Статті в журналах з теми "Catalogo opere"

Il Seicento napoletano fu caratterizzato da un così grande fermento culturale e artistico da meritarsi l’appellativo di Secolo d’Oro. Una miriade di architetti, scultori, pittori e artigiani diedero vita a opere di grande pregio che cambiarono per sempre il volto della capitale del Viceregno. Tra i pittori ai tempi più apprezzati, come dimostrano le tante opere che oramai fanno parte del suo catalogo, ma per tanto tempo caduti nell’oblio, anche per la quasi totale assenza di dati documentari, c’è sicuramente Antonio De Bellis: un artista che dagli anni ’70 del Novecento ha stuzzicato l’interesse degli studiosi entrando anche a far parte della rosa di pittori coinvolti nella vexata quaestio sull’identità del Maestro degli Annunci ai pastori. Spesso confuso con il Cavallino, a riprova della qualità di molte sue opere, dal quale si discosta per un certo arcaismo persistente in tutta la sua opera, il suo percorso artistico affonda le radici nel Naturalismo di matrice caravaggesca, ‘napoletanizzato’ da Battistello, Filippo Vitale e dal deus ex machina della pittura di quel periodo nella città partenopea, Jusepe de Ribera. E seguendo le orme di quest’ultimo, come tanti altri partecipa a quella rivoluzione coloristica che arriva da un lato da Roma, tramite la riscoperta dei Maestri veneti del ‘500 da parte di un gruppo di pittori francesi, primo fra tutti Poussin, e dall’altro dalle tele piene di luce ‘mediterranea’ del Van Dyck. Il tentativo di Antonio di mantenere il legame con i modi della sua formazione, pur aderendo a queste nuove istanze, non regge però a lungo e quelle che al momento sono ritenute le sue ultime due tele, non hanno quel mordente che aveva caratterizzato invece la sua produzione precedente.

Nell’articolo si presenta l’edizione di un documento friulano tardomedievale, il catalogo di donne di venzone (sec. Xiv), un documento conservato presso la Biblioteca Civica di Udine «V. Joppi». All’edizione, diplomatica, segue un commento linguistico, in particolare sull’onomastica personale, sul lessico comune e sulla toponomastica; l’esame del testo consente di isolare numerosi elementi di interesse, nomi femminili e maschili, ma anche nomi di mestiere e funzione, che costituiscono gli antecedenti di numerosi cognomi moderni.Si conferma l’importanza fondamentale dello studio sistematico delle carte friulane di uso pratico, come quelle qui presentate, operazione preliminare e indispensabile al fine di avviare, in seguito, opere di lessicografia di ampia prospettiva, in primis la redazione di un dizionario storico comprensivo delle forme antiche. Sembra quest’ultimo un obiettivo ormai alla portata, potendo contare sui progressi che la disciplina ha compiuto negli ultimi anni, con lo svolgimento di un vasto progetto di ricognizione dei fondi archivistici di tutto il Friuli storico promosso dalla Società Filologica Friulana e dal Ministero per i Beni culturali (documenti antichi dagli archivi friulani). Ai positivi risultati ottenuti con lo svolgimento di questo progetto si aggiungono le numerose edizioni realizzate su fondi manoscritti conservati in alcuni degli enti conservatori più importanti della regione, a partire ancora dai materiali antichi depositati presso la Biblioteca Civica di Udine.

La letteratura napoletana è ricca testi incentrati sulle lodi delle donne della città, genere che si vitalizza a contatto con il vivace quadro della società aristocratica del Vicereame. È Benedetto Croce, coadiuvato da Giuseppe Ceci, ad occuparsi tra i primi di quella serie di rime, poemetti, capitoli ed epigrammi incentrati sul catalogo muliebre perché consapevole del loro apporto alla storia del costume e della letteratura nella Napoli del XVI secolo. In Lodi di dame napoletane del secolo decimosesto vengono analizzate quelle opere che la nobiltà napoletana e spagnola si beava di leggere vedendo in queste, e nella raffinata lingua petrarchesca in cui erano scritte, uno specchio della propria elegante condotta.

Il termine 2inclusione" sul piano interpretativo e descrittivo dei fenomeni sociali si offre con una pluralità di significati e di caratteristiche che lo identificano, distinguendolo da altri fenomeni descrittivi dell'umano. Allo scopo di produrre uno stato dell'arte e di cogliere i macro ambiti in cui il termine viene utilizzato, l'articolo propone un'analisi sulla sua presenza nella pubblicistica italiana attraverso l'interrogazione dello strumento On-line Public Access Catalog del Servizio Bibliotecario Nazionale. Focus dell'analisi è il periodo dal 1999 al 2019. Dall'analisi delle occorrenze sono desumibili macrocatergorie a cui i titoli delle opere considerati sono stati ricondotti. Ne emerge un netto slittamento sul versante educativo che alimenta di certo i saperi disciplinari pedagogici

In the opera materials of the Esterházy Court in the Széchényi National Library in Budapest, that have survived from the time when Haydn directed the opera at Eszterháza, there are several inserted papers that had been used before the sheet of paper was re-used for the adaptation of the given opera. The fragmentary notations vary in content and extent. Two groups are of special interest for Haydn scholars: fragments that can be related to Haydn’s operas and fragments written by Haydn. The latter are listed in the appendix in a catalogue that might be expanded in the future.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to observe the nature of documentation and the description used in object biographies by an auction house catalogue and an online museum collection database in relation opera costumes. This research aims to discuss the issues of cultural and economic value in relation to objects in the art world, and examine examples of object biographies for opera costumes that are sold at an auction and exhibited in a museum. Design/methodology/approach The object biographies are compared from an auction house catalogue and the online museum collection database, based on two factors: costumes worn by a famous singer and costumes designed by a famous designer. Findings This study identified the valuation methods of auction houses and museums, including accounting for the market value and fair value, as well as social and cultural values. The nature of the documentation also clearly shows the different purpose of the object biographies. For auction houses the biography needs to be short and specific as it provides sufficient information and is read out at the auction, while art catalogues can also be used by experts as part of the conversation to understanding heritage value, and will also be viewed and used by researchers, investors, other auction house specialists and art world professionals. Research limitations/implications By comparing two institutions, auction houses and museums, this study has shown that the information that is documented and how it is presented in object biographies is determined by the goals of the institutions. These goals may vary or overlap in providing information, demonstrating cultural importance, to be spoken allowed to an audience and make sales, or to educate, conserve and preserve. Practical implications This study shows that to some extent museum online databases display their collection removed from cultural context, with an isolated image of the item, and in an organised, digitally accessible manner. A potential implication is that museums should not only digitally catalogue an item, but also provide discussion and the cultural background and significance of the item. Social implications Auction catalogues are written for a specific event (the auction), while the online museum collection database is meant to be a permanent record, which aims to digitally preserve objects and provide access to images and information to a general audience, and further could be edited with amendments or new information when future research or events lead to potential updates. Originality/value This study adds to the discourse on approaches to the understanding of costumes as an art object of significance and their potential cultural, economic and heritage value, particularly as represented in the documentation of object biographies.

Opera at the court of Elector Palatine Carl Theodor in Mannheim during the period 1742-78 attained a level of prestige fully equivalent to that of other leading courts of the day. Yet the loss of most of the performance materials in use at Mannheim has constantly hindered basic research in this area. The present article reports the existence of twenty-eight manuscripts (mainly full scores) of twenty separate operas and related secular dramatic works that were either copied at Mannheim or prepared for use there. Eight of these are revealed to have belonged to the personal collection of Count Carl Heinrich Joseph von Sickingen (1737-91), privy councillor to Carl Theodor and his envoy in Paris from 1768 until his death. Discovery of a thematic catalogue of Sickingen's collection allows the partial reconstruction of its contents; this has special relevance in that Mozart was a frequent guest of the count during his sojourn in Paris in 1777/78 and can be shown to have known and made use of his collection of opera scores.

The purpose of this short essay is to announce a new research project, ‘The Aria in the Italian Libretto in London before 1800’, the aim of which is to list the incipits of all the arias included in Italian-language opera and oratorio librettos printed in London before the turn of the nineteenth century. The notion that an opera libretto may not be the stable text it appears on the page to be is no news to scholars working on opera and musical theatre, who understand perfectly well the possible nature and origins of the sources they use, especially the libretto. At least one hopes they do; but in the case of the last, do they? The seductive lure of the printed page is strong, a lure which has an almost irresistible pull for scholars when there is a score to ‘match’; it becomes even stronger when those working on canonic composers stray out of their chosen territory to look for ‘contemporaneous examples’ from the works of ‘minor composers’, or when there is no thematic catalogue to provide even a basic chart with which to navigate the treacherous waters of the output of even some major eighteenth-century ones. A libretto is, after all, not ‘music’, they say – ‘that’s all very well, but why aren’t you talking about the music?’ – so why worry? Just hurry on to the matching score to identify the ‘composer’s intentions’, and all will be well.

La Biblioteca Centrale del CNR nel corso degli anni ha raccolto un cospicuo patrimonio documentario che è stimato oggi complessivamente intorno ai 600.000 volumi, di cui circa 150.000 di antiquariato scientifico con un eccezionale valore storico-culturale. Le opere possedute abbracciano diversi ambiti e in particolare si focalizzano sulla ricerca scientifica, il progresso tecnico, la storia del pensiero scientifico e le pubblicazioni edite dal CNR o finanziate con il suo contributo, con particolare riguardo alla documentazione dei primati scientifici e tecnici italiani. Per dare massima visibilità alla grande varietà tematica di cui sono costituite le sue collezioni, la Biblioteca Centrale ha intrapreso l’iter per entrare a far parte della rete SBN. Nel corso del 2016 ha aderito al Polo EVE dell’Istituto nazionale di Geofisica e vulcanologia, rinominato successivamente “Polo delle scienze”, con l’idea di realizzare una rete bibliotecaria del CNR e rendere fruibile il vasto patrimonio bibliografico e documentale dell’Ente ad oggi rintracciabile solo su cataloghi locali disponibili online e di aprirsi ad altri enti di ricerca creando un unico punto di accesso al vastissimo patrimonio documentale scientifico italiano.

Baldo Rossi (Pioltello, Milano, 1868 - Milano, 1932) fu chirurgo dell'Ospedale Maggiore di Milano a cavallo fra il secolo XIX e il secolo XX. Egli operò prima della diffusione dei sulfamidici, e può da un lato essere considerato fra gli ultimi chirurghi della vecchia guar- dia, quanto alla sua formazione universitaria, mentre dall'altro fu estremamente attento alla modernità e all'innovazione. Fu protagonista dei grandi sviluppi della chirurgia asettica, della traumatologia, dell'ortopedia, della chirurgia militare, della riabilitazione. Attraverso la sua ergobiografia si possono ripercorrere tappe fondamentali dello sviluppo dell'Ospedale Maggiore milanese. Nel saggio si sottolinea anche l'importanza di alcune fonti, quali i cataloghi della produzione industriale degli strumenti chirurgici, per la rico- struzione di avvenimenti della storia ospedaliera, ai quali Baldo Rossi diede fondamentali contributi.

The 360 songs of the 103 surviving issues of John Walsh's Monthly Mask of Vocal Music 1702–1711 were published in a facsimile edition in 2007 with a commentary and indexes by the authors of this article. Walsh revived his periodical from July 1717 to March 1723 and during the following few years he occasionally employed Monthly Mask title-pages for sets of Italian opera songs. John Walsh the younger revived the periodical between May 1737 and January 1738. This article discusses the publishing history of the post-1711 runs, throwing interesting light on competition between music publishers and on the firm's relationship with Handel, and provides a catalogue giving transcriptions of first lines and titles, with additional information on composers, authors and performers, as well as full indexes.

This essay is an exploration of the influence on Shibusawa Tatsuhiko’s short story Madonna’s Pearl of the French novelist Mac Orlan’s short story Roi Rose. Both novels tell the story of a baby who is boarded onto a ghost ship and grows into a teenager. Upon examination of the catalog of the Shibusawa Tatsuhiko Collection, it is evident that Shibusawa did not read the original French version of the novel Roi Rose, but drew on the Japanese translation included in the anthology of French novels published in Japan in 1927. Through a close reading and comparison of the two texts Madonna’s Pearl and Roi Rose, this paper identifies the common theme of the importance of The Flying Dutchman, as well as several similar scenes in both novels. But Shibusawa does not merely transfer the setting of the Western story to Japan; he also uses surrealist collage techniques to reinvent the novel in terms of both content and form. In this task Shibusawa took a lead from Wagner’s opera Tristan and Iseult in making Madonna’s Pearl an erotic novel with dramatic overtones.

Param Vir was born in Delhi in 1952 and has lived and worked in Britain since 1984. His greatest success has been in opera, and the two orchestral works in his catalogue also testify to a remarkable theatrical sensibility. Vir's music embodies and feeds off the contradictions of his life. Although rooted firmly in the modernist aesthetic of Western contemporary music, Vir's Indian background and education have left a mark on his music. His emigration has resulted in alienation from a national identity, leaving him an outsider both in India and Britain. He is contracted to a venerable English publisher – Novello & Co. – but is himself outside the contemporary music establishment and academy. These contradictions are reflected both in Vir's central themes of otherness and self-discovery and his exploration of exotic and colourful instrumental sonorities, which together make him an important and unusual voice in contemporary music.

Nei canali sommersi della clandestinità, la Resistenza passò anche attraverso una cultura che si conservava ostinatamente di respiro europeo, attraverso i vasti orizzonti dei progetti editoriali: come quello de La Nuova Biblioteca editrice, di Carlo Bernari, che portò avanti lo sperimentalismo degli anni Trenta (e di una Napoli in contatto con la Parigi di Breton e con il secondo surrealismo al servizio della rivoluzione), aprendosi alle nuove correnti artistiche d'Europa, non solo anticipando la visione del mondo del dopoguerra e le domande su una nuova definizione di uomo, ma anche mantenendo ampi i confini di una stagione che fu definita neorealistica quando ormai il termine, almeno in letteratura, aveva perso molto del suo significato originario. Si dovrebbe parlare, piuttosto, per gli anni dell’immediato dopoguerra, di neo-espressionismo, come le scelte editoriali de La Nuova Biblioteca confermano, orientate verso quella “seconda ondata dell'espressionismo” che Contini individua nella Germania Weimar. Solo dopo il ritrovamento dell'intero catalogo delle edizioni de La Nuova Biblioteca, pubblicato il 7 giugno 1944 nella Roma appena liberata, si è potuta ricostruire la portata di questo progetto e il vasto orizzonte che ne orientava il disegno. A rendere prezioso il catalogo de La Nuova Biblioteca non è solo la preparazione di testi che sarebbero stati fondamentali per la nuova cultura del dopoguerra (come, per la prima volta in Italia, l’ opera omnia di Antonio Gramsci, in un'edizione priva di tagli e perciò anticipatrice dell'edizione critica di Gerratana del 1975) o la presenza di nomi come Delio Cantimori, Umberto Barbaro, Franco Calamandrei, Ettore Lo Gatto, Lombardo Radice, Alicata e Sapegno, ma è anche la particolare fase cronologica in cui questo progetto prende forma: si tratta di un lasso di tempo breve, apertosi a ridosso della guerra e destinato a chiudersi rapidamente: è come uno squarcio, in cui il magma di materiali diversi accumulatosi nei canali della clandestinità affiora per un’ultima volta prima che intorno si irrigidiscano gli schemi di nuove culture sempre più dominanti. Torneranno a inabissarsi, queste narrazioni aperte alla deformazione, alla menzogna romanzesca e alla commistione tra le arti; tuttavia come un fiume carsico continueranno a scorrere, andando a unirsi a tutte quelle correnti che procedendo parallele, tra inversioni, stalli e rivolgimenti, attraverseranno l'intero secolo.

The studies on book culture and the functioning of various libraries have been present in academic circle for many decades. For obvious reasons the interest in books among the illustrious members of Radziwiłł magnate family as well as their scope of activity as the patrons of culture have been analyzed by historians. In the context, the history of the famous Radziwiłł library in Nesvizh can be considered as a separate research topic. This magnificent collection was confiscated after the first partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772) by order of Empress Catherine the Great. Some 15.000 volumes were transported to Saint Petersburg and offered to the Russian Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts (later Russian Academy of Sciences).Nicolas Radziwiłł the Black (1515–1565) is considered to be the founder of the Nesvizh library; however, its full development can be dated back to the time of Nicholas Christopher Radziwiłł “the Orphan” (1549–1616), who rebuilt the ducal palace and organized a library in one of the specially adopted rooms. The Nesvizh collection has been enriched by numerous donations, including that of cardinal and bishop of Vilnius George Radziwiłł (1556–1600), Sigismund Charles Radziwiłł (1591–1642), and many other members ofthe family.The presented catalogue was compiled under the request of Duke Alexander Louis Radziwiłł. This magnate, born in 1594 as a son of Nicolas Christopher Radziwiłł and Elisabeth Eufemia née Wiśniowiecka, received a most privileged education. In 1610 he began his studies in Germany then traveled throughout Germany, France and Italy. He returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the end of 1620, but in 1624 he left for Italy again, this time in the company of Prince Vladislas Vasa. In summer 1625 he again returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but soon was totally immersed in political life. Thanks to family connections he advanced his career very fast, becoming in the court marshal of Lithuania in 1635, and grand marshal of Lithuania only two years later. In December 1652 he went to Italy again and died in Bologna March 30, 1654. The manuscript catalogue of the library of Alexander Louis Radziwiłł is currently preserved in the Kórnicka Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Ms BK 1320). It contains of two parts. The first of them (f. 1–25r), compiled according to subjects, was written down in April 1651, then second one (f. 26r–46v), compiled alphabetically – in May and June this year. The catalogues are not identical. The first part, divided into classes, is more comprehensive than the second one (alphabetical). The catalogue was composed by John Hanowicz, mayor of Nesvezh. The manuscript has been marked with the ex-libris of the Radziwiłł library (Ex Bibliotheca Radivilliana Ducali Nesvisiensi) and pressmark (Loc. X, No 17). Hanowicz did not state usually the information about the place and year of publication, which makes the precise identification of the books very difficult. Therefore, one can only predict the exact number of the books (and volumes) preserved in the Nesvezh library at that time. It also happened that Hanowicz stated a title of this same book in both versions: once in the original Latin version and then in (abbreviated) Polish form. Among items included the catalogue one can also find manuscripts, maps, drawings and landed estate documents. Most the books were bound with white or red leather, less frequently with green, cherish, orange or red colored leather, and seldom with morocco leather or paper. The bibliographical descriptions provided in the footnotes should be considered only as suggestions, for only direct analysis of a given book (in visu) allows one to identify and link a book with the Radziwiłł Library. Some of the most precious books were kept in the castle treasury. The Nesvizh collections included also musical pieces, e.g. the libretto (?) of the first opera – Il ratto di Helena – performed on September 4th, 1636, in the theater of the lower ducal castle in Vilnius. The music of the famous opera was composed by an anonymous author, but the libretto was produced by Virgilio Puccitelli.The significance of the magnate families (e.g. that of the Radziwiłłs or the Sapiehas) as promoters and patrons of fine arts and literature was enormous and hard to over-estimate in the history of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A further and detailed study on the content of the Nesvizh library of Duke Alexander Louis Radziwiłł in 1651 gives one the opportunity to present in full and broad contexts a truly European library collection of Baroque culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Ugo Monneret de Villard was the main Italian scholar of Islamic art in the twentieth century. Where and why did this engineer from Milan start cultivating this interest? How did his work come to be appreciated at the highest academic levels? This article delineates Monneret’s long training through an examination of his readings and writings, travels, and exchanges with other scholars, all of which influenced his working methodology, leading him to archaeological missions in Africa and predisposing his discovery of Islamic art. A fundamental focus is given to the idea of studying Islamic art objects and monuments in Italy. Unpublished archival sources reveal that in the mid-1930s Monneret was the essential point of reference of a group of intellectuals, distant from the academic Scienza ufficiale, whose intention was to promote the study of Islamic art in Italy. These intellectuals had the double goal of instituting a chair of Islamic art and of preserving the Islamic artistic heritage of southern Italy. Newly discovered documents reveal the early civic engagement and nature of a project that manifested itself years later in Monneret’s catalogue “Opere di arte islamica in Italia,” unfortunately still unpublished. The missed opportunity of creating an academic post demonstrates the scant attention given to the discipline by Italian public institutions. On the other hand, Monneret’s original interest in the Cappella Palatina ceilings is seen to be part of his broader project. A fresh look at already known sources allows us to reconstruct the editorial phases of Monneret’s masterpiece and discloses the fundamental role played by American institutions and scholars. Monneret de Villard’s multifaceted scientific profile is the “lens” through which it is possible to examine the history of Islamic art studies in Italy in the first half of the twentieth century.

Abstract In questo articolo vengono presentate, in tutti i dettagli operativi e concettuali, la progettazione e la realizzazione di un flusso editoriale completo, per la realizzazione di un’edizione digitale a stampa dell’inventario dei manoscritti di Palazzeschi.Gli autori, insieme ad alcuni collaboratori specialisti di varia provenienza (archivisti, informatici, grafici editoriali), hanno elaborato un flusso editoriale in grado di realizzare un’edizione a stampa in formato PDF di qualità dell’inventario del fondo manoscritti, partendo dall’estrazione dei dati archivistici dalla piattaforma di schedatura che rispetta gli standard internazionali. Tale lavoro si è svolto seguendo le linee guida ANAI e le scelte editoriali del Centro Studi “Aldo Palazzeschi”. Il flusso è stato progettato anche per favorire le attività preliminari di revisione e adattamento dei dati, nell’ottica di ottimizzarne le procedure e i tempi. Il flusso descritto è stato adottato per realizzare il primo volume della nuova collana ad accesso aperto del Centro Studi “Aldo Palazzeschi”; altre edizioni sono in lavorazione per dare vita ad opere quali cataloghi di mostre, carteggi e guide archivistiche. Tutti questi volumi si basano sui dati contenuti nella piattaforma di Carte d’autore online, ma ognuno di essi viene realizzato con l’impiego di un template InDesign adattato al progetto specifico, a partire da quello descritto in questo articolo. The aim of this paper is to show the project and development of an entire editorial workflow, by focusing on all its practical and conceptual details. The workflow under analysis has been conceived to produce a to-be-printed digital edition of the inventory of the “Fond of manuscripts of Palazzeschi”. Both authors, in collaboration with archivists, developers and graphic designers, have been setting up an editorial workflow able to produce a quality PDF, starting from data stored in a cataloguing platform that complies with international standards. This work was carried out following both ANAI guidelines and Centro Studi Aldo Palazzeschi’s editorial rules. This flow is also meant to support some preliminary tasks, like data review and proofreding, in order to optimize their processes and time concerns. This workflow has been adopted to publish the first volume of the new Open Access series by Centro Studi “Aldo Palazzeschi”. Some other editions are still in progress so as to deliver exhibition catalogues, epistolary exchanges and archival guides. All these volumes take their data from "Carte d’autore online" database and each of them requires a settled template, set up on the basis of the specific one in the present article.

The article presents the enormous scientific, organisational and social achievements of Professor Andrzej Jaczewski – the doyen of Polish sexology, doctor and educator. The author recalls the awarding of the Medal of Merit for the Development of Polish Pedagogy, presented by the Chapter of the Committee of Pedagogical Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The author describes and analyses the various fields of the Professor’s activities, referring to available studies and insightful personal accounts. Undisputed, original and significant scientific achievements at the medical and pedagogical junctions, as well as beautiful accounts from his own life and accomplishments set new perspectives for pedagogical sciences, earning the Professor enormous respect from within and beyond his Polish and German academic cohort and peers. The Professor was and remains to many, a physician of the body, mind and spirit. With his unwavering passion and dedication to his students and the scouts, he truly exemplifies and models a path that seeks truth, beauty and doing good. There is a discussion about the shape of Polish education concerning errors in teaching science and biology, wasting children’s abilities in the sciences more than it is commonly believed, the problem of physical and mental “splitting maturation”, the role of adventure in scouting, “becoming” a mature person, the highest grades on secondary school-leaving certificates and young people’s lack of skills in communicating in other languages. In addition, the discussion addresses the competences needed to build social relations, personal courage and responsibility, tolerance and respect for other people, the ability to cooperate and build a community, the catalogue of values in the process of education, integration of education and upbringing processes, theatre, ballet, classical and opera music concerts, popular culture, as well as digital media and human rights to a life of value, sailing and education reforms. The conversation with professor Andrzej Jaczewski at his home in Ropki in the Beskid Niski leads to the conclusion: “We have to invent a new school. A school worthy of our dreams and the fate of our children and grandchildren”. The author treats it as the Professor’s pedagogical will.

Ancient Song Recovered: The Life and Music of Veljo Tormis, by Mimi S. Daitz. Pendragon Press, $54.00/£36.00.The Works of Eduard Tubin: Thematic-Bibliographical Catalogue of Works by Vardo Rumessen. International Eduard Tubin Society/Gehrmans Musikförlag, E.57.TORMIS: ‘Vision of Estonia’ II. The Ballad of Mary's Land; Reflections with Hando Runnel; Days of Outlawry; God Protect Us from War; Journey of the War Messenger; Let the Sun Shine!; Voices from Tammsaare's Herdboy Days; Forget-me-not; Mens' Songs. Estonian National Male Choir c. Ants Soots. Alba NCD 20.TORMIS: ‘Vision of Estonia’ III. The Singer; Songs of the Ancient Sea; Plague Memory; Bridge of Song; Going to War; Dialectical Aphorisms; Song about a Level Land; We Are Given; An Aboriginal Song; The Estonians' Political Parties Game; Song about Keeping Together; Martinmas Songs; Shrovetide Songs; Three I Had Those Words of Beauty. Estonian National Male Choir c. Ants Soots. Alba NCD 23.TAMBERG: Cyrano de Bergerac. Soloists, Orchestra and Chorus of Estonian National Opera c. Paul Mägi. CPO 999 832-2 (2-CD set).ROSENVALD: Violin Concerto Nos. 11 and 2, Quasi una fantasia2; Two Pastorales3; Sonata capricciosa4; Symphony No. 35; Nocturne6. 1,2Lemmo Erendi (vln), Tallinn CO c. Neeme Järvi, 2Estonian State SO c. Jüri Alperten; 3Estonian State SO c. Vello Pähn; 4Valentina Gontšarova (vln); 56Estonian State SO c. Neeme Järvi. Antes BM-CD 31.9197.DEAN: Winter Songs. TÜÜR: Architectonics I. VASKS: Music for a Deceased Friend. PÄRT: Quintettino. NIELSEN: Wind Quintet. Berlin Philharmonic Wind Quintet, with Daniel Norman (tenor), c. Hermann Bäumer. BIS-CD–1332.TULEV: Quella sera; Gare de l'Est; Adiós/Œri Ráma in memoriam; Isopo; Be Lost in the Call. NYYD Ensemble c. Olari Elts. Eesti Raadio ERCD047.ESTONIAN COMPOSERS I: MÄGI: Vesper.1 KANGRO: Display IX.2 SUMERA: Shakespeare's Sonnets Nos. 8 & 90.3TAMBERG: Desiderium Concordiae.4 TULEV: String Quartet No. 1.5 EESPERE: Glorificatio.6 TORMIS: Kevade: Suite.71Estonian National SO c. Aivo Välja; 24NYYD Ensemble c. Olari Elts; 3Pirjo Levadi (soprano), Mikk Mikiver (narrator), Estonian National Boys' Choir, Estonian National SO c. Paul Mägi; 5Tallinn String Quartet; 6Kaia Urb (sop), Academic Male Choir of Tallinn Technical University c. Arvo Volmer; 7Estonian National SO c. Paul Mägi Eesti Raadio ERCD 031.ESTONIAN COMPOSERS II: TULVE: Traces.1 TALLY: Swinburne.2 KÕRVITS: Stream.3 STEINER: Descendants of Cain.4 KAUMANN: Long Play.5 LILL: Le Rite de Passage.6 SIMMER: Water of Life.71,5,6NYYD Ensemble c. Olari Elts; 2Ardo-Ran Varres (narrator), Iris Oja (sop), Alar Pintsaar (bar), Vambola Krigul (perc), Külli Möls (accordion), Robert Jürjendal (elec guitar); 3Virgo Veldi (sax), Madis Metsamart (perc); 4The Bowed Piano Ensemble c. Timo Steiner; 7Teet Järvi (vlc), Monika Mattieson (fl). Eesti Raadio ERCD032.ESTONIAN COMPOSERS III: GRIGORJEVA: Con misterio;1On Leaving. SUMERA: Pantomime; The Child of Dracula and Zombie. 1Tui Hirv (sop), 1Iris Oja (mezzo), 1Joosep Vahermägi (ten), 1Jaan Arder (bar), Hortus Musicus c. Andres Mustonen. Eeesti Raadio ERCD 045ESTONIAN COMPOSERS IV: KRIGUL: Walls.1 JÜRGENS: Redblueyellow.2 KÕRVER: Pre.3 KOTTA: Variations.4 SIIMER: Two Pieces.5 KAUMANN: Ausgewählte Salonstücke.6 AINTS: Trope.7 STEINER: In memoriam.81,6New Tallinn Trio; 2Liis Jürgens (harp); 3,8Voces Musicales Ensemble c. Risto Joost; 4Mati Mikalai (pno); 5Mikk Murdvee (vln), Tarmo Johannes (fl), Toomas Vavilov (cl), Mart Siimer (organ); 7Tarmo Johannes (fl). Eeesti Raadio ERCD 046.BALTIC VOICES 2: SISASK: Five songs from Gloria Patri. TULEV: And then in silence there with me be only You. NØRGÅRD: Winter Hymn. GRIGORJEVA: On Leaving (1999). SCHNITTKE: Three Sacred Hymns. Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir c. Paul Hillier. Harmonia Mundi HMU 907331.SCHNITTKE: Concerto for Chorus; Voices of Nature. PÄRT: Dopo la vittoria; Bogoróditse Djévo; I am the True Vine. Swedish Radio Choir c. Tõnu Kaljuste. BIS-CD-1157.PÄRT: Es sang vor langen Jahren; Stabat Mater; Magnificat; Nunc Dimittis; My Heart's in the Highlands; Zwei Sonatinen; Spiegel im Spiegel. Chamber Domaine; Stephen de Pledge (pno), Stephen Wallace (counter-ten), Choir of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh c. Matthew Owens. Black Box BBM1071.

NOTICIAS / NEWS (“Transfer”, 2015) 1) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES: 1. First Forlì International Workshop – Corpus-based Interpreting Studies: The State of the Art University of Bologna at Forlì, 7-8 May 2015. http://eventi.sslmit.unibo.it/cis1/<file:///owa/redir.aspx 2. 5th IATIS Conference – Innovation Paths in Translation and Intercultural Studies, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 7-10 July 2015. www.iatis.org/index.php/iatis-belo-horizonte-conference/itemlist/category/168-call-for-communication-proposals-within-the-general-conference 3. POETRY/TRANSLATION/FILM – POÉSIE/TRADUCTION/FILM PoeTransFi, Paul Valéry University, Montpellier, France, 18-19 June 2015. http://pays-anglophones.upv.univ-montp3.fr/?page_id=1795 4. 6th International Maastricht-Lodz Duo Colloquium on “Translation and Meaning”, Maastricht School of Translation & Interpre-ting, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands 21-22 May 2015. www.translation-and-meaning.nl 5. MiddleWOmen. Networking and cultural mediation with and between women (1850-1950). Centre for Reception Studies (CERES), HERA Travelling TexTs project and Huygens ING KU Leuven campus Brussels 7-8 May 2015. www.receptionstudies.be 6. 5th International Symposium: Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility, Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma, Italy, 12 June 2015. www.unint.eu/it/component/content/article/8-pagina/494-respeaking-live-subtitling-and-accessibility.html 7. Conference on Law, Translation and Culture (LTC5) and Legal and Institutional Translation Seminar, University of Geneva, Switzerland 24-26 June 2015. www.unige.ch/traduction-interpretation/recherches/groupes/transius/conference2015_en.html 8. 6th International Conference Media for All – Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility: Global Challenges, University of Western Sydney, Australia, 16-18 September 2015. http://uws.edu.au/mediaforall 9. Translation in Exile, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 10-11 December 2015. www.cliv.be 10. Literary Translation as Creation, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 20-21 May 2015. laurence.belingard@univ-avignon.fr marie-francoise.sanconie@univ-avignon.fr 11. 4th International Conference on Language, Medias and Culture (ICLMC 2015) 9-10 April 2015. Kyoto, Japan, www.iclmc.org 12. 9th International Colloquium on Translation Studies in Portugal – Translation & Revolution, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, 22-23 October 2015. ix.translation.revolution@gmail.com 13. Translation as Collaboration: Translaboration?, University of Westminster, London, 18 June 2015 Contact: Alexa Alfer (A.Alfer01@westminster.ac.uk), Steven Cranfield (S.Cranfield@westminster.ac.uk), Paresh Kathrani (P.Kathrani@westminster.ac.uk) 14. Translation/Interpreting Teaching and the Bologna Process: Pathways between Unity and Diversity, FTSK Germersheim, Germany 27–29 November 2015. www.fb06.uni-mainz.de/did2015/index_ENG.php 15. Atlantic Communities: Translation, Mobility, Hospitality, University of Vigo, Spain, 17-18 September 2015. http://translating.hypotheses.org/551 16. Exploring the Literary World III: Transgression and Translation in Literature Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 23-24 April 2015. www.arts.chula.ac.th/~complit/complite/?q=conference 17. Authenticity and Imitation in Translation and Culture, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland, 7 – 9 May 2015. www.swps.pl/english-version/news/conferences/12164-authenticity-and-imitation-in-translation-and-culture 18. Translation in Transition, Barnard College, New York City, USA 1-2 May 2015. barnard.edu/translation/translation-in-transition 19. First Forlì International Workshop – Corpus-based Interpreting Studies: The state of the art, University of Bologna at Forlì, Italy, 7-8 May 2015. http://eventi.sslmit.unibo.it/cis1 20. Translation and Meaning. The Lodz Session of the 6th International Maastricht-Lodz Duo Colloquium, University of Lodz, Poland, 18-19 September 2015. http://duo.uni.lodz.pl 21. TAO-CAT-2015, Université Catholique de l’Ouest, Angers, France 28-30 May 2015. www.tao2015.org/home-new 22. English Language and Literary Studies (ELLS 2015), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 3-4 August 2015. http://ells2015.com 23. Talking to the World 2: The Relevance of Translation and Interpreting – Past, Present and Future, Newcastle University, UK, 10-11 September 2015. www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/study/postgraduate/T&I/2015conference/main.htm 24. 6th International Symposium for Young Researchers in Translation, Interpreting, Intercultural Studies and East Asian Studies Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 3 July 2015. www.fti.uab.es/departament/simposi-2015/en/index.htm 25. Portsmouth Translation Conference: Border Crossing or Border Creation?, University of Portsmouth, UK, 14 November 2015. www.port.ac.uk/translation/events/conference 26. New Perspectives in Assessment in Translation Training: Bridging the Gap between Academic and Professional Assessment, University of Westminster, London, UK, 4 September 2015. www.westminster.ac.uk/news-and-events/events/humanities/archive/2014/mlc/new-perspectives-in-assessment-in-translation-training-bridging-the-gap-between-academic-and-professional-assessment 27. III Congreso Internacional de Neología en las Lenguas Románicas University of Salamanca, 22-24 October 2015. http://diarium.usal.es/cineo2015 28. Some Holmes and Popovič in all of us? The Low Countries and the Nitra Schools in the 21st century, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia, 8-10 October 2015. Contact: igor.tyss@gmail.com 29. The Cultural Politics of Translation, Cairo, Egypt, 27-29 October 2015. https://culturalpoliticstranslation2015.wordpress.com 30. Journée d’étude « le(s) figure(s) du traducteur », Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada, 30 April 2015. http://mrujs.mtroyal.ca/index.php/cf/index 31. Mediterranean Editors and Translators Annual Meeting —Versatility and readiness for new challenges, University of Coimbra, Portugal, 29-31 October 2015. www.metmeetings.org/en/preliminary-program:722 32. Lengua, Literatura y Traducción “liLETRAd”, University of Seville, Spain, 7-8 July 2015. http://congreso.us.es/liletrad. 33. Meta: Translators' Journal is celebrating its 60th anniversary in 2015! For the occasion, an anniversary colloquium will be held on August 19th to 21st, 2015 at the Université de Montréal (Montréal, Canada). Colloquium for the 60th Anniversary of META – 1955-2015: Les horizons de la traduction: retour vers le futur. Translation’s horizons: back to the future. Los horizontes de la traducción: regreso al futuro, August 19-21, 2015 – Université de Montréal. Please send your proposal to this address: meta60e@gmail.com, to the attention of Georges L. Bastin or Eve-Marie Gendron-Pontbrian 2) CURSOS DE POSGRADO / MASTERS: 1. Legal Translation, Master universitario di II livello in Traduzione Giuridica University of Trieste, Italy. http://apps.units.it/Sitedirectory/InformazioniSpecificheCdS/Default.aspx?cdsid=10374&ordinamento=2012&sede=1&int=web&lingua=15 2. Traducción Especializada, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Spain. http://estudios.uoc.edu/es/masters-posgrados-especializaciones/master/artes-humanidades/traduccion-especializada/presentacion 3. Online course: La Traducción Audiovisual y el Aprendizaje de Lenguas Extranjeras, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, 1st December 2014 to 31st May 2015. http://formacionpermanente.uned.es/tp_actividad/idactividad/7385 https://canal.uned.es/mmobj/index/id/21174 Contact: Noa Talaván (ntalavan@flog.uned.es), José Javier Ávila (javila@flog.uned.es) 4. Online course: Audio Description and Its Use in the Foreign Language Classroom, UNED, Madrid, Spain http://formacionpermanente.uned.es/tp_actividad/idactividad/7492 5. Online course: Curso de Formación de Profesorado, La Traducción Audiovisual y el Aprendizaje de Lenguas Extranjeras UNED, Madrid, Spain. http://formacionpermanente.uned.es/tp_actividad/idactividad/7385 6. EST Training Seminar for Translation Teachers, Kraków, Poland 29 June – 3 July 2015. www.est-translationstudies.org/events/2015_seminar_teachers/index.html 7. Train the Trainer -Teaching MT: EAMT-funded Workshop, Dublin City University, 30 April- 1 May 2015. https://cttsdcu.wordpress.com/eamt-workshop-on-teaching-mt-to-translator-trainers-30-april-1-may 3) CURSOS DE VERANO / SUMMER COURSES: 1. 2015 Nida School of Translation Studies, Leading Edges in Translation: World Literature and Performativity, San Pellegrino University Foundation campus, Misano Adriatico, Italy, 18-29 may 2015. http://nsts.fusp.it/Nida-Schools/NSTS-2015 2. EMUNI Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, University of Turku, Finland, 1-12 June 2015. www.utu.fi/en/units/hum/units/languages/EASS/Pages/home.aspx 3. Chinese-English Translation and Interpretation, School of Translation and Interpretation, University of Ottawa, Canada, 13th July – 7th August 7 2015. http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs 4. Summer Program in Translation Pedagogy, University of Ottawa 13 July – 7 August 2015. http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs 4) LIBROS / BOOKS: 1. Audio Description: New Perspectives Illustrated, Edited by Anna Maszerowska, Anna Matamala and Pilar Orero, John Benjamins, 2014. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.112/main 2. Call for papers: Translation Studies in Africa and beyond: Reconsidering the Postcolony, Editors: J Marais & AE Feinauer Contacts: Kobus Marais (jmarais@ufs.ac.za) or Ilse Feinauer (aef@sun.ac.za). 4. Measuring live subtitling quality: Results from the second sampling exercise, Ofcom, UK. http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/consultations/subtitling/sampling-results-2 5. A Training Handbook for Legal and Court Interpreters in Australia by Mary Vasilakakos, ISBN 978-0-9925873-0-7, Publisher: Language Experts Pty Ltd. www.interpreterrevalidationtraining.com www.languageexperts.com.au 6. Call for papers: Opera and Translation: Eastern and Western Perspectives, Edited by Adriana Serban and Kelly Kar Yue Chan http://pays-anglophones.upv.univ-montp3.fr/?page_id=1908 7. The Known Unknowns of Translation Studies, Edited by Elke Brems, Reine Meylaerts and Luc van Doorslaer, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2014. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/bct.69/main 8. Translating the Voices of Theory/ La traduction des voi de la théorie Edited by Isabelle Génin and Ida Klitgård, 2014. www.hf.uio.no/ilos/english/research/groups/Voice-in-Translation/ 9. Authorial and Editorial Voices in Translation 1 - Collaborative Relationships between Authors, Translators, and Performers, Eds. Hanne Jansen and Anna Wegener, 2014. http://editionsquebecoisesdeloeuvre.ca/data/documents/AEVA-Flyer-1-190895-Vita-Traductiva-Vol-2-Flyer-EN-100413.pdf 10. Authorial and Editorial Voices in Translation 2 - Editorial and Publishing Practices, Eds. Hanne Jansen and Anna Wegener, 2014. www.editionsquebecoisesdeloeuvre.ca/accueil 11. Call for papers: Achieving Consilience. Translation Theories and Practice. https://cfpachievingconsilience.wordpress.com 12. Framing the Interpreter. Towards a visual perspective. Anxo Fernández-Ocampo & Michaela Wolf (eds.), 2014, London: Routledge. http://routledge-ny.com/books/details/9780415712743 13. Multilingual Information Management: Information, Technology and Translators, Ximo Granell, 2014. http://store.elsevier.com/Multilingual-Information-Management/Ximo-Granell-/isbn-9781843347712/ 14. Writing and Translating Francophone Discourse: Africa, The Caribbean, Diaspora, Paul F. Bandia (ed.), 2014, Amsterdam, Rodopi www.brill.com/products/book/writing-and-translating-francophone-discourse 15. Call for papers (collective volumen): Translation studies in Africa and beyond: Reconsidering the postcolony www.facebook.com/notes/mona-baker/translation-studies-in-africa-and-beyond-reconsidering-the-postcolony/743564399051495 16. Audiovisual Translation in the Digital Age - The Italian Fansubbing Phenomenon, By Serenella Massidda, Palgrave Connect, 2015. www.palgrave.com/page/detail/audiovisual-translation-in-the-digital-age-serenella-massidda/?k=9781137470362 17. Video: First International SOS-VICS Conference - Building communication bridges in gender violence, University of Vigo, Spain 25-26 September 2014. http://cuautla.uvigo.es/CONSOS/ 18. Camps, Assumpta. Traducción y recepción de la literatura italiana, Publicacions i Edicions UB, 2014. ISBN: 978-84-475-3776-1. 19. Camps, Assumpta. Italia en la prensa periódica durante el franquismo, Publicacions i Edicions UB, 2014. ISBN: 978-84-475-3753-2. 5) REVISTAS / JOURNALS: Call for papers: “Altre Modernità – Rivista di studi letterarie e culturali” Special Issue: Ideological Manipulation in Audiovisual Translation, Contact: irene.ranzato@uniroma.it. http://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/AMonline/announcement/view/381 2. Call for papers: “Between, Journal of the Italian Association of Comparative Literature”. Special issue on censorship and self-censorship. http://ojs.unica.it/index.php/between/pages/view/CFP9_censura_auto-censura 3. Open access journal, “Hieronymus, A Journal of Translation Studies and Terminology”, Croatia. www.ffzg.unizg.hr/hieronymus 4. “DIE SCHNAKE. Zeitschrift für Sprachkritik, Satire, Literatur”, Number 39+40, Kleines ABC des Literaturübersetzens. www.rainer-kohlmayer.de 5. Call for papers: “MonTI” 8 (2016) - Economic, Financial and Business Translation: from Theory to Training and Professional Practice. http://dti.ua.es/es/monti-english/monti-authors.html daniel.gallego@ua.es 6. Call for papers: “LINGUISTICA ANTVERPIENSIA”, NEW SERIES -Themes in Translation Studies (15/2016). Interpreting in Conflict Situations and in Conflict Zones throughout History. https://lans.ua.ac.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/announcement 7. Call for papers: “CULTUS: The Journal of Intercultural Mediation and Communication” (8/2016). The Intercultural Question and the Interpreting Professions. www.cultusjournal.com 8. Call for papers: “The Journal of Specialised Translation” Non-thematic issue, Issue 26, July 2016. www.jostrans.org 9. “TranscUlturAl: A journal of Translation and Culture Studies”, Special issue Translating Street Art. http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/TC/issue/view/1634 10. “Przekładaniec 28: Audiodeskrypcja [Audio Description]”, edited by Anna Jankowska and Agnieszka Szarkowska. All papers are published in Polish, with English abstracts. www.ejournals.eu/Przekladaniec/zakladka/66/ 11. Call for papers: “Lingvisticæ Investigationes”, Special issue on Spanish Phraseology: Varieties and Variations. http://dti.ua.es/es/documentos/li-call-for-papers-spanish-phraseology-varieties-and-variations.pdf Further details: Pedro.mogorron@ua.es; xblancoe@gmail.com 13. Call for papers: “Revista de Lenguas para Fines Específicos”, Special issue on The Translation of Advertising. Contact: Laura Cruz (lcruz@dis.ulpgc.es). Deadline: 20th July 2015. www.webs.ulpgc.es/lfe 14. “The AALITRA Review”. www.nla.gov.au/openpublish/index.php/ALLITRA 15. “Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E” www.cttl.org/cttl-e-2014.html 16. Call for papers: “Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E”. www.cttl.org 18. Call for papers: “Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts”, Volume 1, Number 2, 2015 Deadline: 10-Jan-2015. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/ttmc/main 19. Call for book reviews: “TRANS. Revista de Traductología,” vol.19, 2015. Deadline: Friday, 30th January 2015. www.trans.uma.es trans@uma.es 20. Call for papers: “a journal of literature, culture and literary Translation”. Special volume – Utopia and Political Theology Today Deadline: 15th January 2015. Contact: sic.journal.contact@gmail.com https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01 21. “trans-kom”. www.trans-kom.eu 22. “Linguistica Antverpiensia” NS-TTS 13/2014: Multilingualism at the cinema and on stage: A translation perspective, Edited by Reine Meylaerts and Adriana Şerban. https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/issue/current 23. Call for papers: 5th issue (2015) of “Estudios de Traducción”, Deadline: 20 February 2015. www.ucm.es/iulmyt/revista 24. Call for papers: “Journal of Translation Studies” - special issue on Translator & Interpreter Education in East Asia. KATS (Korean Association of Translation Studies), www.kats.or.kr (Go to 'English' page). Contact: Won Jun Nam (wonjun_nam@daum.net, wjnam@hufs.ac.kr). 25. “The Journal of Specialised Translation”, 23, January 2015. www.jostrans.org 26. Call for papers: “TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies”. Deadline: 15 March 2015. http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/TC/announcement 27. “New Voices in Translation Studies”, Issue 11 (Fall 2014). www.iatis.org/index.php/publications/new-voices-in-translation-studies/item/1034-issue11-2014 28. “The Interpreter and Translator Trainer”, 8:3 (2014). Special issue: Dialogue Interpreting in practice: bridging the gap between empirical research and interpreter education E. Davitti and S. Pasquandrea (eds.) www.tandfonline.com/toc/ritt20/current#.VLQHuyvF-So 6) WEBS DE INTERÉS / WEBSITES OF INTEREST: 1. Support Spanish interpreters to secure the right to translation and interpreting in criminal proceedings: www.change.org/p/pablo-casado-retiren-el-proyecto-de-ley-org%C3%A1nica-que-modifica-la-lecrim

The Franciscan Monastery of St Domnius at Kraj on the island of Pašman houses an incunable edition of Augustine’s The City of God (De Civitate Dei) which was printed in Venice by Nicolas Jenson in 1475. The incunable features beautiful Renaissance multi-coloured illuminations painted in tempera, sepia, ink and water colours while gold foils and gold dust were used on fol. 17 (the page number is not original but was subsequently added in pencil; this folio contains the beginning of Book 1) and a number of other folios. The illumination on fol. 17 consists of two phytomorphic initials, a decorative border and independent figural scenes while a number of other folios are decorated with phytomorphic initials of the littera notabilior type, the height of which corresponds to two lines, painted in red or blue. The top and left margin of the first page of Book 1 are filled with a decorative border terminating in trilobes on each end. The ornamental scheme of the border consists of a band made up of five thin lines which undulates in a spiral and thus forms circles. These are filled with flowers, leaves and berries painted in blue, green and cyclamen purple but also with gold stylized burdock flowers (Lat. Arctium lappa; some scholars call them gold dots, that is, bottoni dorati). The remaining fields are filled with bent scrolls. In the upper left corner of the frame is a goldfinch. The initial I, composed of phytomorphic motifs in blue, green and cyclamen purple and their shades, is painted against a gold background of the rectangular field situated at the beginning of the text column on the left-hand side. Inside the decorative border, placed at the height which corresponds to the centre of the initial, is a medallion with the bust of St Augustine depicted in the open sky with elongated white clouds and no other details. The illusion of the spatial depth was achieved through the use of tonal gradations: the shades of blue are darker at the top and lighter in the lower half of the sky. St Augustine is dressed in a white robe and a red cloak with a black hood. He is wearing a white mitre with a horizontal and perpendicular band highlighted with gold dust. The shadows and folds of his clothes were articulated with black and white lines. His right hand is pointing to the open book which was painted at the height of his chest. The fingers on his right hand are elongated and thin. St Augustine’s gold nimbus was painted as a full circle the left half of which was outlined in white and the right half in black. St Augustine is directing his gentle and sad gaze upwards. His head is slightly bent. His round and bony head is marked by the large round eyes with prominent sclera and dark circles underneath while the arched eyebrows are thinner at their ends. The nose is small and the mouth is turned downwards. The plasticity of the face and its complexion were articulated with white and pink shades. The trimmed dark beard is depicted with short lines in lighter and darker shades. The ornamental frame which fills the top margin corresponds to the one in the left margin but was decorated more modestly because the miniaturist placed the scroll bearing the printer’s name and the scroll identifying the text as belonging to Book 1 at the centre of the frame which left only the beginning and the end of the frame to be decorated. The scroll with the printer’s name is emphasized by a golden burdock flower at the top of the frame and a golden teasel flower (Lat. Dipsacus fullonum) at the bottom. The lower margin features two symmetrical angels, rendered in a somewhat imprecise drawing, who kneel on the ground painted in the shades of green and brown. The physiognomy of the angels is similar to that of St Augustine. Their round heads have small eyes and noses, shaded circles under the eyes and arched eyebrows. The mouths are depicted as thin lines with pronounced ends and are further accentuated by a dot beneath the lower lip. The plasticity of their faces was achieved through the tonal gradation of pink and white. The angels’ hair, ochre in colour and highlighted with gold dust, is thick and short and covers the tops of their heads like a helmet. The outspread wings were painted in dark and light shades of blue. Two wide red scrolls with white highlights emerge symmetrically from behind the angels at their waist height. Wavy tendrils and gold stylized teasel flowers extend from the red scroll. The angels hold a laurel wreath between them. The colour of the circular field inside the wreath is cyclamen purple. The wreath is formed by three rows of leaves which are bound by four regularly spaced ties. The leaves’ edges and tips were painted in light and dark shades of green. Inside the wreath is a Renaissance crest surrounded by thin white wiggly tendrils with sprouting leaves. The shield, in the shape of a horse’s head, is divided horizontally into the dark blue upper half and the red lower half. It features a gold lion with his mouth wide open who is facing right and holding a tree with his front paws. The tree’s pyramidal top is decorated with small dots indicating leaves and fruit. The shield’s right half is outlined in white and the left one in black. The second text column on the first page of Book 1 is decorated with the painted initial letter G. It consists of phytomorphic motifs in blue, red, yellow and cyclamen purple and their shades. Two small leaves are attached to the initial on its left-hand side. As is the case with the crest, the initial was additionally decorated with elegant white tendrils sprouting leaves and highlighted with gold dust. The background is also gold while the rectangular field around the initial is outlined in a thin black line. Two wavy tendrils and two gold stylized teasel flowers emerge from the corners of the frame on the left-hand side while a green leaf appears at the centre. Apart from these illuminations and initials on fol. 17, the incunable contains other initials, one for the beginning of each of the remaining twenty one book, and all of them consist of blue, green and cyclamen pink phytomorphic motifs painted against a gold background inside a black rectangular frame. The plasticity of these initials was achieved through tonal gradation and the use of yellow while thin white undulating tendrils with variations in width and highlights in gold dust enriched the decoration. Some sentences in the text were emphasized by numerous initials in red or blue of the littera notabilior type the height of which corresponds to two lines of the text. The illuminations of this incunable edition of the De Civitate Dei belong to north Italian or Venetian Renaissance painting and they demonstrate numerous significant similarities with the works of the well-known Venetian miniaturist whom the scholarly literature identified as Maestro del Plinio di Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (Maestro del Plinio di Pico or, more commonly, Maestro di Pico). The attribution of the illuminations in this incunable to Maestro di Pico, who may have been helped by his workshop and assistants especially during the painting of the decorative frame and initials, is based on the figure of St Augustine and the angels who support the crest. Their features display the same typology which characterizes the works of Maestro di Pico. Identical angels appear in the bottom margin of Brunetto Latini’s Il Tesoro (Gerardus de Lisa, Treviso, 1474; Cambridge, Mass., Harvard, Houghton Library, Inc. 6459, c. 7). The figure of St Augustine shows pronounced similarities with the figure of a Dominican monk, set inside the initial O of the littera historiata type, in Nicolaus de Auximo’s Supplementum (Franciscus Renner et Nicolaus de Frankofordia, Venice, 1474; Biblioteca Marciana, Inc. Ven. 494, c.2). Identical angels and putti can be found in the bottom margins of Strabo’s Geographica (Minneapolis, Univ. of Minnesotta Library, Ms. 1460/f St., c.1), and in two copies of Pliny’s Historia Naturalis (Venice, N. Jenson, 1472, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Vèlins 498 and Venice, N. Jenson, 1472, San Marino, CA, Huntington Library, n. 2289). A beautiful comparative example is the Biblia Latina (Franciscus Renner & Nicolaus de Frankfordia, 1475, Dallas, Texas, Southern Methodist University, Bridwell Library) and its first page which has a similar composition to that in the incunable from Kraj. The figure of St Jerome, depicted inside a littera historiata provides a plethora of specific Morellian details which are essential for the attribution of the illuminations in the incunable from Kraj to Maestro di Pico. Striking similarities in the depictions of saints, phytomorphic initials and decorative frames can also be found in two psalters (one in Venice, Biblioteca Querini Stampaglia, Inc. 6, the other in Siena, Biblioteca S. Bernardino del Convento dell’Osservanza) and in the first page of the Psalms in a breviary from Paris (Bibliothèque Ste-Geneviève, OE XV 147 Rés). Similar saints and angels all of which belong to the same figural typology were used to decorate three copies from the Commissioni series made for Doge Agostino Barbarigo (Commissione del doge Agostino Barbarigo a Girolamo Capello, 1487, Venice, Bib. Del Museo Correr, MS Cl. III. 33 (fig. 15); Commissione del doge Agostino Barbarigo a Paolo di Canale, 1489, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 4729, c.2, and Commissione del doge Agostino Barbarigo a Tommaso Loredano, 1490, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 4730, c.1). Further parallels can be found in the illuminations of a breviary from Augsburg (c. 1480, Universitätsbibl., Cod. I.2.2o 35) the first page of which has a lettera istoriata with the figure of St Paul whose physiognomy closely resembles that of St Augustine in the incunabule from Kraj, while the bottom margin features centrally placed angels which are identical to those at Kraj. Equally important comparative material is found in three Paduan incunables (Biblioteca del Seminario Vescovile) which contain illuminations attributed to Maestro di Pico. The distinctive features of the angels, putti and saints as well as the type of decoration used in the margins of these incunables also demonstrate striking similarities with the illuminations from Kraj. Other examples include Lattanzi’s Opera (Giovanni da Colonia and Johannes Manthen, Venice, 1478; Forc. M. 3.2), Jacopo da Varagine’s Legenda aurea (Gabriele di Pietro, Venice, 1477, with a likely contribution of his workshop; Forc. M. 2.22) and Cipriano’s Opera (Vindelino da Spira, Venice, 1471; Forc. K. 2.12). On the basis of the comparative analyses outlined above and the similarities which have been noted, it can be concluded that the illuminations in the incunable of St Augustine’s De Civitate Dei (Nicolas Jenson, Venice, 1475), housed in the Monastery of St Domnius at Kraj, were painted by the well-known Venetian Renaissance miniaturist Maestro di Pico. Regardless of the possible input of his workshop and assistants during the painting process of the decorative frame and initials, these illuminations help expand the catalogue of Maestro di Pico’s works and represent valuable contribution to the painting in Renaissance Dalmatia.

Las excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en Monte Molião permitieron la recogida de un importante conjunto de artefactos de hueso pulido, de la Edad del Hierro y de época Romana, que supone un total de 80 piezas. Están distribuidas por distintas categorías funcionales, relacionadas con el adorno personal, con la actividad textil, con el juego y con la escritura. Otros integran la categoría de complementos de muebles. El conjunto es revelador de la presencia, en el sur de Portugal, de individuos con costumbres y usanzas que siguen patrones estéticos y sociales del Mediterráneo romanizado.Palabras clave: Algarve romano, mundus muliebris, textiles, ludi, stiliTopónimo: PortugalPeriodo: Edad del Hierro, época romana ABSTRACTThe archaeological digs undertaken in in Monte Molião led to the discovery of 80 bone artefacts, dating from Iron Age and Roman times. They are divided into several functional categories, connected with personal adornment, textile activity, games, and writing. 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(1994), “Objetos de hueso procedentes de la cuenca media del Guadiana”, Revista de Estudios Extremeños, 50, pp. 511-539.Sala Sellés, F., Bayo Fuentes, S. y Moratalla Jávega, J. (2013), “Dianium, Sertorio y los piratas cilicios. Conquista y romanización de la Contestania ibérica”, en A. Álvarez-Ossório, E. Ferrer Albelda y E. García Vargas (coords.), Piratería y seguridad marítima en el Mediterráneo Antiguo, SPAL Monografias XVII, Sevilla, pp. 187-210.Sanahuja, M. (1971), “Instrumental de hierro agrícola e industrial de la época ibero-romana en Cataluña”, Pyrenae, 7, pp. 61-110.Sievers, S. (1984), Die Kleinfunde der Heuneburg: die Funde aus den Grabungen von 1950-1979, Röm.-Germ. Forsch. 42, Mainz am Rhein, Von Zabern.Sousa, E. y Arruda, A. M. (2014), “A cerâmica comum romano-republicana de Monte Molião (Lagos)”, Onoba, 2, pp. 55-90.Sousa, E. y Arruda, A. M. 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(2012), “Un taller de industria ósea en el yacimiento de época romana de Rubina (Nanclares de la Oca, Iruña de Oca, Araba/Álava)”, Kobie Serie Paleoantropología, 31, pp. 105-136.Veiga, E. da (1910), “Antiguidades Monumentaes do Algarve. Tempos históricos”, O Arqueológo Português, 1ª Serie, 15, pp. 209-233.Viana, A., Formosinho, J. y Ferreira, O. (1952), “Alguns objectos inéditos do Museu Regional de Lagos. Monte Molião”, Revista de Guimarães, 62, 1-2, pp. 133-142.

La producción de conocimiento a través de la investigación académica está siendo cada vez más exigida y cuestionada, en un entorno de crisis socio-económica e institucional generalizada de la Universidad. Por su parte, la investigación académica se ve exigida para dar respuesta a las presiones y necesidades del entorno, concretamente a las prioridades de las organizaciones productivas y del mercado. Al mismo tiempo, la investigación en gestión, contabilidad y finanzas es cuestionada por conseguir un impacto muy modesto, en términos de relevancia y difusión de sus hallazgos a un público más amplio, que trascienda el contexto de los mismos investigadores. Estas exigencias y cuestionamientos reclaman una reflexión detenida por parte de los académicos; por ello, en este editorial queremos aportar algunos breves elementos para el debate.Boaventura de Sousa santos, uno de los más influyentes pensadores sociales contemporáneos, ha senalado que actualmente la Universidad vivencia una crisis de hegemonía, una crisis de legitimidad y una crisis institucional (De Sousa, 2007).Hoy en día, el conocimiento autorizado ya no se genera solo en la Universidad, lo que tiene implicaciones profundas en su centralidad-hegemonía y en la forma en que la sociedad misma ve a esta institución. En la sociedad del conocimiento, las empresas y otras entidades privadas parecen preocuparse por la creación del conocimiento, tanto o más que la Universidad y el propio Estado. La presión por la innovación atraviesa todo el tejido societal y no se entiende por fuera de la generación de nuevo conocimiento, con capacidad de ser usado y asimilado colectivamente. Allí, la tensión entre conocimiento e interés toma un realce particular, puesto que los fines altruistas y los mecanismos que acompañaron los procesos de producción de conocimiento en la "academia" se ven desplazados y/o transformados en un escenario de nuevas prioridades económicas (Habermas, 1982).La crisis de legitimidad de la Universidad surge en el marco de las contradicciones sociales y de las funciones y valores que la misma Universidad asumió en la modernidad (De sousa, 2007). El proyecto de educación de masas, bajo el amparo de los valores de la ilustración, implicaba el aumento de la cobertura de la educación superior como un camino hacia la construcción de una sociedad más democrática e incluyente. Pero las relaciones complejas entre educación para el ascenso social, reproducción de los valores dominantes y de la alta cultura y la prioridad en las necesidades económicas (mano de obra para el trabajo) han llevado a que, sobre todo en los países industrializados, la educación superior no logre colmar todas las expectativas de retornos económicos y/o de desarrollo democrático de tales sociedades.Finalmente, la crisis institucional de la Universidad deviene de la contradicción de sus valores, entre ellos la autonomía necesaria para la búsqueda del conocimiento comprometido solo con el bien común y la verdad, y las exigencias crecientes de eficiencia y de gestión bajo los parámetros de las entidades empresariales. La transformación paulatina de las prioridades y valores de las clases dominantes llevó a que la Universidad lentamente perdiera el compromiso estatal de su financiación, teniendo que desplegar procesos de gestión de sus ingresos y costos. La búsqueda de ingresos hace que sus actividades misionales se adapten al mercado, por ejemplo, con impactos profundos en la creación de conocimiento desinteresado, en la formación para la ciudadanía o en el cultivo de la estética y las artes liberales (Nussbaum, 2010).De esta manera, la conjunción de estas crisis conduce a la situación social, institucional y económica que hoy viven las universidades, no solo en Colombia, sino en gran parte del mundo industrializado, que podemos catalogar francamente como "crítica". Es en tal contexto en el que la presión por desarrollar agendas de investigación más "aplicadas" o cercanas a las necesidades de las organizaciones y del mercado se torna prioritaria en las instituciones universitarias. Es también en este contexto donde la relevancia es entendida como la consecución de aplicaciones concretas de los resultados de investigación a problemas organizacionales, con retornos económico-financieros positivos conseguidos en el mercado (p.e. patentes, contratos de [&D, etc.).Es innegable que en el ámbito de las ciencias de gestión, de la contabilidad y de las finanzas, la naturaleza de tales conocimientos reclama un vínculo muy profundo con el mundo organizacional. No obstante, debemos diferenciar con cuidado la búsqueda del conocimiento y la verdad, de la generación de publicidad o de la producción de relatos que pretenden legitimidad. La investigación aplicada se torna más relevante y confiable para conocer el mundo empresarial, cuando está soportada en marcos conceptuales y estructuras teóricas robustas, que son propias de la investigación básica y que permiten entregar sentido explicativo y comprensivo a los eventos empíricos; todo ello implica que no solo la aplicación es válida para la investigación en nuestras disciplinas. Pero al mismo tiempo, la investigación aplicada puede poner a prueba los referentes teóricos traídos de otras latitudes y ser germen para la construcción de un conocimiento endógeno de nuestra realidad tropical (Mora-Osejo y Fals-Borda, 2004).De esta manera, el vínculo entre Universidad, por una parte, y entorno empresarial y mercado, por otra, requiere ser permanente repensado y reconstruido. Debemos comprender que los tiempos de la generación del conocimiento no necesariamente siguen los ritmos de la producción empresarial, expuesta a las presiones para la subsistencia económica en la lucha del mercado. Pero también debemos entender que la comprensión, intervención y transformación de nuestra realidad reclama un proceso disciplinado y comprometido con la entrega de resultados tangibles, que repercutan en sugerencias y estrategias de acción para el mediano y largo plazo.La relevancia de los resultados de investigación y la efectividad de su difusión vienen siendo también discutidas. Una evaluación de las diferentes posturas no puede perder de vista el contexto de crisis que la Universidad afronta. En el fondo, la relevancia de la investigación universitaria es cuestionada dadas las crisis financiera y de legitimidad que esta institución enfrenta. El debate por el sentido de la publicación universitaria y académica debe ser abordado, sin perder de vista los matices sociológicos que están inmersos en la producción del conocimiento. De ello se desprende la conveniencia de admitir que los académicos son individuos que actúan en estructuras sociales y con ciertos grados de agencia-autonomía; por tanto, también pueden ser más o menos altruistas, utilitaristas, interesados u oportunistas.Si bien la difusión de los resultados de investigación primero requiere del lente experto de los académicos, para garantizar el carácter científico de los hallazgos y la autorregulación responsable, no es menos cierto que la investigación debe trascender el reducido espacio de los claustros, impactando a los actores con capacidad de decisión política y económica y a la opinión pública. No obstante, no solo la Universidad está en crisis. La sociedad enfrenta una crisis de iniquidad y valores democráticos que tiene pocos precedentes. En un escenario como estos, la verdad puede ser incómoda, no solo para el poder económico (que hoy se funde con el poder político) sino para los propios ciudadanos. El riesgo sería confundir relevancia y pertinencia, solo con conocimiento interesado y retórica de legitimación sobre el statu quo en el mundo organizacional y en el mercado global.Por estas razones, entre otras, desde esta tribuna que es [NNOVAR, invitamos a los académicos iberoamericanos de las ciencias de gestión (así como de otras ciencias sociales), para plantear debates y reflexiones que permitan aumentar nuestra comprensión de la realidad organizacional de la región. Estamos comprometidos con el conocimiento científico para el bienestar social y para la construcción de procesos organizacionales más sostenibles. Trabajaremos en conseguir que la revista no solo sea un medio de difusión dirigido a académicos, sino en que la base de profesionales, empresarios y tomadores de decisiones públicas que acceden a nuestra publicación sea cada vez mayor.En este número presentamos diez (10) artículos de investigación, agrupados en tres (3) de nuestras tradicionales secciones: Estrategia y organizaciones, Contabilidad y finanzas, y Educación y empleo.En la primera sección, Estrategia y organizaciones, recogemos cuatro (4) artículos.Desde Uruguay, el profesor Luis silva-Domingo aporta su investigación bajo el título "Management Control: Unsolved Problems and Research Opportunities". En este trabajo el autor identifica un conjunto de conceptos centrales para el control de gestión, llamando la atención sobre la importancia del consenso entre los académicos e investigadores para fortalecer este campo de conocimientos. Los tres conceptos clave que requieren mayores acuerdos son: el problema del control de gestión; la definición y caracterización de los mecanismos del control de gestión; y, finalmente, el alcance de los sistemas de control de gestión.En una colaboración hispano-chilena, los profesores Patricia Huerta, Paloma Almodóvar, Liliana Pedraja, José Navas y Sergio Contreras nos presentan el artículo "Factores que impactan sobre los resultados empresariales: un estudio comparativo entre empresas chilenas y españolas". El trabajo realiza una importante revisión de la literatura sobre los factores que definen el resultado empresarial. Al mismo tiempo, lleva a cabo una muy juiciosa contrastación en empresas de los dos países estudiados, entregando evidencia empírica sobre los factores que influyen decisivamente en los resultados empresariales.Las profesoras españolas Natalia Vila e [Nés Kúster contribuyen a este número con el trabajo titulado "¿Conduce la internacionalización al éxito de una empresa familiar?: aplicación al sector textil". Esta investigación buscó contrastar en las empresas del sector textil espanol, un sector altamente competitivo, la manera en que la internacionalización promovió el éxito empresarial. Para ello, asumió como variables definitorias del éxito empresarial: los resultados empresariales (volumen de ventas, nivel de beneficios, etc.) y los indicadores de desempeño (satisfacción de los clientes, reputación percibida, calidad, etc.). La investigación se basó en encuestas realizadas a 154 gerentes de empresas textiles de España.Para cerrar esta sección, se presenta en la revista el artículo titulado "Project Management in Development Cooperation. Non Governmental Organizations", de autoría de los profesores Maricela Montes-Guerra, Aida De-Miguel, Amaya Pérez-Ezcurdia, Faustino Gimena y Mauricio Díez-silva, fruto de una colaboración colombo-espanola. En esta investigación, los autores llaman la atención sobre la relevancia de la gestión de proyectos para las iniciativas de apoyo y cooperación internacional al desarrollo. En particular, el trabajo permite concluir que la gestión de proyectos puede mejorar la eficiencia y la rendición de cuentas de tales proyectos.Nuestra sección de Contabilidad y finanzas está constituida, igualmente, por cuatro (4) artículos científicos.El primer artículo de esta sección es de autoría del profesor colombiano Javier Humberto Ospina Holguín, y se titula "Medidas dinámicas de predictibilidad en el índice S&P 500 y sus determinantes". Esta investigación buscó medir la predictibilidad del índice Standard and Poor's 500. Para ello construyó un algoritmo basado en medidas dinámicas de predictibilidad. La investigación concluye que el mercado no es estáticamente predecible, sino que la predictibilidad evoluciona dinámicamente, lo que corrobora la hipótesis teórica de la tendencia adaptativa del mercado.Los profesores españoles Fernando Azcárate Llanes, Manuel Fernández Chulián y Francisco Carrasco Fenech aportan el trabajo "Memorias de sostenibilidad e indicadores integrados: análisis exploratorio sobre características definitorias. Una reflexión crítica". Esta investigación buscó caracterizar las empresas que publican memorias de sostenibilidad (informes de desarrollo sostenible, siguiendo la guía No. 3 del Global Reporting [niciative-GR[ G3-) y que contienen indicadores integrados. A partir de la realización de un análisis clúster, el trabajo permitió agrupar a las empresas que producen los informes (memorias) de mayor calidad. Se concluye que las memorias muestran deficiencias, pese al alto reconocimiento que, en materia de Responsabilidad social, tienen las empresas que las emiten.Bajo el título "El empleo de la Webmetría para el análisis de los indicadores de desempeño y posición financiera de la empresa: un análisis exploratorio en diversos sectores económicos de los Estados Unidos", presentamos la colaboración de los profesores Esteban Romero Frías, Liwen Vaughan y Lázaro Rodríguez Ariza, de universidades de España y Canadá. Esta investigación busca identificar si existe relación entre las variables financieras y los enlaces recibidos por empresas de diversos sectores económicos. El trabajo buscó extender los hallazgos previos de la literatura, más allá de empresas del sector de tecnología, particularmente en el contexto estadounidense. Los resultados muestran que existe un vínculo entre el número de enlaces que reciben las páginas web de las empresas y su dimensión económica (posición y desempeño financiero).Cierra esta sección con la investigación de los profesores espanoles Belén Vallejo-Alonso, José Domingo García-Merino y Gerardo Arregui-Ayastuy, artículo titulado "Motives for Financial Valuation of Intangibles and Business Performance in SMEs". Este trabajo buscó analizar la relación existente entre los motivos que llevan a la valoración de los intangibles y el desempeño de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes). La investigación empírica implicó entrevistar telefónicamente a 369 gerentes financieros de Pymes españolas y la vinculación de sus respuestas con el análisis de la información financiera de tales empresas. Los resultados muestran que las Pymes consideran que la valoración financiera de sus intangibles permite un mejor desempeño.En la sección de Educación y empleo, para este número, publicamos dos (2) resultados de investigación.El primer trabajo se denomina "¿Es posible potenciar la capacidad de liderazgo en la universidad?", fruto de la colaboración de los profesores Carmen Delia Dávila Quintana, José-Ginés Mora, Pedro Pérez Vázquez y Luis Eduardo Vila, quienes están vinculados con universidades de España y el Reino Unido. El trabajo analizó la importancia de la educación superior en el comportamiento de los egresados en el puesto de trabajo, particularmente en las dimensiones del liderazgo orientado a las tareas, las relaciones y al cambio. A partir de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, los resultados muestran que el comportamiento de los egresados como líderes depende crucialmente de determinadas competencias clave.El segundo artículo, fruto del trabajo de las investigadoras colombianas Silvia Morales Gualdrón y Astrid Giraldo Gómez, se titula "Análisis de una innovación social: el Comité Universidad Empresa Estado del Departamento de Antioquia (Colombia) y su funcionamiento como mecanismo de interacción". La investigación buscó caracterizar el Comité Universidad Empresa Estado (CUEE) del Departamento de Antioquia, desde la teoría de redes y la teoría de la comunicación funcional. La metodología observada fue cualitativa y se basó en entrevistas a profundidad y en la triangulación de documentos, tales como las actas del CUEE. El trabajo concluye que el CUEE opera como una red de conocimiento en el que la comunicación, la deliberación, la confianza y la negociación se construyen por medio del consenso.Como siempre, estamos seguros de que nuestros lectores encontrarán valiosos estos trabajos. También, partimos de reconocer que nuestros colaboradores continúan aportando a la comprensión de la dinámica organizacional y socioeconómica, en un ambiente complejo y retador como el que enfrenta hoy la Universidad internacional e iberoamericana.

Il presente contributo propone un’analisi de «La donna italiana: giornale politico-letterario», periodico pubblicato a Roma nel 1848 ad opera di Cesare Bordiga. Il giornale – edito per soli 24 numeri, dal 22 aprile all’11 novembre dello stesso anno – nasce con lo scopo di sottolineare l’importanza delle donne nei moti risorgimentali in atto e si muove su una doppia linea, quella politica e quella letteraria: accanto alla cronaca dei rivolgimenti sono presenti poesie, racconti, biografie e aneddoti volti a sollecitare le cittadine e i cittadini a contribuire alla lotta per l’Unità. Tra le pagine del periodico si ritrovano le voci delle poetesse e patriote più famose del primo Ottocento italiano affiancate a quelle di personalità di rilievo come Filippo Meucci e Mazzini. I pensieri e le vite delle donne che collaborano al giornale formano così un catalogo parlante delle donne illustri viventi in un’epoca in cui i cataloghi biografici hanno una specifica funzione civile e formativa. La rivista mette in evidenza, dunque, come l’esaltazione della donna in questa fase della storia unitaria sia un modo per contribuire a costruire l’Italia e contiene diversi elementi di indagine sul contesto culturale della Roma risorgimentale, nonché sul ruolo dello Stato Pontificio nel processo unitario. I compilatori, infatti, sottolineano più volte la parte attiva che Roma ha nei moti e il fatto che la città debba essere considerata la guida simbolica della nazione in quanto rappresentante della gloria passata della Roma Imperiale.

We introduce here some books belonging to the Library of the Istituto Lombardo. They are mathematical 16th century editions. The authors, considered at that time mathematician, were indeed devoted to fields of learning that can be barely classified with modern criterions. They studied the basics of numbers theory, of classical geometry, some optical measurements and other fields today belonging to independent branches of learning. Peculiarly some concepts such as the ones of logarithm or power (of a number) came from remote culture. It’s very important to remember that the still used roman numbering constituted an obstacle to the development of the numerical calculus. Essentially we want here to present some precious books very interesting for editorial quality and singularity of contents of some authors whose name are wellknown until today. What we really want/intend is to promote the drawing up of a critical catalogue of our antiquarian scientific library.

Conversazione con il fotografo Olivo Barbieri sullo statuto delle immagini e il suo rapporto con la parola e la letteratura. A partire da Flippers (1977- 1978), proseguendo con la partecipazione a Viaggio in Italia (1984) e con le serie Artificial Illuminations (1980-2014), Virtual Truths (1996-2002), site specific_ (2003-2013), Parks (2006-2015), Real Worlds (2008-2013), Olivo Barbieri conduce un’originale riflessione sulla quantità di realtà presente nei sistemi di vita contemporanei e su quanto la nostra percezione sia in grado di assorbirne. Presente con le sue opere nei principali musei e collezioni del mondo, è inoltre attento e appassionato curatore di cataloghi e libri fotografici. Keywords: Olivo Barbieri, Letteratura e fotografia, Libro fotografico, Fototestualità.

Il Brasile è un paese privilegiato in termini di quantità di acqua disponibile nel suo territorio. Il modo in cui l’acqua è rappresentata nei dipinti mette in evidenza la percezione che l’artista ha di questa risorsa naturale. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro era sottolineare l’importanza delle risorse idriche brasiliane e promuovere l’arte naïf. Per quanto riguarda le procedure metodologiche, è stata svolta una ricerca documentaria, sulla base dei cataloghi delle mostre: Bienal Naifs do Brasil al SESC di Piracicaba/SP (1996-2018); Biennale Internazionale di Naif Art Totem Cor-Ação – BINAIF de Socorro/SP (2017 e 2019); e l’Esposizione Nazionale di Arte Naïf nello Stato di San Paolo (2019). Lo studio è stato descrittivo, con un’analisi qualitativa dei dipinti e dei loro rapporti con le risorse idriche, a loro volta le risorse idriche dipinte nelle opere sono state presentate in modo tecnico. Quindici opere sono state selezionate per la loro attinenza al tema. L’insieme dei dipinti analizzati comprende i molteplici usi dell’acqua, oltre agli aspetti geografici, storici, culturali e ai diversi biomi dei bacini idrografici. Sono stati inoltre osservati problemi come inondazioni, scarsità e inquinamento delle risorse idriche. La ricerca ha effettuato un viaggio attraverso il Brasile, da nord a sud, occupandosi sia delle acque continentali che delle acque oceaniche che bagnano la costa del paese. In considerazione di ciò, si conclude che l’acqua è una risorsa naturale indispensabile, valorizzarla attraverso l’arte naif ne favorisce anche la conservazione e quindi contribuisce alla gestione delle risorse idriche.

Federico Zuliani: Una raccolta di scritture politiche della fine del sedicesimo secolo. Giacomo Castelvetro e la biblioteca di Christian Barnekow. Alla pagina 68 recto del manoscritto Vault Case Ms. 5086, 73/2, Newberry Library, Chicago, ha inizio il “Registro di tutte le scritture politiche del S[igno]r Christiano Bernicò”. Il testo è preceduto da un altro elenco simile, sebbene più breve, che va sotto il titolo di “Memoriale D’alcune scritture politiche, che furon donate alla Reina Maria Stuarda Prigioniera in Inghilterra l’anno di salute m.d.lxxxiii. Dal S[igno]re di Cherelles”. Il manoscritto 5086, 73/2 fa parte di una collezione di dieci volumi (originariamente undici) appartenuti a Giacomo Castelvetro e oggi conservati negli Stati Uniti. I codici, le cui vicende di trasmissione sono, in parte, ancora poco chiare, furono sicuramente compilati da Castelvetro durante il periodo che passò in Danimarca, tra l’estate del 1594 e l’autunno del 1595. Il soggiorno danese di Castelvetro ha ricevuto attenzioni decisamente minori di quelle che invece meriterebbe. Alla permanenza in Danimarca è riconducibile infatti l’opera più ambiziosa dell’intera carriera del letterato italiano: vi vennero assemblati, con l’idea di darli poi alle stampe, proprio i volumi oggi negli Stati Uniti. La provenienza è provata tanto dall’indicazione, nei frontespizi, di Copenaghen come luogo di composizione, quanto dalle annotazioni autografe apportate da Castelvetro, a conclusione dei testi, a ricordare quando e dove fossero stati trascritti; oltre a Copenaghen vi si citano altre due località, Birkholm e Tølløse, entrambe sull’isola danese di Sjællad, ed entrambe amministrate da membri dell’influente famiglia Barnekow. E’ a Giuseppe Migliorato che va il merito di aver identificato per primo in Christian Barnekow il “Christiano Bernicò” della lista oggi alla Newberry Library. Christian Barnekow, nobile danese dalla straordinaria cultura (acquisita in uno studierejse durato ben diciassette anni), a partire dal 1591 fu al servizio personale di Cristiano IV di Danimarca. Barnekow e Castelvetro si dovettero incontrare a Edimburgo, dove il primo era giunto quale ambasciatore del monarca danese e dove il secondo si trovava già dal 1592, come maestro di italiano di Giacomo Stuart e di Anna di Danimarca, sorella di Cristiano IV. Sebbene non si possa escludere un ruolo di Anna nell’introdurli, è più probabile che sia stata la comune amicizia con Johann Jacob Grynaeus a propiziarne la conoscenza. Il dotto svizzero aveva infatti dato ospitalità a Barnekow, quando questi era studente presso l’università di Basilea, ne era divenuto amico e aveva mantenuto i rapporti nel momento in cui il giovane aveva lasciato la città elvetica. Grynaeus era però anche il cognato di Castelvetro il quale aveva sposato Isotta de’ Canonici, vedova di Thomas Liebler, e sorella di Lavinia, moglie di Grynaeus sin dal 1569. Isotta era morta però nel marzo del 1594, in Scozia, ed è facile immaginare come Barnekow abbia desiderato esprimere le proprie condoglianze al marito, cognato di un suo caro amico, e vedovo di una persona che doveva aver conosciuto bene quando aveva alloggiato presso la casa della sorella. Castelvetro, inoltre, potrebbe essere risultato noto a Barnekow anche a causa di due edizioni di opere del primo marito della moglie curate postume dal letterato italiano, tra il 1589 e il 1590. Thomas Liebler, più famoso con il nome latinizzato di Erasto, era stato infatti uno dei più acerrimi oppositori di Pietro Severino, il celebre paracelsiano danese; Giacomo Castelvetro non doveva essere quindi completamente ignoto nei circoli dotti della Danimarca. La vasta cultura di Christian Barnekow ci è nota attraverso l’apprezzamento di diversi suoi contemporanei, quali Grynaeus, Jon Venusinus e, soprattutto, Hans Poulsen Resen, futuro vescovo di Sjælland e amico personale di Barnekow a cui dobbiamo molte delle informazioni in nostro possesso circa la vita del nobile danese, grazie all’orazione funebre che questi tenne nel 1612 e che venne data alle stampe l’anno successivo, a Copenaghen. Qui, ricordandone lo studierejse, il vescovo raccontò come Barnekow fosse ritornato in Danimarca “pieno di conoscenza e di storie” oltre che di “relazioni e discorsi” in diverse lingue. Con questi due termini l’ecclesiastico danese alludeva, con tutta probabilità, a quei documenti diplomatici, relazioni e discorsi di ambasciatori, per l’appunto, che rientravano tra le letture preferite degli studenti universitari padovani. La lista compilata da Castelvetro, dove figurano lettere e istrutioni ma, soprattutto, relationi e discorsi, era un catalogo di quella collezione di manoscritti, portata dall’Italia, a cui fece riferimento l’ecclesiastico danese commemorando Christian Barnekow. Tutti coloro i quali si sono occupati dei volumi oggi negli Stati Uniti si sono trovati concordi nel ritenerli pronti per la pubblicazione: oltre alle abbondanti correzioni (tra cui numerose alle spaziature e ai rientri) i volumi presentano infatti frontespizi provvisori, ma completi (con data di stampa, luogo, impaginazione dei titoli – a loro volta occasionalmente corretti – motto etc.), indici del contenuto e titolature laterali per agevolare lettura e consultazione. Anche Jakob Ulfeldt, amico e compagno di viaggi e di studi di Barnekow, riportò a casa una collezione di documenti (GKS 500–505 fol.) per molti aspetti analoga a quella di Barnekow e che si dimostra di grande importanza per comprendere peculiarità e specificità di quella di quest’ultimo. I testi di Ulfeldt risultano assemblati senza alcuna coerenza, si rivelano ricchi di errori di trascrizione e di grammatica, e non offrono alcuna divisione interna, rendendone l’impiego particolarmente arduo. Le annotazioni di un copista italiano suggeriscono inoltre come, già a Padova, potesse essere stato difficoltoso sapere con certezza quali documenti fossero effettivamente presenti nella collezione e quali si fossero smarriti (prestati, perduti, pagati ma mai ricevuti…). La raccolta di Barnekow, che aveva le stesse fonti semi-clandestine di quella dell’amico, doveva trovarsi in condizioni per molti versi simili e solo la mano di un esperto avrebbe potuto portarvi ordine. Giacomo Castelvetro – nipote di Ludovico Castelvetro, uno dei filologi più celebri della propria generazione, e un filologo egli stesso, fluente in italiano, latino e francese, oltre che collaboratore di lunga data di John Wolfe, editore londinese specializzato nella pubblicazione di opere italiane – possedeva esattamente quelle competenze di cui Barnekow aveva bisogno e ben si intuisce come mai quest’ultimo lo convinse a seguirlo in Danimarca. I compiti di Castelvetro presso Barnekow furono quelli di passarne in rassegna la collezione, accertarsi dell’effettivo contenuto, leggerne i testi, raggrupparli per tematica e area geografica, sceglierne i più significativi, emendarli, e prepararne quindi un’edizione. Sapendo che Castelvetro poté occuparsi della prima parte del compito nei, frenetici, mesi danesi, diviene pure comprensibile come mai egli portò con sé i volumi oggi negli Stati Uniti quando si diresse in Svezia: mancava ancora la parte forse più delicata del lavoro, un’ultima revisione dei testi prima che questi fossero passati a un tipografo perché li desse alle stampe. La ragione principale che sottostò all’idea di pubblicare un’edizione di “scritture politiche” italiane in Danimarca fu la presenza, in tutta l’Europa centro settentrionale del tempo, di una vera e propria moda italiana che i contatti tra corti, oltre che i viaggi d’istruzione della nobiltà, dovettero diffondere anche in Danimarca. Nel tardo Cinquecento gli autori italiani cominciarono ad essere sempre più abituali nelle biblioteche private danesi e la conoscenza dell’italiano, sebbene non completamente assente anche in altri settori della popolazione, divenne una parte fondamentale dell’educazione della futura classe dirigente del paese nordico, come prova l’istituzione di una cattedra di italiano presso l’appena fondata Accademia di Sorø, nel 1623. Anche in Danimarca, inoltre, si tentò di attrarre esperti e artisti italiani; tra questi, l’architetto Domenico Badiaz, Giovannimaria Borcht, che fu segretario personale di Frederik Leye, borgomastro di Helsingør, il maestro di scherma Salvator Fabris, l’organista Vincenzo Bertolusi, il violinista Giovanni Giacomo Merlis o, ancora, lo scultore Pietro Crevelli. A differenza dell’Inghilterra non si ebbero in Danimarca edizioni critiche di testi italiani; videro però la luce alcune traduzioni, anche se spesso dal tedesco, di autori italiani, quali Boccaccio e Petrarca, e, soprattutto, si arrivò a pubblicare anche in italiano, come dimostrano i due volumi di madrigali del Giardino Novo e il trattato De lo schermo overo scienza d’arme di Salvator Fabris, usciti tutti a Copenaghen tra il 1605 e il 1606. Un’ulteriore ragione che motivò la scelta di stampare una raccolta come quella curata da Castelvetro è da ricercarsi poi nello straordinario successo che la letteratura di “maneggio di stato” (relazioni diplomatiche, compendi di storia, analisi dell’erario) godette all’epoca, anche, se non specialmente, presso i giovani aristocratici centro e nord europei che studiavano in Italia. Non a caso, presso Det Kongelige Bibliotek, si trovano diverse collezioni di questo genere di testi (GKS 511–512 fol.; GKS 525 fol.; GKS 500–505 fol.; GKS 2164–2167 4º; GKS 523 fol.; GKS 598 fol.; GKS 507–510 fol.; Thott 576 fol.; Kall 333 4º e NKS 244 fol.). Tali scritti, considerati come particolarmente adatti per la formazione di coloro che si fossero voluti dedicare all’attività politica in senso lato, supplivano a una mancanza propria dei curricula universitari dell’epoca: quella della totale assenza di qualsivoglia materia che si occupasse di “attualità”. Le relazioni diplomatiche risultavano infatti utilissime agli studenti, futuri servitori dello Stato, per aggiornarsi circa i più recenti avvenimenti politici e religiosi europei oltre che per ottenere informazioni attorno a paesi lontani o da poco scoperti. Sebbene sia impossibile stabilire con assoluta certezza quali e quante delle collezioni di documenti oggi conservate presso Det Kongelige Bibliotek siano state riportate in Danimarca da studenti danesi, pare legittimo immaginare che almeno una buona parte di esse lo sia stata. L’interesse doveva essere alto e un’edizione avrebbe avuto mercato, con tutta probabilità, anche fuori dalla Danimarca: una pubblicazione curata filologicamente avrebbe offerto infatti testi di gran lunga superiori a quelli normalmente acquistati da giovani dalle possibilità economiche limitate e spesso sprovvisti di una padronanza adeguata delle lingue romanze. Non a caso, nei medesimi anni, si ebbero edizioni per molti versi equivalenti a quella pensata da Barnekow e da Castelvetro. Nel 1589, a Colonia, venne pubblicato il Tesoro politico, una scelta di materiale diplomatico italiano (ristampato anche nel 1592 e nel 1598), mentre tra il 1610 e il 1612, un altro testo di questo genere, la Praxis prudentiae politicae, vide la luce a Francoforte. La raccolta manoscritta di Barnekow ebbe però anche caratteristiche a sé stanti rispetto a quelle degli altri giovani danesi a lui contemporanei. Barnekow, anzitutto, continuò ad arricchire la propria collezione anche dopo il rientro in patria come dimostra, per esempio, una relazione d’area fiamminga datata 1594. La biblioteca manoscritta di Barnekow si distingue inoltre per l’ampiezza. Se conosciamo per Ulfeldt trentadue testi che questi portò con sé dall’Italia (uno dei suoi volumi è comunque andato perduto) la lista di “scritture politiche” di Barnekow ne conta ben duecentoottantaquattro. Un’altra peculiarità è quella di essere composta inoltre di testi sciolti, cioè a dirsi non ancora copiati o rilegati in volume. Presso Det Kongelige Bibliotek è possibile ritrovare infatti diversi degli scritti registrati nella lista stilata da Castelvetro: dodici riconducibili con sicurezza e sette per cui la provenienza parrebbe per lo meno probabile. A lungo il problema di chi sia stato Michele – una persona vicina a Barnekow a cui Castelvetro afferma di aver pagato parte degli originali dei manoscritti oggi in America – è parso, di fatto, irrisolvibile. Come ipotesi di lavoro, e basandosi sulle annotazioni apposte ai colophon, si è proposto che Michele potesse essere il proprietario di quei, pochi, testi che compaiono nei volumi oggi a Chicago e New York ma che non possono essere ricondotti all’elenco redatto da Castelvetro. Michele sarebbe stato quindi un privato, legato a Barnekow e a lui prossimo, da lui magari addirittura protetto, ma del quale non era al servizio, e che doveva avere presso di sé una biblioteca di cui Castelvetro provò ad avere visione al fine di integrare le scritture del nobile danese in vista della sua progettata edizione. Il fatto che nel 1596 Michele fosse in Italia spiegherebbe poi come potesse avere accesso a questo genere di opere. Che le possedesse per proprio diletto oppure che, magari, le commerciasse addirittura, non è invece dato dire. L’analisi del materiale oggi negli Stati Uniti si rivela ricca di spunti. Per quanto riguarda Castelvetro pare delinearsi, sempre di più, un ruolo di primo piano nella diffusione della cultura italiana nell’Europa del secondo Cinquecento, mentre Barnekow emerge come una figura veramente centrale nella vita intellettuale della Danimarca a cavallo tra Cinque e Seicento. Sempre Barnekow si dimostra poi di grandissima utilità per iniziare a studiare un tema che sino ad oggi ha ricevuto, probabilmente, troppa poca attenzione: quello dell’importazione in Danimarca di modelli culturali italiani grazie all’azione di quei giovani aristocratici che si erano formati presso le università della penisola. A tale proposito l’influenza esercitata dalla letteratura italiana di “maneggio di stato” sul pensiero politico danese tra sedicesimo e diciassettesimo secolo è tra gli aspetti che meriterebbero studi più approfonditi. Tra i risultati meno esaurienti si collocano invece quelli legati all’indagine e alla ricostruzione della biblioteca di Barnekow e, in particolare, di quanto ne sia sopravvissuto. Solo un esame sistematico, non solo dei fondi manoscritti di Det Kongelige Bibliotek, ma, più in generale, di tutte le altre biblioteche e collezioni scandinave, potrebbe dare in futuro esiti soddisfacenti.

L’articolo cerca di evidenziare le ragioni per cui si può affermare che la realtà è positiva pur essendo attraversata dal limite e dalla drammaticità del male. Il filosofo studiato è il catalano Carlos Cardona il quale affronta nella sua opera il concetto di bene ontologico. Il presente studio si sofferma soprattutto sugli elementi più significativi del concetto di bene ontologico, senza la pretesa di esaurire tutta la vastità della questione, quali la considerazione dell’essere come bene perché atto a perfezionare un soggetto; dell’origine della bontà delle cose nella Bontà divina e dell’importanza della differenza metafisica tra il Bene per essenza e il bene per partecipazione. La conclusione è affidata ad una sintetica presentazione del bene onesto, del bene utile e del bene dilettevole come strada necessaria per imparare ad amare.This article aims to show the reasons why we can affirm that reality is something positive, although it may be crisscrossed by limitation and the drama of evil. The philosopher we refer to here is the Catalan Carlos Cardona, whose writings address the concept of the ontological good. This study analyzes above all the most meaningful elements of the concept of the ontological good without attempting to exhaust the question in all its richness; the consideration of being as a good insofar as it is an act that perfects a subject; the origin of goodness created in the divine Goodness and the importance of the metaphysical difference between the Good by essence and the good by means of participation... In conclusion, it briefly presents the honest, useful, and pleasurable good as an essential way to learn to love.

Anders Toftgaard: “Perhaps even this distress it will some day be a joy to recall”. On Giacomo Castelvetro’s manuscripts in The Royal Library, Copenhagen. In exile from his beloved Modena, Giacomo Castelvetro (1546–1616) travelled in a Europe marked by Reformation, counter-Reformation and wars of religion. He transmitted the best of Italian Renaissance culture to the court of James VI and Queen Anna of Denmark in Edinburgh, to the court of Christian IV in Copenhagen and to Shakespeare’s London, while he incessantly collected manuscripts on Italian literature and European contemporary history. Giacomo Castelvetro lived in Denmark from August 1594 to 11 October 1595. Various manuscripts and books which belonged to Giacomo Castelvetro in his lifetime, are now kept in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. Some of them might have been in Denmark ever since Castelvetro left Denmark in 1595. Nevertheless, Giacomo Castelvetro has never been noticed by Danish scholars studying the cultural context in which he lived. The purpose of this article is to point to Castelvetro’s presence in Denmark in the period around Christian IV’s accession and to describe two of his unique manuscripts in the collection of the Royal Library. The Royal Library in Copenhagen holds a copy of the first printed Italian translation of the Quran, L’Alcorano di Macometto, nel qual si contiene la dottrina, la vita, i costumi et le leggi sue published by Andrea Arrivabene in Venice in 1547. The title page bears the name of the owner: Giacº Castelvetri. The copy was already in the library’s collections at the time of the Danish King Frederic III, in the 1660’s. The three manuscripts from the Old Royal collection (GKS), GKS 2052 4º, GKS 2053 4º and GKS 2057 4º are written partly or entirely in the hand of Giacomo Castelvetro. Moreover, a number of letters written to Giacomo Castelvetro while he was still in Edinburgh are kept among letters addressed to Jonas Charisius, the learned secretary in the Foreign Chancellery and son in law of Petrus Severinus (shelf mark NKS (New Royal Collection) 1305 2º). These letters have been dealt with by Giuseppe Migliorato who also transcribed two of them. GKS 2052 4º The manuscript GKS 2052 4º (which is now accessible in a digital facsimile on the Royal Library’s website), contains a collection of Italian proverbs explained by Giacomo Castelvetro. It is dedicated to Niels Krag, who was ambassador of the Danish King to the Scottish court, and it is dated 6 August 1593. The title page shows the following beautifully written text: Il Significato D’Alquanti belli & vari proverbi dell’Italica Favella, gia fatto da G. C. M. & hoggi riscritto, & donato,in segno di perpetua amicitia, all ecc.te.D. di legge, Il S.r. Nicolò Crachio Ambas.re. del Ser.mo Re di Dania a questa Corona, & Sig.r mio sempre osser.mo Forsan & haec olim meminisse iuvabit Nella Citta d’Edimborgo A VI d’Agosto 1593 The manuscript consists of 96 leaves. On the last page of the manuscript the title is repeated with a little variation in the colophon: Qui finisce il Significato D’alquanti proverbi italiani, hoggi rescritto a requisitione del S.r. Nicolo Crachio eccelente Dottore delle civili leggi &c. Since the author was concealed under the initials G.C.M., the manuscript has never before been described and never attributed to Giacomo Castelvetro. However, in the margin of the title page, a 16th century hand has added: ”Giacomo Castelvetri modonese”, and the entire manuscript is written in Giacomo Castelvetro’s characteristic hand. The motto ”Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit” is from Vergil’s Aeneid (I, 203); and in the Loeb edition it is rendered “Perhaps even this distress it will some day be a joy to recall”. The motto appears on all of the manuscripts that Giacomo Castelvetro copied in Copenhagen. The manuscript was evidently offered to Professor Niels Krag (ca. 1550–1602), who was in Edinburgh in 1593, from May to August, as an ambassador of the Danish King. On the 1st of August, he was knighted by James VI for his brave behaviour when Bothwell entered the King’s chamber in the end of July. The Danish Public Record Office holds Niels Krag’s official diary from the journey, signed by Sten Bilde and Niels Krag. It clearly states that they left Edinburgh on August 6th, the day in which Niels Krag was given the manuscript. Evidently, Castelvetro was one of the many persons celebrating the ambassadors at their departure. The manuscript is bound in parchment with gilded edges, and a gilded frame and central arabesque on both front cover and end cover. There are 417 entries in the collection of proverbs, and in the explanations Giacomo Castelvetro often uses other proverbs and phrases. The explanations are most vivid, when Castelvetro explains the use of a proverb by a tale in the tradition of the Italian novella or by an experience from his own life. The historical persons mentioned are the main characters of the sixteenth century’s religious drama, such as Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth, James VI, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and his son, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, Gaspard de Coligny and the Guise family, Mary Stuart, Don Antonio, King of Portugal, the Earl of Bothwell and Cosimo de’ Medici. The Catholic Church is referred to as “Setta papesca”, and Luther is referred to as “il grande, e pio Lutero” (f. 49v). Giovanni Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarca are referred to various times, along with Antonio Cornazzano (ca. 1430–1483/84), the author of Proverbi in facetie, while Brunetto Latini, Giovanni Villani, Ovid and Vergil each are mentioned once. Many of the explanations are frivolous, and quite a few of them involve priests and monks. The origin of the phrase “Meglio è tardi, che non mai” (52v, “better late than never”) is explained by a story about a monk who experienced sex for the first time at the age of 44. In contrast to some of the texts to be found in the manuscript GKS 2057 4º the texts in GKS 2052 4º, are not misogynist, rather the opposite. Castelvetro’s collection of proverbs is a hitherto unknown work. It contains only a tenth of the number of proverbs listed in Gardine of recreation (1591) by John Florio (1553?–1625), but by contrast these explanations can be used, on the one hand, as a means to an anthropological investigation of the past and on the other hand they give us precious information about the life of Giacomo Castelvetro. For instance he cites a work of his, “Il ragionamento del Viandante” (f. 82r), which he hopes to see printed one day. It most probably never was printed. GKS 2057 4º The manuscript GKS 2057 4º gathers a number of quires in very different sizes. The 458 folios in modern foliation plus end sheets are bound in blue marbled paper (covering a previous binding in parchment) which would seem to be from the 17th century. The content spans from notes to readyforprint-manuscripts. The manuscript contains text by poets from Ludovico Castelvetro’s generation, poems by poets from Modena, texts tied to the reformation and a lot of satirical and polemical material. Just like some of Giacomo Castelvetro’s manuscripts which are now in the possession of Trinity College Library and the British Library it has “been bound up in the greatest disorder” (cf. Butler 1950, p. 23, n. 75). Far from everything is written in the hand of Giacomo Castelvetro, but everything is tied to him apart from one quire (ff. 184–192) written in French in (or after) 1639. The first part contains ”Annotationi sopra i sonetti del Bembo” by Ludovico Castelvetro, (which has already been studied by Alberto Roncaccia), a didactic poem in terza rima about rhetoric, “de’ precetti delle partitioni oratorie” by “Filippo Valentino Modonese” , “rescritto in Basilea a XI di Febraio 1580 per Giacº Castelvetri” and the Ars poetica by Horace translated in Italian. These texts are followed by satirical letters by Nicolò Franco (“alle puttane” and “alla lucerna” with their responses), by La Zaffetta, a sadistic, satirical poem about a Venetian courtisane who is punished by her lover by means of a gang rape by thirty one men, and by Il Manganello (f. 123–148r), an anonymous, misogynistic work. The manuscript also contains a dialogue which would seem to have been written by Giacomo Castelvetro, “Un’amichevole ragionamento di due veri amici, che sentono il contrario d’uno terzo loro amico”, some religious considerations written shortly after Ludovico’s death, ”essempio d’uno pio sermone et d’una Christiana lettera” and an Italian translation of parts of Erasmus’ Colloquia (the dedication to Frobenius and the two dialogues ”De votis temere susceptis” and ”De captandis sacerdotiis” under the title Dimestichi ragionamenti di Desiderio Erasmo Roterodamo, ff. 377r–380r), and an Italian translation of the psalms number 1, 19, 30, 51, 91. The dominating part is, however, Italian poetry. There is encomiastic poetry dedicated to Trifon Gabriele and Sperone Speroni and poetry written by poets such as Torquato Tasso, Bernardo Tasso, Giulio Coccapani, Ridolfo Arlotti, Francesco Ambrosio/ Ambrogio, Gabriele Falloppia, Alessandro Melani and Gasparo Bernuzzi Parmigiano. Some of the quires are part of a planned edition of poets from Castelvetro’s home town, Modena. On the covers of the quires we find the following handwritten notes: f. 276r: Volume secondo delle poesie de poeti modonesi f. 335v: VII vol. Delle opere de poeti modonesi f. 336v; 3º vol. Dell’opere de poeti modonesi f. 353: X volume dell’opre de poeti modonesi In the last part of the manuscript there is a long discourse by Sperone Speroni, “Oratione del Sr. Sperone, fatta in morte della S.ra Giulia Varana Duchessa d’Urbino”, followed by a discourse on the soul by Paulus Manutius. Finally, among the satirical texts we find quotes (in Latin) from the Psalms used as lines by different members of the French court in a humoristic dialogue, and a selection of graffiti from the walls of Padua during the conflict between the city council and the students in 1580. On fol. 383v there is a ”Memoriale d’alcuni epitafi ridiculosi”, and in the very last part of the manuscript there is a certain number of pasquinate. When Castelvetro was arrested in Venice in 1611, the ambassador Dudley Carleton described Castelvetro’s utter luck in a letter to Sir Robert Cecil, stating that if he, Carleton, had not been able to remove the most compromising texts from his dwelling, Giacomo Castelvetro would inevitably have lost his life: “It was my good fortune to recover his books and papers a little before the Officers of the Inquisition went to his lodging to seize them, for I caused them to be brought unto me upon the first news of his apprehension, under cover of some writings of mine which he had in his hands. And this indeed was the poore man’s safetie, for if they had made themselves masters of that Magazine, wherein was store and provision of all sorts of pasquins, libels, relations, layde up for many years together against their master the Pope, nothing could have saved him” Parts of GKS 2057 4º fit well into this description of Castelvetro’s papers. A proper and detailed description of the manuscript can now be found in Fund og Forskning Online. Provenance GKS 2052 4ºon the one side, and on the other side, GKS 2053 4º and GKS 2057 4º have entered The Royal Library by two different routes. None of the three manuscripts are found in the oldest list of manuscripts in the Royal Library, called Schumacher’s list, dating from 1665. All three of them are included in Jon Erichsen’s “View over the old Manuscript Collection” published in 1786, so they must have entered the collections between 1660 and 1786. Both GKS 2053 4º and GKS 2057 4º have entered The Royal Library from Christian Reitzer’s library in 1721. In the handwritten catalogue of Reitzer’s library (The Royal Library’s archive, E 15, vol. 1, a catalogue with very detailed entries), they bear the numbers 5744 and 5748. If one were to proceed, one would have to identify the library from which these two manuscripts have entered Reitzer’s library. On the spine of GKS 2053 4º there is a label saying “Castelvetro / sopra Dante vol 326” and on f. 2r the same number is repeated: “v. 326”. On the spine of GKS 2057 4º, there is a label saying “Poesie italiane, vol. 241”, and on the end sheet the same number is repeated: “v. 241”. These two manuscripts would thus seem to have belonged to the same former library. Many of the Royal Library’s manuscripts with relazioni derive from Christian Reitzer’s library, and a wide range of Italian manuscripts which have entered the Royal Library through Reitzer’s library have a similar numbering on spine and title page. Comparing these numbers with library catalogues from the 17th century, one might be able to identify the library from which these manuscripts entered Reitzer’s library, and I hope to be able to proceed in this direction. Conclusion Giacomo Castelvetro was not a major Italian Renaissance writer, but a nephew of one of the lesser-known writers in Italian literature, Ludovico Castelvetro. He delivered yet another Italian contribution to the history of Christian IV, and his presence could be seen as a sign of a budding Italianism in Denmark in the era of Christian IV. The collection of Italian proverbs that he offered to Niels Krag, makes him a predecessor of the Frenchman Daniel Matras (1598–1689), who as a teacher of French and Italian at the Academy in Sorø in 1633 published a parallel edition of French, Danish, Italian and German proverbs. The two manuscripts that are being dealt with in this article are two very different manuscripts. GKS 2052 4º is a perfectly completed work that was hitherto unknown and now joins the short list of known completed works by Giacomo Castelvetro. GKS 2057 4º is a collection of variegated texts that have attracted Giacomo Castelvetro for many different reasons. Together the two manuscripts testify to the varied use of manuscripts in Renaissance Italy and Europe. A typical formulation of Giacomo Castelvetro’s is “Riscritto”. He copies texts in order to give them a new life in a new context. Giacomo Castelvetro is in the word’s finest sense a disseminator of Italian humanism and European Renaissance culture. He disseminated it in a geographical sense, by his teaching in Northern Europe, and in a temporal sense through his preservation of texts for posterity under the motto: “Perhaps even this distress it will some day be a joy to recall”.

«Music conveys different meanings to everyone, and sometimes, it can even communicate different things at different times to the same person», Daniel Barenboim once said. This is tantamount to saying that music is influenced by the context in which it is played, whilst at the same time influencing the context of those who are listening to it. As such, music exists within a system of relationships. From this, it follows that music can be interpreted as a public art – when it is performed in front of an audience – when it is played by one or more musicians in the presence of a listener or listeners who witness the performance. This premise sparks an initial reflection: music, the most ephemeral of all the arts, excepting the work of composers (the technicians who “create” music), is born, grows, develops and dies in the moment of the performance, in which its entire existential cycle resides. And the proof of its existence can only be found in that moment of contact between the artist and their audience. That is the moment in which music exists. The period of history that we are currently living through – the social context of the pandemic, with theatres and concert halls shuttered – has relegated the existence of music to the medium that plays it. In this specific moment, music exists only if it is “recorded” on a medium – in other words, deprived of the vital force of the act of “live” public performance, which is the very proof of its existence. Although there have always been forms and genres of music that have evolved specifically for private settings (chamber music, for example), it is nonetheless a feature of our time to give even those forms and genres a public dimension; indeed, since the 19th century, chamber music has been performed in public settings – concert halls, auditoriums, theatres. That very same private dimension that defines chamber or home concerts instead takes on a public nature: as such, we find home concerts being played as part of major festivals (think of the “Piano City” model, which has now spread worldwide), bringing the public into private homes, giving the masses a taste of a type of musical creation designed for a reserved, elegant, unique setting; a type of musical creation that requires an attentive ear, but that is no longer the preserve of the few. From this starting point, it becomes clear how music, in its ephemerality, is nonetheless conditioned by the historical and social context of the time in which it is played, and not only the historical context in which it is created. Here again is the theme of creation: it is at this level that the material factors – namely the writing techniques adopted by individual composers to create their music, the music of each specific moment in history, the music of each specific geographical place – become intertwined with the cultural factors. Since the time when music transitioned from the dimension of oral transmission, as it originated, to the dimension of written transmission, the techniques of writing music have undergone a process of constant evolution by which they have ultimately created a structure within a system that has long been recognised – at least to the ear of Western listeners – as the koiné, the only possible musical language: the tonal system. This includes the majority of what is commonly referred to as the “classical” repertoire – the body of work studied in music schools, according to general consensus, despite the fact that it is also very much a feature of the “pop” repertoire, which is somehow perceived as an element that exists in contrast with the former. So much so that the introduction of courses of study dedicated to pop music in conservatories has truly shocked and bewildered some, as if the existence of two concepts of making music – which have always been considered distant from one another – within the same educational system were entirely inconceivable. Art music and pop music: two opposing faces that form a double-sided mirror reflecting the ways in which music is conceived today. And yet, there are forms and genres of what we now consider to be art music – forms and genres that have been incorporated into a “classical” musical repertoire, the preserve of specific audiences in specific venues – that were once the pop of yesteryear. Because pop is not merely the “song” genre (the canzone, the lieder, the chanson, etc.): pop is also – as we have been reminded on many occasions, even recently – opera, for example, not because “pop” is simply short for “popular”, and the word therefore comes with an implied meaning of “common” or “simple”, but because it forms an integral part of the cultural and social fabric, both in Italy and beyond. The same language and the same writing technique can therefore be adapted to two incredibly different ways of making music (art music and pop music); the technique is the same, yet it is used in different ways, some being more complex, others somewhat simpler; what changes is the context in which the music is made – the cultural position that we intend to attribute to the music itself. The idea of giving music a certain cultural position has had a clear influence on public consciousness and tastes: indeed, the very fact that our idea of “art” music is defined by its origins in a repertoire tradition, built up and stratified over time, within which there is actually hidden a “pop” dimension – as defined above, with reference to the example of opera – has resulted in that specific musical model being pigeonholed into a sector, contrasting it with a broader social dimension that recognises as music what we now conceive as commercial music, “pop” music in the pejorative sense of the term, divorced from its nobler roots. The relationship between technical and cultural factors has always marked the history of music, with the various historical periods – each with their own social context – ultimately deciding whether it is the former or the latter that prevail in the relationship between the two. Moreover, the relationship between material factors (compositional and writing technique) and immaterial factors (the cultural context of those who make and listen to music) intersects with the products of another key relationship, namely that between creativity and technique, the unique combination of which gives rise to any given piece of music. Indeed, much as is the case for the relationship between technique and culture, the relationship between creativity and technique also shifts and transforms depending on the historical period. This even holds true within the same “musical type”: just think of the technique/creativity relationship as applied to the classical repertoire and the technique/creativity relationship as applied to art music, be it classical or contemporary. Although we are in the same cultural context – what is, as a gross oversimplification, commonly considered the context to which art or classical music belongs – but the balance of power between the two factors is entirely subverted. This leads us to the conclusion that the relationship between creativity and technique does not necessarily involve an equation. Just think of the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and, in particular, his instrumental chamber music (which, as previously mentioned, we have made into a public form by inserting it into contexts with a public audience) or his symphonic music. How many times have we heard it defined as simple, melodic, catchy, pleasant? This is the general consensus; it is the social dimension of Mozart’s music that makes it a largely accessible listening experience even to the “untrained ears” of those who do not have a musical background. What lies behind this way of thinking about and considering music – specifically Mozart’s music, in this case – is an enormous misconception: the idea that music that is easy to listen to and enjoy is music written easily, or in other words, that what underpins this ease of listening is technical simplicity. Mozart’s writing absorbs into itself all its technical complexities, which are rendered imperceptible to the listener, as if disguised by the final audible product, and yet present within it: in short, Mozart did not write “simple” music. He was wholly familiar with technique, particularly instrumental technique, and thus demanded the maximum possible performance from each individual instrument in terms of sonority, timbre, colour; he did this in a new way compared to his contemporaries, ultimately producing a catalogue whose longevity and usability over time is destined to last eternally. Let us return to the intersection between our two relationships: technique/culture and technique/creativity. Mozart wrote differently from the other composers of his time: whilst nowadays, we listen to his music without any difficulty, his contemporaries struggled to understand him and his work. In terms of technique vs. creativity, when it comes to Mozart’s output, we could be forgiven for believing that it is the creative dimension that “wins”. And yet, Mozart’s music is anything but simple: it is not the result of a spur-of-the-moment burst of creativity, but rather the result of a creative act that is the culmination of his technical mastery and deeply intimate knowledge of instruments. Staying with the technique/creativity dichotomy for a moment, let us instead consider the effect that The Rite of Spring had on its listeners in Paris on 29 May 1913, but let us also consider how we feel today when we listen to a piece of contemporary art music. The relationship between that very same pair of qualities seems to be subverted: the creative act seems to be transformed into a show of pure technique. So what has changed? First of all, the koiné, as mentioned previously, has changed: from the Short Century onwards, composers started working and continue to work not only in an effort to create new forms of art, but also to create new forms of linguistic expression. This has served to distance art music from the listener (a distancing which has only further driven a wedge between the worlds of “classical” music and “pop” music, as touched upon previously) as a result of feeling betrayed, having lost their ability to understand. It is once again the immaterial factor, as represented by the cultural context, that conditions how the public receives the work of musical art and influences whether that same musical object will exist only in the moment of its creation and first performance or whether it will stand the test of time. Music’s relationship with time – a factor that affects the technique/culture duality, if it is indeed true that the passage of time and historical eras, with all the resultant changes, see the former of the two material and immaterial factors prevail over the latter at times, and vice versa at others, making music a heteronomous art – develops in complex directions. Time is one of the essential components of music, together with pitch, intensity and timbre: time, understood as the duration of each individual sound, within the “musical discourse”, structured into periods and phrases, organised within a system of measurement that recognises in each beat, measure or bar the set of values (notes of a specific duration) encompassed between two vertical lines placed on the stave. Time is thus understood to be one of the fundamental components of musical structure. And amongst the arts, this particular definition of time is only found in music. In much the same vein, the temporal dimension that underpins the concept of performance is unique to music (and the non-plastic arts): indeed, music only exists as public art for as long as it is being performed by a performer. To add a further layer, each performer has their own internal sense of time, their own way of experiencing and conceiving of time, which in turn affects the timing of their performance. This is what makes each performance – even of the same piece – different from the others in terms of both its total duration and the duration of each individual musical gesture made by each individual performer. Then there is the need for music – though the same can be said of architecture as well as any other form of artistic expression – to last over time. A need which, in the case of music, is satisfied on the one hand by merely overcoming the hurdle of the very first performance, following which there is X number of subsequent performances, demonstrating the longevity of a specific piece over time, thanks to performative actions repeated by different performers; on the other, by the identification and use of media which allow for the reproduction of specific performative actions, making them available to listen to ab aeterno, albeit with the loss of the public dimension of the music. Played back, these performances become a source of inspiration and imitation for other performers: a piece of music that stands the test of time due to being performed and played back multiple times will become part of the repertoire. The definition we are referring to here is a collection of sheets, pieces, works that time does not tarnish, but rather cements and preserves, reviving the audience’s need to listen to them again, because the audience recognises themselves in them, feels comforted and satisfied, despite acknowledging that each performance has characteristics that differ from previous ones and that will differ from subsequent ones. This demonstrates how the figure of the performer becomes part of music itself, playing a rather significant role in the redefinition of the creative process: if the piece being played is the same (i.e. written by a specific composer or group of composers), what makes each rendition unique is the co-creative action of the performer or performers. The performer(s)’ being involved in the creation of the work does not always necessarily presume the existence of a systemic or choral logic which establishes links between the creator of the work (i.e. the composer), the performer(s) and the audience. This type of three-way relationship is possible in a context in which the three participants in the system act “simultaneously”, so to speak. In other words, whilst this was possible in Mozart’s day, when the composer himself wrote specific sheets of music earmarked for specific performers – consider, for example, his Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622, the last sheet composed by Mozart and allocated to his friend and brother Mason, an extraordinary virtuoso of the instrument, Anton Stadler – it is obviously no longer possible to achieve this today, with the same Concerto entrusted to a performer who not only has no way of hearing Stadler’s original performance, but also has no way of establishing a dialogue or relationship with the composer. Not to mention the public dimension of the performance, with its contemporary rituality, so far removed from that of Mozart’s era. The “circuit” of the systemic logic laid out above therefore “breaks” when the “maker” of the work eventually dies, but this ultimately lends any connection added value as compared with the context of “simultaneous” creation: for the performers, this relationship with the composer is a plus. Being able to co-create a piece by playing it in the presence of the person who composed it not only allows the performer to fully capture the essence of the written music, but also gives the composer an opportunity to determine that when performed, their work does in fact correspond to what they committed to paper. Here, the duality of technique/creativity crops up once again: creativity, which forms the foundation of the act and process of composition, is finally faced with the technical capabilities of the instrument(s), whose repositories are the performers themselves, capable of playing their part in the simultaneous creation by offering the composer guidance in terms of technical and performance-related issues, even though this may impact upon the composer’s creative freedom. Nevertheless, the systemic-choral logic can also be applied in music coloured by other nuances of meaning, in reference to specific musical genres, be it chamber music, symphonic music, choral music, etc. These are all genres which live and die on cooperation between groups of people, interaction between peers – such as the members of a quartet, for example – or complementary interaction between performers of different “ranks” in a hierarchy, where within individual groups (the sections of an orchestra being a prime model), certain specific instrumentalists are given a primary role as compared with others. In all these cases, the co-creative action which links together composer and performer is complemented by the co-creative action that consists of multiple performers coming together to play and, in doing so, collaboratively bring to life a specific musical object. As the result of the composer’s primal act of creation, subsequently co-created by the performer(s), every type of music ultimately “exists” only at the moment when it encounters the audience. This encounter, this meeting, takes the form of a ritual of sorts in performance venues, theatres, concert halls and auditoriums, but it is by no means limited to these places. Music aspires to escape from those environments, as if to invade society. In other words, music is not just a public art: it is also a social art, in that it establishes relationships between artists and audiences, as well as between members of these audiences themselves; the latter phenomenon occurs not only at the moment of shared listening, but also after the fact, at the moment of reflection on what they have heard. That it is a social art, in the sense of being able to bring together different components of society, does not necessarily mean that it is an art that engages with social issues. The subjective dimension of the primordial creative act may very well derive from a wholly pure and extremely personal creative urge, an impulse, a need, entirely divorced from any kind of socio-political involvement. Music is pure art par excellence, especially instrumental music. Hence even today, it is possible to choose to make “music for music’s sake”, according to an agenda that has echoes of Parnassianism: “l’art pour l’art”, as famously proclaimed by Théophile Gautier, has no social, moral, educational or utilitarian purpose - rather, it is an end in itself. On the contemporary music scene, however, it is nonetheless true that an increasing proportion of composers are drawing their creative drive from the world around them. Social engagement has entered the world of “pop” music - it can be found in sheets of contemporary art music. It was in the 1960s that Luigi Nono brought music into workrooms and factories. Indeed, his thoughts on the matter are well known: «For me personally, making music is about having an effect on contemporary life, on the contemporary situation, on the contemporary class struggle [...]». Nowadays, it is no longer a question of the class struggle, nor do we feel a pressing need to bring contemporary music to the masses – after all, that is the purpose of “pop”. Art music interprets the reality around it by placing an emphasis on issues of gender – the theme of equal opportunities being a mainstay of contemporary music – of integration – with contemporary Western music being played on ethnic instruments, instruments from the cultures of people who have immigrated to the West, or even contemporary art music interacting with styles from other musical cultures – of the needs of young people, both performers and composers, to whom specific projects, calls and competitions are dedicated. The musical language of contemporary society, in all its many and varied forms, allows the younger composers in particular to enjoy an expressive and creative freedom that simply has no equal in any other context or at any other time in history. Having dismantled the common koiné, contemporary art music – as a combinatorial art – opens up a world of multifaceted and incredibly diverse possibilities for the synthesis of technique and creativity. This does not mean leaving the composer free to create without a formal education; on the contrary, it means structuring the educational path of a student/composer in a way that allows them to discover how music can come into contact with other languages, mix with other artistic forms, go beyond its own boundaries to absorb and draw upon what contemporary culture and society can offer, in terms of inspiration, to the trained ear of the musician. In order to be a musician nowadays, it is no longer sufficient to simply have a knowledge of the more material factors, the techniques (of both composition and performance) referred to at the start of this text: the performer and the composer are at the heart of an “extended” educational system that offers them professional development that does not become apparent in the mere act of creation or performance, but instead nourishes their relationship with the world of the production, reproduction, distribution and marketing of music. And yet, all this is still not enough to guarantee a future for music. In order to spark a social transformation that would make music a part of people’s lives – and not simply for the pleasure of listening to it, as a soundtrack in the background of other activities, but as a discipline with the power to actually improve people’s lives, which music is, to all intents and purposes, in view of the studies demonstrating that a knowledge of it bolsters the intellectual faculties of the individual – it is necessary for music to grow in step with the individual, in the context of educational courses shared by all students, not just those who intend to enter the world of music professionally. A step in this direction has already been taken – albeit with a top-down approach, at the level of higher musical and university education – with the development of study programmes that establish links between music and the scientific disciplines (for example, the agreement between the Milan Conservatory and the Politecnico di Milano) as well as the humanities (for example, the agreement between the Milan Conservatory and the University of Milan). The future of music lies in its ability to resume its central position in the world of higher education. Indeed, this role had been attributed to it since the Middle Ages: a fundamental aspect of higher education, music took pride of place amongst the liberal arts, a part of the Quadrivium together with arithmetic, geometry and astronomy, and alongside grammar, rhetoric and dialectic in the Trivium. Heteronomy is therefore a consubstantial characteristic of music from and throughout every age, and is now pushing it towards a more free, open and constant dialogue with other disciplines than some other arts manage, especially in its relationship with new technologies, ultimately with a view to creating brand-new professional profiles.

IntroductionIn regional Australia and New Zealand, museums and art galleries are increasingly becoming primary sites of cultural engagement. They are one of the key tourist attractions for regional towns and expected to generate much needed tourism revenue. In 2017 in New South Wales alone, there were three million visitors to regional galleries and museums (MGNSW 13). However, apart from those (partially) funded by local councils, they are often run on donations, good will, and the enthusiasm of volunteers. Regional museums and galleries provide some paid, and more unpaid, employment for ageing populations. While two-thirds of Australia’s population lives in capital cities, the remainder who live in regional towns are likely to be in the 60+ age cohort because people are choosing to retire away from the bustling, growing cities (ABS). At last count, there were about 3000 museums and galleries in Australia with about 80% of them located in regional areas (Scott). Over the last 40 years, this figure has tripled from the 1000 regional and provincial museums estimated by Peter Piggott in his 1975 report (24). According to a 2014 survey (Shaw and Davidson), New Zealand has about 470 museums and galleries and about 70% are located outside capital cities. The vast majority, 85%, have less than five, full-time paid staff, and more than half of these were run entirely by ageing volunteers. They are entrusted with managing the vast majority of the history and heritage collections of Australia and New Zealand. These ageing volunteers need a diverse range of skills and experience to care for and interpret collections. How do you find the time and budget for professional development for both paid staff and volunteers? Many professional development events are held in capital cities, which are often a significant distance from the regional museum—this adds substantially to the costs of attending and the time commitment required to get there. In addition, it is not uncommon for people working in regional museums to be responsible for everything—from security, collection management, conservation, research, interpretation and public programs to changing the light bulbs. While there are a large number of resources available online, following a manual is often more difficult than learning from other colleagues or learning in a more formal educational or vocational environment where you can receive timely feedback on your work. Further, a foundational level of prior knowledge and experience is often required to follow written instructions. This article will suggest some strategies for low cost professional development and networking. It involves planning, thinking strategically and forming partnerships with others in the region. It is time to harness the power of modern communications technology and use it as a tool for professional development. Some models of professional development in regional areas that have been implemented in the past will also be reviewed. The focus for this article is on training and professional development for workers in regional museums, heritage sites and keeping places. Regional art galleries have not been included because they tend to have separate regional networks and training opportunities. For example, there are professional development opportunities provided through the Art Galleries Association of Australia and their state branches. Regional galleries are also far more likely to have one or more paid staff members (Winkworth, “Fixing the Slums” 2). Regional Museums, Volunteers, and Social CapitalIt is widely accepted that regional museums and galleries enhance social capital and reduce social isolation (Kelly 32; Burton and Griffin 328). However, while working in a regional museum or gallery can help to build friendship networks, it can also be professionally isolating. How do you benchmark what you do against other places if you are two or more hours drive from those places? How do you learn from other colleagues if all your colleagues are also isolated by the ‘tyranny of distance’ and struggling with the same lack of access to training? In 2017 in New South Wales alone, there were 8,629 active volunteers working in regional museums and galleries giving almost five million hours, which Museums and Galleries NSW calculated was worth over $150 million per annum in unpaid labour (MGNSW 1). Providing training and professional development to this group is an investment in Australia’s social and cultural capital.Unlike other community-run groups, the museums and heritage places which have emerged in regional Australia and New Zealand are not part of a national or state branch network. Volunteers who work for the Red Cross, Scouts or Landcare benefit from being part of a national organisation which provides funding, support workers, a website, governance structure, marketing, political advocacy and training (Winkworth, “Let a Thousand Flowers” 11). In Australia and New Zealand, this role is undertaken by the Australian Museums and Galleries Association AMaGA (formerly Museums Australia) and Museums Aotearoa respectively. However, both of these groups operate at the macro policy level, for example organising annual conferences, publishing a journal and developing Indigenous policy frameworks, rather than the local, practical level. In 1995, due to their advocacy work, Landcare Australia received $500 million over five years from the federal government to fund 5000 Landcare groups, which are run by 120,000 volunteers (Oppenheimer 177). They argued successfully that the sustainable development of land resources started at the local level. What do we need to do to convince government of the need for sustainable development of our local and regional museum and heritage resources?Training for Volunteers Working in Regional Museums: The Current SituationAnother barrier to training for regional museum workers is the assumption that the 70:20:10 model of professional development should apply. That is, 70% of one’s professional development is done ‘on the job’ by completing tasks and problem-solving; 20% is achieved by learning from mentors, coaches and role models and 10% is learnt from attending conferences and symposia and enrolling in formal courses of study. However, this model pre-supposes that there are people in your workplace whom you can learn from and who can show you how to complete a task, and that you are not destroying or damaging a precious, unique object if you happen to make a mistake.Some museum volunteers come with skills in research, marketing, administration, customer service or photography, but very few come with specific museum skills like writing exhibition text, registering an acquisition or conserving artefacts. These skills need to be taught. As Kylie Winkworth has written, museum management now requires a [...] skills set, which is not so readily found in small communities, and which in many ways is less rewarding for the available volunteers, who may have left school at 15. We do not expect volunteer librarians to catalogue books, which are in any case of low intrinsic value, but we still expect volunteers in their 70s and 80s to catalogue irreplaceable heritage collections and meet ever more onerous museum standards. That so many volunteers manage to do this is extraordinary. (“Let a Thousand Flowers” 13)Workers in regional museums are constantly required to step outside their comfort zones and learn new skills with minimal professional support. While these challenging experiences can be very rewarding, they are also potentially damaging for our irreplaceable material cultural heritage.Training for museum professionals has been on the agenda of the International Council of Museums (ICOM) since 1947 (Boylan 62). However, until 1996, their work focused on recommending curricula for new museum professionals and did not include life-long learning and on-going professional development. ICOM’s International Committee for the Training of Personnel (ICTOP) and the ICOM Executive has responded to this in their new curricula—ICOM Curricula Guidelines for Professional Museum Development, but this does not address the difficulties staff or volunteers working in regional areas face in accessing training.In some parts of Australia, there are regional support and professional development programs in place. For example, in Queensland, there is the Museum Development Officer (MDO) network. However, because of the geographic size of the state and the spread of the museums, these five regionally based staff often have 60-80 museums or keeping places in their region needing support and so their time and expertise is spread very thinly. It is also predominantly a fee-for-service arrangement. That is, the museums have to pay for the MDO to come and deliver training. Usually this is done by the MDO working with a local museum to apply for a Regional Arts Development Fund (RADF) grant. In Victoria there is a roving curator program where eligible regional museums can apply to have a professional curator come and work with them for a few days to help the volunteers curate exhibitions. The roving curator can also provide advice on “develop[ing] high quality exhibitions for diverse audiences” via email, telephone and networking events. Tasmania operates a similar scheme but their two roving curators are available for up to 25 days of work each year with eligible museums, provided the local council makes a financial contribution. The New South Wales government supports the museum advisor program through which a museum professional will come to your museum for up to 20 days/year to give advice and hands-on training—provided your local council pays $7000, an amount that is matched by the state government—for this service. In 2010, in response to recommendations in the Dunn Report (2007), the Collections Council of Australia (CCA) established a pilot project with the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder in Western Australia and $120,000 in funding from the Myer Foundation to trial the provision of a paid Collections Care Coordinator who would provide free training, expertise and support to local museums in the region. Tragically, CCA was de-funded by the Cultural Ministers Council the same year and the roll-out of a hub and spoke regional model was not supported by government due to the lack of an evidence base (Winkworth, “Let a Thousand Flowers” 18). An evaluation of the trial project would have tested a different model of regional training and added to the evidence base.All these state-based models (except the aborted Collections Care hub in Western Australia) require small regional museums to compete with each other for access to a museum professional and to successfully apply for funding, usually from their local council or state government. If they are successful, the training that is delivered is a one-off, as they are unlikely to get a second slice of the regional pie.An alternative to this competitive, fly-in fly-out, one-off model of professional development is to harness the technology and resources of local libraries and other cultural facilities in regional areas. This is what the Sydney Opera House Trust did in March 2019 to deliver their All about Women program of speakers via live streaming to 37 satellite sites throughout Australia and New Zealand.Harnessing Technology and Using Regional Library Infrastructure to Provide Training: ScenarioImagine the following scenario. It is a Monday morning in a regional library in Dubbo, New South Wales. Dubbo is 391 km or five hours drive by car from the nearest capital city (Sydney) and there are 50 regional museums within a 100 km radius. Ten people are gathered in a meeting room at the library watching a live stream of the keynote speakers who are presenting at their national museums conference. They are from five regional museums where they work as volunteers or part-time paid staff. They cannot afford to pay $2000, or more, to attend the conference, but they are happy to self-fund to drive for an hour or two to link up with other colleagues to listen to the presentations. They make notes and tweet in their questions using the conference twitter handle and hashtag. They have not been exposed to international speakers in the industry before and the ideas presented are fresh and stimulating. When the conference breaks for morning tea, they take a break too and get to know each other over a cuppa (provided free of charge by the library). Just as the networking sessions at conferences are vitally important for the delegates, they are even more important to address social isolation amongst this group. When they reconvene, they discuss their questions and agree to email the presenters with the questions that are unresolved. After the conference keynote sessions finish, the main conference (in the capital city) disperses into parallel sessions, which are no longer available via live stream.To make the two-hour drive more worthwhile and continue their professional development, they have arranged to hold a significance assessment workshop as well. Each museum worker has brought along photographs of one item in their collection that they want to do more research on. Some of them have also brought the object, if it is small and robust enough to travel. They have downloaded copies of Significance 2.0 and read it before they arrived. They started to write significance reports but could not fully understand how to apply some of the criteria. They cannot afford to pay for professional workshop facilitators, but they have arranged for the local studies librarian to give them an hour of free training on using the library’s resources (online and onsite) to do research on the local area and local families. They learn more about Trove, Papers Past and other research tools which are available online. This is hands-on and computer-based skills training using their own laptops/tablets or the ones provided by the library. After the training with the librarian, they break into two groups and read each other’s significance reports and make suggestions. The day finishes with a cuppa at 2.30pm giving them time to drive home before the sun sets. They agree to exchange email addresses so they can keep in touch. All the volunteers and staff who attended these sessions in regional areas feel energised after these meetings. They no longer feel so isolated and like they are working in the dark. They feel supported just knowing that there are other people who are struggling with the same issues and constraints as they are. They are sick of talking about the lack of budget, expertise, training and resources and want to do something with what they have.Bert (fictional name) decides that it is worth capitalising on this success. He emails the people who came to the session in Dubbo to ask them if they would like to do it again but focus on some different training needs. He asks them to choose two of the following three professional development options. First, they can choose to watch and discuss a recording of the keynote presentations from day two of the recent national conference. The conference organisers have uploaded digital recordings of the speakers’ presentations and the question time to the AMaGA website. This is an option for local libraries that do not have sufficient bandwidth to live stream video. The local library technician will help them cast the videos to a large screen. Second, they can each bring an object from their museum collection that they think needs conservation work. If the item is too fragile or big to move, they will bring digital photographs of it instead. Bert consulted their state-based museum and found some specialist conservators who have agreed to Skype or Facetime them in Dubbo free of charge, to give them expert advice about how to care for their objects, and most importantly, what not to do. The IT technician at Dubbo Library can set up their meeting room so that they can cast the Skype session onto a large smart screen TV. One week before the event, they will send a list of their objects and photographs of them to the conservator so that she can prepare, and they can make best use of her time. After this session, they will feel more confident about undertaking small cleaning and flattening treatments and know when they should not attempt a treatment themselves and need to call on the experts. Third, they could choose to have a training session with the council’s grants officer on writing grant applications. As he assesses grant applications, he can tell them what local councils look for in a successful grant application. He can also inform them about some of the grants that might be relevant to them. After the formal training, there will be an opportunity for them to exchange information about the grants they have applied for in the past—sometimes finding out what’s available can be difficult—and work in small groups to critique each other’s grant applications.The group chooses options two and three, as they want more practical skills development. They take a break in the middle of the day for lunch, which gives them the opportunity to exchange anecdotes from their volunteer work and listen to and support each other. They feel validated and affirmed. They have gained new skills and don’t feel so isolated. Before they leave, Alice agrees to get in touch with everyone to organise their next regional training day.Harnessing Technology and Using Regional Library Infrastructure to Provide Training: BenefitsThese scenarios need not be futuristic. The training needs are real, as is the desire to learn and the capacity of libraries to support regional groups. While funding for regional museums has stagnated or declined in recent years, libraries have been surging ahead. In August 2018, the New South Wales Government announced an “historic investment” of $60 million into all 370 public libraries that would “transform the way NSW’s public libraries deliver much-needed services, especially in regional areas” (Smith). Libraries are equipped and charged with the responsibility of enabling local community groups to make best use of their resources. Most state and national museum workers are keen to share their expertise with their regional colleagues: funding and distance are often the only barriers. These scenarios allow national conference keynote speakers to reach a much larger audience than the conference attendees. While this strategy might reduce the number of workers from regional areas who pay to attend conferences, the reality is that due to distance, other volunteer commitments, expense and family responsibilities, they probably would not attend anyway. Most regional museums and galleries and their staff might be asset-rich, but they are cash-poor, and the only way their workers get to attend conferences is if they win a bursary or grant. In 2005, Winkworth said: “the future for community museums is to locate them within local government as an integral part of the cultural, educational and economic infrastructure of the community, just like libraries and galleries” (“Fixing the Slums” 7). Fourteen years on, very little progress has been made in this direction. Those museums which have been integrated into the local council infrastructure, such as at Orange and Wagga Wagga in western New South Wales, are doing much better than those that are still stuck in ‘cultural poverty’ and trying to operate independently.However, the co-location and convergence of museums, libraries and archives is only successful if it is well managed. Helena Robinson has examined the impact on museum collection management and interpretation of five local government funded, converged collecting institutions in Australia and New Zealand and found that the process is complex and does not necessarily result in “optimal” cross-disciplinary expertise or best practice outcomes (14158).ConclusionRobinson’s research, however, did not consider community-based collecting institutions using regional libraries as sites for training and networking. By harnessing local library resources and making better use of existing communications technology it is possible to create regional hubs for professional development and collegiate support, which are not reliant on grants. If the current competitive, fly-in fly-out, self-funded model of providing professional development and support to regional museums continues, then the future for our cultural heritage collections and the dedicated volunteers who care for them is bleak. Alternatively, the scenarios I have described give regional museum workers agency to address their own professional development needs. This in no way removes the need for leadership, advocacy and coordination by national representative bodies such as AMaGA and Museums Aotearoa. If AMaGA partnered with the Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) to stream their conference keynote sessions to strategically located regional libraries and used some of their annual funding from the Department of Communication and the Arts to pay for museum professionals to travel to some of those sites to deliver training, they would be investing in the nation’s social and cultural capital and addressing the professional development needs of regional museum workers. This would also increase the sustainability of our cultural heritage collections, which are valuable economic assets.ReferencesAustralian Bureau of Statistics. “2071.0—Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia—Snapshot of Australia, 2016”. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017. 17 Mar. 2019 <https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Snapshot%20of%20Australia,%202016~2>.Boylan, Patrick. “The Intangible Heritage: A Challenge and an Opportunity for Museums and Museum Professional Training.” International Journal of Intangible Heritage 1 (2006): 53–65.Burton, Christine, and Jane Griffin. “More than a Museum? Understanding How Small Museums Contribute to Social Capital in Regional Communities.” Asia Pacific Journal of Arts & Cultural Management 5.1 (2008): 314–32. 17 Mar. 2019 <http://apjacm.arts.unimelb.edu.au/article/view/32>.Dunn, Anne. The Dunn Report: A Report on the Concept of Regional Collections Jobs. Adelaide: Collections Council of Australia, 2007.ICOM Curricula Guidelines for Professional Museum Development. 2000. <http://museumstudies.si.edu/ICOM-ICTOP/comp.htm>.Kelly, Lynda. “Measuring the Impact of Museums on Their Communities: The Role of the 21st Century Museum.” New Roles and Issues of Museums INTERCOM Symposium (2006): 25–34. 17 Mar. 2019 <https://media.australianmuseum.net.au/media/dd/Uploads/Documents/9355/impact+paper+INTERCOM+2006.bb50ba1.pdf>.Museums and Galleries New South Wales (MGNSW). 2018 NSW Museums and Galleries Sector Census. Museums and Galleries of New South Wales. Data and Insights—Culture Counts. Sydney: MGNSW, 2019. 17 Mar. 2019 <https://mgnsw.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2018-NSW-Museum-Gallery-Sector-Census.pdf>Oppenheimer, Melanie. Volunteering: Why We Can’t Survive without It. Sydney: U of New South Wales P, 2008.Pigott, Peter. Museums in Australia 1975. Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Museums and National Collections Including the Report of the Planning Committee on the Gallery of Aboriginal Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service, 1975. 17 Mar. 2019 <https://apo.org.au/node/35268>.Public Sector Commission, Western Australia. 70:20:10 Framework Learning Philosophy. Perth: Government of Western Australia, 2018. 17 Mar. 2019 <https://publicsector.wa.gov.au/centre-public-sector-excellence/about-centre/702010-framework>.Robinson, Helena. “‘A Lot of People Going That Extra Mile’: Professional Collaboration and Cross-Disciplinarity in Converged Collecting Institutions.” Museum Management and Curatorship 31 (2016): 141–58.Scott, Lee. National Operations Manager, Museums Australia, Personal Communication. 22 Oct. 2018.Shaw, Iain, and Lee Davidson, Museums Aotearoa 2014 Sector Survey Report. Wellington: Victoria U, 2014. 17 Mar. 2019 <http://www.museumsaotearoa.org.nz/sites/default/files/documents/museums_aotearoa_sector_survey_2014_report_-_final_draft_oct_2015.pdf>.Smith, Alexandra. “NSW Libraries to Benefit from $60 Million Boost.” Sydney Morning Herald 24 Aug. 2018. 17 Mar. 2019 <https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/nsw-libraries-to-benefit-from-60-million-boost-20180823-p4zzdj.html>. Winkworth, Kylie. “Fixing the Slums of Australian Museums; or Sustaining Heritage Collections in Regional Australia.” Museums Australia Conference Paper. Canberra: Museums Australia, 2005. ———. “Let a Thousand Flowers Bloom: Museums in Regional Australia.” Understanding Museums—Australian Museums and Museology. Eds. Des Griffin and Leon Paroissien. Canberra: National Museum of Australia, 2011. 17 Mar. 2019 <https://nma.gov.au/research/understanding-museums/KWinkworth_2011.html>.

This article investigates the prosthesis of identity through the process of branding. It examines cross-cultural manifestations of this phenomena from sixth millennium BCE Syria to twelfth century Japan and Britain. From the Neolithic Era, humanity has sort to extend their identities using pictorial signs that were characteristically simple. Designed to be distinctive and instantly recognisable, the totemic symbols served to signal the origin of the bearer. Subsequently, the development of branding coincided with periods of increased in mobility both in respect to geography and social strata. This includes fifth millennium Mesopotamia, nineteenth century Britain, and America during the 1920s.There are fewer articles of greater influence on contemporary culture than A Theory of Human Motivation written by Abraham Maslow in 1943. Nearly seventy-five years later, his theories about the societal need for “belongingness” and “esteem” remain a mainstay of advertising campaigns (Maslow). Although the principles are used to sell a broad range of products from shampoo to breakfast cereal they are epitomised by apparel. This is with refence to garments and accessories bearing corporation logos. Whereas other purchased items, imbued with abstract products, are intended for personal consumption the public display of these symbols may be interpreted as a form of signalling. The intention of the wearers is to literally seek the fulfilment of the aforementioned social needs. This article investigates the use of brands as prosthesis.Coats and Crests: Identity Garnered on Garments in the Middle Ages and the Muromachi PeriodA logo, at its most basic, is a pictorial sign. In his essay, The Visual Language, Ernest Gombrich described the principle as reducing images to “distinctive features” (Gombrich 46). They represent a “simplification of code,” the meaning of which we are conditioned to recognise (Gombrich 46). Logos may also be interpreted as a manifestation of totemism. According to anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, the principle exists in all civilisations and reflects an effort to evoke the power of nature (71-127). Totemism is also a method of population distribution (Levi-Strauss 166).This principle, in a form garnered on garments, is manifested in Mon Kiri. The practice of cutting out family crests evolved into a form of corporate branding in Japan during the Meiji Period (1868-1912) (Christensen 14). During the Muromachi period (1336-1573) the crests provided an integral means of identification on the battlefield (Christensen 13). The adorning of crests on armour was also exercised in Europe during the twelfth century, when the faces of knights were similarly obscured by helmets (Family Crests of Japan 8). Both Mon Kiri and “Coat[s] of Arms” utilised totemic symbols (Family Crests of Japan 8; Elven 14; Christensen 13). The mon for the imperial family (figs. 1 & 2) during the Muromachi Period featured chrysanthemum and paulownia flowers (Goin’ Japaneque). “Coat[s] of Arms” in Britain featured a menagerie of animals including lions (fig. 3), horses and eagles (Elven).The prothesis of identity through garnering symbols on the battlefield provided “safety” through demonstrating “belongingness”. This constituted a conflation of two separate “needs” in the “hierarchy of prepotency” propositioned by Maslow. Fig. 1. The mon symbolising the Imperial Family during the Muromachi Period featured chrysanthemum and paulownia. "Kamon (Japanese Family Crests): Ancient Key to Samurai Culture." Goin' Japaneque! 15 Nov. 2015. 27 July 2019 <http://goinjapanesque.com/05983/>.Fig. 2. An example of the crest being utilised on a garment can be found in this portrait of samurai Oda Nobunaga. "Japan's 12 Most Famous Samurai." All About Japan. 27 Aug. 2018. 27 July 2019 <https://allabout-japan.com/en/article/5818/>.Fig. 3. A detail from the “Index of Subjects of Crests.” Elven, John Peter. The Book of Family Crests: Comprising Nearly Every Family Bearing, Properly Blazoned and Explained, Accompanied by Upwards of Four Thousand Engravings. Henry Washbourne, 1847.The Pursuit of Prestige: Prosthetic Pedigree from the Late Georgian to the Victorian Eras In 1817, the seal engraver to Prince Regent, Alexander Deuchar, described the function of family crests in British Crests: Containing The Crest and Mottos of The Families of Great Britain and Ireland; Together with Those of The Principal Cities and Heraldic Terms as follows: The first approach to civilization is the distinction of ranks. So necessary is this to the welfare and existence of society, that, without it, anarchy and confusion must prevail… In an early stage, heraldic emblems were characteristic of the bearer… Certain ordinances were made, regulating the mode of bearing arms, and who were entitled to bear them. (i-v)The partitioning of social classes in Britain had deteriorated by the time this compendium was published, with displays of “conspicuous consumption” displacing “heraldic emblems” as a primary method of status signalling (Deuchar 2; Han et al. 18). A consumerism born of newfound affluence, and the desire to signify this wealth through luxury goods, was as integral to the Industrial Revolution as technological development. In Rebels against the Future, published in 1996, Kirkpatrick Sale described the phenomenon:A substantial part of the new population, though still a distinct minority, was made modestly affluent, in some places quite wealthy, by privatization of of the countryside and the industrialization of the cities, and by the sorts of commercial and other services that this called forth. The new money stimulated the consumer demand… that allowed a market economy of a scope not known before. (40)This also reflected improvements in the provision of “health, food [and] education” (Maslow; Snow 25-28). With their “physiological needs” accommodated, this ”substantial part” of the population were able to prioritised their “esteem needs” including the pursuit for prestige (Sale 40; Maslow).In Britain during the Middle Ages laws “specified in minute detail” what each class was permitted to wear (Han et al. 15). A groom, for example, was not able to wear clothing that exceeded two marks in value (Han et al. 15). In a distinct departure during the Industrial Era, it was common for the “middling and lower classes” to “ape” the “fashionable vices of their superiors” (Sale 41). Although mon-like labels that were “simplified so as to be conspicuous and instantly recognisable” emerged in Europe during the nineteenth century their application on garments remained discrete up until the early twentieth century (Christensen 13-14; Moore and Reid 24). During the 1920s, the French companies Hermes and Coco Chanel were amongst the clothing manufacturers to pioneer this principle (Chaney; Icon).During the 1860s, Lincolnshire-born Charles Frederick Worth affixed gold stamped labels to the insides of his garments (Polan et al. 9; Press). Operating from Paris, the innovation was consistent with the introduction of trademark laws in France in 1857 (Lopes et al.). He would become known as the “Father of Haute Couture”, creating dresses for royalty and celebrities including Empress Eugene from Constantinople, French actress Sarah Bernhardt and Australian Opera Singer Nellie Melba (Lopes et al.; Krick). The clothing labels proved and ineffective deterrent to counterfeit, and by the 1890s the House of Worth implemented other measures to authenticate their products (Press). The legitimisation of the origin of a product is, arguably, the primary function of branding. This principle is also applicable to subjects. The prothesis of brands, as totemic symbols, assisted consumers to relocate themselves within a new system of population distribution (Levi-Strauss 166). It was one born of commerce as opposed to heraldry.Selling of Self: Conferring Identity from the Neolithic to Modern ErasIn his 1817 compendium on family crests, Deuchar elaborated on heraldry by writing:Ignoble birth was considered as a stain almost indelible… Illustrious parentage, on the other hand, constituted the very basis of honour: it communicated peculiar rights and privileges, to which the meaner born man might not aspire. (v-vi)The Twinings Logo (fig. 4) has remained unchanged since the design was commissioned by the grandson of the company founder Richard Twining in 1787 (Twining). In addition to reflecting the heritage of the family-owned company, the brand indicated the origin of the tea. This became pertinent during the nineteenth century. Plantations began to operate from Assam to Ceylon (Jones 267-269). Amidst the rampant diversification of tea sources in the Victorian era, concerns about the “unhygienic practices” of Chinese producers were proliferated (Wengrow 11). Subsequently, the brand also offered consumers assurance in quality. Fig. 4. The Twinings Logo reproduced from "History of Twinings." Twinings. 24 July 2019 <https://www.twinings.co.uk/about-twinings/history-of-twinings>.The term ‘brand’, adapted from the Norse “brandr”, was introduced into the English language during the sixteenth century (Starcevic 179). At its most literal, it translates as to “burn down” (Starcevic 179). Using hot elements to singe markings onto animals been recorded as early as 2700 BCE in Egypt (Starcevic 182). However, archaeologists concur that the modern principle of branding predates this practice. The implementation of carved seals or stamps to make indelible impressions of handcrafted objects dates back to Prehistoric Mesopotamia (Starcevic 183; Wengrow 13). Similar traditions developed during the Bronze Age in both China and the Indus Valley (Starcevic 185). In all three civilisations branding facilitated both commerce and aspects of Totemism. In the sixth millennium BCE in “Prehistoric” Mesopotamia, referred to as the Halaf period, stone seals were carved to emulate organic form such as animal teeth (Wengrow 13-14). They were used to safeguard objects by “confer[ring] part of the bearer’s personality” (Wengrow 14). They were concurrently applied to secure the contents of vessels containing “exotic goods” used in transactions (Wengrow 15). Worn as amulets (figs. 5 & 6) the seals, and the symbols they produced, were a physical extension of their owners (Wengrow 14).Fig. 5. Recreation of stamp seal amulets from Neolithic Mesopotamia during the sixth millennium BCE. Wengrow, David. "Prehistories of Commodity Branding." Current Anthropology 49.1 (2008): 14.Fig. 6. “Lot 25Y: Rare Syrian Steatite Amulet – Fertility God 5000 BCE.” The Salesroom. 27 July 2019 <https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/artemis-gallery-ancient-art/catalogue-id-srartem10006/lot-a850d229-a303-4bae-b68c-a6130005c48a>. Fig. 7. Recreation of stamp seal designs from Mesopotamia from the late fifth to fourth millennium BCE. Wengrow, David. "Prehistories of Commodity Branding." Current Anthropology 49. 1 (2008): 16.In the following millennia, the seals would increase exponentially in application and aesthetic complexity (fig. 7) to support the development of household cum cottage industries (Wengrow 15). In addition to handcrafts, sealed vessels would transport consumables such as wine, aromatic oils and animal fats (Wengrow 18). The illustrations on the seals included depictions of rituals undertaken by human figures and/or allegories using animals. It can be ascertained that the transition in the Victorian Era from heraldry to commerce, from family to corporation, had precedence. By extension, consumers were able to participate in this process of value attribution using brands as signifiers. The principle remained prevalent during the modern and post-modern eras and can be respectively interpreted using structuralist and post-structuralist theory.Totemism to Simulacrum: The Evolution of Advertising from the Modern to Post-Modern Eras In 2011, Lisa Chaney wrote of the inception of the Coco Chanel logo (fig. 8) in her biography Chanel: An Intimate Life: A crucial element in the signature design of the Chanel No.5 bottle is the small black ‘C’ within a black circle set as the seal at the neck. On the top of the lid are two more ‘C’s, intertwined back to back… from at least 1924, the No5 bottles sported the unmistakable logo… these two ‘C’s referred to Gabrielle, – in other words Coco Chanel herself, and would become the logo for the House of Chanel. Chaney continued by describing Chanel’s fascination of totemic symbols as expressed through her use of tarot cards. She also “surrounded herself with objects ripe with meaning” such as representations of wheat and lions in reference prosperity and to her zodiac symbol ‘Leo’ respectively. Fig. 8. No5 Chanel Perfume, released in 1924, featured a seal-like logo attached to the bottle neck. “No5.” Chanel. 25 July 2019 <https://www.chanel.com/us/fragrance/p/120450/n5-parfum-grand-extrait/>.Fig. 9. This illustration of the bottle by Georges Goursat was published in a women’s magazine circa 1920s. “1921 Chanel No5.” Inside Chanel. 26 July 2019 <http://inside.chanel.com/en/timeline/1921_no5>; “La 4éme Fête de l’Histoire Samedi 16 et dimache 17 juin.” Ville de Perigueux. Musée d’art et d’archéologie du Périgord. 28 Mar. 2018. 26 July 2019 <https://www.perigueux-maap.fr/category/archives/page/5/>. This product was considered the “financial basis” of the Chanel “empire” which emerged during the second and third decades of the twentieth century (Tikkanen). Chanel is credited for revolutionising Haute Couture by introducing chic modern designs that emphasised “simplicity and comfort.” This was as opposed to the corseted highly embellished fashion that characterised the Victorian Era (Tikkanen). The lavish designs released by the House of Worth were, in and of themselves, “conspicuous” displays of “consumption” (Veblen 17). In contrast, the prestige and status associated with the “poor girl” look introduced by Chanel was invested in the story of the designer (Tikkanen). A primary example is her marinière or sailor’s blouse with a Breton stripe that epitomised her ascension from café singer to couturier (Tikkanen; Burstein 8). This signifier might have gone unobserved by less discerning consumers of fashion if it were not for branding. Not unlike the Prehistoric Mesopotamians, this iteration of branding is a process which “confer[s]” the “personality” of the designer into the garment (Wengrow 13 -14). The wearer of the garment is, in turn, is imbued by extension. Advertisers in the post-structuralist era embraced Levi-Strauss’s structuralist anthropological theories (Williamson 50). This is with particular reference to “bricolage” or the “preconditioning” of totemic symbols (Williamson 173; Pool 50). Subsequently, advertising creatives cum “bricoleur” employed his principles to imbue the brands with symbolic power. This symbolic capital was, arguably, transferable to the product and, ultimately, to its consumer (Williamson 173).Post-structuralist and semiotician Jean Baudrillard “exhaustively” critiqued brands and the advertising, or simulacrum, that embellished them between the late 1960s and early 1980s (Wengrow 10-11). In Simulacra and Simulation he wrote,it is the reflection of a profound reality; it masks and denatures a profound reality; it masks the absence of a profound reality; it has no relation to any reality whatsoever: it is its own pure simulacrum. (6)The symbolic power of the Chanel brand resonates in the ‘profound reality’ of her story. It is efficiently ‘denatured’ through becoming simplified, conspicuous and instantly recognisable. It is, as a logo, physically juxtaposed as simulacra onto apparel. This simulacrum, in turn, effects the ‘profound reality’ of the consumer. In 1899, economist Thorstein Veblen wrote in The Theory of the Leisure Class:Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods it the means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure… costly entertainments, such as potlatch or the ball, are peculiarly adapted to serve this end… he consumes vicariously for his host at the same time that he is witness to the consumption… he is also made to witness his host’s facility in etiquette. (47)Therefore, according to Veblen, it was the witnessing of “wasteful” consumption that “confers status” as opposed the primary conspicuous act (Han et al. 18). Despite television being in its experimental infancy advertising was at “the height of its powers” during the 1920s (Clark et al. 18; Hill 30). Post-World War I consumers, in America, experienced an unaccustomed level of prosperity and were unsuspecting of the motives of the newly formed advertising agencies (Clark et al. 18). Subsequently, the ‘witnessing’ of consumption could be constructed across a plethora of media from the newly emerged commercial radio to billboards (Hill viii–25). The resulting ‘status’ was ‘conferred’ onto brand logos. Women’s magazines, with a legacy dating back to 1828, were a primary locus (Hill 10).Belonging in a Post-Structuralist WorldIt is significant to note that, in a post-structuralist world, consumers do not exclusively seek upward mobility in their selection of brands. The establishment of counter-culture icon Levi-Strauss and Co. was concurrent to the emergence of both The House of Worth and Coco Chanel. The Bavarian-born Levi Strauss commenced selling apparel in San Francisco in 1853 (Levi’s). Two decades later, in partnership with Nevada born tailor Jacob Davis, he patented the “riveted-for-strength” workwear using blue denim (Levi’s). Although the ontology of ‘jeans’ is contested, references to “Jene Fustyan” date back the sixteenth century (Snyder 139). It involved the combining cotton, wool and linen to create “vestments” for Geonese sailors (Snyder 138). The Two Horse Logo (fig. 10), depicting them unable to pull apart a pair of jeans to symbolise strength, has been in continuous use by Levi Strauss & Co. company since its design in 1886 (Levi’s). Fig. 10. The Two Horse Logo by Levi Strauss & Co. has been in continuous use since 1886. Staff Unzipped. "Two Horses. One Message." Heritage. Levi Strauss & Co. 1 July 2011. 25 July 2019 <https://www.levistrauss.com/2011/07/01/two-horses-many-versions-one-message/>.The “rugged wear” would become the favoured apparel amongst miners at American Gold Rush (Muthu 6). Subsequently, between the 1930s – 1960s Hollywood films cultivated jeans as a symbol of “defiance” from Stage Coach staring John Wayne in 1939 to Rebel without A Cause staring James Dean in 1955 (Muthu 6; Edgar). Consequently, during the 1960s college students protesting in America (fig. 11) against the draft chose the attire to symbolise their solidarity with the working class (Hedarty). Notwithstanding a 1990s fashion revision of denim into a diversity of garments ranging from jackets to skirts, jeans have remained a wardrobe mainstay for the past half century (Hedarty; Muthu 10). Fig. 11. Although the brand label is not visible, jeans as initially introduced to the American Goldfields in the nineteenth century by Levi Strauss & Co. were cultivated as a symbol of defiance from the 1930s – 1960s. It documents an anti-war protest that occurred at the Pentagon in 1967. Cox, Savannah. "The Anti-Vietnam War Movement." ATI. 14 Dec. 2016. 16 July 2019 <https://allthatsinteresting.com/vietnam-war-protests#7>.In 2003, the journal Science published an article “Does Rejection Hurt? An Fmri Study of Social Exclusion” (Eisenberger et al.). The cross-institutional study demonstrated that the neurological reaction to rejection is indistinguishable to physical pain. Whereas during the 1940s Maslow classified the desire for “belonging” as secondary to “physiological needs,” early twenty-first century psychologists would suggest “[social] acceptance is a mechanism for survival” (Weir 50). In Simulacra and Simulation, Jean Baudrillard wrote: Today abstraction is no longer that of the map, the double, the mirror or the concept. Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal… (1)In the intervening thirty-eight years since this document was published the artifice of our interactions has increased exponentially. In order to locate ‘belongness’ in this hyperreality, the identities of the seekers require a level of encoding. Brands, as signifiers, provide a vehicle.Whereas in Prehistoric Mesopotamia carved seals, worn as amulets, were used to extend the identity of a person, in post-digital China WeChat QR codes (fig. 12), stored in mobile phones, are used to facilitate transactions from exchanging contact details to commerce. Like other totems, they provide access to information such as locations, preferences, beliefs, marital status and financial circumstances. These individualised brands are the most recent incarnation of a technology that has developed over the past eight thousand years. The intermediary iteration, emblems affixed to garments, has remained prevalent since the twelfth century. Their continued salience is due to their visibility and, subsequent, accessibility as signifiers. Fig. 12. It may be posited that Wechat QR codes are a form individualised branding. Like other totems, they store information pertaining to the owner’s location, beliefs, preferences, marital status and financial circumstances. “Join Wechat groups using QR code on 2019.” Techwebsites. 26 July 2019 <https://techwebsites.net/join-wechat-group-qr-code/>.Fig. 13. Brands function effectively as signifiers is due to the international distribution of multinational corporations. This is the shopfront of Chanel in Dubai, which offers customers apparel bearing consistent insignia as the Parisian outlet at on Rue Cambon. Customers of Chanel can signify to each other with the confidence that their products will be recognised. “Chanel.” The Dubai Mall. 26 July 2019 <https://thedubaimall.com/en/shop/chanel>.Navigating a post-structuralist world of increasing mobility necessitates a rudimental understanding of these symbols. Whereas in the nineteenth century status was conveyed through consumption and witnessing consumption, from the twentieth century onwards the garnering of brands made this transaction immediate (Veblen 47; Han et al. 18). The bricolage of the brands is constructed by bricoleurs working in any number of contemporary creative fields such as advertising, filmmaking or song writing. They provide a system by which individuals can convey and recognise identities at prima facie. They enable the prosthesis of identity.ReferencesBaudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. Trans. Sheila Faria Glaser. United States: University of Michigan Press, 1994.Burstein, Jessica. Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art. United States: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012.Chaney, Lisa. Chanel: An Intimate Life. United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited, 2011.Christensen, J.A. Cut-Art: An Introduction to Chung-Hua and Kiri-E. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1989. Clark, Eddie M., Timothy C. 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