Книги з теми "Causal Diagrams"
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1
Isakov, Vladimir. Speak the language of schemes. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1860649.
Анотація:
Schematization and visualization are the necessary means to ensure the activity of a modern specialist. Schematization allows you to highlight the main thing in an object, to discover its constituent elements, to show their relationship, gives impetus to the construction of conceptual approaches. Visualization "dresses" schematic concepts in a bright, expressive artistic and graphic form. The handbook provides descriptions of the most popular means of analytical graphics - maps, graphs, tables, graphs, diagrams, flowcharts (algorithms), chronolents, maps, methodological schemes, etc. The ways of using schemes for analyzing goals, causes, problems, versions are considered. A thematic dictionary of terms and definitions, a "hot twenty" useful schematization are given.
For students, undergraduates, postgraduates, teachers of law schools and faculties, as well as for representatives of other specialties - everyone who draws diagrams and works with them.
2
Moseley, V. J. "Jon", Andreas Lampropoulos, Eftychia Apostolidi, and Christos Giarlelis. Characteristic Seismic Failures of Buildings. Edited by Stephanos E. Dritsos. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed016.
Анотація:
<p>Earthquakes can cause considerable fatalities, injuries and financial loss. The forces of nature cannot be blamed, as the problem lies with the structures in seismic regions that may not have been designed or constructed to a sufficient degree to resist earthquake actions or they may have design flaws. This Structural Engineering Document (SED) concerns reinforced concrete and masonry buildings together with geotechnical aspects and presents in a concise and practical way the state of the art of current understanding of building failures due to earthquakes. It classifies the different types of seismic failure, explains the reasons for each failure, describes good practices to avoid such failures and also describes seismic retrofitting/upgrading procedures for pre-earthquake strengthening and post-earthquake repair and/or strengthening techniques for deficient buildings. Carefully selected photographs and diagrams illustrate the different failure types. This document could be considered as quite unique, as this is the first time such material concerning characteristic seismic failures of buildings has been presented together in one single document. It is intended to be a valuable educational reference textbook aimed at all levels of experience of engineers. It provides background information, ideas, guidance and reassurance to engineers in earthquake regions faced with the task of building a safer future for the public and to protect lives. <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Oddi3VTtxCM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
3
Coecke, Bob, and Aleks Kissinger. Categorical Quantum Mechanics I: Causal Quantum Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0012.
Анотація:
We derive the category-theoretic backbone of quantum theory from a process ontology. More specifically, we treat quantum theory as a theory of systems, processes, and their interactions. We first present a general theory of diagrams, and in particular, of string diagrams, and discuss why diagrams are a very natural starting point for developing scientific theories. Then we define process theories, and define a very general notion of quantum type. We show how our process ontology enables us to assert causality, that is, compatibility of quantum theory and relativity theory, prove the no-signalling theorem, provide a new elegant derivation of the no-broadcasting theorem, unitarity of evolution, and Stinespring dilation, all for any `quantum' type in a general class of process theories.
4
Garcia, Juan Martin. Feedbacks. from Causal Diagrams to System Thinking: Manage Dynamical Systems in Business, Econony, Biology and Social Sciences, Using Balancing and Reinforcing Loops. Independently Published, 2018.
5
Hoyle, Rick H. Applications of structural equation modelling in clinical and health psychology research. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198527565.003.0020.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses applications of structural equation modelling (SEM, or causal modelling) in clinical and health psychology research. It outlines path diagrams, measurement models, structural models, the inclusion of latent variables, validity (factorial and construct), and measurement invariance. Structural hypotheses are also explored, along with caveats for the use of SEM.
6
Wittman, David M. Time Skew. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199658633.003.0006.
Анотація:
This chapter explores one major consequence of the invariance of c: events that are simultaneous in one frame are not necessarily simultaneous in other frames.We will find that the time coordinates of events are just as frame‐dependent as their positions. This is no accident, but a symmetry between space and time. Viewed in a spacetime diagram, a frame change rotates the grid lines marking time just as much as it rotates the grid lines marking position; this preserves c as the same speed in all frames. Along the way, we practice using skewed grids in spacetime diagrams: identifying the time coordinates of events, identifying events that are simultaneous in a given frame, and adding velocities. Although the skewed grids change the time coordinates of events and even their order in time, we show that they do not change causal relationships between events.
7
Kern, Johannes. Utilizar con éxito Los Diagramas de Causa-Efecto: El Diagrama de Ishikawa en la Teoría y la Práctica. Independently Published, 2021.
8
Zaanen, Jan. On Time. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780198920793.001.0001.
Анотація:
Abstract This text revolves around a new and unusual view on the most fundamental puzzle of physics. It focusses on the key aspect that makes the role of the time dimension fundamentally different, dealing on the one hand with general relativity and quantum theory, and on the other hand: causality. The implicit and intuitive way by which causality is usually taken for granted is just made explicit and less self-evident, shedding new light on the gravity–quantum conflict. The case is made that gravity is a necessary condition for a causal universe. But upon turning to the ‘pure’ unitary quantum physics explaining the nature of matter, one is dealing with the strictly acausal time expressed through the thermal quantum field theory machinery. When this acausal microscopic and causal macroscopic world meet, one encounters the wavefunction collapse, that itself may be rooted in the quantum–gravity conflict. Modern ideas are discussed resting on eigenstate thermalization, showing how this may lie eventually at the origin of the irreversible thermodynamics, with its famous second law setting also a direction of time. The case is anchored in the sophisticated modern mathematical machinery of both general relativity and quantum physics, which is typically barely disseminated beyond the theoretical physics floors. The book is unique in the regard that the consequences of this machinery—Riemannian geometry and Penrose diagrams, thermal quantum fields, quantum non-equilibrium, and so forth—are explained in an original, descriptive language, conveying the conceptual consequences while avoiding mathematical technicalities.
9
Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by mycobacteria. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0003.
Анотація:
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex and Mycobacterium leprae. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
10
Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by DNA viruses. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize DNA viruses that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes pox viruses and hepatitis B virus. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
11
Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0002.
Анотація:
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize Gram-positive organisms that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes anthrax, tetanus, clostridial infections, diphtheria, and streptococci. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
12
Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0006.
Анотація:
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Chlamydia, Coxiella, and Bartonella species. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including the typhus group (caused by rickettsial infection) and Q fever. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
13
Monaghan, Nicola. 5. Murder and voluntary manslaughter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0005.
Анотація:
Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter explores the elements of murder and the partial defences which reduce a defendant’s liability to voluntary manslaughter. Murder is a common law offence that is committed when a defendant unlawfully causes the death of a person with an intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (GBH). Where a defendant has both the actus reus and mens rea for murder, but also has one of three special, partial defences available to him, his liability for murder is reduced to that of manslaughter (voluntary manslaughter). Loss of control, diminished responsibility, suicide pact, and infanticide are also discussed.
14
Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize Gram-negative organisms that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella species (including typhoid and paratyphoid), Brucella, melioid, Campylobacter, and meningococci. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
15
Matthews, Philippa C. Fungal infections. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0011.
Анотація:
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize fungal infections that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics, with a primary focus on dimorphic fungi (Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, and Penicillium species). The chapter also includes cryptococcal infection and Madura foot. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
16
Matthews, Philippa C. Tropical Medicine Notebook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.001.0001.
Анотація:
The Tropical Medicine Notebook provides a concise overview of the key topics in tropical medicine using short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables. The book is divided into eight sections. The first five cover infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. The following three present the topics of vector biology, disease syndromes, and envenomation. A final section listing relevant guidelines, publications, and other resources guides the reader to more detailed information when required.
17
Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by spirochaetes. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by spirochaetes. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Brachyspira. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including leptospirosis, syphilis, non-venereal treponemes, and relapsing fevers. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
18
Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by RNA viruses. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0009.
Анотація:
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize RNA viruses that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes measles, polio, hepatitis A, C, and E viruses, rabies, arboviruses, and viral haemorrhagic fevers. The chapter also includes sections on important retroviruses, HIV, and human T-lymphotropic virus. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
19
Monaghan, Nicola. 6. Involuntary manslaughter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0006.
Анотація:
Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter explores the main types of involuntary manslaughter: unlawful act manslaughter, gross negligence manslaughter, and reckless manslaughter, as well as the offence of corporate manslaughter. Unlawful act manslaughter arises where the defendant intentionally commits an unlawful act which a reasonable person would recognise exposes the victim to the risk of some harm and the victim dies as a result. Gross negligence manslaughter arises where the defendant causes the death of the victim through the breach of a duty of care owed to that victim.
20
Finestone, Hillel M. The Pain Detective, Every Ache Tells a Story. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400694851.
Анотація:
Sure to be welcomed by the thousands suffering persistent pain, this volume explores what physicians often ignore—how psychological and social issues can influence health, illness, pain, and recovery. "Pain is everywhere and everyone is talking about it," says Dr. Hillel Finestone, M.D., a researcher and rehabilitation specialist whose work has been featured in publications as diverse as The Lancet, and USA Today. The key to understanding causes and solutions for many apparently mysterious, recurring aches, he explains, lies in understanding the mind-body relationship and the ""real meaning"" behind symptoms with no immediately obvious cause. Taking the reader into several diagnostic sessions to illustrate what he sees as a ""detective"" process to find the source of pain, Finestone explains how psychological and social issues can influence health and healing, for better or worse. Low back and neck pain, fibromyalgia and even work related pains are delved into.In addition to vignettes that illustrate the ideas discussed and show dramatic incidences of how healing the mind can also heal the body, Finestone uses unique and useful diagrams which explain how mind and body are physiologically connected and reactive to each other. In these pages, readers can follow Dr, Finestone through patient sessions and understand, step by step, how the ""pain detective"" works to help his patients—and perhaps his readers, too—find lasting relief.
21
Wittman, David M. Time Dilation and Length Contraction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199658633.003.0007.
Анотація:
In Chapter 6, we discovered that different frames mix time and space differently; in this chapter, we will discover that speed causes time to run slowly and space to contract. Of course, the truth is a bit subtler than that, because when two frames are in relative motion each frame measures the other as the high‐speed frame where time runs slowly and space contracts.We deduce time dilation and length contraction in multiple ways: first with a light clock as a thinking tool, and then with spacetime diagrams and a new thinking tool called the symmetric frame. We also examine the experimental proof of these effects. By the end of this chapter, you will understand how time dilation and length contraction fit together with time skew in a fully consistent model that beautifully fits a wide range of evidence.
22
Monaghan, Nicola. 2. Actus reus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0002.
Анотація:
Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter discusses the actus reus elements of a criminal offence. The actus reus of an offence may involve an act or omission (conduct crimes); certain consequences being caused (result crimes); or the existence of surrounding circumstances (‘state of affairs’ crimes); it must be voluntarily performed. There is generally no liability for an omission to act. There are five exceptions: special relationship; voluntary assumption of responsibility; supervening fault; contractual duty or public office; and statutory duty. Where the defendant is charged with a ‘result’ crime, the prosecution must prove causation. An intervening event will break the chain of causation and the actus reus will not be established.
23
Monaghan, Nicola. 11. Fraud. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0011.
Анотація:
Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter discusses the offence of fraud under the Fraud Act 2006. There are three ways in which fraud may be committed. Section 2 of the Fraud Act 2006 provides for fraud by false representation; s.3 provides for fraud by failing to disclose information; and s.4 provides for fraud by abuse of a position of financial trust. Dishonesty is common to all three of these ways of committing fraud. The defendant must intend, by making the representation, to make a gain for himself or another, or to cause loss to another, or to expose another to a risk of loss.
24
Viswanathan, R. Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components. ASM International, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.9781627083409.
Анотація:
Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components deals with the underlying causes of high-temperature failures and their effect on component life and reliability. The first few chapters develop the theory necessary to understand and analyze high-temperature damage phenomena, including fracture, creep, and fatigue. Various forms of embrittlement and corrosion are also addressed as are creep-fatigue, thermal fatigue, and welding defects. The chapters that follow discuss the practical implications of these phenomena, explaining how to assess damage and estimate the remaining service life of boiler tubes, turbine blades, reactor vessels, nozzles, and other components. Life-assessment procedures draw on a knowledge of design, material behavior, and nondestructive inspection techniques, which are covered as well. The book makes extensive use of data plots, diagrams, and images and includes many worked-out examples and case histories. It also serves as a ready source of material property data. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-358-3, follow this link.
25
Gaffney-Rhys, Ruth. 4. Divorce, Dissolution and (Judicial) Separation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198715757.003.0004.
Анотація:
The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter deals with divorce, dissolution, separation orders and judicial separation and contains a mixture of essay and problem questions. The first question is a problem question that considers the ground and facts for divorce contained in the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 and the equivalent provisions of the Civil Partnership Act 2004. The second is a problem question that also requires students to apply the law of divorce, but further necessitates consideration of judicial separation. The third and fourth questions are essay questions that focus on reform of divorce law and the use of mediation in divorce proceedings.
26
Gaffney-Rhys, Ruth. 6. Financial Relief and Child Support. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198715757.003.0006.
Анотація:
The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter deals with financial relief during divorce, nullity and judicial separation proceedings and child support. The first question is a problem question that requires discussion of financial support during marriage, financial orders on divorce and the factors contained in s.25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. The second problem question focuses on financial orders on divorce and variation and appeal of financial orders. The third question is an essay question on the development of the law relating to pre-nuptial and post-nuptial contracts, whilst the final essay question focuses on child support, which is primarily regulated by the Child Support Act 1991.
27
Gaffney-Rhys, Ruth. 3. Void, Voidable and Non-existent Marriages. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198715757.003.0003.
Анотація:
The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter focuses on nullity, void, voidable and non-existent marriages. The first question requires students to analyse the difference between void and voidable marriages, the grounds for which are contained in ss.11 and 12 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. The second is an essay question that considers the concept of non-marriage or non-existent marriage, which is regulated by case law. The third question is a problem question that examines void and voidable marriages and covers issues such as bigamy, prohibited degrees of relationship, gender reassignment and lack of consummation. The final question asks candidates whether the concept of voidable marriage should be abolished.
28
Guffey, Patrick J., and Martin Culwick. Adverse Event Prevention and Management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0009.
Анотація:
Adverse events are an unfortunate reality of caring for patients in our current healthcare system. Preventing and mitigating these events are an important part of quality improvement. First, an understanding of what events occur and how often they are occurring is critical to planning improvements. Incident reporting systems are one way of gathering this information. Then, events should be categorized and analyzed for improvement. The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) and bow-tie diagram are two tools for this purpose. Once an event has occurred, consideration should be given to the caregivers as well as the patient when managing and resolving adverse events. Prevention requires strong analysis of events and recognition of both latent (system) and human causes. Interventions have different degrees of effectiveness, ranging from highly effective forcing functions, to marginally effective encouraging statements. There are four steps to event management: mitigation, immediate management, refractory management, and follow-up.
29
Holland, W. W. European Community Atlas of "Avoidable Death": Volume Two (Oxford Medical Publications). 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 1993.
30
Holland, W. W. European Community Atlas of "Avoidable Death": Volume One (CEC Health Services Research). 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 1991.
31
Chrissanthos, Stefan G. Warfare in the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216033875.
Анотація:
From the clash of bronze weapons on bronze armor to the fall of Rome, war often decided the course of ancient history. This volume is a practical introduction to the study of warfare in the ancient world, beginning with Egypt and Mesopotamia, and tracing the advances made in battle tactics, technology, and government over hundreds of years, culminating with developments in Greece and the Roman Empire. The chronological structure allows the reader to trace certain general themes down through the centuries: how various civilizations waged war; who served in the various armies and why; who the generals and officers were who made the decisions in the field; what type of government controlled these armies; and from what type of society they sprang. Major events and important individuals are discussed in their historical contexts, providing a complete understanding of underlying causes, and enabling readers to follow the evolution of ancient warfare as armies and empires became steadily larger and more sophisticated. Yet as Chrissanthos makes clear, history comes full circle during this period. Rome's collapse in 476 C.E. inaugurated an unforeseen dark age in which great armies were left decimated despite advanced technology that, while proving decisive in the outcome of many critical battles and stand-offs, had vanished amidst the Empire's crumbling walls. In addition to the chronological treatment, Chrissanthos also includes sections on such important topics as chariot warfare, cavalry, naval warfare, elephants in battle, the face of battle, and such vital, but often-overlooked topics as the provisioning of the army with sufficient food and water. Eyewitness accounts are incorporated throughout each chapter, allowing the reader brief glimpses into the life and times of peasants and soldiers, generals and politicians, all of whom were dealing with war and its irreconcilable consequences from differing vantage points. Battle diagrams and maps are carefully placed throughout the text to help the reader visualize particular aspects of ancient warfare. The book also furnishes a detailed timeline and an extensive bibliography containing both modern and ancient sources.
32
European Community atlas of "avoidable death". 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.