponymie et de la Celtic from the West hypothesis." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 138, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 228–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2022-0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The central aim of this paper is to trace back the celtization of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly on the basis of toponymic evidence. On this basis, there is evidence for two waves of celtization. As we shall see, the manifestation of Celtic in the south-western part of the peninsula is more consistent with the Celtic from the West hypothesis than with the traditional viewpoint that the Celts came exclusively from Central Europe. In this connection, special attention is paid to the putative celticity both of the Tartessian language and of the suffix -essos. Likewise, Renfrew’s hypothesis that Indo-European originated in Asia Minor is in full harmony with the apparent origin of -essos in Asia Minor.
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Giladi, Amotz. "Anti-Latin race-based nationalism in early twentieth-century France: An examination of Robert Pelletier’s pan-Celtic and Slavophile journals." Journal of European Studies 50, no. 2 (June 2020): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244120918465.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the late nineteenth century, several pan-nationalist movements – pan-Germanism, pan-Slavism, pan-Latinism, pan-Celticism – arose in Europe. In France, pan-Latinism and pan-Celticism promoted competing visions of the country’s culture, respectively emphasizing its Latin and Celtic legacies. Two journals published in the 1910s, L’Étendard celtique and Revue des nations were founded by the writer Robert Pelletier to advance pan-Celticism. Their purpose was twofold: to advocate a return to France’s Celtic traditions and to promote the idea of a ‘racial’ link between Celts and Slavs. Calling for a ‘Celtic–Slavic’ alliance, these Slavophile journals expressed solidarity with oppressed Slavic peoples, especially in the context of the Balkan Wars. Pelletier’s promotion of pan-Celticism and pan-Slavism as two affiliated currents stemmed from both his rejection of pan-Latinism and his hope that connecting with the powerful pan-Slavic movement could facilitate French pan-Celticism’s emergence on the European stage.
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Yerokhin, Vladimir. "CELTIC FRINGES AND CENTRAL POWER IN GREAT BRITAIN: HISTORY AND MODERNITY." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (49) (May 26, 2020): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-226-244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with history of interrelations between political centre and Celtic fringes of Great Britain in modern and contemporary times. As soon as nationalist movements in Celtic fringes became more active from the mid 1960s, the need appeared to analyze the history of interrelations between central
power and Celtic regions in order to understand causes of Celtic people’s striving for obtaining more rights and even state independence. The article ascertains that attitude of central power to Celtic fringes was complicated by ethno-cultural differences between Englishmen and Celtic people, which resulted in discrimination of Scotland, Wales and Ireland by London's policy towards Celtic regions. Since British industrialization evolved the central power in Great Britain, it created conditions for balanced comprehensive
development of industrial economy only in English counties, whereas Celtic regions were permitted to develop only branches of economic activity which were non-competitive to English business. The level of people’s income in Celtic fringes was always lower than in English parts of Great Britain. There was an
established practice that English business dominated in Celtic regions and determined the economic development of Celtic regions. The English as distinct from Celts had prior opportunities to be engaged on more prestigious and highly paid positions. Celtic population’s devotion to preservation of their culture
and ethno-cultural identity found expression in religious sphere so that Nonconformity and Presbyterianism accordingly dominated among Welshmen and Scotsmen. Political movements in Celtic fringes put forward ethno-cultural demands
rather than social class ones in their activities.
During the first half of the XX century the opposition between Celtic fringes and central power in Great Britain showed that in parliamentary elections Celtic population gave their votes mainly for the members of Labour Party. From the mid-1960s nationalist movements in Celtic fringes became more active. They began to make slogans of political independence. The author of the
article comes to conclusion that interrelations of central power in Great Britain towards Celtic fringes can be adequately described by notions of I. Wallerstein’s world-system analysis and M. Hechter's model of internal colonialism.
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Terranova, Michele, Robert J. Jones, and Ben B. Morgan. "Predicting Performance in High Technology Fields Using Rate Measures." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 29, no. 8 (October 1985): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128502900804.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern organizations require dynamic, and cognitively-complex, information-bases from their personnel. Methodology and knowledge requirements change constantly with new technological innovations. The use of traditional paper-and-pencil measures of achievement and ability cannot accurately assess learning acquisition in novel situations. Prediction criteria based on rate at which information is acquired rely less on past experience and education, and more on changes in performance over time. The present research, based on these information-processing assessment techniques, used Computerized Experimental Learning Techniques (CELTS) to measure rate and level of learning. These CELTS were used to predict the performance of students enrolled in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering classes. CELT-based learning level parameters contributed to prediction of course grade in the Computer Science and Engineering courses. Unique contributions of CELT learning rate measures were also determined after the variance in students' grade point averages were accounted for. Applications of the current research are important in the development of selection criteria for dynamic personnel postions. Future research is needed to document specific cognitive requirements of individual professions, and to develop computer-based techniques which assess these functions.
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Donnard, Anna. "O Outro Mundo dos celtas atlânticos e a mítica Brasil, ilha dos afortunados: primeiras abordagens." Nuntius Antiquus 3 (June 30, 2009): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3636.3.0.14-28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>À l’Ouest de l’Europe, dans la mer celtique et plus loin dans l’Atlantique, une géographie celte de l’Autre Monde peut être identifiée. Dans cette géographie l’île Brasil est un élément de mythologie celte passé à un folklore chrétien. Nous essayons de comprendre comment le mythe d’une île de la mythologie celte, en l’occurrence l’île Brasil, ait passé, probablement, d’une littérature orale ou écrite perdue à la littérature et à la cartographie médiévales. Pour cela il nous faut travailler dans le champ difficile de l’hagiographie celtique et celto-latine en ayant aussi comme matériau d’analyse et comparaison les récits mythologiques, <span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: small;">plus particulièrement les </span><em><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: small;"><em><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: small;">mmarama</span></em></span></em>: narratives de circunavegation des héros celtiques.</p><p> </p><p> </p>
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Nenakhov, Dmitriy A. "The Casting Molds for Celts of Type IV (Early Iron Age) According to M. P. Gryaznov’s Classification: The Manufacturing Technology." Archaeology and Ethnography 20, no. 7 (2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-97-108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose. Recently there was a publication devoted to the ornament typology, based on a stylized ‘hoof print’, for the Early Iron Age celts from Central Siberia. In developing this ornament typology and identifying its application traditions, the author carried out a series of experiments in order to identify the complete technological cycle of its production. It is this aspect which will be the focus of the article. Results. We are researching the application technology of the ornament that consists of three main elements that make up the composition. In the central part there is a punctum in the form of a stylized unfolded ‘hoof print’. This figure is crossed by a ‘belt’ line. From the top of the ‘hoof print’ and the so-called ‘belt’, short lines can go down. The information on the area, where the celts with such an ornament were found, indicates that they were distributed only in Central Siberia. Conclusion. The complex of objects includes more than 30 celts (Type IV according to M. P. Gryaznov’s typology). The study identifies two traditions of applying an ornament. In the first case, the central figure (‘hoof print’) was cut out on the celt pattern and the impression was transferred to the valve of the casting mold. The rest of the elements were cut out on the casting matrix. In the second case, we are talking about a combined approach, when the ornament was completely applied to the clay model of the celt. At the same time, only the central figure in the form of an unfolded ‘half-hoof print’ was cut out, the rest of the ornament elements such as a ‘belt’ and the hanging short lines were applied using the sculpting method. For both methods of ornament application, there are common features such as the traces of carving with a sharp object (i.e. knife) in the central part of the ‘half-hoof print’ figure, rubbing the sampler surface and the celt shape with the finger pads. The first method’s distinctive features are the roll sculpturing on a celt pattern, superimposing them on top of each other, an overlap of the roll onto the sides. The second method’s distinctive features are the tracing lines made with a pointed object (i.e. wood chips, knife), superposition of carved lines on top of each other.
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Kieca, Piotr. "The Diversity of Weaponry in La Tene Culture Burials in Poland and Comments on the Non-burial Find of a Celtic Sword in Rzeszów." Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 16 (2021): 73–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/anarres.2021.16.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this work is to create a comprehensive summary of arms originating from Celtic warrior graves in Poland. The largest number of artefacts comes from La Tene culture cemeteries from Lower Silesia, in Sobocisko and Głownin. Individual warrior graves came from Podgaj, Smolec and Wiązow. Other examples of weaponry were found in the Kietrz cemetery in Upper Silesia, with Lesser Poland warrior graves from Iwanowice, Aleksandrowice, and Krakow-Witkowice. From Lesser Poland we also know of alleged graves from Krakow-Pleszow and Krakow-Wyciąże. Some comments about the non-burial find of a Celtic sword from Rzeszow will also be given. A fresh consideration of the source material has corrected the earlier interpretation and reinterpreted some aspects. A new detailed chronology will also be proposed. It will also present a very broad area of connections of Celts residing in Poland.
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STRECHIE, Mădălina. "BUREBISTA, THE DEFENDER AND UNIFIER OF THE DACIANS." BULLETIN OF "CAROL I" NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 11, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-63.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Burebista was the founder of a genuine empire of the Dacians north of the Danube, not only the first unifier of the Dacians who coagulated them in a state, with a centre of power, with laws and a common religion, but more than that, Burebista was the first of all Thrac
Burebista was the founder of a genuine empire of the Dacians north of the Danube, not only the first unifier of the Dacians who coagulated them in a state, with a centre of power, with laws and a common religion, but more than that, Burebista was the first of all Thracians to succeed in founding a true regional power in the vast world of European antiquity. The brilliant statesman is a model of European leader, being even equal to Caesar, because he defeated the Celts/Gauls like the great Roman general and politician. Burebista defended the borders of all Dacians by stopping the great Celtic/Gallic migration, transforming the Dacian territories into a Dacian Island, strong and unitary, the Celtic/Gallic wave flowing far south of the Danube, far from the border of Burebista's Dacia. The Dacian state of Burebista was created by the military and reforming capacity of the creator, who bequeathed the ideal of unity to this Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic space, proving by his deeds and his imperial creation that power and defence always stand in unity.
ians to succeed in founding a true regional power in the vast world of European antiquity. The brilliant statesman is a model of European leader, being even equal to Caesar, because he defeated the Celts/Gauls like the great Roman general and politician. Burebista defended the borders of all Dacians by stopping the great Celtic/Gallic migration, transforming the Dacian territories into a Dacian Island, strong and unitary, the Celtic/Gallic wave flowing far south of the Danube, far from the border of Burebista's Dacia. The Dacian state of Burebista was created by the military and reforming capacity of the creator, who bequeathed the ideal of unity to this Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic space, proving by his deeds and his imperial creation that power and defence always stand in unity.
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Faszcza, Michał Norbert. "Problemy metodologiczne w badaniach nad Celtami i celtyckością." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 11 (January 1, 2015): 55–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2015.11.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the studies devoted to Celts so far, researchers have tried to define “Celticness” based on two criteria: their material culture and language. Another element which tended to be employed was the argument of terminology used by antique authors. At present, we know that the sense of ethnic identification may have been independent of those factors. This led to a genuine “scientific revolution”, which resulted in the exclusion of Ireland and northern Britain from the circle of Celtic culture. Consequently, the question in which cases one can speak of “Celticness” has become relevant yet again. The author is of the opinion that decisive significance should be attributed to self-identification of given tribes, although sources rarely provide information in that respect. Depending on the remaining criteria tends to be greatly unreliable, given that they were are a modern concept and as such are subject to manipulation. A comfortable, though exceedingly rare situation is their joint occurrence. For this reason the author is inclined to give priority to the language criterion, yet only when the faulty terminology relation to the so-called Q-Celtic and P-Celtic languages is abandoned. Despite the fact that Irish civilisation has been demonstrated to have been non-Celtic, the obsolete terminology is still in use, as a result of which the linguistic criterion cannot perform its function effectively.
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Gorrochategui, Joaquín. "El celtibérico, dialecto arcaico celta." Emerita 62, no. 2 (December 30, 1994): 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/emerita.1994.v62.i2.394.
Повний текст джерела
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Joncheray, Claire. "Les colonies grecques du sud de la Gaule (VIIe – IIe s. avant n. è.)." Cadernos do LEPAARQ (UFPEL) 15, no. 29 (June 24, 2018): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/lepaarq.v15i29.11494.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le sud de la Gaule est caractérisé par la forte présence phocéenne. La colonisation de type phocéen est tardive mais c’est la seule qui se soit étendue au nord de la zone tyrrhénienne ; et c’est le phénomène le plus persistant dans sa durée, du VIIe au IIe s. av. J.-C. Cet article fait le point sur l’évolution chronologique de la présence des Grecs sur le territoire celte méditerranéen et surtout des Phocéens. Des premiers contacts, il reste quelques traces matérielles dans les nécropoles celtes du sud de la Gaule. À partir de la fondation de Marseille, vers 600 av. n. è., le paysage culturel et politique change durablement. L’article présente l’habitat de Marseille et aussi celui d’Olbia-de-Provence, une des cinq colonies de Marseille sur le littoral méditerranéen celte. Cet article intègre les interactions avec les Grecs et les transferts culturels dans l’étude des processus d’installation des Grecs.
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Kouris-Blazos, Antigone, Charalambos Gnardellis, Mark L. Wahlqvist, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Widjaja Lukito, and Antonia Trichopoulou. "Are the advantages of the Mediterranean diet transferable to other populations? A cohort study in Melbourne, Australia." British Journal of Nutrition 82, no. 1 (July 1999): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599001129.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A prospective cohort study, involving 141 Anglo-Celts and 189 Greek-Australians of both sexes aged 70 years or more, was undertaken in Melbourne, Australia. The objective was to evaluate whether adherence to the principles of the Mediterranean diet affects survival of elderly people in developed non-Mediterranean countries. Diet was assessed using an extensive validated questionnaire on food intake. A one unit increase in a diet score, devised a priori on the basis of eight key features of the traditional common diet in the Mediterranean region, was associated with a 17 % reduction in overall mortality (two-tailed P value 0·07). Mortality reduction with increasing diet score was at least as evident among Anglo-Celts as among Greek-Australians. We conclude that a diet that adheres to the principles of the traditional Mediterranean diet is associated with longer survival among Australians of either Greek or Anglo-Celtic origin.
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Kazakevych, Gennadii. "HORSE-RIDER IMAGE ON THE COINS OF THE EASTERN CELTS AND THE CULT OF CELTIC WAR GODDESS." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2021-5-81-92.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the iconography of the Celtic coins which come from the South-Eastern Europe. Main attention is paid to the coins found in the Trans-Carpathian region of Ukraine. The aim of this article is to shed light on symbolism of the Celtic coins, in particular on a horse-rider figure on the reverse of these coins. Research methodology is based on the structuralist approach. The scientific novelty. The author shows how the imagery of the coins was connected to the Celtic religious beliefs and cults. The Celtic issues from the Trans-Carpathian region were derived chiefly from the coins of Philip II and Audoleon. A horse-rider image is present on almost all of the Celtic coins from the Trans-Carpathian area and nearby regions. While on most of coins the rider’s figure is highly schematized, some of them contain a detailed image of a female figure. There is no reason to suggest that the Celtic women used to lead their communities or were widely involved in the warfare as military leaders or individual fighters. At the same time, their significance in the religious and ideological spheres of warfare was great. One can assume that the horse-rider depicted on the Celtic coins was considered rather as an image of deity associated with war, fertility and horse-breeding. It is highly probable that this deity in fact was Epona or other related goddess. The coins were widely used in both trade and ritual practices. In particular, the Classical sources mention the Celtic ritual of devotion of coins to the goddess of hunting. The findings of coins with chop-marks, similar to those found in the Gallic and Gallo-Roman sanctuaries, should be mentioned in this context as well.