Статті в журналах: "Cast-iron Cracking"

1

Romaniv, O. N., A. N. Tkach, T. Ya Yus'kiv, V. I. Ovchinnikov, and V. A. Sharkov. "Static cracking resistance of cast iron." Soviet Materials Science 24, no. 6 (1989): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00728120.

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2

Kettler, A. J., and I. C. Goulter. "An analysis of pipe breakage in urban water distribution networks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-030.

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The rates of pipe breakage with increasing pipe diameter and times are investigated. Failure rates for cast-iron pipe are found to decrease with increasing diameter. Changes in pipe failure rates for the various modes of failures are examined in detail. Asbestos-cement and cast-iron pipe overall failure rates are found to increase with time, but for different reasons. Analysis of the modes of failure shows that joint failure is predominant for cast-iron pipe systems with bolted and universal joints whereas the predominant mode of failure for asbestos-cement pipe systems is circumferential cracking. Key words: asbestos cement, cast iron, cracking, diameter, failure rate, joint, regression analysis.

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3

da Silva, C. R. S., and M. Boccalini. "Thermal cracking of multicomponent white cast iron." Materials Science and Technology 21, no. 5 (May 2005): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328405x21012.

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4

Kopyciński, D., D. Siekaniec, A. Szczęsny, M. Sokolnicki, and A. Nowak. "The Althoff-Radtke Test Adapted for High Chromium Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0084.

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Abstract The paper presents results of the possibility of adapting the Althoff-Radtke test for High Chromium Cast Iron. The Althoff-Radtke test is a clump attempt used for steel. The Althoff-Radtke test has four different lengths of clamp which qualifies it as a test to quantitatively take into account different kinds of shrinkage ΔL. The length of the slot of the cracked corner and the length of each staple (50 - 350 mm) are the parameters tendency to cast cracks. Castings of white cast iron have a high tendency to hot cracking due to the large range of solidification temperatures, unfavorable kinetics parameters of shrinkage, and especially a lack of expansion before shrinkage. Shrinkage of high chromium white cast iron is similar to the shrinkage of cast steel, and is approximately 2%. Therefore it is important to test susceptibility to hot cracks. Research was carried out under industrial conditions. Four melts were performed, one of the initial chemical composition and the other three modified by different amounts of Fe-Ti, respectively, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% Fe-Ti. The propensity for hot cracking was based on the observation of the dark surface in the corner of the sample. The study shows that the Althoff-Radtke test can be adapted to determine the tendency for hot cracking of high chromium cast iron. It should however be noted that the test results cannot be compared with those for other alloys.

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5

Kaczorowski, Jakub, Karol Jozwiak, and Marco Innocenti. "Cast Iron Casing Cracking Due to Chunky Graphite Formation." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 13, no. 4 (May 15, 2013): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-013-9693-2.

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6

Tu, Xiaohui, Jun Quan Liu, Wei Li, and Jun Yi Su. "Corrosion Behavior of Chromium Cast Iron and Steel in Hot Concentrated Alkaline." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.174.

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Abstract. Hot concentrated alkaline corrosion and wearing corrosion environment exists in alumina metallurgical industry. Iron and steel materials with outstanding alkaline corrosion resistance are strongly demanded for their fabrication equipments. In this paper, corrosion resistance in static hot concentrated alkaline solution of several kinds of martensite chromium cast iron and steel was studied through polarization curves, potential-time curves, weight loss in the corrosion, and corrosive morphology analysis. Experimental results indicated that corrosion processes can be divided into three stages: dissolving of passivating films, exposed surface corrosion, and corrosion beneath the corroded product. Protection effect of the passivating films was transitory, and the corrosion rate during the exposed surface corrosion reached the maximum. Corrosion of the testing materials was composed of active dissolving corrosion of the metal matrix and caustic embrittlement cracking of the matrix, as well as grain boundary corrosion for the cast iron. Dissolving corrosion of the metal matrix was the main cause that induced the weight loss, while severe caustic embrittlement cracking of the metal matrix was disadvantageous. With an increase of the chromium content in the cast iron or steel, active dissolving corrosion of the metal matrix increased. However, the tendency of caustic embrittlement cracking decreased.

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7

Stradomski, G. "The Cracking Mechanism of Ferritic-Austenitic Cast Steel." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0101.

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Abstract In the high-alloy, ferritic - austenitic (duplex) stainless steels high tendency to cracking, mainly hot-is induced by micro segregation processes and change of crystallization mechanism in its final stage. The article is a continuation of the problems presented in earlier papers [1 - 4]. In the range of high temperature cracking appear one mechanism a decohesion - intergranular however, depending on the chemical composition of the steel, various structural factors decide of the occurrence of hot cracking. The low-carbon and low-alloy cast steel casting hot cracking cause are type II sulphide, in high carbon tool cast steel secondary cementite mesh and / or ledeburite segregated at the grain solidified grains boundaries, in the case of Hadfield steel phosphorus - carbide eutectic, which carrier is iron-manganese and low solubility of phosphorus in high manganese matrix. In duplex cast steel the additional factor increasing the risk of cracking it is very “rich” chemical composition and related with it processes of precipitation of many secondary phases.

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8

Liu, Jiang, and Jun Fu. "Toughening Study on High Chromium Cast Iron Liner Plates of HZS Series Commercial Concrete Mixing Plant." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 1338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.1338.

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Because of high wear resistance and low cost, high chromium cast iron liner plate is the most commonly used liner for HZS series concrete mixing station at present. However, in normal operation, the high-chromium cast iron liner produced by conventional casting process is easy to crack at its corners. We found that the cracking reasons of this type of liner plate are mainly the lower cast impact toughness, slightly higher hardness, and there has not gotten a good matching between the hard particles and the matrix organizations. Thus we used the secondary heat treatment to slightly reduce the hardness and increase the impact toughness of cast iron liner plate, which can improve the wear resistance and impact resistance of the liner material to extend the service life of these cast iron liners.

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9

Leushin, I. O., and D. G. Chistyakov. "Analysis of cracking in glass molds made of cast iron." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2014, no. 9 (September 2014): 768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029514090110.

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10

Singh Raman, R. K., and B. C. Muddle. "Caustic stress corrosion cracking of a graphite cast iron component." Engineering Failure Analysis 11, no. 2 (April 2004): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2003.05.007.

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11

Forsström, Antti, Yuriy Yagodzinskyy, and Hannu Hänninen. "Hydrogen effects on mechanical performance of nodular cast iron." Corrosion Reviews 37, no. 5 (September 25, 2019): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2019-0007.

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AbstractThe KBS-3 method for long-term disposal of spent nuclear fuel is designed with an external self-standing copper shell, which provides the most important barrier against corrosion and escape of radionuclides, and an internal nodular cast iron insert, which provides the load-bearing structure against external loads. The material intended for the load-bearing insert is ferritic nodular cast iron EN 1563 grade EN-GJS-400-15U. In this paper, hydrogen uptake and sensitivity to hydrogen-induced cracking of the cast iron were studied using tensile testing under continuous electrochemical charging in 1 N H2SO4 solution. Hydrogen uptake was measured by using the thermal desorption method. It was found that the hydrogen desorption profile manifests three distinct peaks at initial locations of 400, 500, and 700 K with a heating rate of 6 K/min. Plastic deformation results in a remarkable increase of the 400 K peak, which indicates hydrogen uptake during deformation. In the constant extension rate tests (CERT) and the constant load tests (CLT), electrochemical hydrogen charging reduced markedly the elongation to fracture and time to fracture, respectively. In CLT, hydrogen charging increased dramatically the creep rate at the applied load of about 0.7 yield stress. Ligaments between the graphite nodules exhibit brittle cleavage facets in the presence of hydrogen, while the ligaments show a characteristic ductile appearance of shear and small dimples when testing in air or distilled water. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the known mechanisms of hydrogen-induced cracking and the role of the graphite nodules in the embrittlement of ductile cast iron.

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12

Ksiazek, Marzanna, Lukasz Boron, and Adam Tchorz. "Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Behavior of High-Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) Sprayed (Cr3C2-NiCr+Al) Composite Coating on Ductile Cast Iron." Coatings 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120840.

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In the present work Cr3C2-NiCr powder containing Al particles was deposited on ductile cast iron with high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating technique. An investigation was conducted to determine the role of Al particles in the Cr3C2-NiCr coating produced with HVOF technique on microstructure, mechanical and wear properties in a system Cr2C3-NiCr coating/ductile cast iron. The microstructure of the HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr+Al coating was characterized by light microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Microstructure analysis reveals the formation of coating with low porosity, good adhesion to the substrate and dense structure with irregularly shaped particles of Al arranged in strips and finely fragmented Cr3C2 particles embedded in a nanocrystalline Ni-Cr alloy matrix. In addition, the results were discussed in reference to examination of bending strength considering cracking and delamination in the system of (Cr3C2-NiCr+Al)/ductile cast iron as well as microhardness and wear resistance of the coating. It was found that the addition of Al particles significantly increased resistance to cracking and wear behaviour in the studied system.

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13

Itomura, Shosuke, Kenki Heshiki, and Fukuhisa Matsuda. "Study on the weld cracking of nodular graphite cast iron Report 1) - Estimation of cracking susceptibility of nodular graphite cast iron with the implant test." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 3, no. 4 (1985): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.3.789.

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14

Yi, Peng, Pengyun Xu, Changfeng Fan, Guanghui Yang, Dan Liu, and Yongjun Shi. "Microstructure Formation and Fracturing Characteristics of Grey Cast Iron Repaired Using Laser." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/541569.

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The repairing technology based on laser rapid fusion is becoming an important tool for fixing grey cast iron equipment efficiently. A laser repairing protocol was developed using Fe-based alloy powders as material. The microstructure and fracturing feature of the repaired zone (RZ) were analyzed. The results showed that regionally organized RZ with good density and reliable metallurgical bond can be achieved by laser repairing. At the bottom of RZ, dendrites existed in similar direction and extended to the secondary RZ, making the grains grow extensively with inheritance with isometric grains closer to the surface substrate. The strength of the grey cast iron base material was maintained by laser repairing. The base material and RZ were combined with robust strength and fracture resistance. The prevention and deflection of cracking process were analyzed using a cracking process model and showed that the overall crack toughness of the materials increased.

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15

Hosseini, E., and S. R. Holdsworth. "Cracking due to combined TMF and HCF loading in cast iron." International Journal of Fatigue 99 (June 2017): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.10.014.

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16

Koetniyom, S., P. C. Brooks, and D. C. Barton. "The development of a material model for cast iron that can be used for brake system analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407021529165.

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This paper describes the methodology and reports the results of detailed thermomechanical finite element analyses of cast iron brake discs under repeated high g braking conditions. The thermal analysis allows for heat loss from the vanes in a back-ventilated disc design as well as heat transfer to other parts of the brake assembly. The cast iron material properties required for the non-linear structural analysis are generated by mechanical tests on samples cut from the brake disc. The material model developed by the authors allows for the variation of flow stress with temperature and for the different yield properties of cast iron in tension and compression. The finite element results, derived from a preliminary investigation, indicate regions of high plastic strain accumulation which may lead to disc crazing and/or cracking and enable comparisons to be made between back- and front-vented rotor designs.

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17

Dong, Fuyuan, Mingxu Zhang, Fan Peng, and Jianglong Zhang. "Preparation and Mechanical Properties of High Silicon Molybdenum Cast Iron Materials: Based on Deep Learning Model." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (September 26, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4825356.

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In the production and life of machines, wear is the main form of material failure. Many workpieces and equipment will produce friction and wear during use, causing energy and material consumption, resulting in huge economic losses. In the process of using engineering equipment, in order to improve the service life of the workpiece and improve the wear-resistant material, the research of the material itself must be closely linked with the wear mechanism. Among the antiwear materials, the application of high-chromium cast iron is the most common. The reason is that high-chromium cast iron has a series of advantages in performance, manufacturing technology, and price. However, high-chromium cast iron itself has high C content and high brittleness, resulting in defects in toughness and poor corrosion resistance. When working in harsh environments such as mechanical extrusion, high-strength wear, and chemical corrosion, cracking and deformation are prone to occur, corrosion and peeling, and another damage failure. High chromium cast iron must have a relatively stable structure, good strength and toughness, excellent wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. In this study, the static corrosion performance of high-chromium cast iron was tested to study the effects of Mo and V elements addition and content changes on corrosion resistance and vanadium, molybdenum, and subcritical treatment processes on the microstructure and properties of high-chromium cast iron, in order to obtain better performance. Lower cost high chromium cast iron castings. As a wear-resistant part, high-chromium cast iron castings are widely used in wear and can cope with harsh working environments, but their excellent hardness conditions bring certain defects in toughness and at the same time lack good corrosion resistance, in mechanical extrusion., high-strength wear, chemical corrosion, and other harsh environments are prone to damage and failure. Therefore, high-chromium cast iron should have dual properties, not only high hardness but also suitable for mud, sand, chemicals, and other media corrosion and wear resistance.

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18

Zhenfeng, Zhou, and Ren Zhen'an. "Metallurgical factors influencing the hot cracking susceptibility of nickel-iron type cast iron welding rods." Welding International 1, no. 1 (January 1987): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118709449028.

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19

Raman, R. K. Singh, and B. C. Muddle. "Caustic stress corrosion cracking of a spheroidal graphite cast iron: laboratory investigation." Materials Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 2003): 1751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708303225009535.

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20

Kachit, M., and C. Verdu. "Cracking behavior in nodular graphite cast iron under non-proportional cyclic loading." International Journal of Fatigue 140 (November 2020): 105840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105840.

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21

Molian, P. A., and Mark Baldwin. "Wear Behavior of Laser Surface-Hardened Gray and Ductile Cast Irons. Part 2—Erosive Wear." Journal of Tribology 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261651.

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A 1.2-kW, continuous wave, CO2-gas laser was used to transformation harden or melt the surface of gray and ductile cast irons. Effects of surface-hardened layers on solid particle erosion showed that the erosion rate decreased with an increase in surface hardness and case depth. The order of matrix microstructures that increased the erosion rate were ledeburite, tempered martensite, and pearlite. These results were opposite to those observed in bulk-hardened alloys. Erosion mechanisms of brittle, gray iron included micromachining in the untreated condition and grain boundary cracking in the laser-treated condition. In contrast, erosion modes of ductile iron were plastic flow followed by cracking in the untreated condition and platelet formation and fatigue in the laser-treated conditions. The beneficial effects of surface hardening on erosion were examined and discussed.

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22

Zhang, Guo Xin, Jun Nan Niu, Tai Rui Zhang, Yan Liu, and Wei Qiang Wang. "Failure Analysis of the Gray Cast Iron Drain Valve of the Converter Gas Pipe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.468.

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The valve cover of a gray cast iron drain valve, used by a chemical company, cracked during its operation. The cracking reasons of the valve cover were investigated by fracture appearance observation of the valve cover, metallographic observation, SEM observation, chemical composition analysis of the corrosion products, finite element analysis of the valve cover by ABAQUS and tensile tests and impact tests of the cover sample at normal temperature and-12°C. After these investigation jobs, it can be concluded that there was no any significant cast defect or original defect in the fracture of the valve cover, the stress was much lower than the strength of valve cover material, and the cracking of the valve cover was caused by the expansion of the ice which was changed from the seeper between the valve cover and valve body when the weather temperature was lower than-12°C. At the end of this article, some proposals were put forward to the company in order to avoid similar accidents.

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23

Liu, Hao, Peijian Chen, Haifeng Yang, Jingbin Hao, Xianhua Tian, Xiuli He, and Gang Yu. "Processing Window and Microstructure of NiCoCrAlY Coating Deposited on Cast Iron Using Multilayer Laser Cladding." Journal of Spectroscopy 2019 (February 17, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9308294.

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Cast iron is an iron-carbon alloy widely used in mechanical engineering. Nickel-base or cobalt-base alloy coatings prepared by laser cladding can improve the surface properties of cast iron, thereby increasing the service life of the components; however, due to the poor weldability and high carbon content of cast iron, the use of laser cladding to prepare alloy coatings faces many difficulties. To reduce the brittleness of the bonded interface, laser cladding was applied to the surface of cast iron using a multilayer deposition strategy. Through testing of the single-track laser cladding, the causes of defects in the coating are analysed, including poor bonding, slag inclusions, and pores. An analytical model based on mass and heat conservation is developed, and a processing window of laser tracks without defects is determined thereby. NiCoCrAlY alloy coating prepared by overlapping laser tracks mainly consists of γ-(Fe, Ni) dendrites and interdendritic M7C3 and M23C6 carbides. Although there are no cracks in a single laser track, cracks are detected when laser tracks are overlapped under the same process parameters. The increase in laser power helps to reduce cracking susceptibility on this occasion. The morphology of the grain in NiCoCrAlY alloy coating is mainly epitaxially grown columnar crystals. The increase in microhardness of the coating is mainly attributed to ductile dendrites, precipitated carbides, and grain refinement.

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24

Qiao, Feng Li, Yi Min Yin, and Xiao Hui Zhi. "Study on the Casting Process of the Large-Scale High-Chromium Cast Iron Impeller." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.622.

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The cracking tendency of large-scale high-chromium cast iron impeller was large, and its casting production was a problem in slurry pump industry. The casting process of the largest high-Chromium cast iron impeller in China was presented in this paper. Through casting process design and alloy composition design, the produced impellers met the quality demands, such as no crack, surface smoothness and high hardness. Huazhu CAE was used to simulate the casting process and the parameters used in the simulation were introduced. The STL document used in Huazhu CAE was converted from the 3D molding of the casting process using the Solidwork software. The simulation result showed that the casting process was feasible. They have been successfully used in the dredge, New Sea lion.

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25

Zhou, Z., Z. Ren, and C. Wan. "Study of improving the hot-cracking susceptibility of the nickel-iron electrode for welding cast iron." Journal of Materials Engineering 9, no. 2 (June 1987): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02833708.

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26

Akhi, Atika Hossain, and Ashutosh Sutra Dhar. "Stress intensity factors for external corrosions and cracking of buried cast iron pipes." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 250 (June 2021): 107778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.107778.

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27

Cheng, C. P., T. S. Lui, L. H. Chen, and S. M. Chen. "High-temperature tensile deformation and thermal cracking of ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 28, no. 2 (February 1997): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0135-1.

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28

Itomura, Shosuke, Kenki Heshiki, and Fukuhisa Matsuda. "Studies on the Weld Cracking of Nodular Graphite Cast Iron (Report 5). Contraction Process and RRC Test of Nodular Graphic Cast Iron Weldments." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 9, no. 2 (1991): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.9.239.

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29

Janicki, D. "Microstructural Evolution During Laser Surface Alloying of Ductile Cast Iron with Titanium." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0357.

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AbstractDiode laser surface alloying process was used to the in-situ synthesis of TiC-reinforced composite surface layers on the ductile cast iron substrate. The obtained composite surface layers were investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy, and XRD diffraction.It was found that the morphology and fraction of TiC phase is directly dependent upon both the concentration of titanium in the molten pool and also the solidification rate. With increasing titanium content, the fraction of TiC increases, whereas the fraction of cementite decreases. The TiC phase promotes a heterogeneous nucleation of primary austenite grains, what reduces a tendency of cracking in the alloyed layers.

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30

Bourahima, Fazati, Anne Laure Helbert, Vincent Ji, Michel Rege, Arnaud Courteaux, François Brisset, and Thierry Baudin. "Optimization of Microstructural Evolution during Laser Cladding of Ni Based Powder on GCI Glass Molds." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.185.

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In glass industry, laser cladding is an innovative surfacing technique allowing to deposit a layer of nickel to protect glass mold against corrosion, abrasion and thermal fatigue. This method (powder fusion by projection), well known in additive manufacturing represents a real technological leap for the glass industry. But during laser cladding of Ni-based powder on gray cast iron, cracks can be observed for some process conditions. These cracks are often due to the Heat Affected Zone that creates structural stresses linked to the development of a martensitic structure in the ferritic matrix of the lamellar graphite cast iron. The aim of this work is to observe the impact of laser cladding (without substrate pre-heating usually employed to limit cracking) on the coating behavior but also on the flake-graphite cast iron substrates. The microstructure and the mechanical properties were studied (SEM and microanalysis, microhardness) around the interface cladding/substrate. Also, the impact of the processing parameters (power P (1500-2300 W), scanning speed v (2.5-10 mm/s) and powder feeding rate PFR (24.5-32.5 g/min) was studied by using the ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) technique. It has been observed that laser cladding on graphite cast iron is possible without cracks by limiting the linear energy induced by the process. Also, an optimization of the processing parameters (P, v, PFR) in order to obtain the industrial expected geometry of the coating has been proposed.

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31

Ghodrat, S., M. Janssen, Roumen H. Petrov, Leo Kestens, and Jilt Sietsma. "Microstructural Evolution of Compacted Graphite Iron under Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 409 (November 2011): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.409.757.

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Cast iron components in combustion engines, such as cylinder blocks and heads, are exposed for long periods of time to elevated temperatures and subjected to large numbers of heating and cooling cycles. In complex components, these cycles can lead to localized cracking due to stresses that develop as a result of thermal gradients and thermal mismatch. This phenomenon is known as Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (TMF). Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) provides a suitable combination of thermal and mechanical properties to satisfy the performance of engine components. However, TMF conditions cause microstructural changes, accompanied by the formation of oxides at and close to the surface, which together lead to a growth in size of the cast iron. These microstructural changes affect the mechanical properties and accordingly the thermo-mechanical fatigue properties. The aim of this research is to provide insight into the microstructure evolution of CGI, with its complex morphology, under TMF conditions. For this, optical and scanning electron microscopy observations are made after cyclic exposure to air at high temperature, both without and with mechanical loading. It was found that the oxide layers, which develop at elevated temperatures, crack during the cooling cycle of TMF. The cracking results from tensile stresses developing during the cooling cycle. Therefore, paths for easy access of oxygen into the material are formed. Fatigue cracks that develop also show oxidation at their flanks. In order to quantify the oxide layers surrounding the graphite particles, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX) and Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) are used.

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32

Filipović, Mirjana, Željko Kamberović, and Marija Korać. "The effect of the subcritical heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of Fe-Cr-C-V alloys." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/metmateng1401001f.

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Experimental results indicate that the volume fraction of the carbide phase, carbide size and distribution had an important influence on the wear resistance of Fe-CrC-V alloys under low-stress abrasion conditions. Besides, the martensitic or martensiteaustenitic matrix microstructure more adequately reinforced the M7C3 eutectic carbides, minimizing cracking and removal during wear, than did the austenitic matrix. The secondary carbides which precipitate in the matrix regions of high chromium iron also influence the abrasion behaviour. The results of fracture toughness tests show that the dynamic fracture toughness in Fe-Cr-C-V white cast irons is determined mainly by the properties of the matrix. The high chromium iron containing 1.19 wt.% V in the as-cast condition, showed the greater dynamic fracture toughness when compared to other experimental alloys. The higher fracture toughness was attributed to strengthening during fracture, since very fine secondary carbide particles were present mainly in an austenitic matrix. In heat treated Fe-Cr-C-V alloys with varying contents of vanadium, lower Kid values were obtained, compared with as-cast alloys.

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33

Zhao, Chen, Wei Zha, Jingzeng Zhang, and Xueyuan Nie. "Surface fatigue cracking of plasma nitrided cast iron D6510 under cyclic inclined contact stresses." International Journal of Fatigue 124 (July 2019): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.02.046.

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34

Xiao, Guoxian, Robin Stevenson, Ihab M. Hanna, and Scott A. Hucker. "Modeling of Residual Stress in Grinding of Nodular Cast Iron." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 124, no. 4 (October 23, 2002): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1510519.

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In grinding operations, the high specific energy generates high temperatures in the grinding zone, and therefore causes various types of thermal damage on the workpiece surface such as burn or high tensile residual stresses. High tensile residual stresses attract significant attention because they may initiate cracks on the surface, either immediately after grinding or under in-service loading. Cracking will significantly reduce component life. Thus, avoidance of surface damage in general, and residual stresses in particular, dominates any discussion of quality/productivity trade-offs in grinding. By increasing the material removal rate (MRR) productivity is enhanced but the temperature and temperature gradient in the grinding zone are increased as is the likelihood and severity of surface damage. Currently there is no analytic or numerical tool for predicting residual stresses in ground parts. Thus developing a robust grinding process while minimizing residual stress is a lengthy trial and error process. This report proposes an analytic model, based on the temperature profile in the workpiece, for predicting the severity of the residual stress under various grinding cycles. Further, the model also comprehends the cumulative effects of multiple grinding passes (which are routinely employed in any production grinding environment) and predicts the final residual stress after the complete process cycle has been completed. In addition to achieving excellent correlation with measured residual stresses, the validity of the model assumptions was evaluated and independently verified.

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35

Chabak, Yuliia, Vasily Efremenko, Miroslav Džupon, Kazumichi Shimizu, Victor Fedun, Kaiming Wu, Bohdan Efremenko, Ivan Petryshynets, and Tatiana Pastukhova. "Evaluation of the Microstructure, Tribological Characteristics, and Crack Behavior of a Chromium Carbide Coating Fabricated on Gray Cast Iron by Pulsed-Plasma Deposition." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123400.

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The structural and tribological properties of a protective high-chromium coating synthesized on gray cast iron by air pulse-plasma treatments were investigated. The coating was fabricated in an electrothermal axial plasma accelerator equipped with an expandable cathode made of white cast iron (2.3 wt.% C–27.4 wt.% Cr–3.1 wt.% Mn). Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, microhardness measurements, and tribological tests were conducted for coating characterizations. It was found that after ten plasma pulses (under a discharge voltage of 4 kV) and post-plasma heat treatment (two hours of holding at 950 °C and oil-quenching), a coating (thickness = 210–250 µm) consisting of 48 vol.% Cr-rich carbides (M7C3, M3C), 48 vol.% martensite, and 4 vol.% retained austenite was formed. The microhardness of the coating ranged between 980 and 1180 HV. The above processes caused a gradient in alloying elements in the coating and the substrate due to the counter diffusion of C, Cr, and Mn atoms during post-plasma heat treatments and led to the formation of a transitional layer and different structural zones in near-surface layers of cast iron. As compared to gray cast iron (non-heat-treated and heat-treated), the coating had 3.0–3.2 times higher abrasive wear resistance and 1.2–1208.8 times higher dry-sliding wear resistance (depending on the counter-body material). The coating manifested a tendency of solidification cracking caused by tensile stress due to the formation of a mostly austenitic structure with a lower specific volume. Cracks facilitated abrasive wear and promoted surface spalling under dry-sliding against the diamond cone.

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36

Itomura, Shosuke, Kenki Heshiki, Fukuhisa Matsuda, and Yoneo Kikuta. "Studies on the weld cracking of nodular graphite cast iron - Report 4. Microstructures of synthetic weld heat-affected zone of nodular graphite cast irons and strength of cast iron welds." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 6, no. 3 (1988): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.6.406.

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37

Shin, Shun Myung, Dong Won Lee, Sang An Ha, and Jei Pil Wang. "Study of Cyclic Oxidation for Copper Removal from Solid Ferrous Scrap in End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV)." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.869.

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Iron and steel scrap have been reused to produce new steel and cast iron in the steelmaking and foundry industry for more than 150 years, but the accumulation of tramp elements contained in steel scrap such as copper, tin, antimony, and arsenic is a major concern. This is primarily because these tramp elements are difficult to remove in conventional steelmaking processes. In particular, the presence of copper during the recycling of steel scrap can cause severe surface cracking during hot rolling (hot shortness), inhibit recrystallization during hot forming, and reduce ductility in deep drawing. For these reasons, considerable efforts have been made in recent decades to develop a technology that can remove copper from ferrous scraps[1-3].

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38

Matsuno, K., H. Matsunaga, M. Endo, and K. Yanase. "EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ON UNIAXIAL TENSILE BEHAVIORS OF A DUCTILE CAST IRON." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (January 2012): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512003522.

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Effect of the hydrogen-charging on the uniaxial tensile behaviors of a ductile cast iron was investigated. It was found that the hydrogen-charging accelerated the process of crack growth from graphite in the uniaxial tensile loading condition. Further, the accelerated crack growth had a marked influence on the reduction of area at the final fracture (RA) of specimens. For instance, for the uncharged specimens, the RA was nearly constant irrespective of the strain rate. In contrast, for the hydrogen-charged specimens, the RA gradually decreased as the strain rate decreased. Thermal desorption spectroscopy and hydrogen microprint technique revealed that, in the hydrogen-charged specimen, most of solute hydrogen was diffusive one, which was mainly segregated at graphite, graphite/matrix interface zone and pearlite. Based on these experimental observations, we consider that the hydrogen-induced degradation behavior was caused mainly by a combination of the following three mechanisms: (i) supplement of hydrogen to the crack tip from graphite and graphite–matrix interface, (ii) hydrogen-enhanced pearlite cracking and, (iii) successive hydrogen-emission from graphite and additional hydrogen-supplement to the crack tip.

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39

Raman, R. K. Singh, and B. C. Muddle. "Caustic stress corrosion cracking of a spheroidal graphite cast iron: characterisation of ex-service component." Materials Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 2003): 1746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708303225009526.

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40

SUH, CHANG-MIN, BYUNG-WON HWANG, and WOO-HO BAE. "A STUDY ON THE FAILURE ANALYSIS OF CAST IRON BRAKE BLOCKS THAT ARE USED FOR RAILWAY APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206041641.

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In order to clarify the cracking and failure behavior of gray cast iron brake blocks that are used for the railway applications, macro- and micro observations regarding the cracks and the micro-structure of the used brake blocks were examined. Three brake blocks, which have different degrees of hot spots and cracking during the actual application, were selected for testing. In addition, a thermal-mechanical coupled finite element analysis (FEA) was applied to calculate the temperature and the stress field in the brake blocks during braking. As a result, it was observed that surface cracks were initiated at the hot spots and propagated into the matrix. From the observation of dispersed graphites close to the crack path, it can be said that the deterioration of materials due to the frictional heat of braking made it easy to initiate cracks at the hot spot. The hardness of the brake block was recommended to be under 85 by the Rockwell B scale in order to prevent hot spots and crack initiation. From the FEA, the procedure for the occurrence of hot spots and cracks was successfully simulated by assuming the surface roughness on the slid surface of the brake block.

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41

Wissam K. Al-Saraj, Dr, Dr Layth Abdulbari Al-Jaberi, Sahar J. AL-Serai, and . "Carbon Fiber Strengthening of Geopolymer Concrete Wall Panels with Iron Fillings." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.26142.

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Wall is a vertical plate member resisting vertical (in-plane) or lateral loads. Load-Bearing walls were referred to RC wall panels which were commonly used as load-bearing structural members, braced and laterally supported by the rest of the structure, local materials such as Metakaolin and alkaline solutions are used to cast (600x400) mm reinforced concrete wall panels with 40 mm thickness. To find the ultimate bearing capacity and lateral deflection of wall panels. Seven specimens are divided in two groups to study the variation effect of iron filling (0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0)% and carbon fiber (225, 125 and 90 )mm spacing center to center of strips. The result shows that the maximum increasing are 17% and 14% for ultimate bearing capacity and cracking load of wall panels respectively, when iron filling is 1%. Also, the using of carbon fiber with 90 mm spacing center to center of strips leds to increasing in ultimate bearing capacity and cracking load by 31% and 7% respectively. Lateral deflection of wall panels was measured and compared with the reference wall to investigate the strengthening effect.

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42

Bedolla-Jacuinde, Arnoldo, Francisco Guerra, Ignacio Mejia, and Uzzi Vera. "Niobium Additions to a 15%Cr–3%C White Iron and Its Effects on the Microstructure and on Abrasive Wear Behavior." Metals 9, no. 12 (December 7, 2019): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121321.

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From the present study, niobium additions of 1.79% and 3.98% were added to a 15% Cr–3% C white iron, and their effects on the microstructure, hardness and abrasive wear were analyzed. The experimental irons were melted in an open induction furnace and cast into sand molds to obtain bars of 45 mm diameter. The alloys were characterized by optical and electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Bulk hardness was measured in the as-cast conditions and after a destabilization heat treatment at 900 °C for 30 min. Abrasive wear resistance tests were undertaken for the different irons according to the ASTM G65 standard in both as-cast and heat-treated conditions under three loads (58, 75 and 93 N). The results show that niobium additions caused a decrease in the carbon content in the alloy and that some carbon is also consumed by forming niobium carbides at the beginning of the solidification process; thus decreasing the eutectic M7C3 carbide volume fraction (CVF) from 30% for the base iron to 24% for the iron with 3.98% Nb. However, the overall carbide content was constant at 30%; bulk hardness changed from 48 to 55 hardness Rockwell C (HRC) and the wear resistance was found to have an interesting behavior. At the lowest load, wear resistance for the base iron was 50% lower than that for the 3.98% Nb iron, which is attributed to the presence of hard NbC. However, at the highest load, the wear behavior was quite similar for all the irons, and it was attributed to a severe carbide cracking phenomenon, particularly in the as-cast alloys. After the destabilization heat treatment, the wear resistance was higher for the 3.98% Nb iron at any load; however, at the highest load, not much difference in wear resistance was observed. Such a behavior is discussed in terms of the carbide volume fraction (CVF), the amount of niobium carbides, the amount of martensite/austenite in matrix and the amount of secondary carbides precipitated during the destabilization heat treatment.

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43

Jaruratchataphun, Juthamate, Napat Kiatwisarnkij, Tanaporn Rojhirunsakool, Gobboon Lothongkum, and Panyawat Wangyao. "Influence of pre- and post-weld heat treats on microstructures of laser welded GTD-111 with IN-718 as filler metal." Materials Testing 64, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 1710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0324.

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Abstract The present research work studied and evaluated conditions of pre-weld and post-weld heat treatments for the laser welding process, aiming to avoid weld cracking, which usually occurs after tungsten inert gas and/or laser welding processes in cast nickel-based superalloys with high aluminum and titanium contents. The pre-weld heat treatment conditions used in the experiments were (1) 1473 K for 7.2 ks, (2) 1433 K for 7.2 ks + 1298 K for 56.7 ks, (3) 1413 K for 7.2 ks + 1298 K for 56.7 ks, (4) 1393 K for 7.2 ks + 1298 K for 56.7 ks. A laser welding process on cast nickel-based superalloys, grade GTD-111, with metal filler of Inconel 718, a nickel-iron based alloy was conducted. From all obtained results, it was found that the pre-weld heat treatment conditions significantly influence microstructures before laser welding. After laser welding and post-weld heat treatment at a temperature of 1473 K for 7.2 ks followed by precipitation aging at a temperature of 1118 K for 86.4 ks (standard heat treatment), all welded specimens exhibited similar microstructures and hardness values. Furthermore, no weld cracking was observed in all welded specimens.

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44

Fortini, Annalisa, Alessio Suman, Alessandro Vulpio, Mattia Merlin, and Michele Pinelli. "Microstructural and Erosive Wear Characteristics of a High Chromium Cast Iron." Coatings 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050490.

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Surface material loss due to erosive wear is responsible for the increased cost of maintenance and downtime in industries. Hence, hardfacing is one of the most valuable and effective techniques employed to improve the wear resistance of heavy-duty components. The present paper investigates the microstructural and erosive wear characteristics of a hypereutectic high-chromium cast iron, considering the erosion resistance, resulting from the impact of micro-sized particles, of both as-received and heat-treated conditions. Micro-sized particles involve the erosion-resistant characteristics of carbide and matrix, contemporary. Due to this, the enhancement of the matrix strength could improve the mechanical support to withstand cracking deformation and spalling. Accordingly, the effect of a destabilization heat treatment on the microstructure was firstly investigated by hardness tests, X-ray diffraction analyses, optical and scanning electron microscopy. Specifically designed erosive tests were carried out using a raw meal powder at an impingement angle of 90°. The resulting superior wear resistance of the heat-treated samples was relayed on the improved matrix microstructure: consistent with the observed eroded surfaces, the reduced matrix/carbides hardness difference of the heat-treated material is pivotal in enhancing the erosion resistance of the hardfacing. The present results contribute to a better understanding of the microstructure–property relationships concerning the erosive wear resistance.

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45

Itomura, Shosuke, Kenki Heshiki, Fukuhisa Matsuda, and Yoneo Kikuta. "Effect of preheating on the critical rupture stress of nodular graphite cast iron welds - Study on the weld cracking of nodular graphite cast iron (Report 2)." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 3, no. 4 (1985): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.3.796.

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46

Itomura, Shosuke, Kenki Heshiki, Fukuhisa Matsuda, and Yoneo Kikuta. "Effect of postheating on the critical rupture stress of nodular graphite cast iron welds - Study on the weld cracking of nodular graphite cast iron (Report 3)." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 3, no. 4 (1985): 801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.3.801.

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47

Kellai, Ahmed, Sami Kahla, Said Dehimi, and Badreddine Babes. "Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Welding and Thermal Spraying Coatings on Ductile Cast Iron." Defect and Diffusion Forum 406 (January 2021): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.406.300.

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The subject of this work is to evaluate the influence and adhesion degree of different coating layers deposited on a ductile cast iron substrate by two different methods, thermal spraying and welding with and without use of an interlayer. Microstructures of different zones and interfaces of coated specimens are investigated using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope SEM. Also, the mechanical behavior was evaluated by tensile test. It is found that when stainless steel thermal spraying coating onto the ductile cast iron substrate, the use of the nickel-based interlayer Ni allowed us to mitigate the disadvantages of cracking at the interface. This is due to the mechanical effect of nickel plasticity. In the case of coating by welding, the use of nickel-based buttering ENi-CI allowed us to reduce the diffusion of graphite to stainless steel, resulting in a reduction in the formation of harder alloy carbides. Finally, the mechanicals tests in particular the tensile test shows that the coating by welding is effective but causes a structural hardening; on the other hand the coating realized by thermal spraying does not really present sufficient adhesion.

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48

Kellai, Ahmed, Sami Kahla, Said Dehimi, and Badreddine Babes. "Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Welding and Thermal Spraying Coatings on Ductile Cast Iron." Defect and Diffusion Forum 406 (January 2021): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.406.300.

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Анотація:

The subject of this work is to evaluate the influence and adhesion degree of different coating layers deposited on a ductile cast iron substrate by two different methods, thermal spraying and welding with and without use of an interlayer. Microstructures of different zones and interfaces of coated specimens are investigated using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope SEM. Also, the mechanical behavior was evaluated by tensile test. It is found that when stainless steel thermal spraying coating onto the ductile cast iron substrate, the use of the nickel-based interlayer Ni allowed us to mitigate the disadvantages of cracking at the interface. This is due to the mechanical effect of nickel plasticity. In the case of coating by welding, the use of nickel-based buttering ENi-CI allowed us to reduce the diffusion of graphite to stainless steel, resulting in a reduction in the formation of harder alloy carbides. Finally, the mechanicals tests in particular the tensile test shows that the coating by welding is effective but causes a structural hardening; on the other hand the coating realized by thermal spraying does not really present sufficient adhesion.

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49

Schindler, I., E. Hadasik, J. Kopeček, P. Kawulok, R. Fabík, P. Opěla, S. Rusz, R. Kawulok, and M. Jabłońska. "Optimization Of Laboratory Hot Rolling Of Brittle Fe-40at.%Al-Zr-B Aluminide." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 1693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0293.

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Abstract Use of the protective steel capsules enabled to manage the laboratory hot flat rolling of the extremely brittle as-cast aluminide Fe-40at.%Al-Zr-B with the total height reduction of almost 70 %. The hot rolling parameters were optimized to obtain the best combination of deformation temperature (from 1160°C up to 1240°C) and rolling speed (from 0.14 m·s−1 to 0.53 m·s−1). The resistance against cracking and refinement of the highly heterogeneous cast microstructure were the main criteria. Both experiments and mathematical simulations based on FEM demonstrated that it is not possible to exploit enhanced plasticity of the investigated alloy at low strain rates in the hot rolling process. The heat flux from the sample to the working rolls is so intensive at low rolling speed that even the protective capsule does not prevent massive appearance of the surface transverse cracking. The homogeneity and size of product’s grain was influenced significantly by temperature of deformation, whereas the effect of rolling speed was relatively negligible. The optimal forming parameters were found as rolling temperature 1200°C and the rolling speed 0.35 m·s−1. The effective technology of the iron aluminide Fe-40at.% Al-Zr-B preparation by simple processes of melting, casting and hot rolling was thus established and optimized.

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50

Yang, Yun-long, Zhan-yi Cao, Zhen-song Lian, and Hai-xia Yu. "Thermal Fatigue Behavior and Cracking Characteristics of High Si-Mo Nodular Cast Iron for Exhaust Manifolds." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 20, no. 6 (June 2013): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(13)60111-9.

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