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1
Bakhoum, Mourad M., and Juan A. Sobrino, eds. Case Studies of Rehabilitation, Repair, Retrofitting, and Strengthening of Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed012.
Анотація:
<p>This document provides case studies of structural rehabilita-tion, repair, retrofitting, strengthening, and upgrading of structures, which might be encompassed – in short – by the convenient umbrella terms “Conservation / Upgrading of Existing Structures”. The selected studies presented in this SED cover a variety of structural types from different countries.</p> <p>Strengthening and rehabilitation of structures is usually a challenge because of uncertainties associated with old struc-tures and difficulties due to restrictions on the geometry and materials used, as well as other structural or functional con-straints. When repairing an existing structure the engineers involved have plenty of possibilities, lots of constraints, and in some cases there are no applicable codes. Strengthening and rehabilitating is sometimes a complex and exciting work; an art.</p> <p>The book is a summary of practices to help structural engineers. The reader of this book will discover different approaches to put forward strengthening or rehabilitation projects. Even identical technical problems could have very different efficient solutions, as discussed in the papers, considering structural, environmental, economic factors, as well as contractor and designer experience, materials, etc.</p>
2
Mischenko, Aleksandr, and Anastasiya Ivanova. Optimization models for managing limited resources in logistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082948.
Анотація:
In the proposed monograph, optimization models for managing limited resources in logical systems are considered. Such systems are primarily used by industrial enterprises, transport companies and trade organizations, including those that carry out wholesale activities. As a rule, the efficiency of these objects largely depends on how rational use of limited resources such as: consumer camera business, labor, vehicles, etc. In this paper, various approaches to managing such resources are considered both for deterministic models and for the situation when a number of model parameters are not specified exactly, that is, for stochastic models. In this case, it is proposed to evaluate the stability of models to the occurrence of various types of risk events, both by the structure of the solution and by the functionality. It is addressed to senior students, postgraduates and masters studying in the specialty "Management" and "Logistics", as well as specialists in the field of logistics systems modeling.
3
Mercati, Flavio. Solutions of Shape Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0013.
Анотація:
This chapter deals with the most important results in SD, namely, the classical solutions of the theory in which the equivalence with (GR) breaks down. Firstly, I study the case of homogeneous but not isotropic cosmologies, known as ‘Bianchi IX’ universes in detail. In this case, each solution that reaches the big bang singularity can be continued uniquely through it, just by requiring continuity of the conformally- and scale-invariant degrees of freedom. The result is a couple of cosmological solutions with opposite orientation glued at the big bang. This result is more general than the homogeneous case, and can be extended to a large class of solutions if the BKL conjecture is valid. In the case of spherically symmetric solutions one has to couple gravity to some form of matter in order to have dynamically non-trivial degrees of freedom. The simplest case is a series of concentric infinitely thin shells of dust in a universe with the topology of a three-sphere. In this case too a departure from the dynamics of (GR) is seen, that manifests itself in a failure of the CMC slicing when one of the shells collapses (no spacetime corresponding to that solution of SD exists). The conformally invariant degrees of freedom, again, seem to still be regular when this happens. In the last part of the chapter I will discuss the sense in which one can talk about asymptotically flat solutions of SD, and past results in this regime.
4
Rayner, Mike, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Julianne Williams, Karen McColl, and Shanthi Mendis. Evidence for population-level approaches to the prevention of NCDs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791188.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter is the first of three about solution generation. It focuses on ways to evaluate the effectiveness of population health interventions and provides key questions to ask when applying evidence-based medicine to public health interventions. It also discusses how the dialogue between evidence producers and policy-makers can take various forms. Case studies illustrate how action can lag far behind even when evidence is strong and how powerful vested interests can undermine evidence-based policies. The chapter then discusses the role that modelling methods can play in improving public health decision-making, particularly when existing evidence is incomplete and traditional research methods are unable to provide solutions.
5
Kim, Johhny, Michael Kelly, and Cynthia Franklin. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy in Schools. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190607258.001.0001.
Анотація:
Teachers, administrators, and students face many challenges in schools, yet schools are also places of solutions, strengths, and successes. The second edition of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy in Schools offers a practical guide that shows school social workers how to harness the solutions that are already happening in their schools by applying the principles of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). With its emphasis on strengths and short-term treatment, SFBT is a potentially powerful tool for school professionals to add to their repertoires. A solution-focused school social worker can help students, particularly those who are harder to engage, think about ways to focus on what’s working and how they can change their lives in positive ways. This second edition is part of the School Social Work Association of America Oxford Workshop Series and has been updated with new research and clinical practice information. New to this edition is a more thorough example of how to use SFBT within the Response-to-Intervention (RtI) framework with case examples demonstrating innovate ways. It also includes five new clinical chapters called “SFBT in Action.” These new chapters cover five of the most common student problems school social workers encounter in their jobs. Each of these new chapters provides an overview of the particular problem both nationally and in school settings and describe risk and protective factors. Along with a discussion on why SFBT is a useful approach for that particular problem, case examples are also provided illustrating how to use many of the specific solution-focused techniques for them.
6
Marshall, Kristin N., and Phillip S. Levin. When “sustainable” fishing isn’t. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0017.
Анотація:
This chapter highlights conflicts created by fishing at levels generally thought to be sustainable. Sustainable seafood has been defined as providing food today without affecting the ability of future generations to obtain food. But this straightforward definition belies the complexity of sustainability. Models suggest that even under low levels of fishing there can be large impacts on ecosystem attributes, and thus the small reductions from sustainable harvest levels that have been advocated as a win-win solution do not necessarily lead to ecosystem benefits. Second, a case study of herring fisheries and harvest by indigenous peoples in Haida Gwaii reveals that what is regarded to be a sustainable commercial herring harvest can degrade human wellbeing. A potential solution may be spatial management that creates trade-offs on finer spatial scales, and satisfies more ecological and cultural needs.
7
Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Holder Estimates for General Models. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0009.
Анотація:
This chapter presents the Hölder estimates for general model problems. It first estimates solutions to heat equations for both the homogeneous Cauchy problem and the inhomogeneous problem, obtaining first and second derivative estimates in the latter case, before discussing a general result describing the off-diagonal and long-time behavior of the solution kernel for the general model. It also states a proposition summarizing the properties of the resolvent operator as an operator on the Hölder spaces. In contrast to the case of the heat equation, there is no need to assume that the data has compact support in the x-variables to prove estimates when k > 0.
8
Katz, Anne. Sex When You’re Sick. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216013419.
Анотація:
Sexuality is much more than sex; it is the embodiment of how we perceive our sexual selves and encompasses past experiences, attitudes, values, as well as the meanings that we have constructed throughout our lives about our sexual behavior. It is integral to healthy human functioning, and it can be severely affected whenever a person becomes the victim of illness or injury. This book describes how illness and injury impact sexual functioning. From cancer to diabetes, hysterectomy to injury, from mental illness to combat injury, the author covers a wide variety of illness and disease that can directly impact sexuality. Based on cutting edge research, current practice in this area by leading sex therapists and experts, the author provides readers with a guide to how illness and disease can affect sexual functioning and how victims can handle the various issues involved. Case studies, quotes from patients, and tips and solutions for problems encountered in all aspects of sexual functioning are included throughout. Until now, a comprehensive overview of the challenges to sexuality from illness and injury was not available. This book explains the reasons why illness and injury affect sexuality. This information alone will help many people who are experiencing problems in their sex lives as a result of the illness itself or the treatments for it. It also presents suggestions for how people can help themselves to solve their problems. Helpful resources are included at the end of each chapter for further information and help. Each chapter contains stories of people who have experienced sexual problems as a result of illness or injury and many readers will see themselves in these examples. Just knowing that other people have the same sorts of problems may be a comfort. In addition, the information and explanations in the book can be helpful in starting a conversation with health care providers about problems in sexual functioning. Readers will come away with a better understanding of how they can cultivate sexuality during and after battling illness and injury.
9
Fox, Michael H. Why We Need Nuclear Power. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199344574.001.0001.
Анотація:
Nuclear power may just be the most important solution to our search for clean, sustainable energy sources. Although wind and solar can contribute to our energy mix, we need a reliable source to meet large-scale energy demands and break our dependence on fossil fuels. However, most people are wary, if not downright afraid, of nuclear power. Given nuclear disasters such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, it's not difficult to see why. In the wake of these events, fear has clouded the public's understanding of the facts. It's time to clear up those misconceptions and examine the science behind nuclear power, in order to determine what role it could and should play in our future. In Why We Need Power: The Environmental Case, radiation biologist Michael H. Fox argues that nuclear power is essential to slowing down the impact of global warming. He examines the issue from every angle, relying on thirty-five years of research spent studying the biological effects of radiation. Fox begins with the problem, carefully laying out how our current energy uses and projections for the future will affect greenhouse gases and global warming. The book then evaluates each major energy source and demonstrates the limits of renewable energy sources, concluding that nuclear power is the best solution to our environmental crisis. Fox then delves into nuclear power, looking at the effects of radiation, the potential for nuclear accidents, and the best methods to dispose of nuclear waste. By systematically analyzing each aspect of the nuclear issue, Fox clarifies which concerns have a scientific basis and which remain unsupported. His in-depth exploration of the facts persuasively demonstrates that nuclear power is critical to reducing the effects of energy production on the global climate. Written in an engaging and accessible style, Why We Need Nuclear Power is an invaluable resource for both general readers and scientists interested in the facts behind nuclear energy.
10
Paludi, Michele A., ed. Why Congress Needs Women. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216035596.
Анотація:
This book addresses women's civil strategies for negotiation and leadership through careful analysis of social science research and management theory as well as interviews with women legislators, documenting how women in Washington are affecting the development of the world at all levels. In October 2013, after the war between Republican and Democratic men in Congress resulted in a government shutdown, Time magazine referred to the women legislators as "the only adults left in Washington." In Why Congress Needs Women: Bringing Sanity to the House and Senate, editor Michele A. Paludi and various contributors explain how women in Washington have redefined leadership and power by embracing a transformational leadership style: a style that incorporates empowerment, ethics, nurturance, inclusiveness, and social justice, transcending their own self-interests for the good of the group—or, in the case of the shut-down, for the good of the nation. A resource that will prove invaluable for anyone interested in politics and leadership as well as students taking courses in politics, women's studies, gender studies, or management, the chapters provide an in-depth review of the ways women in Washington are striving to find lasting solutions to our nation's challenges. The contributors document the mindset and methodologies women legislators are using to achieve their legislative goals and work toward creating gender-equitable environments in Washington's well-established climate where bullying, harassment, and sexual exploitation is perceived as normative. Insights from interviews with women senators and congress members enhance the scholarship discussed in this book.
11
Berger, Antony R. Geology and Health. Edited by H. Catherine W. Skinner. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162042.001.0001.
Анотація:
Geology and Health is an integration of papers from geo-bio-chemical scientists on health issues of concern to humankind worldwide, demonstrating how the health and well-being of populations now and in the future can benefit through coordinated scientific efforts. International examples on dusts, coal, arsenic, fluorine, lead, mercury, and water borne chemicals, that lead to health effects are documented and explored. They were selected to illustrate how hazards and potential hazards may be from natural materials and processes and how anthropomorphic changes may have contributed to disease and debilitation instead of solutions. Introductory essays by the editors highlight some of the progress toward scientific integration that could be applied to other geographic sites and research efforts. A global purview and integration of earth and health sciences expertise could benefit the future of populations from many countries. Effective solutions to combat present and future hazards will arise when the full scope of human interactions with the total environment is appreciated by the wide range of people in positions to make important and probably expensive decisions. A case to illustrate the point of necessary crossover between Geology and Health was the drilling of shallow tube wells in Bangladesh to provide non-contaminated ground water. This "good" solution unfortunately mobilized arsenic from rocks into the aquifer and created an unforeseen or 'silent' hazard: arsenic. Geologists produce maps of earth materials and are concerned with natural processes in the environment with long time-frame horizons. The health effects encountered through changing the water source might have been avoided if the hydrological characteristics of the Bangladesh delta had been known and any chemical hazards had been investigated and documented. A recurrence of this type of oversight should be avoidable when responsible parties, often government officials, appreciate the necessity of such integrated efforts. The book extols the virtues of cooperation between the earth, life and health sciences, as the most practical approach to better public health worldwide.
12
Mongin, Philippe, and Marcus Pivato. Social Evaluation under Risk and Uncertainty. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.23.
Анотація:
This chapter examines the problem of evaluating policies with either risky or uncertain consequences. Under risk, the probabilities are known and agreed, whereas under uncertainty, probabilities are subjective and subject to disagreement. In the case of risk, Harsanyi’s Social Aggregation Theorem derives a representation of social utility as a weighted sum of individual utilities. But when there is uncertainty, two different and conflicting evaluation criteria, that is, ex ante and ex post, become available. The chapter explores this problem and sketches solutions. Similarly, when equality becomes the guiding question, there is a tension between ex ante and ex post evaluations, each leading to a conceptual loss, and the chapter explores solutions given to this further problem. It also covers Harsanyi’s Impartial Observer Theorem and its recent developments, and discusses the question raised by Sen of whether the weighted sum of individual utilities obtained by Harsanyi makes genuine utilitarian sense.
13
Kim, Johnny S., Michael S. Kelly, and Cynthia Franklin. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190607258.003.0001.
Анотація:
This introduction chapter begins by describing the various chapters of the book and introduces the ideas of the solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) approach. It makes a case for why SFBT is well-suited for school social work and school counseling practices and how it can even be adapted to Special Education IEP goals. The chapter also describes the advantages of using SFBT in a school setting. A brief case example is provided to illustrate why SFBT can work in a school setting.
14
Roberts, Julian V., Jesper Ryberg, and Jan W. de Keijser. Sentencing the Multiple Offender. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0001.
Анотація:
This book examines the complexities of sentencing when the offender stands convicted of multiple crimes. Contributors tackle the problem of multiple-offense sentencing in different ways and diverse perspectives. They consider the potential justifications for adopting a different approach when sentencing multiple offenders, one that results in more lenient sentences than would be the case if the crimes had been committed (and punished) as single offenses. They also discuss the courts’ pragmatic solutions to the problem, including the totality principle and the concept of overall proportionality, as well as proposals to justify the so-called bulk discount for multiple offending. Finally, they address the tension that exists between multiple concurrent crimes, and multiple crimes committed and punished sequentially.
15
Lattman, Eaton E., Thomas D. Grant, and Edward H. Snell. Examples of Biological Small Angle Scattering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670871.003.0012.
Анотація:
In this chapter we illustrate the biological applications of small angle scattering. We cover examples of contrast matching has been used in the neutron case and with SAXS,. time-resolved studies that have helped reveal mechanism and how SAXS or SANS as a solution technique can access information missing from other studies, in particular residues that may be crystallographically undefined. We show examples of puting known structural information in context, and following large-scale functional changes or show when distinct populations co-exist in solution. The list of examples provided is not exhaustive and should be seen as a glimpse of the potential of biological mechanisms where SAXS or SANS can provide unique information complementary to other methods and help define function and mechanism.
16
Blundo, Robert, and Kristin W. Bolton. SFBT in Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190607258.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter examines the application of solution-focused brief therapy by school social workers working with youth that have experienced child maltreatment. It provides an overview of child maltreatment, the role of the school social worker when working with this population, the neurological impact of child maltreatment and two case examples. The case examples offer practical insight into the solution-focused techniques that may be applied as well as a discussion around appropriate conversations regarding age and mandated reporting. The chapter also makes a distinction between the services provided by agencies that specialize in treating child abuse and neglect versus the role of the school social worker. For example, once a claim is substantiated, treatment is provided by an agency that specialize in treating abuse and neglect, and the role of the school social worker is to focus on the child in the school environment.
17
Barthélemy, Jean, and Magali Marx. Solving Rational Expectations Models. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.6.
Анотація:
This chapter presents theoretical foundations of main methods of solving rational expectations models with a special focus on perturbation approaches. First, it gives some insights into the solution methods for linear models. Second, it shows how to use the perturbation approach for solving nonlinear models. It then documents the limits of this approach. The perturbation approach, though the most common solution method in the macroeconomic literature, is inappropriate in contexts of large fluctuations (large shocks or regime switching) and of strong nonlinearities (e.g., occasionally binding constraints). The former case is illustrated by regime switching models. The latter case is illustrated by a study of existing methods for solving rational expectations models under the zero lower bound constraint, that is, the condition of non-negativity of the nominal interest rate. The chapter concludes with a presentation of global methods available when the perturbation approach fails in solving models.
18
Andrews, Matt. How Do Governments Build Capabilities to Do Great Things? Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.34.
Анотація:
Governments can play great roles, resolving festering problems and opening new pathways for progress. Examples are numerous and raise an important question: How do governments build the capabilities required to do great things? This chapter identifies ten cases of such governments to answer four dimensions of this question: how do governments to ramp up their capability? Who leads these interventions ?, When do they occur, and why? How changes implemented to ensure they yield sustainable results? The chapter suggests two sets of answers to these concerns, combining rival theories that explain how governments enhance capabilities and strengthen their role: “solution- and leader-driven change” (SLDC) and “problem-driven iterative adaptation” (PDIA). It proposes using these two theories in future research about how governments foster the kinds of achievements one could call great and argues this research should employ a version of theory-guided process tracking (TGPT) called systematic process analysis.
19
Rowland, Julia H. Cancer Survivorship. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0025.
Анотація:
The three case studies included in this chapter illustrate well the unique barriers to bridging the implementation gap in cancer survivorship science and also potential solutions to address these barriers. The studies also reflect the spectrum of implementation readiness seen in today’s interventions, from being “ready for prime time” to establishing metrics for success and identifying the right intervention for a known problem. An overarching theme across all three survivorship science case studies is the focus on cancer rehabilitation. Cancer has the potential to adversely affect all aspects of an individual’s life, from physical to financial. Finding and delivering interventions to reduce risk before treatment starts and planning for recovery when treatment ends are needed to reduce the burden of cancer on individuals, families, and society.
20
Bertola, Marco. Chain of matrices, loop equations, and topological recursion. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.16.
Анотація:
This article considers the so-called loop equations satisfied by integrals over random matrices coupled in a chain as well as their recursive solution in the perturbative case when the matrices are Hermitian. Random matrices are used in fields such as the study of multi-orthogonal polynomials or the enumeration of discrete surfaces, both of which are based on the analysis of a matrix integral. However, this term can be confusing since the definition of a matrix integral in these two applications is not the same. The article discusses these two definitions, perturbative and non-perturbative, along with their relationship. It first provides an overview of a matrix integral before comparing convergent and formal matrix integrals. It then describes the loop equations and their solution in the one-matrix model. It also examines matrices coupled in a chain plus external field and concludes with a generalization of the topological recursion.
21
Lindsay, Jon R. Information Technology and Military Power. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749568.001.0001.
Анотація:
Militaries with state-of-the-art information technology sometimes bog down in confusing conflicts. To understand why, it is important to understand the micro-foundations of military power in the information age, and this is exactly what this book gives us. As the book shows, digital systems now mediate almost every effort to gather, store, display, analyze, and communicate information in military organizations. The book highlights how personnel now struggle with their own information systems as much as with the enemy. Throughout this foray into networked technology in military operations, we see how information practice shapes the effectiveness of military performance. The quality of information practice depends on the interaction between strategic problems and organizational solutions. The book explores information practice through a series of detailed historical cases and ethnographic studies of military organizations at war. The book explains why the US military, despite all its technological advantages, has struggled for so long in unconventional conflicts against weaker adversaries. This same perspective suggests that the US retains important advantages against advanced competitors like China that are less prepared to cope with the complexity of information systems in wartime. The book argues convincingly that a better understanding of how personnel actually use technology can inform the design of command and control, improve the net assessment of military power, and promote reforms to improve military performance. Warfighting problems and technical solutions keep on changing, but information practice is always stuck in between.
22
Yi-chong, Xu, and Patrick Weller. The Working World of International Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719496.001.0001.
Анотація:
International organizations (IOs) matter. Based on extensive interviews and exchanges with key players in IOs in the past decade, this book uncovers the regular working world of IOs, to challenge the orthodox view that member states alone decide what IOs do and how they operate. This book provides a realistic and provocative account of the way IOs really work, a picture that would be recognized by those who work there. The Working World of International Organizations specifically examines three groups of players in IOs—state representatives, as proxy for states and often with schizophrenic demands, the head of IOs as diplomat, manager, and politician, and the staff of the permanent secretariat with their competing solutions. It explores their actions and interactions by asking who or what shapes their decisions; how and when decisions are made; how players interact within an IO; and how the interactions vary across six IOs. It argues that each and all of them must contribute if any progress is to be achieved in managing global problems. It shows why this is the case by examining how decisions are made in three key areas: agenda-setting, financing, and decentralization.
23
DeRose, Keith. Lotteries, Insensitivity, and Closure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199564477.003.0005.
Анотація:
(1) Why does it seem that we don’t know we will lose a lottery, while it seems we do know other things with respect about which we are more likely to be wrong? (2) And do we really fail to know that we will lose a lottery, while we do know those other things? This chapter defends an insensitivity answer to (1): You seem not to know that you will lose the lottery because you would have believed you would lose even if you were the winner. As for (2), a solution to this lottery puzzle is defended on which you do know that you will lose the lottery, according to ordinary standards for knowledge (unless you are the winner, in which case you are rational to think you know that you will lose). Key to this solution is defending a certain understanding of the closure principle for knowledge.
24
Carmona-Moreno, C., E. Crestaz, Y. Cimmarrusti, F. Farinosi, M. Biedler, A. Amani, A. Mishra, and A. Carmona-Gutierrez, eds. Implementing the Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystems Nexus and Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062595.
Анотація:
The book's primary intention is to serve as a roadmap for professionals working in developing countries interested in the Nexus Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystems (WEFE) approach. The book shows a multi-disciplinary approach, showcasing the importance of the proper use of Nexus WEFE when implementing certain development programs in regions around the globe. It can be presented as a manual for an individual that either wishes to implement intervention projects following the NEXUS approach or students interested in cooperation and development. The book begins with a general explanation of the theoretical concepts and implementation processes of Nexus WEFE and continues with case studies, explaining the importance of proper implementation and potential drawbacks and solutions to them. This book has a particular focus on the European Union cooperation policies when implementing such an approach in developing countries. ISBN: 9781789062588 (paperback) ISBN: 9781789062595 (eBook) ISBN: 9789276310914 (EC) ISBN: 9789231004735 (UNESCO)
25
Weipert-Fenner, Irene. Blurred Lines of Inclusion and Exclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882969.003.0020.
Анотація:
This chapter explores the broader ethical repercussions and dilemmas of positionality by focusing on the specific case when a researcher’s political affinity to the subject under study is so close that the line between the insider (the research subject) and the outsider (the researcher) may become blurred. It does not aim to argue against researchers being activists themselves but to encourage the use of caution when switching between the two roles. The chapter reflects on how identifying with the cause of the subject can violate the three major overarching norms of ethical research, respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. However, the specific challenges and potential solutions for fieldwork in the MENA-region are quite different from best practices originating from medical research and often prescribed by research ethics committees. Special attention is attributed to the context of authoritarian regimes, polarized societies, and periods of political transformation.
26
Borges, Rodrigo. Inferential Knowledge and the Gettier Conjecture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0017.
Анотація:
The Gettier Problem, when properly understood, has a straightforward solution. My main thesis—my ‘Gettier conjecture’—is that gettierized subjects fail to know in virtue of their justified true belief depending causally and evidentially on something they fail to know. Inferential knowledge (i.e., knowledge of a conclusion) requires knowledge of all the premises on which one’s conclusion depends causally and evidentially. This chapter is a first effort in trying to support this thesis. Section 2 discusses the Gettier conjecture, the notions of evidential and causal dependence, and applies the conjecture to the original Gettier cases. Section 3 looks at two objections: the claims that the conjecture fails to deal with all Gettier cases and that the Gettier Problem is a philosophical ‘dead end.’ In Section 4 I offer further support for the conjecture by situating it within a knowledge-first framework.
27
Lahn, Glada, and Paul Stevens. The Curse of the One-size-fits-all Fix. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0005.
Анотація:
In the context of falls in extractive commodities prices since 2011, this chapter examines the history of thinking about the interplay between extractive industries and economic development. Just as ‘the resource curse’ fails as a generic explanation on account of the huge diversity in country contexts, so does the one-size-fits-all governance solution, which international aid agencies, industry, and banks have promoted in support of ‘extractives-led growth’ since the early 2000s. Asking why the sector has not in many cases yielded more durable economic gains reveals the need for greater attention to a country’s capacity to diversify, options for pacing development, and appropriate performance measures.
28
Sullivan, Meghan. Neutrality and Life Extension. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0010.
Анотація:
This chapter applies the theory of temporal neutrality to the Lazarus problem: the problem of explaining when (if ever) it is prudentially rational to prefer an afterlife (any period of extended conscious existence after some irreversible radical change) over annihilation. The chapter considers three questions we might ask when determining the value of our afterlife. Would it be worthwhile to live in the new state? How different is it from our current life? What would it be like? Call these the satisfaction, difference, and phenomenological questions respectively. The chapter argues that we only need to answer the first question if we want to determine whether to prefer an afterlife and proposes the Weak Forecasting for Life Extension principle as a solution to the Lazarus problem. The chapter addresses worries raised by several cases (e.g., Still Alice, Parfit’s Russian Nobleman, Paul’s Vampire) that involve cognitive difference or failures in phenomenological projection.
29
Jutterström, Mats. Experience-Based Learning and Market Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815761.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter describes radical change in market organization, addressing the questions of why and how market organization changes over time. The discussion is based on a case in which Stockholm Municipality, after outsourcing, tried to arrange the market for snow clearance from its position as a buyer. The type and amount of the market’s organization changed significantly over time—from a ‘free’ market with relatively little organization, eventually evolving into a ‘bureaucratized’ market with significant amounts of organization. Arguably, the shifting market organizational forms derived from organizers’ learning levels—single-loop and double-loop learning. Through higher levels of experience-based learning the standard market model of neoclassical economics lost some of its performative power over the individual market organization, opening it up for more unorthodox solutions.
30
Sil, Rudra. Triangulating Area Studies, Not Just Methods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0013.
Анотація:
This chapter revisits trade-offs that qualitative researchers face when balancing the different expectations of area studies and disciplinary audiences. One putative solution to such trade-offs, mixed-method research, emphasizes the triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods. CAS, as defined above, essentially encourages a different form of triangulation—the pooling of observations and interpretations across a wider array of cases spanning multiple areas. This kind of triangulation can be facilitated by cross-regional contextualized comparison, a middle-range approach that stands between area-bound qualitative research and (Millean) macro-comparative analysis that brackets out context in search of causal laws. Importantly, this approach relies upon an area specialist’s sensibilities and experience to generate awareness of local complexities and context conditions for less familiar cases. The examples of cross-regional contextualized comparison considered in this chapter collectively demonstrate that engagement with area studies scholarship and the pursuit of disciplinary knowledge can be a positive-sum game.
31
Maani, Nason, Mark Petticrew, and Sandro Galea, eds. The Commercial Determinants of Health. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578742.001.0001.
Анотація:
Abstract Until recently, the commercial determinants have remained largely absent from conceptual frameworks of the social determinants of health, despite their clear importance to health and well-being. This is especially challenging because even a single large industry sector can have a profound, intersectional impact on sociocultural and physical environments. Such a sector can affect everything from the consumption patterns of a particular product and the health and social problems caused by those patterns of consumption to the social norms surrounding when and how much of it people use, the tax and regulatory frameworks surrounding it, the science regarding its harms and benefits, how policymakers view the problem and its causes, and the framing of possible solutions. The commercial determinants of health are emerging as a field of study in their own right; however, currently, there is no book that seeks to synthesize current definitions, frameworks, and empirical research into a coherent research and translational entity and to help the field make the leap to its next level. This book aims to fill that gap by making the case for why commercial determinants of health matter and discussing what is known about them, examples of the ways in which they affect population health, and ways to research and influence them as the field continues to grow and evolve.
32
Cimbala, Stephen J. Through a Glass Darkly. Praeger, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216025849.
Анотація:
Cimbala shows why the prevention, management, and concluding of war all require an understanding of the subjective aspects of decision making as well as the hardware and tactics of military operations. A review of past cases of U.S. security policy decision making and a preview of some future problems are combined to distill important lessons about coping with conflict in the post-Cold War world. These lessons include the awareness that some conflicts are unnecessarily provoked or prolonged on account of the gap between the perspectives and experiences of civilian policy makers and the views of the armed forces leadership. Another important lesson is that, in resolving or managing conflicts, perceptions, and expectations of leaders filter out alternatives that might have led to preferred solutions had they been attempted in good time. Of particular interest to policy makers, military professionals, and researchers involved with contemporary military issues.
33
Slavin, Karrie, and Johnny S. Kim. SFBT in Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190607258.003.0010.
Анотація:
Eating disorders are one of the most common problems that school social workers encounter with their students. This chapter begins with an overview of eating disorders, including definitional and descriptive information, causative factors, and student impacts. The chapter focuses on the three most common types of eating disorders, which are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Next, rationale for using a Solution-Focused Brief Therapy approach will be presented and a discussion for why it is a good fit for working with students who have eating disorders. Following the rationale, a case study will demonstrate the use of SFBT techniques by a school social worker in a therapy session with a student experiencing an eating disorder.
34
de Almeida, Claudio. Knowledge, Benign Falsehoods, and the Gettier Problem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0018.
Анотація:
Contrary to millennial thought, inferential knowledge does seem to arise in certain cases of reasoning to which false premises are evidentially essential. The phenomenon refutes all of the well-known epistemologies that account for inferential knowledge. I offer an explanation of the phenomenon based on a fairly conservative revision to the defeasibility theory of knowledge, and explain why Peter Klein’s proposed solution fails. The explanation put forward here aims at giving us these two highly desirable results: (a) something we have never had and may not have noticed we needed, a defeasibility theory that is compatible with epistemological fallibilism, and, (b) within this revised, fallibilistic version of the defeasibility theory, an explanation of the benign/malignant distinction for false beliefs that completes the defeasibilist resolution of the Gettier Problem.
35
Rahat, Gideon, and Ofer Kenig. From Party Politics to Personalized Politics? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808008.001.0001.
Анотація:
The book examines two of the most prominent developments in contemporary democratic politics, party change and political personalization, and the relationship between them. It presents a broad-brush, cross-national comparison of these phenomena that covers around fifty years in twenty-six countries through the use of more than twenty indicators. It demonstrates that, behind a general trend of decline of political parties, there is much variance among countries. In some, party decline is moderate or even small, which may point to adaptation to the changing environments these parties operate in. In others, parties sharply decline. Most cases fall between these two poles. A clear general trend of personalization in politics is identified, but there are large differences among countries in its magnitude and manifestations. Surprisingly, the online world seems to supply parties with an opportunity to revive. When parties decline, personalization increases. Yet these are far from being perfect zero-sum relationships, which leaves room for the possibility that other political actors may step in when parties decline and that, in some cases, personalization may not hurt parties; it may even strengthen them. Personalization is a big challenge to parties. But parties were, are, and will remain a solution to the problem of collective action, of channeling personal energies to the benefit of the group. Thus they can cope with personalization and even use it to their advantage.
36
Medová, Lucie Taraldsen, and Bartosz Wiland. Functional Sequence Zones and Slavic L>T>N Participles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0012.
Анотація:
This chapter makes a case for morphemes as zones of functional sequence (fseq zones) in nanosyntax. Under such an approach, morphemes that compete for insertion with each other form the same fseq zone, whereas morphemes that co-occur together form different fseq zones. We illustrate this on the basis of the participle zone that is projected on top of verb stems in Slavic languages. We argue that in Polish and Czech, this participle zone spells out as L, T, or N, depending on its size and internal constituent structure. The constituent structure of this zone provides a direct solution to a long-standing puzzle in Polish and Czech morphology, namely why only unaccusative verbs build adjectival L-passives whereas all types of verbs build active L-participles.
37
Horigan, Kate Parker. Consuming Katrina. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496817884.001.0001.
Анотація:
When survivors are seen as agents in their own stories, they will be seen as agents in their own recovery. A better grasp on the processes of narration and memory is critical for improved disaster response because stories that are widely shared about disaster determine how communities recover. This book shows how the public understands and remembers large-scale disasters like Hurricane Katrina, discussing unique contexts in which personal narratives about the storm are shared: interviews with survivors, Dave Eggers’ Zeitoun, Josh Neufeld’s A.D.: New Orleans After the Deluge, Tia Lessin and Carl Deal’s Trouble the Water, and public commemoration during the storm’s 10th anniversary in New Orleans. In each case, survivors initially present themselves in specific ways, counteracting negative stereotypes that characterize their communities. However, when adapted for public presentation, their stories get reduced back to stereotypes. As a result, people affected by Katrina continue to be seen in limited terms, as either undeserving of or incapable of managing recovery. This project is rooted in the author’s own experiences living in New Orleans before and after Katrina. But this is also a case study illustrating an ongoing problem and an innovative solution: survivors’ stories should be shared in a way that includes their own engagement with the processes of narrative production, circulation, and reception. In other words, we should know—when we hear the dramatic tale of disaster victims—what they think about how their story is being told to us.
38
Hertz, Jana C., Primatia Romana Wulandari, and Budiati Prasetiamartati. Knowledge System Development: Insights From Indonesia and International Applications. RTI Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2022.bk.0026.2209.
Анотація:
Knowledge System Development: Insights from Indonesia and International Applications illustrates how knowledge systems work in the evidence-based policy making process and the dynamics of different actors in the ecosystem. Applying the Knowledge System Model 2.0 in Indonesia and in selected international case studies, it explores key issues and dynamics in the knowledge-to-policy process in Indonesia and offers important insights for application in other country contexts. Written from the unique vantage point of knowledge system actors themselves in cooperation with development practitioners and researchers, the book captures efforts to clarify the roles of different actors in the knowledge system and how they interacted to influence policy. When the actors and institutions in the knowledge system interact and challenge each other to articulate and commit to a shared purpose, it is easier to navigate the inherent tensions between technical solutions and political objectives to advance the reform agenda. Intermediaries in the knowledge system can play an important role in facilitating the interactions between these actors and institutions.
39
Curtis, Joan C. Managing Sticky Situations at Work. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400682391.
Анотація:
This title is a practical guide for the millions of men and women who may find themselves dealing with difficult or problematic situations in the workplace. Managing Sticky Situations at Work: Communication Secrets for Success in the Workplace gives employers and employees the tools they need to resolve uncomfortable, unproductive workplace conflicts in a forthright, sensitive, and systematic way. This necessary and timely title gives readers examples of common, real-life workplace situations, followed up with a new and effective way to respond—the Say It Just Right model of communication—applied to each case. Managing Sticky Situations at Work ranges over a myriad of all-too-familiar problems involving and affecting bosses, co-workers, clients, and subordinates. Examples come from the health care professions, information technology companies, small businesses, retail, the public sector, and other sources. From back-stabbing and personality clashes, to bullying bosses and awkward office romances, to inappropriate Internet use and nasty emails, it gives readers recognizable scenarios, practical solutions, and the parameters to help them “say it just right” when it is time to act.
40
Chirot, Daniel. You Say You Want a Revolution? Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193670.001.0001.
Анотація:
Why have so many of the iconic revolutions of modern times ended in bloody tragedies? And what lessons can be drawn from these failures today, in a world where political extremism is on the rise and rational reform based on moderation and compromise often seems impossible to achieve? This book examines a wide range of right- and left-wing revolutions around the world—from the late eighteenth century to today—to provide important new answers to these critical questions. From the French Revolution of the eighteenth century to the Mexican, Russian, German, Chinese, anticolonial, and Iranian revolutions of the twentieth, the book finds that moderate solutions to serious social, economic, and political problems were overwhelmed by radical ideologies that promised simpler, drastic remedies. But not all revolutions had this outcome. The American Revolution didn't, although its failure to resolve the problem of slavery eventually led to the Civil War, and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe was relatively peaceful, except in Yugoslavia. From Japan, North Korea, Vietnam, and Cambodia to Algeria, Angola, Haiti, and Romania, the book explains why violent radicalism, corruption, and the betrayal of ideals won in so many crucial cases, why it didn't in some others, and what the long-term prospects for major social change are if liberals can't deliver needed reforms. A powerful account of the unintended consequences of revolutionary change, the book is filled with critically important lessons for today's liberal democracies struggling with new forms of extremism.
41
Kollar, Nathan. Defending Religious Diversity in Public Schools. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400638749.
Анотація:
This volume shows how and why our public schools should prepare to understand and deal with religious diversity in the United States and the world. Defending Religious Diversity in Public Schools: A Practical Guide for Building Our Democracy and Deepening Our Education makes a powerful case for exposing students to the multiplicity of faiths practiced in the United States and around the world—then offers a range of practical solutions for promoting religious understanding and tolerance in the school environment. Nathan Kollar's timely volume centers on the common issues associated with respecting religion in people's lives, including religious identities, the religious rights of students, bullying and other acts of intolerance, and legal perspectives on what should and should not happen in the classroom. It then focuses on the skills teachers, counselors, and administrators need to master to address those issues, including forming an advocacy coalition, listening, cultural analysis, conflict resolution, institutional development, choosing a leader, and keeping up to date with all the latest research developments from both the legal and educational communities.
42
Sexton-Radek, Kathleen J., and Gina Graci. Sleep Disorders. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216015314.
Анотація:
This sourcebook presents the history of sleep disorders, from restless legs to insomnia to night terrors, alongside emerging research, illustrations of sleep disorders in society, and treatments. Part of the Health and Psychology Sourcebooks series, this compact volume offers concise information on an issue threatening human health and well-being: sleep disorders. The authors are established psychologists and researchers specializing in the study of sleep and sleep disorders, one an editor for the Journal of Sleep Disorders and Therapy and the other a certified behavioral sleep medicine specialist. The book begins with an introduction that underscores how prevalent sleep disorders and the condition of sleep deprivation are in this nation and why they are considered a public health concern. Chapters explain and illustrate disorders including apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, nightmares, night terrors, and sleepwalking, with each chapter providing an empirical review followed by a case study. For each disorder, history; signs and symptoms; incidence; theory; personal, familial, societal, and economic factors; treatments and solutions; and emerging research are included.
43
Chance, Kelly, and Randall V. Martin. Data Fitting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199662104.003.0011.
Анотація:
This chapter explores several of the most common and useful approaches to atmospheric data fitting as well as the process of using air mass factors to produce vertical atmospheric column abundances from line-of-sight slant columns determined by data fitting. An atmospheric spectrum or other type of atmospheric sounding is usually fitted to a parameterized physical model by minimizing a cost function, usually chi-squared. Linear fitting, when the model of the measurements is linear in the model parameters is described, followed by the more common nonlinear fitting case. For nonlinear fitting, the standard Levenberg-Marquardt method is described, followed by the use of optimal estimation, one of several retrieval methods that make use of a priori information to providing regularization for the solution. In the context of optimal estimation, weighting functions, contribution functions, and averaging kernels are described. The Twomey-Tikhonov regularization procedure is presented. Correlated parameters, with the important example of Earth’s atmospheric ozone, are discussed.
44
McCabe, Joshua T. The United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841300.003.0005.
Анотація:
Chapter 5 examines how in the UK the Blair government’s promise to end child poverty translated into the introduction of the Working Families Tax Credit in 1998, which was subsequently split into the Working Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit in 2001. The UK follows the Canadian case in terms of tracing the dominant logic of income supplementation to the cultural legacy of family allowances and ends up with the same combination of refundable tax credits. When the Labour government reached the limits of income-testing, the Treasury quietly turned to fiscalization as the solution to expand benefits in the face of pressures for austerity. The Family Income Supplement was simply converted into the Working Families Tax Credit. While its predecessor had been classified as spending, the Working Families Tax Credit was classified as revenues not collected. The limits of fiscalization were soon tested, as the Office of National Statistics called the government’s reclassification into question.
45
Srinivasan, Janaki. The Political Lives of Information. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10889.001.0001.
Анотація:
How the definition, production, and leveraging of information are shaped by caste, class, and gender, and the implications for development. Information, says Janaki Srinivasan, has fundamentally reshaped development discourse and practice. In this study, she examines the history of the idea of “information” and its political implications for poverty alleviation. She presents three cases in India—the circulation of price information in a fish market in Kerala, government information in information kiosks operated by a nonprofit in Puducherry, and a political campaign demanding a right to information in Rajasthan—to explore three uses of information to support goals of social change. Countering claims that information is naturally and universally empowering, Srinivasan shows how the definition, production, and leveraging of information are shaped by caste, class, and gender. Srinivasan draws on archival and ethnographic research to challenge the idea of information as objective and factual. Using the concept of an “information order,” she examines how the meaning and value of information reflect the social relations in which it is embedded. She asks why casting information as a tool of development and solution to poverty appeals to actors across the political spectrum. She also shows how the power to label some things information and others not is at least as significant as the capacity to subsequently produce, access, and leverage information. The more faith we place in what information can do, she cautions, the less attention we pay to its political lives and to the role of specific social structures, individual agency, and material form in the defining, production, and use of that information.
46
Cortese, Anthony. Opposing Hate Speech. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400693625.
Анотація:
What happens when two deeply held American values, freedom of expression and freedom from discrimination, clash? In any well-established democratic society, people have the right to free speech as well as the right to equal treatment and protection under the law. But when one person's speech harms another person on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation, it may qualify as hate speech and be subject to restriction. Cortese argues that restricting hate speech does not violate the guiding principle behind the First Amendment, but he is not eager to see more lawsuits. Effective restriction, he asserts, should not focus on litigation but on speech codes and moral education. Is there a limit to freedom of expression in a democracy, and if so, where should the line be drawn? In attempting to answer that question, Cortese makes a solid case for paying attention to context and common sense. Some hate speech is more reprehensible than others; not all discriminatory statements are equally serious. There is a discernible difference between an offensive remark and an incitement to commit murder. There is also a fundamental distinction between intentional and unintentional discrimination. In this book, Cortese rethinks some of the issues that have been silenced in ways harmful to many—especially those that have been brutalized, oppressed, manipulated, dominated, segregated, and disadvantaged. We should recognize the grave injuries inflicted by hate speech and the potential tensions between legal solutions to those injuries and the First Amendment. We must push for moral education, educational speech codes, and when necessary, a formal, legal-structural response to hate speech in order to reinforce our commitment to tolerance as a value.
47
Haxby, Elizabeth, and Susanna Walker. Patient safety and clinical governance. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0003.
Анотація:
Clinical governance appeared as a concept in the UK in the late 1990s following scandals in which patients were harmed as a consequence of health care failures. Further international research estimates that one in ten inpatients suffer harm as a result of their health care, leading to death in some cases. Clinical governance is a framework centred around domains of patient safety, clinical effectiveness, and patient experience, underpinned by effective teamwork, leadership, and communication. Its aim is to ensure consistent, reliable, high-quality care delivered by competent individuals in a safe environment. Understanding why things go wrong in health care is key to finding solutions to ensure patient safety. Health care is an increasingly high-risk activity at organizational, departmental, and individual levels, and hazard identification and management are important. Recent recognition of human factors as contributing to many adverse events has facilitated the exploration of how health care professionals function within the context of a high-pressure, unpredictable environment. Lessons from non-health care industries have changed focus from blaming individuals for errors to understanding systems and how they can promote or mitigate failure. The development of non-technical skills, such as teamwork, is vital, and a number of approaches to improving this element of human behaviour are described.
48
Nelson, Jacob L. Imagined Audiences. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197542590.001.0001.
Анотація:
The news industry faces profound financial instability and public distrust. Many believe the solution to these ongoing crises is for journalists to improve their relationship with their audiences. This raises important questions: How do journalists conceptualize their audiences in the first place? What is the connection between what journalists think about their audiences and what they do to reach them? Perhaps most important, how aligned are these “imagined” audiences with the real ones? Imagined Audiences draws on ethnographic case studies of three news organizations to show how journalists’ assumptions about their audiences shape their approaches to their audiences. In doing so, it examines the role that audiences traditionally have played in journalism, how that role has changed, and what those changes mean for both the profession and the public. It concludes by drawing on audience studies research to compare journalism’s “imagined” audiences with actual observations of news audience behavior. The result is a comprehensive study of both news production and reception at a time when the connection between the two has grown more important than ever.
49
DeRose, Keith. The Appearance of Ignorance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199564477.001.0001.
Анотація:
This volume presents, develops, and champions contextualist solutions to two of the stickiest problems in epistemology: The puzzles of skeptical hypotheses and of lotteries. It is argued that, at least by ordinary standards for knowledge, we do know that skeptical hypotheses are false, and that we’ve lost the lottery (unless one is in fact the winner of the lottery, in which case one does not know that one has lost, but is reasonable in thinking that one knows it). Accounting for how it is that we know that skeptical hypotheses are false and why it seems that we don’t know that they’re false tells us a lot, both about what knowledge is and how knowledge attributions work. Along the way, the following are all carefully explained and defended: Moorean methodological approaches to skepticism, on which one seeks to defeat, rather than refute, the skeptic; contextualist responses to skepticism; contextualist substantive Mooreanism; the basic safety approach to knowledge and the double-safety picture of what knowledge is; insensitivity accounts of various appearances of ignorance; the closure principle for knowledge; and the claim that our knowledge that we are not brains in vats is a priori, despite its being knowledge of a deeply contingent fact.
50
Burgard, Stephen D., and Benjamin J. Hubbard. A Battlefield of Values. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400616822.
Анотація:
Differing moral views are dividing the country and polarizing the left and the right more than ever before. This book offers unique solutions to improve communication and understanding between the two factions to fix our fractured political system. Morality is at the heart of political contention in American society. Unfortunately, our polarized belief systems severely inhibit the achievement of bipartisan compromises. A Battlefield of Values: America’s Left, Right, and Endangered Center provides a candid but nonjudgmental examination of what people think and believe—and how this informs our divisions over core values. By addressing how individuals believe rather than how they vote, the book illuminates why 21st-century America is so conflicted politically and religiously; exposes what matters most to those on the right and left of the political, religious, and cultural spectrum; explains why the members of the endangered center in American life—the moderates—are struggling to make sense of the great divide between conflicting ideologies; and predicts how a degree of reconciliation and detente might be possible in the future. Authors Stephen Burgard and Benjamin J. Hubbard build a powerful case for how authentic communication between political factions is integral to bettering our society as a whole. Along the way, they illustrate the impact of religion and media on American belief systems and also explore the inability of news media to serve as mediators of this dilemma. This work will fascinate lay readers seeking perspective on our current political stalemate as well as serve college students taking courses in political science, communications, journalism, anthropology, or religious studies.