Статті в журналах: "CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM"

1

Kasi, Parthiban, and M. Cheralathan. "Review of cascade refrigeration systems for vaccine storage." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012041.

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Abstract Various models are already developed to achieve the refrigerating effect. Each refrigeration system has its own set of benefits and drawbacks, as well as a unique application. The vapor compression refrigeration system and the sorption refrigeration system are the two most prominent refrigeration technologies that may be utilized for a variety of purposes. In the medical profession, cascade refrigeration will be established in the storage of blood banks, plasma, vaccines, bone banks, biological fluids storage, etc. Storing heat-sensitive vaccines at the right temperature is crucial yet often difficult by the availability of ultralow temperature cold storage. This paper has reviewed that the different types of cascade refrigeration systems for a better refrigerating effect on vaccine storage.

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2

GANJEHSARABI, HADI, IBRAHIM DINCER, and ALI GUNGOR. "THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A CASCADE ACTIVE MAGNETIC REGENERATIVE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 21, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132513500168.

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In the present study, a thermodynamic model is proposed to analyze and assess the performance, through energy and exergy, of a cascade active magnetic regenerative (AMR) refrigerator operation a regenerative Brayton cycle. This cascade refrigeration system works with Gd x Tb 1–x alloys as magnetic materials where the composition of the alloy varies for different stages. In this model, the heat transfer fluid considered is a water– glycol mixture (50% by weight). The refrigeration capacity, total power consumption, coefficients of performance (COP), exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rate of a cascade AMR refrigeration (AMRR) system are determined. To understand the system performance more comprehensively, a parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of several important design parameters on COP and exergy efficiency of the system.

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3

Fernández-Seara, José, Jaime Sieres, and Manuel Vázquez. "Compression–absorption cascade refrigeration system." Applied Thermal Engineering 26, no. 5-6 (April 2006): 502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.07.015.

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4

YANG, Y., M. W. TONG, G. YANG, and X. P. WANG. "APPLICATION OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH MIXING REFRIGERANT IN COLD AIR CUTTING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 01n03 (January 30, 2005): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028955.

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In the mechanical cutting process, the replacement of traditional cutting solution with cold air can avoid the pollution of environment. In order to high efficient the refrigerating device and flexible adjust the temperature of cold air, it is necessary to use cascade refrigeration system to supply cool quantity for the compressed air. The introduction of a two-component non-azeotropic mixing refrigerant into the cryogenic part of the cascade system, can effectively solve the problems of the system working at too high pressure and the volume expanding of refrigerant in case of the cascade refrigeration sets closed down. However, the filling ratio of mixing refrigerants impact on the relationships among the closing down pressure, refrigerating output and refrigerating efficiency. On the basis of computing and experiment, the optimal mixing ratio of refrigerant R22/R13 and a low temperature of -60° were obtained in this study. A cold air injecting device possessing high efficiency in energy saving has also been designed and manufactured. The cold air, generated from this cascade system and employed in a cutting process, takes good comprehensive effects on machining and cutting.

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5

Rajmane, Umesh C. "A Review of Vapour Compression Cascade Refrigeration System." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 5, no. 2 (November 5, 2016): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2016.5.2.801.

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Different types of refrigerant are available for cascade refrigeration technologies. this paper study provides the advantages of vapour compression cascade refrigeration system. And also summaries various techniques used in cascade refrigeration system. The operating parameters considered in this study include condensing, sub cooling, evaporating and super heating temperatures in high-temperature circuit, and temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, evaporating, superheating, condensing and sub cooling in the low-temperature circuit.

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6

Zheng, Da Yu, Dan Li, Jia Zheng, Li Ping Gao, and Yi Ming Zhang. "The Study of the Effects of Refrigerant Fraction on Auto-Cascade Refrigeration System of Evaporation Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.321.

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Non-azeotropic auto-cascade refrigeration system utilizes various components of different boiling refrigerant to get low-temperature. With R22, R23 and R14 as a non-azeotropic refrigerant auto-cascade refrigeration cycle system. Through the experimental study of non-azeotropic refrigerant charging and the ratio between the amount of charge, to analyze the effect of these three refrigerants charging and relationship of the fraction on the whole refrigeration cycle refrigeration temperature. To improve overall non-azeotropic auto-cascade refrigeration systems working efficiency. So as to achieve the purpose of energy saving.

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7

Yang, Shutong, Youlei Wang, and Yufei Wang. "Optimization of Cascade Cooling System Based on Lithium Bromide Refrigeration in the Polysilicon Industry." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091681.

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Cascade cooling systems containing different cooling methods (e.g., air cooling, water cooling, refrigerating) are used to satisfy the cooling process of hot streams with large temperature spans. An effective cooling system can significantly save energy and costs. In a cascade cooling system, the heat load distribution between different cooling methods has great impacts on the capital cost and operation cost of the system, but the relative optimization method is not well established. In this work, a cascade cooling system containing waste heat recovery, air cooling, water cooling, absorption refrigeration, and compression refrigeration is proposed. The objective is to find the optimal heat load distribution between different cooling methods with the minimum total annual cost. Aspen Plus and MATLAB were combined to solve the established mathematical optimization model, and the genetic algorithm (GA) in MATLAB was adopted to solve the model. A case study in a polysilicon enterprise was used to illustrate the feasibility and economy of the cascade cooling system. Compared to the base case, which only includes air cooling, water cooling, and compression refrigeration, the cascade cooling system can reduce the total annual cost by USD 931,025·y−1 and save 7,800,820 kWh of electricity per year. It also can recover 3139 kW of low-grade waste heat, and generate and replace a cooling capacity of 2404 kW.

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8

Duan, Rui, Guo Min Cui, and Qun Zhi Zhu. "Analysis of Thermodynamic Performance in NH₃/CO₂Cascade Refrigeration System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1484.

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The advantage and application of NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system were analyzed . The principle and composition of cascade refrigeration system were outlined . The cascade refrigeration system using NH3 /CO2 as refrigerant were studied theoretically and the COP were calculated .

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9

Rajmane, Umesh C. "Cascade Refrigeration System: R404a-R23 Refrigerant." Asian Journal of Electrical Sciences 6, no. 1 (May 5, 2017): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajes-2017.6.1.1993.

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This study is presented a cascade refrigeration system using as refrigerant (R23) in low-temperature circuit and R404a in high-temperature circuit. The operating parameters considered in this paper include superheating, condensing, evaporating, and sub cooling temperatures in the refrigerant (R404a) high temperature circuit and in the refrigerant (R23)) low-temperature circuit. Diagrams of pressure versus Enthalpy have been obtained. Results show that a Tetra fluro methane (R23)-R404a cascade refrigeration system.

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10

Yang, Qichao, Xiaonan Chen, Weikai Chi, Liansheng Li, Guangbin Liu, and Yuanyang Zhao. "Thermodynamic Analysis of an NH3/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration System with Subcooling in the Low-Temperature Circuit Utilizing the Expansion Work." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (February 27, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5987368.

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NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system is recognized one of the most promising technologies in low-temperature application. In this paper, a NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system with subcooling in low-temperature circuit driven by recovery expansion work has been proposed. The aim of this study is to investigate the proposed cascade refrigeration system compared with conventional cascade refrigeration system. Mathematical models based on energy conservation and exergy balance are established. The selection of different refrigerants in auxiliary subcooling system is discussed. The effects of operating parameters such as the condensation temperature of the low-temperature circuit, evaporation temperature, and expander efficiency on system performance are evaluated. The results show that the coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency of the proposed system are about 7.56% and 7.98% higher than that of conventional cascade refrigeration system. The discharge temperature of NH3 compressor can be significantly reduced by 18.33%. The isentropic efficiency of the expander has a large impact on the system performance.

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11

Pan, Mingzhang, Huan Zhao, Dongwu Liang, Yan Zhu, Youcai Liang, and Guangrui Bao. "A Review of the Cascade Refrigeration System." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092254.

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This paper provides a literature review of the cascade refrigeration system (CRS). It is an important system that can achieve an evaporating temperature as low as −170 °C and broadens the refrigeration temperature range of conventional systems. In this paper, several research options such as various designs of CRS, studies on refrigerants, and optimization works on the systems are discussed. Moreover, the influence of parameters on system performance, the economic analysis, and applications are defined, followed by conclusions and suggestions for future studies.

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12

B. J. Bhardia, B. J. Bhardia, S. R. Sunasara S. R. Sunasara, and J. J. Makadia J. J. Makadia. "Theoretical Aspect of Thermodynamic analysis of Cascade Refrigeration System: A Review." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/64.

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13

RUCIŃSKI, Adam, Mateusz DALBA, and Rafał LASKOWSKI. "Comparative analysis of a cooling systems working on an environmentally friendly refrigerants." Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych, no. 4 (December 19, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/iboa.123.

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The paper treats with refrigerants which affect on excessive heating of atmosphere. They are in group offluorinated greenhouse gases which are regulated by European and polish law. The main aim is to lower their amount in industry leading to overall removal from use. We present possible way to design refrigeration system lowering their adverse effect on natural environment. So three options of cooling systems are analyzed: one-stage refrigeration system working with R449A, cascade refrigeration system with R744 (carbon dioxide)/ R134a and R717 (ammonia) refrigeration plant. Due to the nowadays raising use of the cascade systems, an analysis of the operating parameters of such installation was carried out with considering the cascade heat exchanger as a condenser/evaporator. The installations concerned are three alternative offers for meat processing manufactory. A thermal balance was prepared for chambers located in building and the operating parameters of the installation were assumed. The equipment corresponding to the required cooling capacities were selected.

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14

Rangel, Victor Bitencour, Antonio Gabriel Souza Almeida, Francisco Souza Almeida, and Luiz Gustavo da Cruz Duarte. "CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM FOR LOW TEMPERATURES USING NATURAL FLUIDS." REVISTA FOCO 15, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): e295. http://dx.doi.org/10.54751/revistafoco.v15n1-013.

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Cascade refrigeration systems work with two or more serial disposed cycles and can obtain internal temperatures below -60°C, which is necessary for several activities in medicine and scientific research. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of cascade system refrigeration using natural refrigerant fluids for ultra low temperatures. These fluids areenvironmentally friendly refrigerant and are an alternative to hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Energy and exergy analyses were performed using a thermodynamic model based on the law of conservation of massand also on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A simulator was developed to assess the technical practicability of this system, considering it running as a real refrigeration cycle.

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15

Wang, Lin, Aihua Ma, Yingying Tan, Xiaolong Cui, and Hongli Cui. "Study on Solar-Assisted Cascade Refrigeration System." Energy Procedia 16 (2012): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.236.

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16

Karaali, R. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Cascade Refrigeration System." Acta Physica Polonica A 130, no. 1 (July 2016): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.130.101.

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17

He, Mingli. "A Study of Two Stage Cascade Refrigeration." World Journal of Educational Research 4, no. 2 (April 21, 2017): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v4n2p290.

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<em>This paper reports the feasibility study of building a cascade refrigeration system using commercially available “off the shelf” components. The unit is to be used by a residential home or a small business with common and less expensive refrigerants and components. The research was carried out as an undergraduate project. Topics involving advanced refrigeration system is an elective course at MSU Denver. Students who participated in this project have not taken such course yet. Just in time teaching in special topics enabled the students to study the cascade refrigeration system, refrigerants behavior and natural gas behavior in order to design and build the system. As project based learning and teaching have been recognized and adopted by more and more academic units, the presented project demonstrates that complex systems can be taught, learned, and built through a project based learning process.</em>

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18

Rangel, V. B., and A. G. S. Almeida. "CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM FOR LOW TEMPERATURES USING NATURAL FLUIDS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 20, no. 2 (July 28, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v20i2.81783.

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Cascade refrigeration systems work with two or more serial disposed cycles and can obtain internal temperatures below -60°C, which is necessary for several activities in medicine and scientific research. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of cascade system refrigeration using natural refrigerant fluids for ultra-low temperatures. These fluids are environmentally friendly refrigerant and are an alternative to hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Energy and exergy analyses were performed using a thermodynamic model based on the law of conservation of mass and also on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A simulator was developed to assess the technical practicability of this system, considering it running as a real refrigeration cycle. Natural fluids have best performance energetically and environmentally.

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19

Wang, Lin, Xiao Long Cui, Ying Ying Tan, and Yu Wang. "Study on Energy Efficiency of a Low Temperature Refrigeration System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.292.

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Based on conservation of mass, total mass balance equation and component mass balance equation, mathematical models of thermodynamic for the auto cascade refrigeration cycle are established. Thermophysical properties in solving the governing equation are called from the NIST REFPROP7.0. Thermodynamic properties of the auto cascade refrigeration cycle using binary mixtures, namely, R170/R290, R23/R227ea, R116/R134a, R23/R134a, R170/R600a, R170/R600 and R170/R152a as refrigerants is evaluated. R170/R600a is selected for the low temperature refrigeration system, and the influences of cycle mole fraction, compression ratio and evaporating pressure on the cycle performance are analysed.

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20

Jemni, Nourheine, Mouna Elakhdar, Ezzedine Nehdi, and Lakdar Kairouani. "Performance Investigation of Cascade Refrigeration System Using CO2 and Mixtures." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 03 (September 2015): 1550022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500224.

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This paper presents reports on simulation and comparative analysis of single stage vapor compression refrigeration system and cascade systems using carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons (HCs) and CO2/HCs mixture. Thermodynamic parameters of fluids are given using the software REFPROP 9.0. To select the most suitable HCs, three criteria have been fixed: Tc, Tt and Tb. It is found that the HCs chosen in low-stage are propane, propylene and ethane and those for the high-stage are propane, propylene and isobutane. The fraction mixture in the two loops has been varied and results are compared with single stage and cascade systems using CO2 and R22. The fraction x[Formula: see text] is varied in the two loops. Results are compared for single and cascade systems using CO2 and R22. For the single stage system, we find for xCO2 = 0.5, an improvement of COP of 14% for CO2/propane mixture and 36% for the CO2/propylene mixture. It is found that for xCO2 = 0.3, cascade system using propane/CO2 mixtures presents a COP lower than that of cascade system using pure CO2. About of 70% of unfriendly fluids like CFCs and HCFCs can be replaced with CO2, without affecting the performance of cascade refrigeration systems.

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21

Nasruddin, M. Idrus Alhamid, Darwin R. B. Syaka, and Arnas. "Experimental of Cascade Refrigeration System Using Natural Refrigerant Mixture Ethane and Carbon Dioxide at Low Temperature Circuit and Natural Refrigerant Propane at High Temperature Circuit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 388 (August 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.388.96.

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Medicine and biomedical research activities require cold storage to store biomedical specimens such as, for example, stem cell, sperm, blood and other organs. During storage, to prevent the specimen from damage required a special cold storage reaches -80°C [1]. Using single cycle refrigeration machine can only reach -40°C, and performance deteriorates below -35°C drop in pressure associated with evaporation. Thus, to reach lower temperatures, use cascade refrigeration machine [2]. During this low-temperature circuit cascade refrigeration systems still use refrigerants that contain ozone-depleting or global warming (CFCs and HCFCs). To overcome this, a mixture of carbon dioxide and ethane azeotropic a promising alternative refrigerants. Simulation studies and experiments indicate a mixture of carbon dioxide and ethane were able to achieve the minimum temperature to -80°C [4-7]. With the mass ratio 70% R170 and 30% R744 circuit at low temperature refrigeration systems and uses a capillary tube expansion device 0.054 inch diameter with a length of 6 meters and 3 meters then use an electric heater as the cooling load. Cooling load is given by the variation of 90 W, 120 W and 150 W at a cabin in the low temperature circuit. From the experiment will be known characteristics of cascade refrigeration system with refrigerant mixture and will get the parameter data to make cascade refrigeration machine.

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22

Bellos, Evangelos, and Christos Tzivanidis. "A Theoretical Comparative Study of CO2 Cascade Refrigeration Systems." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 23, 2019): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040790.

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The objective of this work is the comparison of the different cascade refrigeration systems with CO2 in the low-temperature circuit. A total of 18 different cascade refrigeration systems are examined including the CO2/CO2 cascade system. The analysis is performed for four different evaporator temperatures (−35, −25, −15 and −5 °C), while the condenser temperature is ranged from 10 up to 45 °C. The systems are compared energetically, as well as using the total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) for yearly operation at the weather conditions of Athens (Greece). The final results show that all the examined cascade systems are more efficient than the CO2/CO2 cascade system. The natural refrigerants (NH3, R290, R600, R600a and R1270) seem to be the most appropriate choices according to the energy and the TEWI criteria. Moreover, the refrigerant R152a is a promising choice for achieving high performance with a relatively low TEWI.

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23

Liu, Zhenzhen, Jingde Jiang, Zilong Wang, and Hua Zhang. "Thermodynamic Analysis of an Innovative Cold Energy Storage System for Auto-Cascade Refrigeration Applications." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 2282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052282.

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The cooling capacity needed by ultra-low temperature apparatus cannot be reached economically with a single vapor compression refrigeration cycle due to the constraint of the high compressor pressure ratio. The auto-cascade refrigeration cycle is a good alternative. In this work, a novel concept that applies the principle of the auto-cascade refrigeration cycle to store cold energy is conducted. The environment-friendly refrigerants of R600a/R290/R170 zeotropic mixtures are used to study the performance of the modified auto-cascade refrigeration cycle (MACRC) as an alternative for cold-energy applications. The simulation results show that a cooling capacity of 500 W can be provided below −60 °C. The mixture with a mass fraction of 0.25/0.35/0.40 yields a COP of 0.695 and an exergy efficiency of 0.262 at −66 °C. The performance of the MACRC system was investigated at an ambient temperature of 20 to 40 °C for indoor small-scale applications. It is concluded that the performance would be improved by decreasing the ambient temperature. The results of the work should be helpful for the design and optimization of auto-cascade systems.

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24

Pinheiro Ferreira, Vitor, Micael Lima Conceição, and William Souza dos Santos. "EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM USING R-134a AND R-404a." RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218 3, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): e321127. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v3i2.1127.

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Cascade refrigeration system is an attractive technology for low-temperature requirement, allowing operation under these conditions with positive suction pressures and a moderate condensation pressure at ambient temperature. This work describes a performance analysis of a cascade refrigeration prototype equipped with hermetic compressors working with R-134a and R-404a as refrigerants, thermally connected by a tube-in-tube-type cascade-condenser. Energy flows and performance parameters were evaluated under different evaporating temperature conditions of the low temperature cycle (LTC). The results showed an increase in energy efficiency ratio (EER) and coefficients of performance (COP) of cascade system as well as of each cycle with the increase of LTC evaporating temperature, even with a simultaneous increase of temperature difference in cascade-condenser.

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25

Wang, Lin, Shuang Ping Duan, and Xiao Long Cui. "Performance Analysis of Solar-Assisted Refrigeration Cycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2504.

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Energy-conservation and environmental protection are keys to sustainable development of domestic economy. The solar-assisted cascade refrigeration cycle system is developed. The system consists of electricity-driven vapor compression refrigeration system and solar-driven vapor absorption refrigeration system. The vapor compression refrigeration system is connected in series with vapor absorption refrigeration system. Refrigerant and solution reservoirs are designed to store potential to keep the system operating continuously without sunlight. The results indicate that the system obtains pretty higher COP as compared with the conventional vapor compression refrigeration system. COP of the new-type vapor compression refrigeration system increases as sunlight becomes intense.

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26

Sivakumar, Mayilsamy, and Periasamy Somasudaram. "Thermodynamic investigations of Zeotropic mixture of R290, R23 and R14 on three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system." Thermal Science 20, no. 6 (2016): 2073–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140103091s.

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The zeotropic mixture of environment friendly refrigerants (hydrocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons) being the only alternatives for working fluid in low temperature refrigeration system. Hence, three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system was studied for the existence using four combinations of three-component zeotropic mixture of six different refrigerants. The exergy analysis confirmed the existence of three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system. The performances of the system like coefficient of performance, exergy lost, exergic efficiency, efficiency defect, and the evaporating temperature achieved were investigated for different mass fractions in order to verify the effect of mass fraction on them. In accordance with the environmental issues and the process of sustainable development, the three-component zeotropic mixture of R290/R23/R14 with the mass fraction of 0.218:0.346:0.436 was performing better and hence can be suggested as an alternative refrigerant for three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system operating at very low evaporating temperature in the range of ?97?C (176 K), at coefficient of performance of 0.253 and comparatively increased exergic efficiency up to 16.3% (58.5%).

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27

Guangpeng, Li, Wang Qi, and Shao Changbo. "Application and Exploration of Carbon Dioxide R744 as Refrigerant and Secondary Refrigerant in Refrigerating Unit of Commercial Super." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126702008.

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In this paper, the cascade refrigeration system and the load cooling system of the natural working medium are integrated as one unit system, which can meet the needs of different temperature zones of refrigerating in supermarkets. The concrete implementation scheme of the unit system with R717 as high temperature refrigerant, CO2 as low temperature refrigerant and carrier refrigerant was designed. According to the actual load of commercial super, the design and calculation of NH3 refrigerant system, CO2 refrigerant carrier system and CO2 cryogenic system were carried out. Through calculation and testing, the ideal refrigeration effect of the unit is obtained. Compared with the traditional unit, the energy saving is 20%, emission reduction (translated into CO2 emission) is 40%, and the operation cost is reduced by 20%.

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28

Oh, Hoo-Kyu, and Chang-Hyo Son. "Exergy Analysis of R744-R404A Cascade Refrigeration System." Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 35, no. 8 (November 30, 2011): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2011.35.8.1001.

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29

Zhang, Jian, and Qiang Xu. "Cascade refrigeration system synthesis based on exergy analysis." Computers & Chemical Engineering 35, no. 9 (September 2011): 1901–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2011.02.015.

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30

Shiba, T., K. Ito, R. Yokoyama, S. Sakashita, and Y. Himura. "Optimal Planning of a Cascade-Type Multistage Refrigeration System for a Beverage Plant." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795992.

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An optimal planning method is presented for a cascade-type multistage refrigeration system. Heat exchange areas of evaporator, condenser, and beverage cooler are determined optimally so as to minimize the annual total cost and input energy consumption subject to constraints concerning annual equipment operation. This problem is considered as a multiobjective optimization one, and a discrete set of Pareto optimal solutions is derived numerically by a weighting method. Through a numerical study, it is investigated how the heat exchange areas influence the long-term economics and energy conservation. Cascade-type multistage refrigeration systems are compared with single-stage systems.

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31

Mohammadi, Kasra, and Kody M. Powell. "Thermoeconomic Evaluation and Optimization of Using Different Environmentally Friendly Refrigerant Pairs for a Dual-Evaporator Cascade Refrigeration System." Processes 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101855.

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Applications of dual-evaporator refrigeration systems have recently gained much attention both in academia and industry due to their multiple benefits. In this study, a comprehensive thermodynamic and economic analysis is conducted to evaluate the potential of using several environmentally friendly refrigerant couples and identifies the most suitable one yielding the best economic results. To achieve this goal, a detailed parametric study is conducted, and an optimization process is performed using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach to minimize the unit production cost of cooling (UPCC) of the cascade refrigeration system. The results showed that among all selected 18 refrigerant pairs and for all ranges of examined operating parameters, the R170-R161 pair and R1150-R1234yf pair are identified as the best and worst pairs, respectively, from both thermodynamic and economic viewpoints. The results also confirm that R170-R161 pair has an improvement over R717-R744, used as a typical refrigerant pair of cascade refrigeration cycles. For a base case analysis, the COP of R170-R161 and R1150-R1234yf pairs is determined as 1.727 and 1.552, respectively, while their UPCC is found to be $0.395/ton-hr and $0.419/ton-hr, respectively, showing the influence of proper selection of refrigerant pairs on the cascade cycle’s performance. Overall, this study offers a useful thermodynamic and economic insight regarding the selection of proper refrigerant pairs for a dual-evaporator cascade vapor compression refrigeration system.

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32

GUNAWARDANE, DUSHYANTHA, and PRADEEP BANSAL. "SIMULATION OF A LOW TEMPERATURE EVAPORATOR IN A CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 19, no. 03 (September 2011): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132511000570.

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This paper presents a mathematical model for the evaporator of a cascade refrigeration system, operating down to -40°C. The system uses Carbon dioxide (R744) and Propylene (R1270), respectively, as the low temperature and high temperature cycle refrigerant. The model is developed in Engineering Equation Solver software package following the elemental Number of Transfer Units-effectiveness method, where frost has not been considered. The evaporator is a cross-flow finned tube serpentine heat exchanger, which was divided into numerous elements along the flow path of the refrigerant. The inputs to the model include inlet temperatures and mass flow rates of both the streams along with the heat flux, while the main outputs are the outlet temperatures, refrigeration capacity and HX effectiveness. The model is found to underpredict the refrigeration capacity by about 10% when compared with experimental data.

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33

Mussati, Sergio F., Tatiana Morosuk, and Miguel C. Mussati. "Superstructure-Based Optimization of Vapor Compression-Absorption Cascade Refrigeration Systems." Entropy 22, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040428.

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A system that combines a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) with a vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS) merges the advantages of both processes, resulting in a more cost-effective system. In such a cascade system, the electrical power for VCRS and the heat energy for VARS can be significantly reduced, resulting in a coefficient of performance (COP) value higher than the value of each system operating in standalone mode. A previously developed optimization model of a series flow double-effect H2O-LiBr VARS is extended to a superstructure-based optimization model to embed several possible configurations. This model is coupled to an R134a VCRS model. The problem consists in finding the optimal configuration of the cascade system and the sizes and operating conditions of all system components that minimize the total heat transfer area of the system, while satisfying given design specifications (evaporator temperature and refrigeration capacity of −17.0 °C and 50.0 kW, respectively), and using steam at 130 °C, by applying mathematical programming methods. The obtained configuration is different from those reported for combinations of double-effect H2O-LiBr VAR and VCR systems. The obtained optimal configuration is compared to the available data. The obtained total heat transfer area is around 7.3% smaller than that of the reference case.

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34

M, Mahesh. "Performance Analysis of Cascade Refrigeration System with alternate Refrigerants." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 8, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 2047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/94852020.

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35

Logesh, K., S. Baskar, M. Azeemudeen, B. Praveen Reddy, and Gajavalli Venkata Subba Sai Jayanth. "Analysis of Cascade Vapour Refrigeration System with Various Refrigerants." Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019): 4659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.450.

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36

Chung, Han-Shik, Hyo-Min Jeong, Yeong-Geun Kim, and Lubi Rahadiyan. "Temperature characteristics of cascade refrigeration system by pressure adjustment." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 2005): 2303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02916471.

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37

Getu, H. M., and P. K. Bansal. "Thermodynamic analysis of an R744–R717 cascade refrigeration system." International Journal of Refrigeration 31, no. 1 (January 2008): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.06.014.

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38

Xu, Yingjie, FuSheng Chen, Qin Wang, Xiaohong Han, Dahong Li, and Guangming Chen. "A novel low-temperature absorption–compression cascade refrigeration system." Applied Thermal Engineering 75 (January 2015): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.10.043.

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39

MESSINEO, ANTONIO, and DOMENICO PANNO. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS USING DIFFERENT REFRIGERANTS." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, no. 03 (September 2012): 1250010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132512500101.

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Due to the negative effects of synthetic refrigerants on the environment, natural refrigerants have obtained again interest as alternative refrigerants for different applications because of their zero ODP and negligible GWP. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of different two-stage cascade refrigeration systems using as refrigerant carbon dioxide (R744) in low-temperature circuit, and, respectively, ammonia (R717), propane (R290), butane (R600), R404A, R410A and R134a in high-temperature circuit. The operating parameters considered in this study include condensing and evaporating temperatures in high-temperature circuit, temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, and evaporating and condensing temperatures in the low-temperature circuit. The results obtained show that a cascade refrigeration system using natural refrigerants is an interesting alternative to systems using synthetic refrigerants for energetic, security and environmental reasons.

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40

UDDIN, KUTUB, TAKAHIKO MIYAZAKI, SHIGERU KOYAMA, and BIDYUT BARAN SAHA. "PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF ADSORPTION–COMPRESSION HYBRID REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 21, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132513500247.

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An analytical investigation on the performance of adsorption–compression hybrid refrigeration systems with two different cycle configurations, cascade type and subcool type has been performed. In the former type, a cascade condenser is used which works as a condenser for mechanical compression cycle and evaporator for adsorption cycle. In the latter type, an evaporative subcooler is used which subcool the fluid of mechanical compression cycle. The refrigerants examined for the mechanical compression cycle are R134a, R152a, R1234yf and R1234ze whereas ethanol is the refrigerant for the adsorption cycle. The main feature of the proposed system is the capability to significantly reduce work input for the mechanical compressor which results up to 30% energy saving potential depending on the selection of refrigerant and system configuration. Based on the thermodynamic properties and laws the study analyzed the effect of the major design parameters such as evaporation temperature, compressor discharge pressure and desorption temperature on the system performances.

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41

Yilmaz, Deniz, Baris Yilmaz, and Ebru Mancuhan. "The performance evaluation of R744 transcritical ejector and R290/R744 cascade refrigeration systems for Turkey." Thermal Science 23, no. 6 Part B (2019): 4031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180911348y.

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In this study, performance of two different environmentally friendly systems with natural refrigerant solutions, R744 transcritical booster system with ejector and a R290/R744 cascade system are examined theoretically by using engineering equation solver software. Operating conditions are determined to represent different climatic regions in Turkey using summer dry bulb temperatures of various cities. The transcritical and the cascade system are assumed to operate at two different evaporation temperatures of ?10?C and ?32?C. The overall energy efficiency ratio values for each system with respect to the same ambient and evaporation conditions are compared and evaluated. Finally, performance of both systems has been compared and the appropriate solution for each city has been suggested. For cold and mild climate regions of Turkey, the performance of transcritical alternative is found better than the proposed cascade system. Moreover, the performance of transcritical system is observed slightly lower than those of the cascade system in hot climate regions of Turkey such as Aegean, Mediterranean, and South-East Anatolian regions. It is also found that the performance of the transcritical system is better in regions having lower ambient conditions such as near the Black Sea and eastern regions of Turkey. Therefore, for the mild and cold regions of Turkey, the transcritical ejector option is the better alternative due to having higher performance compared to the cascade system.

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42

Ouelhazi, I., Y. Ezzaalouni, and L. Kairouani. "Parametric analysis of a combined ejector-vapor compression refrigeration cycle." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaa011.

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Abstract From the last few years, the use of efficient ejector in refrigeration systems has been paid a lot of attention. In this article a description of a refrigeration system that combines a basic vapor compression refrigeration cycle with an ejector cooling cycle is presented. A one-dimensional mathematical model is developed using the flow governing thermodynamic equations based on a constant area ejector flow model. The model includes effects of friction at the constant-area mixing chamber. The current model is based on the NIST-REFPROP database for refrigerant property calculations. The model has basically been used to determine the effect of the ejector geometry and operating conditions on the performance of the whole refrigeration system. The results show that the proposed model predicts ejector performance, entrainment ratio and the coefficient of performance of the system and their sensitivity to evaporating and generating temperature of the cascade refrigeration cycle. The simulated performance has been then compared with the available experimental data from the literature for validation.

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43

Xiao, Jian, and Ying Fu Liu. "Entropy Analysis of a R32/CO₂ Cascade Refrigeration Cycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1676.

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In order to study the performance of a R32/CO2 cascade refrigeration cycle, entropy generation minimization method was adopted to get the influence of some important operating and design parameters on the performance of the system and entropy generations of each component and the whole system, such as the evaporating temperature(Te), the condensing temperature(Tk) and the temperature difference in the cascade condenser(ΔT). The results indicate that there are a maximum COP and a minimum total entropy generation of the system at the optimal condensing temperature of the cascade condenser when Te, Tk and ΔT are constant. The total entropy generations of the throttling device, the condenser and the compressor of HTC, the cascade condenser and the compressor of LTC are above 80% of the total entropy generation of the whole system.

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44

Rupesh, P. L., J. M. Babu, and R. Mariappan. "Thermodynamic Analysis of R134a-R23 Cascade Refrigeration System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.117.

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The present work deals with thermodynamic analysis of a R-134a/R-23 cascade refrigeration system to evaluate the maximum COP and the minimum temperature difference (DT) corresponding to , by considering different operating parameters. The operating parameters includes: the condensing () and evaporating temperature () of R-134a and the condensing () and evaporating temperature () of R-23. A computational model has been developed for the considered system to evaluate the and DT corresponding to based on the thermodynamic principles. A mutilinear regression analysis has been carried out to evaluate two correlations for calculating and minimum DT considering the above operating parameters. The exergy analysis of the system is also performed to determine the irreversibility losses of the system as well as for the components. It has been found that the total exergy destruction rate of the system is lower at minimum .

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45

Geonsang Roh. "Prediction on Performance of Cascade Refrigeration System using Natural Refrigerants." Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology 12, no. 3 (September 2010): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17958/ksmt.12.3.201009.45.

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46

Ku, Hak-Keun. "Performance Characteristics of Cascade Refrigeration System Using R744 and R410A." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 14, no. 4 (April 30, 2013): 1548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2013.14.4.1548.

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47

Nguyen, Trung Kien, and Chi Hiep Le. "Thermodynamic analysis of an ejector–vapour compressor cascade refrigeration system." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 141, no. 6 (April 9, 2020): 2189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09635-6.

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48

Sarkar, Jahar, Souvik Bhattacharyya, and Arjun Lal. "Selection of suitable natural refrigerants pairs for cascade refrigeration system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 227, no. 5 (July 18, 2013): 612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650913487730.

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49

Bai, Tao, Gang Yan, and Jianlin Yu. "Experimental investigation of an ejector-enhanced auto-cascade refrigeration system." Applied Thermal Engineering 129 (January 2018): 792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.053.

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50

Dinh, Ha, Jian Zhang, and Qiang Xu. "Process synthesis for cascade refrigeration system based on exergy analysis." AIChE Journal 61, no. 8 (May 5, 2015): 2471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.14843.

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