Статті в журналах: "Cellulosic fuels"

1

Chakraborty, Saikat, and Ashwin Gaikwad. "Production of Cellulosic Fuels." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences 82, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40010-012-0007-y.

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2

Somerville, Chris. "The Development of Cellulosic Fuels." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 3 (January 2010): 210a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.1127.

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3

Fan, Kang Qi, Yong Jun Tang, and Yang Fang. "Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Pelleting of Cellulosic Biomass: A Review." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.151.

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Increasing concerns about reliable supplies and environmental consequences of petroleum-based fuels have made it important to develop sustainable green sources for liquid transportation fuels. One such source is cellulosic biomass. However, high costs associated with transportation and storage of low-density cellulosic biomass has hindered large-scale, cost-effective manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UV-A) pelleting can increase biomass density, improve storability, and reduce transportation costs. This paper reviews the state of the art of this technique, covering the effects of different process parameters on pellet quality, pellet charring, pellet crack, and sugar yield. It can be concluded that pellet density increases with an increase in ultrasonic power and pelleting pressure, and with a decrease in biomass moisture content and particle size. However, large ultrasonic power may lead to the charring of cellulosic biomass, which adversely affects the conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol. In addition, some problems associated with UV-A pelletingof cellulosic biomass are proposed.

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4

Valenzuela-Ortega, Marcos, and Christopher E. French. "Engineering of industrially important microorganisms for assimilation of cellulosic biomass: towards consolidated bioprocessing." Biochemical Society Transactions 47, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 1781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20190293.

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Conversion of cellulosic biomass (non-edible plant material) to products such as chemical feedstocks and liquid fuels is a major goal of industrial biotechnology and an essential component of plans to move from an economy based on fossil carbon to one based on renewable materials. Many microorganisms can effectively degrade cellulosic biomass, but attempts to engineer this ability into industrially useful strains have met with limited success, suggesting an incomplete understanding of the process. The recent discovery and continuing study of enzymes involved in oxidative depolymerisation, as well as more detailed study of natural cellulose degradation processes, may offer a way forward.

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5

Xing, Yang, Lv Yang Liu, Zhao Qin Su, Li Wei Zhu, and Jian Xin Jiang. "Characteristics of Cellulose from Lespedeza stalks Steam Pretreated with Low Severity Steam and Post-Treatment by Alkaline Peroxide for Energy Production." Advanced Materials Research 578 (October 2012): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.578.30.

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Lespedeza crytobotrya is a shrub species with properties of substantial biomass and widely distributes in the desert region of China. The cellulose separated from Lespedeza after pre-treatment can be enzymatic hydrolyzed into glucose for ethanol or other chemicals production, which are important renewable fuels or raw material for other material synthesis. Moreover it also can be used for cellulosic material production. So it is necessary to evaluate the cellulose of Lespedeza crytobotrya before its utilization. In this study four cellulosic fractions were isolated by pretreatment with low severity steam and post-treatment with alkaline peroxide. They were comparatively studied by sugar analysis and the average degree of polymerization. After alkaline peroxide post-treatment, the hemicelluloses in the cellulosic fractions were removed markedly. The treatment intensity had a profound effect on the average degree of polymerization, which was increased firstly and then decreased. A combination of low severity steam pretreatment and alkaline peroxide post-treatment is an effective method for Lespedeza stalks to obtain high glucose yield.

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6

Regalado, A. "Race for Cellulosic Fuels Spurs Brazilian Research Program." Science 327, no. 5968 (February 18, 2010): 928–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.327.5968.928.

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7

Leroy, Valérie, Dominique Cancellieri, and Eric Leoni. "Chemical and thermal analysis of ligno-cellulosic fuels." Forest Ecology and Management 234 (November 2006): S125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.166.

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8

Lange, Jean-Paul, Richard Price, Paul M Ayoub, Jurgen Louis, Leo Petrus, Lionel Clarke, and Hans Gosselink. "Valeric Biofuels: A Platform of Cellulosic Transportation Fuels." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49, no. 26 (June 9, 2010): 4479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000655.

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9

Lange, Jean-Paul, Richard Price, Paul M Ayoub, Jurgen Louis, Leo Petrus, Lionel Clarke, and Hans Gosselink. "Valeric Biofuels: A Platform of Cellulosic Transportation Fuels." Angewandte Chemie 122, no. 26 (June 9, 2010): 4581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201000655.

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10

Ko, Ja Kyong, and Sun-Mi Lee. "Advances in cellulosic conversion to fuels: engineering yeasts for cellulosic bioethanol and biodiesel production." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 50 (April 2018): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2017.11.007.

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11

Tang, Yong Jun, Chun Mu Chen, and Guan Wang. "Temperature On-Line Measured in Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Pelleting Cellulosic Biomass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 151 (January 2012): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.151.245.

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Cellulosic biofuels have been proposed to replace part of traditional liquid transportation fuels. Cellulosic biomass is the feedstock in cellulosic biofuel manufacturing. Costs associated with collection and transportation of cellulosic biomass account for more than 80 percent of the feedstock cost. By processing cellulosic biomass into pellets, density and handling efficiencies of cellulosic feedstock can be improved, resulting in reduction of transportation and handling costs. The pellet temperature is one of the most important parameter in Ultrasonic Vibration (UV-A) pelleting. There is very few literature on the pellet temperature of UV-A pelleting. This paper mainly studied how to on-line measure the pelleting temperature, also, the detailed temperature characteristics of the pellet was obtained. The results are valuable for selecting suitable pelleting parameters and controlling the quality of pellet in UV-A pelleting. Also, the accurate measurement of the pellet temperature is helpful to understand pelleting mechanism, charring, and durability issues.

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12

van Zyl, W. H., A. F. A. Chimphango, R. den Haan, J. F. Görgens, and P. W. C. Chirwa. "Next-generation cellulosic ethanol technologies and their contribution to a sustainable Africa." Interface Focus 1, no. 2 (February 9, 2011): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2010.0017.

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The world is currently heavily dependent on oil, especially in the transport sector. However, rising oil prices, concern about environmental impact and supply instability are among the factors that have led to greater interest in renewable fuel and green chemistry alternatives. Lignocellulose is the only foreseeable renewable feedstock for sustainable production of transport fuels. The main technological impediment to more widespread utilization of lignocellulose for production of fuels and chemicals in the past has been the lack of low-cost technologies to overcome the recalcitrance of its structure. Both biological and thermochemical second-generation conversion technologies are currently coming online for the commercial production of cellulosic ethanol concomitantly with heat and electricity production. The latest advances in biological conversion of lignocellulosics to ethanol with a focus on consolidated bioprocessing are highlighted. Furthermore, integration of cellulosic ethanol production into existing bio-based industries also using thermochemical processes to optimize energy balances is discussed. Biofuels have played a pivotal yet suboptimal role in supplementing Africa's energy requirements in the past. Capitalizing on sub-Saharan Africa's total biomass potential and using second-generation technologies merit a fresh look at the potential role of bioethanol production towards developing a sustainable Africa while addressing food security, human needs and local wealth creation.

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13

Hasanuzzaman, Md, Md Farhad Hossain, and N. A. Rahim. "Palm Oil EFB: Green Energy Source in Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 619 (August 2014): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.619.376.

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Empty fruit bunches (EFB) is a good lingo-cellulosic biomass to produce bio-ethanol, to generate electricity by using chemical or thermo-chemical conversion processes respectively. It is one of the potential renewable energy sources to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and environment pollution. It is found that about 6% of diesel fuel can be saved by using palm oil EFB based converted bio-ethanol. By using thermo-chemical conversion of palm oil EFB, about 5% electrical energy demands can be fulfilled.

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14

Smuga-Kogut, Małgorzata, Kazimiera Zgórska, and Daria Szymanowska-Powałowska. "Influence of the crystalline structure of cellulose on the production of ethanol from lignocellulose biomass." International Agrophysics 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2015-0072.

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Abstract In recent years, much attention has been devoted to the possibility of using lignocellulosic biomass for energy. Bioethanol is a promising substitute for conventional fossil fuels and can be produced from straw and wood biomass. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium pretreatment on the structure of cellulose and the acquisition of reducing sugars and bioethanol from cellulosic materials. Material used in the study was rye straw and microcrystalline cellulose subjected to ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium pretreatment. The morphology of cellulose fibres in rye straw and microcrystalline cellulose was imaged prior to and after ionic liquid pretreatment. Solutions of ionic liquid-treated and untreated cellulosic materials were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis in order to obtain reducing sugars, which constituted a substrate for alcoholic fermentation. An influence of the ionic liquid on the cellulose structure, accumulation of reducing sugars in the process of hydrolysis of this material, and an increase in ethanol amount after fermentation was observed. The ionic liquid did not affect cellulolytic enzymes negatively and did not inhibit yeast activity. The amount of reducing sugars and ethyl alcohol was higher in samples purified with 1-ethyl-3-methy-limidazolium acetate. A change in the supramolecular structure of cellulose induced by the ionic liquid was also observed.

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15

NEAGOE, MIHAELA, GHEORGHE STROESCU, and ANIŞOARA PĂUN. "ENERGY PLANTS ALTERNATIVE TO FUTURE BIOFUEL PRODUCTION." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 51, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.2021.02.48.

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Replacing fossil fuels with alternative renewable energy sources is a very current issue worldwide. The development of energy plant (lingo-cellulosic) crops represents the promising solution, for the future production of biofuels in order to produce renewable energy and replace fossil fuels. For the implementation of energy crops were elaborated a series of technologies and technical equipment that respond to the requirements of these crops. The paper addresses these technologies, technical equipment and technologies for valorizing energy crops.

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16

CH, Hussaian Basha, T. Mariprasath, Shaik Rafi Kiran, and M. Murali. "An Experimental Analysis of Degradation of Cellulosic Insulating Material Immersed in Natural Ester Oil for Transformer." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 18957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.18957ecst.

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The physical, chemical and electrical prosperities of MO is matched as an insulating material for transformer. Therefore, it can be used in transformers. Whereas, the MO is extracted from the fossil fuels. Due to vast consumption of fossil fuels, the accessibility of vestige fuel is going to run out near future. In addition, the MO (MO) is doesn’t meet the new environmental regulation due to it has less biodegradable. Therefore, this research proposed a new ecological friendly insulating oil for transformer which is renewable that of petroleum based insulating oil such as MO. Initially, a critical review has been made on recent development on alternate liquid dielectrics for transformer. Subsequently, critical characteristics of insulating oil have been measured according to the standard. Added to that, the critical characteristics of Natural Ester Oil (NEO) are estimated at diverse temperatures from 50°C, 70°C, 90°C, 110°C, 130°C, and 150°C respectively.

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17

Leroy, V., D. Cancellieri, and E. Leoni. "Thermal degradation of ligno-cellulosic fuels: DSC and TGA studies." Thermochimica Acta 451, no. 1-2 (December 2006): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.09.017.

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18

Kumar, Rakesh, and Rajesh D. Anandjiwala. "Alternative fuels from waste cellulosic substrates and poly furfuryl alcohol." Fuel 93 (March 2012): 703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.09.038.

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19

Gomez-Bolivar, Jaime, Rafael L. Orozco, Alan J. Stephen, Iryna P. Mikheenko, Gary A. Leeke, Mohamed L. Merroun, and Lynne E. Macaskie. "Coupled Biohydrogen Production and Bio-Nanocatalysis for Dual Energy from Cellulose: Towards Cellulosic Waste Up-Conversion into Biofuels." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (May 24, 2022): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060577.

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Hydrogen, an emergent alternative energy vector to fossil fuels, can be produced sustainably by fermentation of cellulose following hydrolysis. Fermentation feedstock was produced hydrolytically using hot compressed water. The addition of CO2 enhanced hydrolysis by ~26% between 240 and 260 °C with comparable hydrolysis products as obtained under N2 but at a 10 °C lower temperature. Co-production of inhibitory 5-hydromethyl furfural was mitigated via activated carbon sorption, facilitating fermentative biohydrogen production from the hydrolysate by Escherichia coli. Post-fermentation E. coli cells were recycled to biomanufacture supported Pd/Ru nanocatalyst to up-convert liquid-extracted 5-HMF to 2,5-dimethyl furan, a precursor of ‘drop in’ liquid fuel, in a one-pot reaction. This side stream up-valorisation mitigates against the high ‘parasitic’ energy demand of cellulose bioenergy, potentially increasing process viability via the coupled generation of two biofuels. This is discussed with respect to example data obtained via a hydrogen biotechnology with catalytic side stream up-conversion from cellulose feedstock.

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20

Lam, Felix H., Burcu Turanlı-Yıldız, Dany Liu, Michael G. Resch, Gerald R. Fink, and Gregory Stephanopoulos. "Engineered yeast tolerance enables efficient production from toxified lignocellulosic feedstocks." Science Advances 7, no. 26 (June 2021): eabf7613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf7613.

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Lignocellulosic biomass remains unharnessed for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals due to challenges in deconstruction and the toxicity its hydrolysates pose to fermentation microorganisms. Here, we show in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that engineered aldehyde reduction and elevated extracellular potassium and pH are sufficient to enable near-parity production between inhibitor-laden and inhibitor-free feedstocks. By specifically targeting the universal hydrolysate inhibitors, a single strain is enhanced to tolerate a broad diversity of highly toxified genuine feedstocks and consistently achieve industrial-scale titers (cellulosic ethanol of >100 grams per liter when toxified). Furthermore, a functionally orthogonal, lightweight design enables seamless transferability to existing metabolically engineered chassis strains: We endow full, multifeedstock tolerance on a xylose-consuming strain and one producing the biodegradable plastics precursor lactic acid. The demonstration of “drop-in” hydrolysate competence enables the potential of cost-effective, at-scale biomass utilization for cellulosic fuel and nonfuel products alike.

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21

Badger, Phillip C., and Jacqueline D. Broder. "Ethanol Production from Food Processing Wastes." HortScience 24, no. 2 (April 1989): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.2.227.

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Abstract Liquid fuels, the most versatile form of energy, primarily are produced from oil. They are subject to wide price fluctuations and critical shortages. Ethanol, which can be used as a liquid fuel or liquid fuel supplement, readily can be produced from starch and sugar feedstocks. Ethanol production from cellulosic sources or biomass can provide renewable, domestically produced fuel from the decentralized sources of U.S. farms and forests. Such production has other stategic implications for the United States, such as strengthening the farm economy, reducing vulnerability to oil boycotts, and reducing the amounts of dollars exported. More information is available on using ethanol in internal combustion engines than any other nonpetroleum-based liquid fuel. For these reasons, ethanol represents the best near-term choice for a liquid fuel from biomass.

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22

Sun, Wan, Xuezhi Li, Jian Zhao, and Yuqi Qin. "Pretreatment Strategies to Enhance Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Cellulosic Ethanol Production for Biorefinery of Corn Stover." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 13163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113163.

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There is a rising interest in bioethanol production from lignocellulose such as corn stover to decrease the need for fossil fuels, but most research mainly focuses on how to improve ethanol yield and pays less attention to the biorefinery of corn stover. To realize the utilization of different components of corn stover in this study, different pretreatment strategies were used to fractionate corn stover while enhancing enzymatic digestibility and cellulosic ethanol production. It was found that the pretreatment process combining dilute acid (DA) and alkaline sodium sulfite (ASS) could effectively fractionate the three main components of corn stover, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, that xylose recovery reached 93.0%, and that removal rate of lignin was 85.0%. After the joint pretreatment of DA and ASS, the conversion of cellulose at 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis reached 85.4%, and ethanol concentration reached 48.5 g/L through fed-batch semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (S-SSF) process when the final concentration of substrate was 18% (w/v). Pretreatment with ammonium sulfite resulted in 83.8% of lignin removal, and the conversion of cellulose and ethanol concentration reached 86.6% and 50 g/L after enzymatic hydrolysis of 72 h and fed-batch S-SSF, respectively. The results provided a reference for effectively separating hemicellulose and lignin from corn stover and producing cellulosic ethanol for the biorefinery of corn stover.

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23

Ezeoha, SL, CN Anyanwu, and JN Nwakaire. "THE PROSPECTS, IMPACTS, AND RESEARCH CHALLENGES OF ENHANCED CELLULOSIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION: A REVIEW." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.32.

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The benefits and impacts of enhanced cellulosic ethanol (CE) production, the major features of existing production processes, and some current research challenges of major pretreatment processes are presented. The prospects of enhanced CE production, especially in developing economies like Nigeria are highlighted. We conclude that in order to reap the promising prospects and conquer the challenges and negative impacts of enhanced CE production, current researches for production of cellulosic ethanol must be focused on the development of processes that are capable of liberating and fermenting lignocellulose into bioethanol at faster rates, higher yields, and overall technical and economic efficiency. These researches should concentrate on the development of cheaper enzymes, genetically engineered microorganisms, and cost-effective thermochemical processes in order to accomplish the much-needed breakthrough in cellulosic biofuel production. Properly targeted innovative researches on cellulosic ethanol production processes are the sure route to effective reduction of global dependence on nonrenewable fossil fuels. The needed research breakthroughs will obviously be based on innovative integration of processes rather than on the improvement of the well-known individual processes of bioethanol production. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.32

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24

Rinke Dias de Souza, Nariê, Bruno Colling Klein, Mateus Ferreira Chagas, Otavio Cavalett, and Antonio Bonomi. "Towards Comparable Carbon Credits: Harmonization of LCA Models of Cellulosic Biofuels." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 10371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810371.

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Decarbonization programs are being proposed worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation fuels, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models or tools. Although such models are broadly accepted, varying results are often observed. This study describes similarities and differences of key decarbonization programs and their GHG calculators and compares established LCA models for assessing 2G ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstock. The selected LCA models were GHGenius, GREET, JRC’s model, and VSB, which originated calculators for British Columbia’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Renewable Energy Directive, and RenovaBio, respectively. We performed a harmonization of the selected models by inserting data of one model into other ones to illustrate the possibility of obtaining similar results after a few harmonization steps and to determine which parameters have higher contribution to closing the gap between default results. Differences among 2G ethanol from wheat straw were limited to 0.1 gCO2eq. MJ−1, and discrepancies in emissions decreased by 95% and 78% for corn stover and forest residues, respectively. Better understanding of structure, calculation procedures, parameters, and methodological assumptions among the LCA models is a first step towards an improved harmonization that will allow a globally accepted and exchangeable carbon credit system to be created.

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25

Oriez, Vincent, Jérôme Peydecastaing, and Pierre-Yves Pontalier. "Lignocellulosic Biomass Mild Alkaline Fractionation and Resulting Extract Purification Processes: Conditions, Yields, and Purities." Clean Technologies 2, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2010007.

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Fractionation of lignocellulose is a fundamental step in the valorization of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin to produce various sustainable fuels, materials and chemicals. Strong alkaline fractionation is one of the most applied processes since the paper industry has been using it for more than a century, and the mineral acid fractionation process is currently the most applied for the production of cellulosic ethanol. However, in the last decade, mild alkaline fractionation has been becoming increasingly widespread in the frame of cellulosic ethanol biorefineries. It leads to the solubilization of hemicelluloses and lignin at various extent depending on the conditions of the extraction, whereas the cellulose remains insoluble. Some studies showed that the cellulose saccharification and fermentation into ethanol gave higher yields than the mineral acid fractionation process. Besides, contrary to the acid fractionation process, the mild alkaline fractionation process does not hydrolyze the sugar polymers, which can be of interest for different applications. Lignocellulosic mild alkaline extracts contain hemicelluloses, lignin oligomers, phenolic monomers, acetic acid, and inorganic salts. In order to optimize the economic efficiency of the biorefineries using a mild alkaline fractionation process, the purification of the alkaline extract to valorize its different components is of major importance. This review details the conditions used for the mild alkaline fractionation process and the purification techniques that have been carried out on the obtained hydrolysates, with a focus on the yields and purities of the different compounds.

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26

B., Rabi Prasad, Sushil Kumar Sahu, and Radha Krushna Padhi. "Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Bioethanol: A Sustainable Approach." Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1711rjbt1470154.

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Production of biofuel from Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) reduces the energy dependency on fossil fuels. The process of manufacture does not have any adverse environmental impact. LCB is an abundant and promising renewable resource for long term biofuel supply. Bioethanol derived from LCB has the potential to meet the current energy demand, reduces greenhouse gases and supports rural economy. Cellulosic ethanol is one of the viable energy sources and therefore, it is considered as an alternative fuel. A lot of efforts have been made in the last decades on production of ethanol from cellulosic source as cost competitive with conventional fossil fuel. The production of bioethanol involves three steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Pretreatment of LCB is usually done following physical, chemical or physicochemical process. Hydrolysis is carried out either chemically or enzymatically followed by microbial fermentation. However, involvement of costly equipment, high energy consumption and generation of toxic substances need to be evaluated. This drives the attention of scholars in the field towards alternative option for the development and optimization of biological methods of pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. In this review we focus on recent developments of biological methods of pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation with respect to their advantages and limitations.

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27

Liu, Chen, Xuebin Lu, Zhihao Yu, Jian Xiong, Hui Bai, and Rui Zhang. "Production of Levulinic Acid from Cellulose and Cellulosic Biomass in Different Catalytic Systems." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10091006.

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The reasonable and effective use of lignocellulosic biomass is an important way to solve the current energy crisis. Cellulose is abundant in nature and can be hydrolyzed to a variety of important energy substances and platform compounds—for instance, glucose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA), etc. As a chemical linker between biomass and petroleum processing, LA has become an ideal feedstock for the formation of liquid fuels. At present, some problems such as low yield, high equipment requirements, difficult separation, and serious environmental pollution in the production of LA from cellulose have still not been solved. Thus, a more efficient and green catalytic system of this process for industrial production is highly desired. Herein, we focus on the reaction mechanism, pretreatment, and catalytic systems of LA from cellulose and cellulosic biomass, and a series of existing technologies for producing LA are reviewed. On the other hand, the industrial production of LA is discussed in depth to improve the yield of LA and make the process economical and energy efficient. Additionally, practical suggestions for the enhancement of the stability and efficiency of the catalysts are also proposed. The use of cellulose to produce LA is consistent with the concept of sustainable development, and the dependence on fossil resources will be greatly reduced through the realization of this process route.

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28

Fan, Zhiliang, Weihua Wu, Amanda Hildebrand, Takao Kasuga, Ruifu Zhang, and Xiaochao Xiong. "A Novel Biochemical Route for Fuels and Chemicals Production from Cellulosic Biomass." PLoS ONE 7, no. 2 (February 23, 2012): e31693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031693.

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29

Barboni, Toussaint, Grazia Pellizzaro, Bachisio Arca, Nathalie Chiaramonti, and Pierpaolo Duce. "Analysis and origins of volatile organic compounds smoke from ligno-cellulosic fuels." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 89, no. 1 (September 2010): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2010.05.006.

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30

Wyman, Charles. "Aqueous Processing of Cellulosic Biomass for Biological Production of Sustainable Transportation Fuels." Biophysical Journal 102, no. 3 (January 2012): 41a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.257.

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31

Biagini, E., P. Narducci, and L. Tognotti. "Size and structural characterization of lignin-cellulosic fuels after the rapid devolatilization." Fuel 87, no. 2 (February 2008): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.04.010.

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32

Zhuang, Jun Ping, Xue Ping Li, and Ying Liu. "Production of Fermentable Sugars from Wheat Straw by Formic Acid Pretreatment." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1258.

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Emerging biorefinery technologies offer a sustainable alternative through the utilisation of carbohydrates to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Cellulose molecules consist of long chains of glucose molecules as do starch molecules, but have a differentstructural configuration. These structural characteristics plus the encapsulation by lignin makes cellulosic materials more difficult to hydrolyze than starchy materials. In recent years, treatment of lignocellulosic biomass with dilute acid has been primarily used as a means of hemicellulose hydrolysis and pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and a significant advancement has also been found by adding hydrochloric acid with catalyst dosage in saturated formic acid. In the present work, the hydrochloric acid concentration, temperature, the ratio of solid to liquid and reaction time were prepared for the fermentable sugars production. The obtained optimum conditions were: adding 4% hydrochloric acid in saturated formic acid solution, temperature of 105 °C, with a reaction time of 90 min, and the maximum glucose and reducing sugars production were 26.84 g/L% and 27.4%, respectively.

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Lynd, Lee R., Gregg T. Beckham, Adam M. Guss, Lahiru N. Jayakody, Eric M. Karp, Costas Maranas, Robert L. McCormick, et al. "Toward low-cost biological and hybrid biological/catalytic conversion of cellulosic biomass to fuels." Energy & Environmental Science 15, no. 3 (2022): 938–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ee02540f.

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Hybrid processes, featuring biological conversion of lignocellulose to small molecules followed by chemo-catalytic conversion to larger molecules suitable for difficult-to-electrify transport modes, are a promising route to biomass-derived fuels in demand for climate stabilization.

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Babovic, Nada, Gordana Drazic, and Ana Djordjevic. "Potential uses of biomass from fast-growing crop miscanthus×giganteus." Chemical Industry 66, no. 2 (2012): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110711082b.

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There is an increasing interest in perennial grasses as a renewable source of bioenergy and feedstock for second-generation cellulosic biofuels. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and miscanthus (Miscanthus?giganteus), belonging to the parennial grasses group, are the major lignocellulosic materials being studied today as sources for direct energy production, biofuels, bioremediation and other. They have the ability to grow at low cost on marginal land where they will not compete with the traditional food crops. Miscanthus?giganteus possesses a number of advantages in comparison with the other potential energy crops such as are: high yields, low moisture content at harvest, high water and nitrogen use efficiencies, low need for annual agronomic inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, high cellulose content, non-invasive character, low susceptibility to pests and diseases and broad adaptation to temperate growing environments. The main problems are low rate of survival during the first winter after the creation of plantation and the relatively high establishment costs. Miscanthus?giganteus is grown primarily for heat and electricity generation but can also be used to produce transport fuels. Miscanthus biomass has a very good combustion quality due to its low water concentration as well as its low Cl, K, N, S and ash concentrations compared to other lignocellulose plants. It is expected that miscanthus will provide cheaper and more sustainable source of cellulose for production of bioethanol than annual crops such as corn. Miscanthus has great promise as a renewable energy source, but it can only be realised when the grass production has been optimised for large-scale commercial cultivation. However, further research is still needed to optimise agronomy of miscanthus, to develop the production chain and pre-treatment as well as to optimise energy conversation route to produce heat, electricity, and/or fuels from biomass, if miscanthus is to compete with fossil fuel use and be widely produced.

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Patel, Shalu, Savita Dixit, Kavita Gidwani Suneja, and Nilesh Tipan. "Second Generation Biofuel – An Alternative Clean Fuel." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 7, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v7i3.364.

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Renewable energy resources are in high demand to decrease dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuel industries, particularly bioethanol and biodiesel, have been rapidly increasing in tandem with agricultural production over more than a decade. First-generation biofuel manufacturing is heavily reliant on agriculture food sources like maize, sugarcane, sugar beets, soybeans, and canola. As a result, the intrinsic competitiveness among foods and fuels has been a point of contention in community for the past couple of years. Existing technological advancements in research and innovation have paved the way for the manufacturing of next-generation biofuels from a variety of feedstock’s, including agricultural waste materials, crops remnants and cellulosic biomass from high-yielding trees and bushes varieties. This report discusses the existing state of second-generation biofuel manufacturing as well as the feedstock utilized in fuel production, biofuel production globally and the current situation in India. This study also explores the current advancements in the findings and advancement of second-generation biofuel extraction from various feedstock’s. The forthcoming directions of agriculture and energy industrial sectors has also been addressed in order to feed the world 's growing population and to fuel the world's most energy-intensive industry, transportation.

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Acuña, Eduardo, Jorge Cancino, Rafael Rubilar, and Carolina Parra. "BIOETHANOL POTENTIAL FROM HIGH DENSITY SHORT ROTATION WOODY CROPS ON MARGINAL LANDS IN CENTRAL CHILE." CERNE 23, no. 1 (March 2017): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201723012278.

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ABSTRACT Cellulosic ethanol is one of the most important biotechnological products to mitigate the consumption of fossil fuels and to increase the use of renewable resources for fuels and chemicals. Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) have been proposed as the most promising raw material for cellulosic ethanol production, as a result of its several advantages over traditional crops. In order to analyze the potential as crops for lignocellulosic bioethanol production in Chile, SRWC were established with the following species: Acacia melanoxylon, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens. These crops were established in two contrasting environments and in three plantation densities. The average theoretical ethanol yield at 48 months reached 395.9 L.t-1 for A. melanoxylon, 348.7 L.t-1 for E. camaldulensis, and 363.9 L t-1 for E. nitens. It can be concluded that there are significant differences in polysaccharides yield between species and time. On the other hand, significant differences were found between environments. In conclusion, this study has shown that the choice of SRWC species used as a source of polysaccharides must take into account the percentage content in biomass and, crucially, the species, planting density, harvest cycle and site must be carefully selected to ensure a high biomass yield per unit area.

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Stanton, Brian J., and Richard R. Gustafson. "Advanced Hardwood Biofuels Northwest: Commercialization Challenges for the Renewable Aviation Fuel Industry." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (November 1, 2019): 4644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214644.

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A bioenergy summit was organized by Advanced Hardwood Biofuels Northwest (AHB) to debate the barriers to the commercialization of a hybrid poplar biofuels industry for the alternative jet fuels market from the perspective of five years of AHB research and development and two recent surveys of the North American cellulosic biofuels industry. The summit showed that: (1) Growing and converting poplar feedstock to aviation fuels is technically sound, (2) an adequate land base encompassing 6.03 and 12.86 million respective hectares of croplands and rangelands is potentially available for poplar feedstock production, (3) biofuel production is accompanied by a global warming potential that meets the threshold 60% reduction mandated for advanced renewable fuels but (4) the main obstruction to achieving a workable poplar aviation fuels market is making the price competitive with conventional jet fuels. Returns on investment into biomass farms and biorefineries are therefore insufficient to attract private-sector capital the fact notwithstanding that the demand for a reliable and sustainable supply of environmentally well-graded biofuels for civilian and military aviation is clear. Eleven key findings and recommendations are presented as a guide to a strategic plan for a renewed pathway to poplar alternative jet fuels production based upon co-products, refinery co-location with existing industries, monetization of ecosystem services, public-private financing, and researching more efficient and lower-costs conversion methods such as consolidated bioprocessing.

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Zhang, Yuquan W., and Bruce A. McCarl. "US Agriculture under Climate Change: An Examination of Climate Change Effects on Ease of Achieving RFS2." Economics Research International 2013 (May 15, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/763818.

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The challenges and opportunities facing today's agriculture within the climate change context are at least twofold: in addition to adapting to a potentially more variable climate, agriculture may also take on the addition role of mitigating GHG emissions—such as providing renewable fuels to replace fossil fuels to some extent. For the US, a large-scale GHG mitigation effort through biofuels production pursuant to the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) is already unfolding. A question thus naturally arises for the RFS2-relevant US agricultural sector: will climate change make it harder to meet the volume goals set in the RFS2 mandates, considering that both climate change and RFS2 may have significant impacts on US agriculture? The agricultural component of FASOMGHG that models the land use allocation within the conterminous US agricultural sector is employed to investigate the effects of climate change (with autonomous adaptation at farm level), coupled with RFS2, on US agriculture. The analysis shows that climate change eases the burden of meeting the RFS2 mandates increasing consumer welfare while decreasing producer welfare. The results also show that climate change encourages a more diversified use of biofuel feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production, in particular crop residues.

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Wyman, C. E. "Potential Synergies and Challenges in Refining Cellulosic Biomass to Fuels, Chemicals, and Power." Biotechnology Progress 19, no. 2 (April 4, 2003): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp025654l.

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ALLOUACHE, AMINA, AZIZA MAJDA, AHMED ZAID TOUDERT, ABDELTIF AMRANE, and MERCEDES BALLESTEROS. "CELLULOSIC BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM ULVA LACTUCA MACROALGAE." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 55, no. 5-6 (June 30, 2021): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2021.55.51.

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Nowadays, the use of biofuels has become an unavoidable solution to the depletion of fossil fuels and global warming. The controversy over the use of food crops for the production of the first-generation biofuels and deforestation caused by the second-generation ones has forced the transition to the third generation of biofuels, which avoids the use of arable land and edible products, and does not threaten biodiversity. This generation is based on the marine and freshwater biomass, which has the advantages of being abundant or even invasive, easy to cultivate and having a good energetic potential. Bioethanol production from Ulva lactuca, a local marine macroalgae collected from the west coast of Algiers, was examined in this study. Ulva lactuca showed a good energetic potential due to its carbohydrate-rich content: 9.57% of cellulose, 6.9% of hemicellulose and low lignin content of 5.11%. Ethanol was produced following the separate hydrolysis and fermentation process (SHF), preceded by a thermal acid pretreatment at 120 °C during 15 min. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using a commercial cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L), which saccharified the cellulose contained in the green seaweed, releasing about 85.01% of the total glucose, corresponding to 7.21 g/L after 96 h of enzymatic hydrolysis at pH 5 and 45 °C. About 3.52 g/L of ethanol was produced after 48 h of fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 °C and pH 5, leading to a high ethanol yield of 0.41 g of ethanol/g of glucose.

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Weerasinghe, Weerasinghe Mudiyanselage Lakshika Iroshani, Dampe Acharige Tharindu Madusanka, and Pathmalal Marakkale Manage. "Isolation and Identification of Cellulase Producing and Sugar Fermenting Bacteria for Second-Generation Bioethanol Production." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.35527.

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Over the last decades, the negative impacts of fossil fuel on the environment and increasing demand for energy due to the unavoidable depletion of fossil fuels, has transformed the world’s interests towards alternative fuels. In particular, bioethanol production from cellulosic biomass for the transportation sector has been incrementing since the last decade. The bacterial pathway for bioethanol production is a relatively novel concept and the present study focused on the isolation of potential “cellulase-producing” bacteria from cow dung, compost soil, and termite gut and isolating sugar fermenting bacteria from palm wine. To select potential candidates for cellulase enzyme production, primary and secondary assays were conducted using the Gram’s iodine stain in Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) medium and the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assays, respectively. Durham tube assay and Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to evaluate the sugar fermenting efficiency of the isolated bacteria. Out of 48 bacterial isolates, 27 showed cellulase activity where Nocardiopsis sp. (S-6) demonstrated the highest extracellular crude enzyme activity of endoglucanase (1.56±0.021 U) and total cellulase activity (0.93±0.012 U). The second-highest extracellular crude enzyme activity of endoglucanase (0.21±0.021 U) and total cellulase activity (0.35±0.021 U) was recorded by Bacillus sp. (T-4). Out of a total of 8 bacterial isolates, Achromobacter sp. (PW-7) was positive for sugar fermentation resulting in 3.07% of ethanol in broth medium at 48 h incubation. The results of the study revealed that Nocardiopsis sp. (S-6) had the highest cellulase enzyme activity. However, the highest ethanol percentage was achieved with by having both Bacillus sp. (T-4) and Achromobacter sp. (PW-7) for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method, as compared to separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) methodologies.

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Hawrot-Paw, Małgorzata, and Aleksander Stańczuk. "From Waste Biomass to Cellulosic Ethanol by Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) with Trichoderma viride." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010168.

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Advanced biofuels can reduce fossil fuel use and the number of harmful compounds released during combustion, by reducing the use of fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic materials, especially waste biomass, are suitable substrates for the production of advanced biofuels. Among the most expensive steps in the production of ethanol is enzyme-based hydrolysis. Using microorganisms can reduce these costs. This study investigated the effectiveness of hydrolyzing three waste lignocellulosic biomass materials (barley straw, oak shavings, spent grains) into ethanol, after biological pretreatment with Trichoderma viride fungi. The number of fermentable sugars obtained from each substrate was subjected to preliminary study, and the correlation between the temperature and fungal activity in the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials was determined. Ethanol was produced by the separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) method. It was found that not all lignocellulosic biomass is suitable to decomposition and hydrolysis in the presence of T. viride. Regardless of the process temperature, the average enzymatic activity of fungi (activity index) ranged from 1.25 to 1.31. 94 mL of distillate, with a 65% (v/v) ethanol concentration produced by the hydrolysis and fermentation of the sugars released from the barley straw.

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Anastassiadis, Savas G. "HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CARBON SOURCES, BIOMASS, FOSSILS, BIOFUELS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEW ARTICLE." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (August 15, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.001.02.0009.

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Since early human history and existence energy rich plants, wood and forest cellulosic material have been used for fire, light, heating, cooking and other daily activities. Fossil energy was the foundation of our modern society and industrialization since last two centuries, while exploration and exploitation of oil reserves and petrochemistry have largely shaped 20th century. Increasing concerns on environmental pollution, accelerated global warming, and global climate changes, continuing world's crude oil (fossil fuels) consumption and depletion, as well as energy security and energy crisis caused by daily burning large amounts of fossil fuels, led to the attraction, search and development of renewable, carbon-neutral, economically viable alternative energy sources, such as biofuels, slowly displacing petroleum fuels. In continuously growing human population reaching about 10 billion in 2050, various renewable energy sources are promoted and developed, to ensure rising energy demands in a world running out of fossil energy sources. Biofuels are produced from any kind of available biomass and categorized based on utilized carbon resources into first-, second- and third-generation. Nevertheless, biofuels’ future outlook is though beset by uncertainty. Hereby, various issues and concerns related to fossils and renewable biofuels are described and analyzed in present review article.

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Daniar, Rima. "Pemanfaatan Bagas sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Bioetanol dengan Metode Pretreatment Alkali." ALKIMIA : Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/alkimia.v2i1.2254.

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Indonesia being an agricultural country produces a large amount of cellulosic biomass such as sugarcane bagasse. This provides a low-cost feedstock for fermentative production of a wide range of fuels, economic, renewable and environmentally friendly. With utilization of renewable energy resource a crisis of energy could be solved. Sugarcane bagasse contains lignocellulose which can be broken down into glucose and produce ethanol by fermentation process. This study describes the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with different method of alkaline pretreatment. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with heating process (80oC) and without heating process (25oC) and different concentration of Alkaline (NaOH). This study also descibes the influence of fermentation time to refractive index, volume of bioethanol and % Ethanol. The alkaline pretreatment method was able to effectively increase enzymatic disgetibility of sugarcane bagasse cellulose. Based on the best result, the best condition for pretreatment to produce highest cellulose (50,71 %) was pretreatment with heating process and using NaOH 3 N. The highest refractive index was 1,3391 from 5 days fermentation. The highest volume of bioethanol was 16 ml from 7 days fermentation. The highest % etanol was 56 based on standard plot analysis method and 47,708 based on GC analysis method.

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Zerga, Abdelmoumin Yahia, and Muhammad Tahir. "Biobased Kapok Fiber Nano-Structure for Energy and Environment Application: A Critical Review." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 8107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228107.

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The increasing degradation of fossil fuels has motivated the globe to turn to green energy solutions such as biofuel in order to minimize the entire reliance on fossil fuels. Green renewable resources have grown in popularity in recent years as a result of the advancement of environmental technology solutions. Kapok fiber is a sort of cellulosic fiber derived from kapok tree seeds (Ceiba pentandra). Kapok Fiber, as a bio-template, offers the best alternatives to provide clean and renewable energy sources. The unique structure, good conductivity, and excellent physical properties exhibited by kapok fiber nominate it as a highly favored cocatalyst for deriving solar energy processes. This review will explore the role and recent developments of KF in energy production, including hydrogen and CO2 reduction. Moreover, this work summarized the potential of kapok fiber in environmental applications, including adsorption and degradation. The future contribution and concerns are highlighted in order to provide perspective on the future advancement of kapok fiber.

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Mondal, Pinaki, U. D. Bhanagale, and Dinesh Tyagi. "Cellulosic Ethanol and First Generation Bio-fuels: A Potential Solution for Energy Security of India." Journal of Biofuels 1, no. 1 (2010): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-3015.1.1.019.

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Yang, Weiran, and Ayusman Sen. "One-Step Catalytic Transformation of Carbohydrates and Cellulosic Biomass to 2,5-Dimethyltetrahydrofuran for Liquid Fuels." ChemSusChem 3, no. 5 (April 30, 2010): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.200900285.

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Foster, Gillian. "Low-Carbon Futures for Bioethylene in the United States." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101958.

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The manufacture of the chemical ethylene, a key ingredient in plastics, currently depends on fossil-fuel-derived carbon and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. Substituting ethylene’s fossil fuel feedstock with alternatives is important for addressing the challenge of global climate change. This paper compares four scenarios for meeting future ethylene supply under differing societal approaches to climate change based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. The four scenarios use four perspectives: (1) a sustainability-focused pathway that demands a swift transition to a bioeconomy within 30 years; (2) a regional energy-focused pathway that supports broad biomass use; (3) a fossil-fuel development pathway limited to corn grain; and (4) a fossil-fuel development pathway limited to corn grain and corn stover. Each scenario is developed using the latest scientifically informed future feedstock analyses from the 2016 Billion-Ton report interpreted with perspectives on the future of biomass from recent literature. The intent of this research is to examine how social, economic, and ecological changes determining ethylene supply fit within biophysical boundaries. This new approach to the ethylene feedstocks conundrum finds that phasing out fossil fuels as the main source of U.S. ethylene is possible if current cellulosic ethanol production expands.

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Zhalnina, Kateryna, Christine Hawkes, Ashley Shade, Mary K. Firestone, and Jennifer Pett-Ridge. "Managing Plant Microbiomes for Sustainable Biofuel Production." Phytobiomes Journal 5, no. 1 (January 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-12-20-0090-e.

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The development of environmentally sustainable, economical, and reliable sources of energy is one of the great challenges of the 21st century. Large-scale cultivation of cellulosic feedstock crops (henceforth, bioenergy crops) is considered one of the most promising renewable sources for liquid transportation fuels. However, the mandate to develop a viable cellulosic bioenergy industry is accompanied by an equally urgent mandate to deliver not only cheap reliable biomass but also ecosystem benefits, including efficient use of water, nitrogen, and phosphorous; restored soil health; and net negative carbon emissions. Thus, sustainable bioenergy crop production may involve new agricultural practices or feedstocks and should be reliable, cost effective, and minimal input, without displacing crops currently grown for food production on fertile land. In this editorial perspective for the Phytobiomes Journal Focus Issue on Phytobiomes of Bioenergy Crops and Agroecosystems, we consider the microbiomes associated with bioenergy crops, the effects beneficial microbes have on their hosts, and potential ecosystem impacts of these interactions. We also address outstanding questions, major advances, and emerging biotechnological strategies to design and manipulate bioenergy crop microbiomes. This approach could simultaneously increase crop yields and provide important ecosystem services for a sustainable energy future.

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Singhania, Reeta Rani, Anil Kumar Patel, Tirath Raj, Mei-Ling Tsai, Chiu-Wen Chen, and Cheng-Di Dong. "Advances and Challenges in Biocatalysts Application for High Solid-Loading of Biomass for 2nd Generation Bio-Ethanol Production." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060615.

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Growth in population and thereby increased industrialization to meet its requirement, has elevated significantly the demand for energy resources. Depletion of fossil fuel and environmental sustainability issues encouraged the exploration of alternative renewable eco-friendly fuel resources. Among major alternative fuels, bio-ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass is the most popular one. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant renewable resource which is ubiquitous on our planet. All the plant biomass is lignocellulosic which is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, intricately linked to each other. Filamentous fungi are known to secrete a plethora of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes. Mostly these enzymes are inducible, hence the fungi secrete them economically which causes challenges in their hyperproduction. Biomass’s complicated structure also throws challenges for which pre-treatments of biomass are necessary to make the biomass amorphous to be accessible for the enzymes to act on it. The enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass is the most sustainable way for fermentable sugar generation to convert into ethanol. To have sufficient ethanol concentration in the broth for efficient distillation, high solid loading ~<20% of biomass is desirable and is the crux of the whole technology. High solid loading offers several benefits including a high concentration of sugars in broth, low equipment sizing, saving cost on infrastructure, etc. Along with the benefits, several challenges also emerged simultaneously, like issues of mass transfer, low reaction rate due to water constrains in, high inhibitor concentration, non-productive binding of enzyme lignin, etc. This article will give an insight into the challenges for cellulase action on cellulosic biomass at a high solid loading of biomass and its probable solutions.

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