Статті в журналах: "Catalytic cracking Data processing"

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Shi, Meirong, Xin Zhao, Qi Wang, and Le Wu. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Co-Processing of Bio-Oil and Vacuum Gas Oil in an Existing Refinery." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020187.

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The co-cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO) and bio-oil has been proposed to add renewable carbon into the co-processing products. However, the environmental performance of the co-processing scheme is still unclear. In this paper, the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme are calculated by the end-point method Eco-indicator 99 based on the data from actual industrial operations and reports. Three scenarios, namely fast pyrolysis scenario, catalytic pyrolysis scenario and pure VGO scenario, for two cases with different FCC capacities and bio-oil co-processing ratios are proposed to present a comprehensive comparison on the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme. In Case 1, the total environmental impact for the fast pyrolysis scenario is 1.14% less than that for the catalytic pyrolysis scenario while it is only 26.1% of the total impacts of the pure VGO scenario. In Case 2, the environmental impact of the fast pyrolysis scenario is 0.07% more than that of the catalytic pyrolysis and only 64.4% of the pure VGO scenario impacts. Therefore, the environmental impacts can be dramatically reduced by adding bio-oil as the FCC co-feed oil, and the optimal bio-oil production technology is strongly affected by FCC capacity and bio-oil co-processing ratio.

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Shakiyeva, Tatyana V., Larissa R. Sassykova, Anastassiya A. Khamlenko, Ulzhan N. Dzhatkambayeva, Albina R. Sassykova, Aigul A. Batyrbayeva, Zhanar M. Zhaxibayeva, Akmaral G. Ismailova, and Subramanian Sendilvelan. "Catalytic cracking of M-100 fuel oil: relationships between origin process parameters and conversion products." Chimica Techno Acta 9, no. 3 (July 4, 2022): 20229301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2022.9.3.01.

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The development of technologies for processing oil residues is relevant and promising for Kazakhstan, since the main oil reserves of hydrocarbons in the country are in heavy oils. This paper describes the study of the influence of technological modes on the yield and hydrocarbon composition of products formed because of cracking of commercial fuel oil and fuel oil M-100 in the presence of air in the reactor. For catalysts preparation, natural Taizhuzgen zeolite and Narynkol clay were used. It was found that the introduction of air into the reaction zone, in which oxygen is the initiator of the cracking process, significantly increases the yield of the middle distillate fractions. In the presence of air, the yield of diene and cyclodiene hydrocarbons significantly increases compared to cracking in an inert atmosphere. According to the data of IR spectral analysis of M-100 grade oil fractions, in addition to normal alkanes, the final sample contains a significant amount of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. On the optimal catalyst, owing to oxidative cracking of fuel oil, the following product compositions (in %) were established: Fuel oil M-100: gas – 0.8, gasoline – 1.1, light gas oil – 85.7, heavy residue – 11.9, loss – 0.5 and total – 100.0%; commodity Fuel oil (M-100): gas – 3.3, gasoline – 8.4, light gas oil – 84.3, heavy residue – 4.0, loss – 0 and total – 100.0%.

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Orazbayev, Batyr, Dinara Kozhakhmetova, Ryszard Wójtowicz, and Janusz Krawczyk. "Modeling of a Catalytic Cracking in the Gasoline Production Installation with a Fuzzy Environment." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184736.

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The article offers a systematic approach to the method of developing mathematical models of a chemical-technological system (CTS) in conditions of deficit and fuzziness of initial information using available data of various types. Based on the results of research and processing of the collected quantitative and qualitative information, mathematical models of the reactor are constructed. Formalized and obtained mathematical statements of the control problem for choosing effective modes of operation of technological systems are based on mathematical modeling. Based on the obtained expert information, linguistic variables were described and a database of rules describing the operation of the input parameters of the reactor unit of the catalytic cracking unit was obtained.

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Dolomatova, M. M., A. I. Bystrov, R. I. Khairudinov, R. S. Manapov, N. A. Zhuravleva, R. Z. Bakhtizin, and I. G. Kuzmin. "The Possibility of Estimating the Characteristics for the Fractional Composition of Heavy Oils by Optical Absorption Spectra." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 631, no. 3 (2022): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-631-3-10-13.

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The possibility of estimating the fractional composition by the parameters of optical absorption spectra is shown for heavy oils and gas oils of catalytic cracking. The characteristics of the normal distribution of the composition by boiling points were obtained by processing experimental data on the ITK curves using the Newton - Raphson optimization method. The dependences linkingthe average boiling point μ and the dispersion of the normal distribution law for the composition are established.The obtained dependences can be used for primary estimates of the fractional composition for raw materials and the efficiency of the fractionating columns on the refinery.

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Kerssens, M. M., A. Wilbers, J. Kramer, P. de Peinder, G. Mesu, B. J. Nelissen, E. T. C. Vogt, and B. M. Weckhuysen. "Photo-spectroscopy of mixtures of catalyst particles reveals their age and type." Faraday Discussions 188 (2016): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00210a.

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Within a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, a mixture of catalyst particles that consist of either zeolite Y (FCC-Y) or ZSM-5 (FCC-ZSM-5) is used in order to boost the propylene yield when processing crude oil fractions. Mixtures of differently aged FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 particles circulating in the FCC unit, the so-called equilibrium catalyst (Ecat), are routinely studied to monitor the overall efficiency of the FCC process. In this study, the age of individual catalyst particles is evaluated based upon photographs after selective staining with substituted styrene molecules. The observed color changes are linked to physical properties, such as the micropore volume and catalytic cracking activity data. Furthermore, it has been possible to determine the relative amount of FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 in an artificial series of physical mixtures as well as in an Ecat sample with unknown composition. As a result, a new practical tool is introduced in the field of zeolite catalysis to evaluate FCC catalyst performances on the basis of photo-spectroscopic measurements with an off-the-shelf digital single lens reflex (DSLR) photo-camera with a macro lens. The results also demonstrate that there is an interesting time and cost trade-off between single catalyst particle studies, as performed with e.g. UV-vis, synchrotron-based IR and fluorescence micro-spectroscopy, and many catalyst particle photo-spectroscopy studies, making use of a relatively simple DSLR photo-camera. The latter approach offers clear prospects for the quality control of e.g. FCC catalyst manufacturing plants.

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He, Wei, Jufeng Li, Zhihe Tang, Beng Wu, Hui Luan, Chong Chen, and Huaqing Liang. "A Novel Hybrid CNN-LSTM Scheme for Nitrogen Oxide Emission Prediction in FCC Unit." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 17, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8071810.

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Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), a key unit for secondary processing of heavy oil, is one of the main pollutant emissions of NOx in refineries which can be harmful for the human health. Owing to its complex behaviour in reaction, product separation, and regeneration, it is difficult to accurately predict NOx emission during FCC process. In this paper, a novel deep learning architecture formed by integrating Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM) for nitrogen oxide emission prediction is proposed and validated. CNN is used to extract features among multidimensional data. LSTM is employed to identify the relationships between different time steps. The data from the Distributed Control System (DCS) in one refinery was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture. The results indicate the effectiveness of CNN-LSTM in handling multidimensional time series datasets with the RMSE of 23.7098, and the R2 of 0.8237. Compared with previous methods (CNN and LSTM), CNN-LSTM overcomes the limitation of high-quality feature dependence and handles large amounts of high-dimensional data with better efficiency and accuracy. The proposed CNN-LSTM scheme would be a beneficial contribution to the accurate and stable prediction of irregular trends for NOx emission from refining industry, providing more reliable information for NOx risk assessment and management.

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Towner, Tyler W., and Donald G. Plumlee. "Design and Fabrication of LTCC Catalyst Chambers." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, CICMT (September 1, 2011): 000037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2011-ta15.

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The reduction in satellite size and mass presents the need to develop a proportionally smaller propulsion system for orbital station keeping. A liquid, monopropellant micropropulsion device made from Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramics (LTCC) has been developed at Boise State University. This robust, simple design uses an embedded silver catalyst chamber to decompose a rocket-grade hydrogen peroxide monopropellant into a hot gas, which is then expelled out through a nozzle to generate thrust. Using LTCC eliminates the planar geometry fabrication constraint commonly found in silicon MEMS processing. This report presents the design and fabrication, and optimization of the hydrogen peroxide catalyst chamber used in these monopropellant microthrusters. Using the standard fabrication process for LTCC an initial prototype was developed. The design of this initial device was developed to measure the efficiency of the catalyst chamber by evaluating the ability of the device to decompose hydrogen peroxide. Catastrophic cracking within the device substrate was observed during initial testing. In order to obtain sufficient data, it was assumed that the cracking was due to thermal expansion and so a new functional design was implemented that decreased the overall cross sectional area of the device and decreased failure rates. To ensure that this assumption is correct, an investigation of device failure will be presented using an embedded resistor to simulate the catalytic reaction occurring inside the substrate. The results from this investigation will be documented. Additionally, optical microscope images will be used to document the failure investigation process. Several conclusions will be presented to improve the ability to use LTCC for high temperature applications.

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Krymets, G. V., M. I. Litynska, and O. V. Melnychuk. "Catalytic processing of the acid tars." Catalysis and Petrochemistry, no. 33 (2022): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/kataliz2022.33.084.

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Acid tars are wastes from the processing of coal, petroleum, and petrochemicals (oil refining, benzene refining and petroleum fractions refining and alkylation of isobutane with butenes). Acid tar compositions include resinous substances, organic matter, and polymerization products of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The presence of free sulfuric acid in acid tars often reaches 70 % by weight. Almost all metals from oil are concentrated in tars, and the content of vanadium and nickel can reach 0.046 and 0.014 %, respectively. A lot of countries keep acid tar in the open air in spent quarries, storage ponds, barns, lagoons or near landfills. It poses a risk or even potential threat to people and to the environment nearby due to soil, water, and air pollution. Thus, disposal of the acid tars is a very important ecological and industrial task. In this study, we have researched catalytic cracking and distillation as the utilization methods for acid tar. Anhydrous AlCl3 was used as a catalyst during the cracking of petroleum residues to obtain volatile gasoline fractions due to its catalytic activity in many organic reactions. The catalyst ratios (0.15 g/g of tar or 0.1 g/g of tar) had a very significant influence on the number of volatile fractions and boiling temperature in the acid tar cracking process. According to the results of 1H NMR research, the main components of volatile fractions in the case of catalytic cracking were alkanes CH3-(CH2)n-CH3. The compositions of these fractions were similar to the compositions of gasoline and diesel fuel. A series of distillation experiments (distillation of previously deacidified and centrifuged tar, acid tar without deacidification and centrifugation, and previously deacidified tar without centrifu-gation) gave different results for each type of material. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the main components of volatile fractions (~ 80, ~ 60 and ~ 90 %, respectively) and the contents of aliphatic S-organic compounds were also significant (~ 10, ~ 30 and ~ 8 %). Thus, both for catalytic cracking and for tar distillation, aliphatic hydrocarbons were the main component of volatile fractions. Deacidification of tar increased the yield of aliphatic hydrocarbons during tar distillation and decreased production of S-organic compounds due to its reactions with calcium carbonate. It is perspective in the context of fuel production.

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Shakiyeva, Tatyana, Larissa Sassykova, Anastassiya Khamlenko, Binara Dossumova, Albina Sassykova, Albina Muratova, Madina Zhumagali, Nurbubi Zhakirova, and Tleutai Abildin. "Composite catalysts for the catalytic processing of fuel oil." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001017.

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The paper describes the catalytic cracking of heavy petroleum feedstock on catalysts based natural Taizhuzgen zeolite and Narynkol clay (Kazakhstan). Catalytic cracking was studied on fuel oil of the M-100 brand taken from the LLP Pavlodar Oil Chemistry Refinery (Kazakhstan). Air was added into the reaction medium. It was found that under optimal conditions, the conversion of the heavy residue of M-100 fuel oil reaches 46.2%, when cracking the initial fuel oil, the yield of the middle distillate fraction is 85.7 wt. % due to the content of 41.1 wt. % residual light gas oil in the resulting products. The optimal composite catalyst allows carry out the cracking of heavy oil residues without preliminary purification and with a high degree ofconversion to diesel fraction.

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Koledin, O. S., M. Yu Dolomatov, E. A. Kovaleva, R. V. Garipov, and M. R. Valeev. "THE QSPR MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF OCTANE NUMBERS OF HYDROCARBONS OF A SERIES OF ALKENES BY TOPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOLECULES." Electrical and data processing facilities and systems 17, no. 3-4 (2021): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/1999-5458-2021-17-3-4-92-102.

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Relevance Modeling, optimization and design of processes in the technology of oil refining and organic synthesis, as well as the use of new chemical and technological processes involv ing hydrocarbon systems with the calculation of physical and chemical properties (РCS) of liquids and gases. The accuracy of calculations plays an observed role in the calculations of oil refining and organic synthesis processes, as well as approximate reactor processes, fractionation and heat exchange equipment. Despite the availability of РCS databases, the search for adequate initial data takes a long time at the stage of the entire development or design process, since the РCS of many hydrocarbons remains unknown. Aim of research To develop a quantitative Structure-Property Ratio (QSPR) model for octane hydrocarbons of a series of alkenes. Research methods To predict the octane numbers of normal and substituted alkenes — components of catalytic cracking, a nonlinear multivariate regression model Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) is proposed. The objects of the study were 30 hydrocarbons of a number of alkenes, selection in the basic and test samples, made randomly using computer data of physical and chemical properties. The model associates a set of descriptors with the octane numbers — the topological characteristics of their molecular graphs: the Wiener index, the Randich index and the magnitude of the quadratic dependence of bone structure, which affect the octane numbers and reflect the main structural and chemical factors, such as the length and branching of the carbon skeleton, and sensitive parameters. molecules. Results The adequacy of the models was confirmed by statistical data processing, so the coefficient of determining the models is 0.856. For the quality characteristics of the QSPR model, the multiple correlation coefficient r = 0.925 was calculated, which suggested a force relationship between the proposed topological characteristics of hydrocarbon molecules and their octane numbers. To assess the statistical stability of the model, a correlation correction was used. The maximum absolute and relative errors for octane number sampling tests are 4.0 units and 4.1 %, respectively. The statistical calculation, which makes it possible to judge the adequacy of the predicted indicators, their compliance with the reference data, is the standard regression error of 6.5 units. The small value of the standard error of the regression in comparison with the values of the dependence of the applicable adequacy of the proposed model. The model adequately uses the octane numbers of linear and branched alkenes and can be used to predict the octane numbers of gasoline components.

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Ulfiati, Ratu. "CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF ZSM-5 ZEOLITE IN HEAVY HYDROCARBON CATALYTIC CRACKING: A REVIEW." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 42, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.42.1.384.

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Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, are considered as alternate suitable source for transportation fuels, energy and petrochemicals. ZSM-5 zeolite with high Si/Al ratio and modified with phosphorous and La has showed not only high selectivity to light olefins but also high hydrothermal stability for the steam catalytic cracking of naphtha. Kaolin is promising natural resource as raw material to synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The utilization of acid catalysts with large pore size or hierarchically structured and high hydrothermal stability to resist the severity of the steam catalytic cracking (or thermal and catalytic cracking) operation conditions to maximize the olefin production.

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Fal’kevich, G. S., M. V. Baril’chuk, E. A. Tarabrina, A. M. Klychmuradov, N. N. Rostanin, and B. K. Nefedov. "New technology in processing olefin-containing gases from catalytic cracking." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 35, no. 2 (March 1999): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02694143.

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Wang, Gang, Jing Sun, Dong Fang, Jun Xiao, Jie Nan, and Jinsen Gao. "Molecular-refining oriented strategy of catalytic cracking for processing heavy oil." SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica 48, no. 4 (February 13, 2018): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n032017-00169.

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Vechi, Thiago, Camila da Silva Maschio, Julia Kleis, Luana Marcele Chiarello, Vanderleia Botton, Vinicyus Rodolfo Wiggers, and Laercio Ender. "Potential of poultry residual fat biofuels from thermo-catalytic cracking." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 15 (November 18, 2022): e323111536458. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i15.36458.

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Biofuels have been occupying space in the fuel market as a renewable substitute for petrol fuels. The thermal and/or thermo-catalytic cracking using triglyceride biomass stands out among the biofuel production processes. Cracking processes result in the production of coke, bio-oil and non-condensable gases. The quantification of each product in a cracking process is directly linked to operational conditions. This project focuses on the use of residual fat from the poultry processing industry, converting it into biofuel so that it can be used in the industry itself as a source of energy. The quality of the products generated are linked to the raw material used, as well as the conditions used in the cracking process. One way to improve the characteristics of the bio-oil produced can be achieved with the use of a catalyst together with thermal cracking. The literature has shown that in thermo-catalytic cracking, there is lower yield in bio-oil, but with some properties, such as acidity and viscosity closer to the value required by legislation for use in engines. This project aims to add value to an industrial waste, by converting this waste into biofuel using thermo-catalytic cracking, with the possibility of being used in the industry itself, as well as investigating the optimization of the process to improve the quality of bio-oil. The yield of the liquid fraction was around 67 % with an acid value of 58.74 mg KOH/g sample.

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Rahmawati, Rahmawati, Hutwan Syarifuddin, and Nazarudin Nazarudin. "Processing Mixture Of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Waste and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches by The Cracking Method." Jurnal Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 5, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jpb.v5i2.19852.

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The composition of waste in Jambi City is dominated by plantation waste and plastic waste, if not managed properly, it can have a negative impact on the environment. There is a need for alternatives to processing plastic waste and plantation waste, one of which is the catalytic cracking process to produce alternative fuels. The catalyst used is petroleum refining industry waste that can be reused. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) catalysts and the effect of the ratio of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic waste and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) on the percentage of products produced. The experimental design used in this study was a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) with variations in the ratio of PET plastic : oil palm empty fruit bunches, namely 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 at a temperature of 450°C and a time of 40 minutes. The results of the analysis showed that spent FCC catalysts were predicted to contain zeolite Y (rich in silica) which had a pore structure of different sizes, while the ratio of PET plastic waste and oil palm empty fruit bunches had a significant effect on the percentage of cracking liquid, charcoal, and gas. The 1:3 ratio treatment resulted in the highest percentage of cracking oil and charcoal at 27.85% and 34.41%. While the percentage of gas was the highest in the 1:0 treatment, which was 82.12%. Keywords: catalytic cracking, polyethylene terephthalate, plastic waste, biomass, empty bunches of palm oil, catalyst spent FCC

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Ma, Zi Qin, Jin Chao Gao, Zuo Qian Zhang, and Da Li Kang. "Application of Wavelet Envelope Spectrum Analysis in Air Blower Rotating Stall Failure Diagnosis." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.132.

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Based on qualitative analysis in mechanism of air blowers rotating stall, wavelet envelope spectrum are applied in failure signal analysis of catalytic cracking unit main air blower in a petrochemical company. By utilizing time & frequency localization characteristics of wavelet analysis and extracting detail characteristic of air blower failure, and by Hilbert envelope spectrum analysis, faults are determined and located. The method is applied to failure signal analysis and processing of catalytic cracking unit main air blower in a petrochemical company, which has made a good progress.

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Benjamin, Moreno-Montiel, Moreno-Montiel Carlos-Hiram, Moreno-Montiel Miriam-Noemi, and MacKinney-Romero René. "Data Mining on Data of Catalytic Cracking Microactivity Reactors Using PCEM." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 10, no. 11 (2019): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2019.10.11.1203.

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Ancheyta, J., and S. Rodríguez. "Results of Processing VGO-LCO Blends in a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Commercial Unit." Energy & Fuels 16, no. 3 (May 2002): 718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef0102263.

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Olaremu, Abimbola G., Williams R. Adedoyin, Odunayo T. Ore, and Adedapo O. Adeola. "Sustainable development and enhancement of cracking processes using metallic composites." Applied Petrochemical Research 11, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13203-021-00263-1.

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AbstractMetallic composites represent a vital class of materials that has gained increased attention in crude oil processing as well as the production of biofuel from other sources in recent times. Several catalytic materials have been reported in the literature for catalytic cracking, particularly, of crude oil. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of existing and emerging methods/technologies such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), metal–matrix composites (MMCs), and catalytic support materials, to bridge information gaps toward sustainable advancement in catalysis for petrochemical processes. There is an increase in industrial and environmental concern emanating from the sulphur levels of oils, hence the need to develop more efficient catalysts in the hydrotreatment (HDS and HDN) processes, and combating the challenge of catalyst poisoning and deactivation; in a bid to improving the overall quality of oils and sustainable use of catalyst. Structural improvement, high thermal stability, enhanced cracking potential, and environmental sustainability represent the various benefits accrued to the use of metallic composites as opposed to conventional catalysts employed in catalytic cracking processes.

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Kairbekov, Zh K., A. S. Maloletnev, V. S. Yemelyanova, Zh K. Myltykbaeva, and B. B. Baizhomartov. "The New Methods of Deep Processing of Oil Residues in Conjunction with Shales." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.103.

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The results of studies on the development of a new process of thermal cracking of tar oil as a slurry with crushed oil shale to obtain components of motor fuels. The results suggest doubtless advantages of the process before the industrial of thermo cracking, since the single-stage processing of raw materials in relatively in the mild conditions (5 MPa, 425 °C, volumetric feed rate 1.0 h-1) is achieved deep destruction of tar oil (the yield petrol fraction with a bp amounts to up to 180 °C – ~12 mass % of middle distillates with a bp 180-360 °C – 43-44 mass %, of raw material for catalytic cracking of a bp 360-520 °C – ~15-16 %, based on the initial tar oil). Formed like coke products and raw materials contained in V and Ni is postponed on the mineral part of slate and removed from the reaction zone with the liquid products of the process.

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Stratiev, Dicho Stoyanov, Ivelina Kostova Shishkova, Rosen Kocev Dinkov, Ivan Petrov Petrov, Iliyan Venkov Kolev, Dobromir Yordanov, Sotir Sotirov, et al. "Crude Slate, FCC Slurry Oil, Recycle, and Operating Conditions Effects on H-Oil® Product Quality." Processes 9, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060952.

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This paper evaluates the influence of crude oil (vacuum residue) properties, the processing of fluid catalytic cracking slurry oil, and recycle of hydrocracked vacuum residue diluted with fluid catalytic cracking heavy cycle oil, and the operating conditions of the H-Oil vacuum residue hydrocracking on the quality of the H-Oil liquid products. 36 cases of operation of a commercial H-Oil® ebullated bed hydrocracker were studied at different feed composition, and different operating conditions. Intercriteria analysis was employed to define the statistically meaningful relations between 135 parameters including operating conditions, feed and products characteristics. Correlations and regression equations which related the H-Oil® mixed feed quality and the operating conditions (reaction temperature, and reaction time (throughput)) to the liquid H-Oil® products quality were developed. The developed equations can be used to find the optimal performance of the whole refinery considering that the H-Oil liquid products are part of the feed for the units: fluid catalytic cracking, hydrotreating, road pavement bitumen, and blending.

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Yevdokymenko, V. O., N. Y. Khimach, T. V. Tkachenko, D. S. Kamensky, V. I. Kashkovsky, O. B. Korotun, and I. V. Kyselov. "Improving the quality of low octane hydrocarbon fractions under conditions of catalytic processing on aluminum-silicon catalysts." Catalysis and petrochemistry, no. 30 (2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/kataliz2020.30.066.

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The main challenge today is to find new alternative energy sources. Reduction of oil, gas and coal production can be achieved through the rational use of biomass as a raw material for fuels and lubri-cants. Thermochemical treatment of biomass allows to obtain raw materials for a number of process-es, in particular the separation of hydrocarbon components and their catalytic treatment allows to ob-tain alternative components for motor fuels. The main advantage of using hydrocarbon fractions from biomass is that they are completely free of sulfur- or nitrogen-containing compounds that play the role of catalytic poisons. Catalytic studies were performed in a flow reactor at a charged catalyst volume of 30 cm3, a reac-tion zone temperature of 350 ± 5 °C and a pressure of 0.1 MPa. The feedstock was fed to the reaction zone using a pump at a constant rate of 1 h-1. The direction of supply of raw materials from top to bot-tom. In this work it is shown that industrial aluminosilicates are structural compounds (Cat.25, Cat.38, Cat.50, Cat.80) and show catalytic properties in the cracking process, which is reflected in the increase of octane number from 8 to 20 units. The higher their cracking activity, the more gaseous products are formed and the fractional composition changes in the direction of isomeric hydrocarbons, which is confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis. According to the amount of gas phase and the composi-tion of liquid products, it should be noted that the most active catalyst was the sample Cat.25. This effi-ciency is related to the chemical composition and methods of synthesis of the presented catalysts. The latter by their nature contain cations of aluminum (Al3+) and silicon (Si4+), which certainly affects the formation of Bronsted acid centers, which are responsible for the cracking process. In turn, catalysts of the type Cat.1 and Cat.2 with a significant content of aluminum and no catalytic effect can be charac-terized as a mechanical mixture of these basic oxides, and not an aluminosilicate matrix with a certain structure. Based on the obtained results, renewable biomass is a potential source for obtaining hydrocarbon fractions, which after catalytic treatment processes can serve as high-quality high-octane components of alternative fuels.

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23

Maya-Yescas, R., E. León-Becerril, and D. Salazar-Sotelo. "Translation of MAT Kinetic Data to Model Industrial Catalytic Cracking Units." Chemical Engineering & Technology 27, no. 7 (July 2004): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200401971.

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24

Potapenko, O. V., A. S. Lutchenko, V. P. Doronin, T. P. Sorokina, M. A. Plekhanov, S. Yu Gurievskikh, and D. V. Khrapov. "Control of Contribution of Cracking and Intermolecular Hydrogen Transfer in Cracking of Gasoline Fractions in Fixed and Circulating Catalyst Bed Reactors." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 18, no. 6 (November 20, 2018): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2018-6-48-54.

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The studies were focused on the influence of key parameters (temperature, pressure, dilution of the reaction medium with an inert gas) of catalytic processes (cracking of vacuum gasoil, hydrogen-free upgrading and cracking of gasoline fractions) on the ratio of selectivities to cracking and intermolecular hydrogen transfer. Controlling the ratio of these reactions allows the required products to be obtained on the feedstock processing. Lengthening of the feedstock-catalyst contact time, a decrease in the proportion of the diluting inert gas, and the pressure rise provides an increase in the selectivity to hydrogen transfer. Fixed and circulating catalyst bed setups were used for the experiments. Transformations of the feedstock containing deuterated compounds were studied.

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Shimada, Iori, Yoshitaka Nakamura, Haruhisa Ohta, Kengo Suzuki, and Toru Takatsuka. "Co-processing of Saturated and Unsaturated Triglycerides in Catalytic Cracking Process for Hydrocarbon Fuel Production." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 51, no. 9 (September 20, 2018): 778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.17we187.

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26

Guo, Ji, Yujia Lou, Wanyi Wang, and Xianhua Wu. "Optimization Modeling and Empirical Research on Gasoline Octane Loss Based on Data Analysis." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (May 11, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5553069.

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Gasoline is one of the most consumed light petroleum products in transportation and other industries. This paper proposes a method for optimizing gasoline octane loss using data analysis technology aimed at optimizing the production process and minimizing the loss of gasoline octane. Firstly, the data are screened and the high-dimensional data are reduced to construct the neural network prediction model optimized by genetic algorithm. After utilizing the model for prediction, the optimal operating condition is achieved. Secondly, ensuring that the gasoline emission meets the standard, the octane loss is reduced by adjusting the operating variables. Thirdly, actual data are collected and calculated to obtain the main operating variables and their optimal operating conditions of a petrochemical company affecting the catalytic cracking gasoline S-Zorb unit, thus providing companies using S-Zorb units with reference data for optimizing gasoline catalytic cracking processes. Fourthly, the superiority of the proposed method was verified by comparing it with the other methods. This paper intends to contribute to better modeling the progress of gasoline catalytic cracking by adequately considering the impact of multiple factors, improving the quality of refined oil products of chemical enterprises, saving the economic cost of chemical enterprises, and protecting the atmospheric environment.

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27

Vjunov, Aleksei, Karl C. Kharas, Vasileios Komvokis, Amy Dundee, and Bilge Yilmaz. "Practical Approaches towards NOx Emission Mitigation from Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Units." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101146.

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There appears to be consensus among the general public that curtailing harmful emissions resulting from industrial, petrochemical and transportation sectors is a common good. However, there is also a need for balancing operating expenditures for applying the required technical solutions and implementing advanced emission mitigation technologies to meet desired sustainability goals. The emission of NOx from Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) units in refineries for petroleum processing is a major concern, especially for those units located in densely populated urban settings. In this work we strive to review options towards cost-efficient and pragmatic emissions mitigation using optimal amounts of precious metal while evaluating the potential benefits of typical promoter dopant packages. We demonstrate that at present catalyst development level the refinery is no longer forced to make a promoter selection based on preconceived notions regarding precious metal activity but can rather make decisions based on the best “total cost” financial impact to the operation without measurable loss of the CO/NOx emission selectivity.

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28

Smagulova, Nazym, Zhaxyntay Kairbekov, and Nurlan Ussenov. "Catalytic processing of distillate fractions of a resin in the presence of finely dispersed catalysts." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001036.

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The article describes the catalytic cracking of heavy oil residue in the presence of a finely dispersed catalyst. It was determined that in the processing of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, catalysts are effective, which are uniformly distributed in the volume of raw materials and are introduced into the technological process in the form of small particles. Coke tar mainly consists of 27.00 wt.% asphaltenes, 60.00 wt.% of polyaromatic hydrocarbons that have been studied and identified as a potential source of raw materials to produce motor fuels in the future.

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Dragomir, Raluca, Paul Rosca, and Cristina Popa. "Five-Lump Kinetic Model for the Catalytic Cracking Process\." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 10 (November 15, 2018): 2633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.10.6595.

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The main objectives of the present paper are to adaptation the five-kinetic model of the catalytic cracking process and simulation the riser to predicts the FCC products yields when one of the major input variable of the process is change. The simulation and adaptation are based on the industrial data from Romanian refinery. The adaptation is realize using a computational method from Optimization Toolbox from Matlab programming language. The new model can be used for optimization and control of FCC riser.

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30

Su, Jianping, Liang Cao, Gary Lee, Bhushan Gopaluni, Don O'Connor, Susan Dyk, Robert Pinchuk, and Jack Saddler. "Determining the amount of ‘green’ coke generated when co‐processing lipids commercially by fluid catalytic cracking." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 16, no. 2 (December 17, 2021): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2325.

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Nakazato, Tsutomu, Kiyoshiro Umeo, Takami Kai, and Toshio Tsutsui. "Time-Series Analysis for Kinetic Interpretation of Catalytic Cracking of 1-Octene with a Model Involving Dominant Reactions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.315.

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A time-series analysis of dominant reactions is proposed for kinetic interpretation of catalytic cracking of an olefin hydrocarbon with carbon number C8. The analysis considered four dominant reaction groups: cracking, skeletal isomerization, cyclization and hydrogen transfer. The kinetic parameters of normal, mono-, di-and tri-branched hydrocarbons as well as naphthenes were determined so as to follow the tendency of the experimental data. The analysis revealed that the reaction rate of isomer cracking was faster than that of linear hydrocarbon one, suggesting that the cracking product was produced dominantly via isomerization rather than direct cracking of linear hydrocarbons. These results implied that the conditions suitable for suppressing over-cracking and prevailing skeletal isomerization lie in the range of lower temperature.

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32

Qiang, Xiao Dan, Feng Fu, Dan Jun Wang, and Li Guo. "Investigation of Photocatalytic Oxidative-Extraction Desulfurization of Simulation Gasoline." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.750.

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Photocatalytic Oxidative-Extraction Desulfurization (Photo-cat-EODS) of thiophene, the main sulfur-containing compound of catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline, has been investigated in heterogeneous photocatalysis process using WO3/ZnO composite as photocatalyst and air was used as the oxidant. Extraction process was also employ followed by the photocatalytic oxidative process to remove the oxidative products using acetonitrile as the extractant. Furthermore, orthogonal experiments method was used to optimize the processing parameters.

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33

Alvira, José, Idoia Hita, Elena Rodríguez, José Arandes, and Pedro Castaño. "A Data-Driven Reaction Network for the Fluid Catalytic Cracking of Waste Feeds." Processes 6, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6120243.

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Establishing a reaction network is of uttermost importance in complex catalytic processes such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). This step is the seed for a faithful reactor modeling and the subsequent catalyst re-design, process optimization or prediction. In this work, a dataset of 104 uncorrelated experiments, with 64 variables, was obtained in an FCC simulator using six types of feedstock (vacuum gasoil, polyethylene pyrolysis waxes, scrap tire pyrolysis oil, dissolved polyethylene and blends of the previous), 36 possible sets of conditions (varying contact time, temperature and catalyst/oil ratio) and three industrial catalysts. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied over the dataset, showing that the main components are associated with feed composition (27.41% variance), operational conditions (19.09%) and catalyst properties (12.72%). The variables of each component were correlated with the indexes and yields of the products: conversion, octane number, aromatics, olefins (propylene) or coke, among others. Then, a data-driven reaction network was proposed for the cracking of waste feeds based on the previously obtained correlations.

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34

Thambiyapillai, Selvaganapathy, and Muthuvelayudham Ramanujam. "An Experimental Investigation and Aspen HYSYS Simulation of Waste Polystyrene Catalytic Cracking Process for the Gasoline Fuel Production." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 4 (July 5, 2021): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33817.

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Plastic wastes are necessary to recycle due to their disposal issues around the world. They can be recycled through various techniques i.e., mechanical reprocessing, mechanical recycling, chemical recycling and incineration. Most recycling techniques are expensive and end up in producing low-grade products excluding chemical recycling; it is an eco-friendly way to deal with plastic waste. Catalytic cracking is one of the chemical recycling methods, for converting waste plastics into liquid fuel same as commercial fuels. An experimental investigation of polystyrene catalytic cracking process was conducted with impregnated fly ash catalyst and 88.4% of liquid product yield was found as a maximum at optimum operating conditions 425 ̊C and 60 min. The liquid fuel quality was analyzed using FTIR spectra analysis, GC/MS analysis and Physico-chemical property analysis. The GC/MS analysis shows that the fly ash cracking of polystyrene leads to the production of gasoline fuels within the hydrocarbon range of C3-C24, and the aliphatic and aromatic functional compounds were detected using FTIR analysis. Moreover, the Aspen Hysys simulation of polystyrene catalytic cracking was conducted in a pyrolytic reactor at 425 ̊C and at the end of the simulation, 93.6% of liquid fuel yield was predicted. It was inferred that the simulation model for the catalytic cracking is substantial to fit the experimental data in terms of liquid fuel conversion

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35

Papuga, Saša, Milica Djurdjevic, Andrea Ciccioli, and Stefano Vecchio Ciprioti. "Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste and Molecular Symmetry Effects: A Review." Symmetry 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15010038.

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The present review addresses the latest findings and limitations in catalytic pyrolysis for the processing of plastic waste into valuable fuels. Compared to thermal degradation of plastics, catalytic pyrolysis provides better results in regards to the quality of the obtained liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Different types of catalysts can be used in order to improve the thermal degradation of plastics. Some of the most used catalysts are different types of zeolites (HUSY, HZSM-5, Hβ), Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), silica-alumina catalysts, or natural clays. There is a need to find affordable and effective catalysts in the aim of achieving commercialization of catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste. Therefore, this study summarizes and presents the most significant results found in the literature in regards to catalytic pyrolysis. This paper also investigates the symmetry effects of molecules on the pyrolysis process.

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36

Alvarez-Castro, H. C., E. M. Matos, M. Mori, W. Martignoni, and R. Ocone. "Analysis of Process Variables via CFD to Evaluate the Performance of a FCC Riser." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/259603.

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Feedstock conversion and yield products are studied through a 3D model simulating the main reactor of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is used with Eulerian-Eulerian approach to predict the fluid catalytic cracking behavior. The model considers 12 lumps with catalyst deactivation by coke and poisoning by alkaline nitrides and polycyclic aromatic adsorption to estimate the kinetic behavior which, starting from a given feedstock, produces several cracking products. Different feedstock compositions are considered. The model is compared with sampling data at industrial operation conditions. The simulation model is able to represent accurately the products behavior for the different operating conditions considered. All the conditions considered were solved using a solver ANSYS CFX 14.0. The different operation process variables and hydrodynamic effects of the industrial riser of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) are evaluated. Predictions from the model are shown and comparison with experimental conversion and yields products are presented; recommendations are drawn to establish the conditions to obtain higher product yields in the industrial process.

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37

Puviyarasi, B., C. Murukesh, and M. Alagiri. "Design and implementation of gain scheduling decentralized PI/PID controller for the fluid catalytic cracking unit." Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 77 (August 2022): 103780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103780.

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38

Rowe, Scott C., Taylor A. Ariko, Kaylin M. Weiler, Jacob T. E. Spana, and Alan W. Weimer. "Reversible Molten Catalytic Methane Cracking Applied to Commercial Solar-Thermal Receivers." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 6229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236229.

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When driven by sunlight, molten catalytic methane cracking can produce clean hydrogen fuel from natural gas without greenhouse emissions. To design solar methane crackers, a canonical plug flow reactor model was developed that spanned industrially relevant temperatures and pressures (1150–1350 Kelvin and 2–200 atmospheres). This model was then validated against published methane cracking data and used to screen power tower and beam-down reactor designs based on “Solar Two,” a renewables technology demonstrator from the 1990s. Overall, catalytic molten methane cracking is likely feasible in commercial beam-down solar reactors, but not power towers. The best beam-down reactor design was 9% efficient in the capture of sunlight as fungible hydrogen fuel, which approaches photovoltaic efficiencies. Conversely, the best discovered tower methane cracker was only 1.7% efficient. Thus, a beam-down reactor is likely tractable for solar methane cracking, whereas power tower configurations appear infeasible. However, the best simulated commercial reactors were heat transfer limited, not reaction limited. Efficiencies could be higher if heat bottlenecks are removed from solar methane cracker designs. This work sets benchmark conditions and performance for future solar reactor improvement via design innovation and multiphysics simulation.

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39

Buzayev, Nurdaulet, Yermek Aubakirov, Firuza Akhmetova, Manshuk Ibrayeva, Shynar Sanyazova, and Zhazira Mukazhanova. "Investigation of the parameters of the process of obtaining low-sulfur coke from heavy oil residues in the presence of a recycling agent." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001005.

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The current state of the oil refining industry is characterized by obtaining high-quality products that meet environmental requirements. An important issue is the deep processing of oil, as well as the use of oil waste as raw materials. In this regard, there is an interest in putting oil raw materials into operation through destructive processes: catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, visbreaking, coking, and processing of most of the oil waste. The article shows the possibility of producing coke with a low sulfur content from heavy oil waste from a domestic oil field. The physical and chemical properties of the extracted distillates are determined by chromatographic analysis and determined that the group-hydrocarbon composition corresponds to the composition of fractions obtained from primary atmospheric distillation. The process of obtaining of low-sulfur coke used as a conductor and oxidizer of electric current and raw materials in the production of structural material in the presence of a recycling agent from heavy oil waste from the Kumkol field was studied.

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40

Zhang, Jin Hong, Hong Hong Shan, Chao He Yang, Xiao Bo Chen, and Chun Yi Li. "Catalytic Cracking of Coker Gas Oil at High Reaction Temperature and Catalyst to Oil Ratio." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 1112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1112.

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Coker gas oil (CGO) is difficult to be cracked in the conventional FCC process, due to their high nitrogen content, especially the basic nitrogen compounds. To enhance the conversion of CGO, the high reaction temperature and catalyst to oil ratio processing scheme was performed in a pilot-scale riser FCC apparatus. To study the impact of (basic) nitrogen content, two kinds of CGO were tested. The results show that increasing the reaction temperature and CTO is an effective method for enhancing the conversion of CGO. The (basic) nitrogen content significantly influences the cracking behavior of CGO and the choose of optimal reaction conditions.

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41

Ni, Peng, Bin Liu, and Ge He. "An online optimization strategy for a fluid catalytic cracking process using a case-based reasoning method based on big data technology." RSC Advances 11, no. 46 (2021): 28557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03228c.

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42

Middleton, Ceri A., John P. McCrory, Richard J. Greene, Karen Holford, and Eann A. Patterson. "Detecting and Monitoring Cracks in Aerospace Materials Using Post-Processing of TSA and AE Data." Metals 9, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070748.

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Thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) is a non-contact technique for measuring the distribution of stress in the surface of a component subject to cyclic loading by using a sensitive infrared camera. The stress concentrations indicative of a crack can be located and tracked using an optical flow method, allowing the position of the crack-tip to be identified at a given time. Acoustic emission (AE) has been used to validate the TSA algorithm. AE events from cracking, located using the Delta-T Mapping method, were detected several seconds before the TSA algorithm first detected cracking; however, TSA provided significantly more accurate location information.

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43

Eschenbacher, Andreas, Trond Myrstad, Niels Bech, Hang Dao Thi, Miloš Auersvald, Kevin M. Van Geem, and Anker D. Jensen. "Fluid catalytic co-processing of bio-oils with petroleum intermediates: Comparison of vapour phase low pressure hydrotreating and catalytic cracking as pretreatment." Fuel 302 (October 2021): 121198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121198.

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44

Zhang, Jinhong, Honghong Shan, Xiaobo Chen, Wenjing Liu, and Chaohe Yang. "Fluid Catalytic Cracking Study of Coker Gas Oil: Effects of Processing Parameters on Sulfur and Nitrogen Distributions." Energy & Fuels 28, no. 2 (December 17, 2013): 1362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef401990s.

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45

Samolada, M. C., W. Baldauf, and I. A. Vasalos. "Production of a bio-gasoline by upgrading biomass flash pyrolysis liquids via hydrogen processing and catalytic cracking." Fuel 77, no. 14 (November 1998): 1667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(98)00073-8.

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46

Li, Nan, Chen Chen, Bin Wang, Shaojie Li, Chaohe Yang, and Xiaobo Chen. "Retardation effect of nitrogen compounds and condensed aromatics on shale oil catalytic cracking processing and their characterization." Applied Petrochemical Research 5, no. 4 (August 23, 2015): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13203-015-0131-0.

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47

CORMA, A., G. HUBER, L. SAUVANAUD, and P. OCONNOR. "Processing biomass-derived oxygenates in the oil refinery: Catalytic cracking (FCC) reaction pathways and role of catalyst." Journal of Catalysis 247, no. 2 (April 25, 2007): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2007.01.023.

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48

Usmanov, M. P., P. P. Gimaletdinov, S. F. Valeev, F. P. Zainullov, A. B. Sulimov, and M. B. Zheleznov. "Involvement of products of thermal processing of polymer waste into the raw material pool of oil refinery plants." World of petroleum products 05 (2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2782-3040-2021-0-5-42-49.

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The directions of involving the products of thermal processing of polymer waste into the raw material pool of oil refineries are considered. A detailed analysis of fractions 85-180 oC, 180-360 oC and 360-KK oC, isolated from thermolysis products, has been carried out. Fractions 85-180 °C, 180-360 °C of thermolysis oil are characterized by a high content of organosulfur compounds, which necessitates their hydrotreating before use. After desulfurization, gasoline and diesel fractions can be used in the composition of gasoline and diesel fuels, respectively. The diesel fraction of 180-360 °C of thermolysis oil has a high cetane number and can be considered as a cetane-increasing component. Fraction 360-КК оС thermolysis oil is a potential component of catalytic cracking feedstock. The highest degree of conversion and the yield of valuable components (gasoline, propylene, butane-butene fraction) are achieved during cracking of feedstock containing 30 wt. % of the heavy part of thermolysis oil.

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49

Nazarudin, Nazarudin, Ira Galih Prabasari, Agus Ari Setiawansyah, and Ulyarti Ulyarti. "Catalytic Cracking of Crude Palm Oil Using Ni-Carbon with Ion Exchange Method." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 8, no. 5 (November 30, 2022): 2493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i5.2322.

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According to data from the National Energy Council (DEN) (2016), the energy consumption in Indonesia is increasing every year and will increase 1.8 times in 2025, this requires an alternative energy to back up the energy needs. One such alternative energy strategy is to use biodiesel. Biodiesel can be obtained from Crude Palm Oil using a catalytic cracking process. This study investigated the cracking of Crude Palm Oil using Ni-carbon with ion exchange method. The concentration of the metal solution used was 1, 2 and 3%, with temperature 450, 500 and 550 ° C. The catalyst was analyzed by XRD and showed that the highest pattern at 25.6º on 2% solution. The catalyst characterized by SEM-EDX showed that the nickel metal bonded to the 1, 2, and 3% Ni-Charcoal catalysts was 02.01, 1.13 and 2.09%, respectively and the average of catalytic cracking product conversion at concentrations of 1, 2and 3% was 62.55, 66.52 and 56.50%, respectively.

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50

Tuktin, B. T., A. M. Temirova, and A. A. Omarova. "Processing of propane-butane fraction on zeolite-containing catalysts." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001016.

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Abstarct. Processing of propane-butane and propane-propylene fractions in light hydrocarbons on the zeolite catalysts modified by zinc, manganese, cobalt, lanthanum was studied. It was shown that the degree of conversion on the Zn-La-Co-ZSM-AI2O3 catalyst increases from 40.2 to 99.0% as the temperature increasesfrom450to600 °C. The maximum yield of aromatic hydrocarbons was 31.4%. As the temperature increases from 450 to 600С, the cracking of hydrocarbons intensifies resulting in the formation of methane and ethane. New generation catalysts based on zeolites have the prospect of being used in technologies for processing various types of hydrocarbon raw materials. The activity of catalysts in the processing of light hydrocarbons depends on the structure and state of the active centers. The physicochemical characteristics of the developed catalysts have been studied. One of the possible ways to control the catalytic properties is to introduce a variable valence catalyst as modifiers into the composition.

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