Статті в журналах з теми "Cartographie – Alpes"

Les différents changements climatiques en cours et à venir impactent de manière conséquente la région Provence-Alpes Côte d’Azur (PACA). Au travers d’une approche pluridisciplinaire et exploratoire, cet article vise à tracer une typologie des développements résidentiels des communes littorales. À partir des statistiques (Corine Land Cover, 2018) et de la cartographie présentée dans cet article, les résultats décrivent une région PACA caractérisée par un défi d’adaptation faible et un défi d’atténuation élevé. À cet effet, au regard de nouvelles contraintes imposées par la loi climat et résilience, une efficacité sur ce degré de gravité du dérèglement climatique peut être envisagée. Cet instrument juridique ne devrait pas agir seul mais en se combinant à d’autres mécanismes financiers. Classification JEL : K32, Q51, Q54, R14

Ce travail consiste à caractériser l'espace pastoral de la région PACA en termes de distribution spatiale et de diversité des formations végétales concernées. Pour caractériser l'emprise spatiale des espaces pâturés nous avons analysé deux bases de données disponibles : le registre parcellaire graphique (RPG) issus des déclarations des agriculteurs dans le cadre de la politique agricole commune et une enquête pastorale (EP) réalisée à l'échelle des régions Provence Alpes Côte d'azur et Rhône Alpes. Nous avons ensuite caractérisé l'occupation du sol par télédétection en distinguant 5 clases de milieux (forêts, landes fermées, landes ouvertes, pelouses, sol nu) à l'échelle d'un géoterroir test de la région (Haut Verdon Annot-Saint André). Nos résultats montrent de fortes divergences entre les données issues des RPG et EP et montrent la pertinence de la création d'une cartographie dédiée au pastoralisme par télédétection selon une approche orientée objet comme voie de caractérisation de l'occupation du sol des espaces naturels pâturés usuellement mal renseigné à cette échelle large. A l'échelle de ce géoterroir test, quelques soit la source de donnée de spatialisation une forte proportion de l'espace pastoral (60 %) est en question soit en regard des règles d'admissibilité de ces surfaces aux soutiens publics de la PAC (30 %) ou des perspectives à moyen terme d'accessibilité pour les animaux à une ressource pâturable du fait de la forte dynamique de fermeture des milieux (30 % des surfaces déclarées appartenant à la catégorie landes fermées).

Dans cet article, les auteurs expérimentent une démarche permettant de produire une cartographie cohérente de l’occupation des sols des surfaces des parcours en zones périméditerranéennes françaises représentées par les régions Occitanie et Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur. Quatre différentes sources de données sont utilisées : l’occupation des sols millésime OSO (OSO), le Registre parcellaire graphique (RPG), la BD-Forêt V.2.0 et les données satellites Sentinel 2 L3A. Le RPG de 2019 et la BD-Forêt actualisée en 2018 ont été utilisés comme principale source de données de référence pour l’entraînement des modèles en vue de classifier les objets OSO 2019 de faible F-score, après extraction des variables spectrales, et des indices spectraux et texturaux issus des données Sentinel 2 L3A. Trois différentes tailles de données de référence ont été constituées. Ensuite 6 modèles ont été entraînés en utilisant l’algorithme Random Forest (RF) dont 3 modèles à partir des 3 jeux de données, intégrant toutes les variables extraites (98) et 3 modèles en reprenant uniquement les variables importantes (30) définies par le RF. Les résultatsmontrent des précisions globales stables pour tous les jeux de données utilisés et produisent une meilleure discrimination de 3 classes sur 4 : les pelouses, les cultures pérennes et les forêts. Les landes ne sont pas bien discriminées à cause de leur forte hétérogénéité spatiale.

Informer, sensibiliser, écouter, notifier, voilà ce que Ma Rivière et moi propose au travers d’une plateforme numérique. Construit avec les parties prenantes du territoire, l’outil répond aux attentes de transparence et de dialogue autour de la rivière et de l’hydroélectricité. Des données numériques issues du fonctionnement des aménagements alimentent Ma Rivière et moi pour renseigner les utilisateurs sur l’état de fonctionnement des centrales hydroélectriques, la production, le remplissage des lacs, l’accessibilité des mises à l’eau. Les contenus s’articulent autour de la description des ouvrages, des chantiers et leurs impacts éventuels, des partenariats sportifs et culturels. Une dimension particulière est accordée à la sécurité grâce à la cartographie des tronçons de rivières influencés. Enfin, tout utilisateur peut s’abonner à des notifications sur des évènements exceptionnels, et dialoguer avec EDF Hydro notamment pour signaler une situation potentiellement anormale. Le projet a débuté par des ateliers participatifs avec les parties prenantes de la vallée d’Aspe (Pyrénées) et d’Arlysère (Alpes). Le prototype a fait l’objet de tests auprès de riverains et d’élus, avant d’être mis en ligne en juillet 2019. Aujourd’hui Ma Rivière et moi couvre une centaine d’ouvrages hydroélectriques, et est disponible en application smartphone et site internet.

Résumé Si de nombreuses recherches ont porté sur les conditions de déclenchement des coulées de débris alpines, en particulier les précipitations de forte intensité, et sur les modalités de leur écoulement, plus rares ont été les travaux portant sur les conditions d'approvisionnement en matériaux. Le but de ce travail est de présenter les résultats d'observations et de mesures portant sur une population de 68 modelés de coulées de débris, étudiés autour du plateau de Bure, situé à 2600m d'altitude, un secteur du massif du Dévoluy dans les Alpes françaises. On recense chronologiquement tous les modelés (entre 1948 et 1997), on les cartographie et on recherche dans les archives météorologiques les circonstances météorologiques de chaque cas de coulée. Les résultats correspondent à ceux des autres auteurs, mais les relations entre les données météorologiques et le déclenchement des coulées ne sont pas statistiquement significatives. Des observations complémentaires, portant sur les caractères morphosédimentaires de la zone d'alimentation et de la zone amont des modelés de coulées de débris, permettent de mettre en évidence une topographie originale appelée cône apical, situé à la limite entre la paroi et le dépôt de pente, secteur où s'accumule le matériel sédimentaire qui est mobilisé par la coulée de débris. Sans cette accumulation préalable et même si les conditions météorologiques sont favorables, la coulée de débris ne peut se produire. Inversement, certaines coulées peuvent se déclencher même si les conditions météorologiques ne sont pas exceptionnelles lorsque le stock sédimentaire est abondant. Le déclenchement est en grande partie commandé par les rythmes d'accrétion.

Vegetation cartography is one of the biological disciplines which achieved an outstanding success in the second half of the 20th century. French vegetation cartography appreciably contributed to the development of this field of science. A perceptible share in this contribution belongs to the Laboratory of vegetation biology of the J. Fourier University in Grenoble (now the Laboratory of alpine ecosystems). In the paper different stages of the development of cartographic investigations are considered along with the methodical and theoretical problems and the applied aspects of vegetation mapping. The basic statements of the author are as follows: the map is not a final result of investigation but a tool for analysis of environment, it provides the basis for applied aspects of ecology. During 25 years the thematic edition «Documents de Cartographie Ecologique» was being published that had been devoted to the problems of vegetation cartography and of ecological mapping of the Alps and other mountain systems. This edition is really a data bank. In conclusion the author emphasized that the modern development of thematic mapping depends not only on the technic progress but first of all on the methodological progress which initiates new concepts as a result of intellectual efforts.

Le 2 octobre 2020, le passage de la tempête « Alex » a favorisé le déclenchement de précipitations « méditerranéennes » exceptionnellement intenses dans les vallées côtières des Alpes-Maritimes, notamment celle de la Roya. Ces pluies ont provoqué de nombreux processus hydro-géomorphologiques dévastateurs, crues glissements de terrain et éboulements principalement. Les destructions, qui ont frappé des infrastructures modernes et anciennes, ont été considérables, avec des conséquences sociales et économiques dramatiques. La majorité des ponts ont été détruits entre Tende et Breil-sur-Roya, ainsi que de grandes sections de routes et de voies ferrées. Les réseaux électriques, d’alimentation en eau et de fibre optique ont aussi été interrompus. L’isolement des villages a duré plusieurs mois et la reconstruction n’est pas achevée au 12 décembre 2022. À l’initiative d’enseignants-chercheurs de Sorbonne Université, un groupe de recherche, intitulé « Story : Risques et sociétés dans le bassin de la Roya : analyse pluridisciplinaire et multi-temporelle, des versants à la mer », s’est constitué, avec pour objectif d’associer des spécialistes des géosciences et de sciences humaines en vue (i) d’analyser la catastrophe d’octobre 2020, (ii) de restituer l’histoire des risques, de leur gestion et de leur perception et (iii) d’élaborer, avec les acteurs locaux, des recommandations pour la reconstruction de leur territoire, avec l’objectif de réduire les impacts des futurs événements extrêmes. Cet article présente les résultats préliminaires issus d’observations de terrain et d’analyses de données collectées. Le caractère exceptionnel de la crue est confirmé par la destruction d’une quantité inédite de ponts par une crue dans la vallée. Un facteur aggravant a été la construction au XXe siècle des routes en remblai dans le lit du fleuve. La voie ferrée a été plus affectée par les éboulements et les glissements de terrain induits par l’épisode hydro-climatique. La cartographie des secteurs détruits nous conduit à faire des recommandations, parfois en contradiction avec les directives retenues par les services de l’aménagement dans leur reconstruction très rapide des infrastructures. Nous discutons enfin les difficultés à concilier les perceptions des différents acteurs, le nécessaire temps de la recherche pas toujours facile à articuler avec l’urgence de la reconstruction et la nécessité vitale de désenclaver des secteurs qui sinon risquent d’être définitivement abandonnés par les populations.

The work was carried out with the use of the database of fields obtained at the La Josefa farm, from the Elpidio Gómez sugar mill at present, previously belonging to the Pepito Tey sugar mill, from the province of Cienfuegos. The results obtained with the use of different distances between furrows studied were evaluated, for which a model was developed, based on the expert system "ALES". The entities evaluated by "ALES" were the Cartographic Units. In this study, the 44 fields in Lot 1 of the "La Josefa" farm were taken. The formation of this expert system in "ALES". The basis for the application of this system in the present study, where it was established as: TUT, the selected planting distances. RUT, Expert criteria taken into consideration for the selection of the appropriate technology and CAT, The types of soils, existing in the Cartographic Unit, as well as the physicochemical properties of these. The results obtained allow us to validate the model obtained by implementing the technique of the "ALES" tool, demonstrating that it can be used to evaluate the effect of planting distances in the different cartographic units dedicated to the cultivation of sugar cane.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> With the increasing importance of communication in the context of risk management and disaster prevention in mountainous environments, the demand for adequate communication channels and cartographic representations is constantly rising. In particular, the presentation of a broad spectrum of geospatial topics such as avalanche awareness requires innovative cartographic methods and approaches that go beyond standard cartographic depiction procedures.</p><p>ALBINA is such a project that addresses this proposition. It embraces risk management with cartographic communication methods and stands for “The White Goddess” an allusion to snow avalanches. This cooperation project has the goal to publish a joint, multilingual avalanche bulletin in the entire European region of Tyrol, South Tyrol and Trentino. The aim is to inform the public daily about the avalanche situation as well as to communicate avalanche related information in an efficient and profound way. An online portal is currently being developed as part of an Interreg V-A Italy-Austria project in collaboration between the University of Vienna, the EVTZ Europaregion, the Austrian Avalanche Warning Service of Tyrol as well as the Italian Avalanche Warning Services of South Tyrol and Trentino. The developed communication structures promote and facilitate the exchange of spatial-temporal information between experts of neighboring regions as well as the public in a multi-lingual environment. The framework is supported by a software system that handles and visualizes meteorological data, observations, snow profiles and avalanche events of the entire region with a strong focus on cartographic communication. It furthermore offers the possibility to enter and manipulate the avalanche bulletin in a standardized way in order to optimize the exchange of information between the avalanche experts on duty.</p><p>In order to foster the efforts in avalanche awareness and communication three conceptual cornerstones have been identified according to international avalanche warning standards: (1) avalanche danger assessment and forecasting production, (2) timing and validity of publication and (3) effective geo-communication. Based on this alignment the international ALBINA project was launched to showcase the ability and strength of such an approach. This presentation will primarily focus on effective geo-communication clarifying the general framework as well as the communication structures and workflow within the overall system. Thereby explaining the methods and interaction between the available real-time data, the technical infrastructure, the human resources as well as the geo-communicational aspects of the system. Thereafter the individual cornerstones of the system will be discussed. These consist of various services dealing with the input and administration of avalanche relevant information, geodata processing and provision, map production and dissemination, meteorological map and diagram manipulation and creation as well as the design and conception of the frontend web-interface. Finally, the current state of the system will be presented exemplifying the geo-communicational procedures and methods.</p>

The paper focuses on the map which is a motif that organizes a large part or even the whole of “The Street of Crocodiles,” a short story by Bruno Schulz. It is an analysis of a series of transformations of a map into an etching, a photo, an architectural drawing, and an icon, as well as the changes of its focalization and coloring. Inspirations have been drawn from critical cartography, the Deleuzian idea of the fold, studies by Svetlana Alpers and Georges Didi-Hubermana, Freudian psychoanalysis and its continuation by Torok and Abraham, and the theories of melancholy.

This work is focused on analysing two terraced landscapes devoted to viticulture, as well as on finding a way to economically compensate their heroic winegrowers. This becomes possible by combining local agents’ and consumers’ perceptions of a territory (“landscapital”) with the creative yet sincere evocation of beauty appreciable in land that is being worked (“artealization”). The work’s methodological approach combines interviews, fieldwork, cartographic and photographic analyses to compare two terraced viticultural landscapes. The results highlight analogies and differences at three different levels, going from the scenic vantage point to the conception of the quotidian landscape in a single vineyard.

Latest advances in topographic data acquisition techniques have greatly enhanced the possibility to analyse landscapes in order to understand the processes that shaped them. High-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), such as LiDAR-derived ones, provide detailed topographic information. In particular, if multi-temporal DEMs are available, it is possible to carry out a detailed geomorphic change detection analysis. This analysis may provide information about the dynamics of large landslides and may thus, be useful for landslide risk assessments. However, LiDAR-derived DEMs are mostly available only as post-event surveys. The technique is relatively recent, and local or national authorities only started widespread surveys in the last decade. Therefore, it is of a certain interest to analyse the effectiveness of DEMs derived from technical cartography to produce reliable volumetric estimates related to large landslides. This study evaluates the use of a multi-source DEM of Difference (DoD) analysis for the investigation of a large landslide –Le Laste–, which occurred on November 12, 2014 on Mount Antelao (eastern Italian Alps). The landslide initiated as a 365,000 m3rockslide close to the summit of the mountain and transformed into a debris avalanche during its runout. The comparison of pre- and post-event DEMs allowed for the identification and quantification of erosion and deposition areas, and for the estimation of landslide volume. A sound back-analysis of the landslide with the 3D numerical model DAN3D was based on this comparison and on seismic records of the event. These seismic records proved to be remarkably useful, as they allowed for the calibration of the simulated landslide velocity. This ensured the reliability of the model notwithstanding the topographic datasets, intrinsic uncertainties. We found that using a pre-event DEM derived from technical cartography tends to slightly overestimate the volume with respect to the use of the more accurate LiDAR-derived DEM. In recent years, the landslide risk around Mt. Antelao has been increasing alongside the ever-growing population and human activities in the area. Sediment accumulations produced by the Le Laste landslide significantly amplified the debris flow hazard by providing new sediment sources. Therefore, it is crucial to delineate the distribution of this material to enable an adequate debris flow hazard assessment. The material properties derived from the back-analysis of the Le Laste landslide can be used to simulate the runout of possible future events, and to generate reliable hazard zone maps, which are necessary for effective risk mitigation.

The use of a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) for the characterization and monitoring of landslides has been widely improved in the last decade. In particular, the use of this system is particularly effective for the study of areas prone to geohazards. Zones affected by landslides, such as rock slides and debris flows, are often quite critical in terms of accessibility due to unstable blocs that can strongly limit the direct access to the studied area. In this paper, we present the case study of Ponte Formazza in NW Italian Alps. In June 2019, a massive and complex debris flow re-mobilized about 300,000 m3 of a rockslide deposit that occurred in 2009. In this particular environment, we tested traditional, direct and mixed photogrammetric approaches using various configurations of Ground Control Points (GCPs) of the photogrammetric block and by calculating the relative errors. The minimum configuration of GCPs was established to reduce in situ measurements without degrading the accuracy of the cartographic products. The images of three RPAS campaigns (2017, 2018 and 2019), processed with a Structure from Motion (SfM) technique, allowed us to obtain very high-resolution orthophoto and digital surface models (DSMs) before and after the 2019 event. A few GCPs, geolocated with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), improved the orthophoto and DSM quality (Root Mean Squared Error RMSE 5 cm) even in the areas far from the drone deployment. The availability of high-resolution models has been fundamental for the identification of the volume changes. Furthermore, the 3D view supported and completed the geomorphological mapping of affected areas, particularly in the areas where the field survey is dangerous. The use of ancillary meteorological data and Sentinel-2 satellite images allows for a better definition of the kinematics and the predisposal and triggering factors of the 2019 debris flow.

Abstract. Mountain permafrost is invisible, and mapping it is still a challenge. Available permafrost distribution maps often overestimate the permafrost extent and include large permafrost-free areas in their permafrost zonation. In addition, the representation of the lower belt of permafrost consisting of ice-rich features such as rock glaciers or ice-rich talus slopes can be challenging. These problems are caused by considerable differences in genesis and thermal characteristics between ice-poor permafrost, occurring for example in rock walls, and ice-rich permafrost. While ice-poor permafrost shows a strong correlation of ground temperature with elevation and potential incoming solar radiation, ice-rich ground does not show such a correlation. Instead, the distribution of ice-rich ground is controlled by gravitational processes such as the relocation of ground ice by permafrost creep or by ground ice genesis from avalanche deposits or glacierets covered with talus. We therefore developed a mapping method which distinguishes between ice-poor and ice-rich permafrost and tested it for the entire Swiss Alps. For ice-poor ground we found a linear regression formula based on elevation and potential incoming solar radiation which predicts borehole ground temperatures at multiple depths with an accuracy higher than 0.6 ∘C. The zone of ice-rich permafrost was defined by modelling the deposition zones of alpine mass wasting processes. This dual approach allows the cartographic representation of permafrost-free belts, which are bounded above and below by permafrost. This enables a high quality of permafrost modelling, as is shown by the validation of our map. The dominating influence of the two rather simple connected factors, elevation (as a proxy for mean annual air temperature) and solar radiation, on the distribution of ice-poor permafrost is significant for permafrost modelling in different climate conditions and regions. Indicating temperatures of ice-poor permafrost and distinguishing between ice-poor and ice-rich permafrost on a national permafrost map provides new information for users.

Among the processes of “conquering, developing and appropriating mountains” is occupied by the emergence of mountain topography. In the eighteenth century raised relief, as a terrain model, played one of the most important roles in this process. This was a period when more reliable topographic data began to be collected on the basis of measurements carried out across the Alps. Possibilities of their cartographic representation were limited at the time. A graphic method for presenting orthogonal projection by means of contour curves was not invented until the nineteenth century. Before that three-dimensional terrain models were the only way to correctly represent various levels of landscape. Terrain models were accepted at the time as the best method for presenting mountain landscapes. The first attempt to carry out a comprehensive measurement of the Alps over a vast area of a continuous mountain range and represent it on a low relief was made in 1786 and concerned an area in central Switzerland around Lake Lucerne. At that time Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Wyher, an officer in French service, became famous for advanced surveying techniques and terrain models, both civilian and military. His famous relief depicts around one-tenth of today’s Switzerland, with two-thirds of the area encompassing the Alps and foot of the Alps. From that moment on other authors began to create their models of Alpine landscape. These reliefs were appreciated by contemporary naturalists, especially those studying the Alps, because they enabled them to view the complex topography of the range, which had been impossible before. They drew attention to a number of natural and geological phenomena, and made it possible to come up with new findings relating to the following questions: At what altitude should the snow line be placed? Where is the boundary of vegetation? Where do coniferous forests begin? Where is the line of glaciers? What is the structure of the mountains? Obviously, they were not sufficient to provide all answers to the above questions, but thanks to a “bird’s eye” perspective they made it possible to place special studies of the various disciplines within a broader context, both with regard to the relevant subject matter and between disciplines.

Abstract. As a contribution to the palaeoenvironmental history reconstruction of the Alpine periglacial domain, this study focuses on the Schmidt hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) of (peri-)glacial landforms using rebound-value (R-value) calibrations for 10 stations in the Scaradra glacier forefield (north-eastern part of the Ticino Canton, Lepontine Alps) and for 13 stations in the Splügenpass region (located between Switzerland and Italy, Rhaetian Alps). Linear calibration based on the known age of several moraines of the Scaradra glacier assessed by historical cartography allowed the reconstruction of the glacier fluctuations around the end of the Little Ice Age. Timing of deglaciation and of rock glacier development was defined in the Splügenpass region using the calibration of exposure ages based on two mule tracks built in 300 CE and 1250 CE, respectively. Discussion on R-value analysis and calibration improves the knowledge on the potential use of SHD for numerical-age dating in Alpine geomorphological studies.

Les exercices de crise permettent de garantir et de maintenir le caractère opérationnel et efficace des organisations et des planifications. En matière de prévention des risques d'inondation, ils sont fondamentaux pour développer les capacités d'anticipation, d'adaptation et de prise de décision des différents acteurs impliqués. En partenariat avec les préfectures de département concernées, les collectivités des bassins versants considérés et des acteurs de la prévention en présence, un groupe d'experts a conçu et élaboré divers exercices de crise inondation à cinétique rapide depuis 2015 en région Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur. Au-delà des objectifs courants des exercices visant à tester les organisations et les planifications en place, l'ambition pédagogique de montée en compétences des acteurs prédominait. Il s'agissait de travailler à l'anticipation d'une crise d'inondation et à la mise en situation d'acteurs dans des configurations diverses (surveillance ou pas par le réseau Vigicrues, présence ou non d'agglomérations et d'intercommunalités actives dans la gestion de crise…) et des niveaux de complexité variés (synergies de divers phénomènes d'inondation, interaction entre risques d'inondation et technologiques…). Les joueurs étaient plongés dans un contexte proche de la réalité en matière de prévision grâce à l'utilisation d'un site exercice école spécifiquement développé par Météo-France et le SPC Méditerranée-Est. Ce site fournissait l'ensemble des données de prévision disponibles. Les acteurs pouvaient ainsi travailler sur l'interprétation des données. Au-delà d'un jeu basé sur la gestion en temps réel d'une situation qui se dégrade, la phase de gestion post-évènement en vue d'un retour à la normale a également été testée. Ces exercices ont été aussi l'occasion en amont de la phase de jeu de développer des outils utiles (exemple : cartographies et outils de la mission ≪ Référent départemental inondation [RDI] ») ou de réfléchir aux organisations (exemple : rôle et responsabilités d'un syndicat dans la phase de gestion de crise). Outre la vulgarisation des nouveaux outils mis à disposition par l'État et l'aide à la connaissance des risques par les collectivités, ces exercices participent de façon importante à un meilleur partenariat des acteurs de la sécurité civile, à une meilleure connaissance des limites et des possibilités de chacun, si importante en gestion de crise. Le retour d'expérience de ces exercices permet aujourd'hui de mettre à disposition des territoires un cahier technique de recommandations et des outils type pour la préparation et l'animation de tels exercices. Il permet également de disposer d'un regard critique utile pour l'amélioration continue des pratiques, des organisations, des planifications et de certains outils.

Anthropogenic threats are responsible for habitat degradation and biodiversity decline. The mapping of the distribution and intensity of threats to biodiversity can be useful for informing efficient planning in protected areas. In this study, we propose a cumulative spatial and temporal analysis of anthropogenic impacts insisting on an alpine protected area, the Gran Paradiso National Park. The applied methodology starts with the construction of a spatial and temporal dataset of anthropogenic impacts and normalization based on relative intensity. The impacts analyzed include overgrazing, helicopter flights, road networks, built-up areas, worksites, derivations and discharges, sports activities, and dams and hydroelectric power plants. Each impact was assigned a weight based on its temporal persistence. Threats maps obtained from the collected, normalized, and weighted geodata are thus obtained. Finally, the risk map is calculated by combining the impact map with the vulnerability map, estimated through the methodology outlined in the Green Guidelines of the Metropolitan City of Turin. The risk map obtained was cross-referenced with the Park’s cartography to highlight any critical issues to specific habitats. Results show that most of the territory falls in low-risk (63%) or no-risk (35%) areas. However, there are some habitats that are totally or nearly totally affected by some degree of risk, although different to zero, such as the “Lentic waters with aquatic vegetation [incl. cod. 3130]”, the “Lentic waters partially buried”, the “Mountain pine forests (Pinus uncinata) [cod. 9430]”, and the “Mixed hygrophilous woods of broad-leaved trees [incl. cod. 91E0]”. This study highlights both the potential of these analyses, which enable informed management and planning of the fruition of protected areas, and the limitations of such approaches, which require in-depth knowledge of the territory and ecosystems and how they respond to threats in order to refine the model and obtain realistic maps.

RETHINKING HISTORY, SCIENCE, AND RELIGION: An Exploration of Conflict and the Complexity Principle by Bernard Lightman, ed. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. ix-307 pages, with notes, selected bibliography, and index. Hardcover; $50.00. ISBN: 9780822945741. *First some background to the making of Rethinking History, Science, and Religion. This edited collection by Bernard Lightman, Professor of Humanities at York University, Toronto, Canada, and past president of the History of Science Society, is the product of a two-day symposium on "Science and Religion: Exploring the Complexity Thesis," during the International Congress of History of Science and Technology in Rio de Janeiro in 2017. One can consider this to be a companion volume to The Warfare between Science and Religion: The Idea That Wouldn't Die, edited by Jeff Hardin, Ronald L. Numbers, and Ronald A. Binzley (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018).1 *In one way, Rethinking History, Science, and Religion is a focused and daring work. It asks a fundamental question directed at much of contemporary historiography in the field of science-religion relations: if science and religion are not perpetually in conflict, as ever so many historians have claimed over the past fifty years, is complexity a better, if not the best, way to recount the relationship between science and religion? Complexity is the solution first proposed by John H. Brooke in his now classic 1991 text, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge University Press).2 In fact, Lightman dedicates his edited book to John H. Brooke, the leading proponent of complexity. *But what does the "complexity thesis" add to our discussion? Is it really a thesis? Is it a principle? Does it explain or does it rather describe the situatedness and contingency of the science-religion relationship, its cartography, as David Livingstone might say? Is its sole positive feature to discourage us from making facile assumptions about the relationship between science and religion? Or does it simply add another c-word to our vocabulary: complexity instead of contrast, concordance, compatibility, conflict, conversion, complementarity (or harmony)? Brooke has famously said, "There is no such thing as the relationship between science and religion. It is what different individuals and communities have made of it in a plethora of different contexts" (p. 321, italics original, Science and Religion). That statement certainly invites one to consider a complexity thesis. *Although the role of complexity has been a conversation topic for several years,3 Lightman wants to gauge the current "pulse of the field." He wishes contributors to test the "complexity principle" in scholarly contexts other than the usual Christian West (often seen as Europe and the USA/Canada), as well as in public spaces. This move invites an additional question: will the complexity thesis be able to provide a coherent narrative, or will it merely give us one contextualized example after another with no perceptible trend to bind them together? If there are many complex stories to tell, then it seems that a master-narrative or pattern would be a pipedream at best. *After an introduction by Bernard Lightman, the book is divided into three sections: Part I: The Local and the Global; Part II: The Media and the Public; and Part III: Historiographies and Theories. The book concludes with "Afterword: The Instantiation of Historical Complexity," written by John Hedley Brooke. *Part I contains four chapters ranging from a local context (chap. 1, "The Stigmata of Ancestry: Reinvigorating the Conflict Thesis in the American 1970s," by Erika Lorraine Milam), to more global ones (chap. 2, "Three Centuries of Scientific Culture and Catholicism in Argentina: A Case Study of Long-Term Trends," by Miguel de Asúa; chap. 3, "Reexamining Complexity: Sayyid Ahmad Khan's Interpretation of 'Science' in Islam," by Sarah A. Qidwai; and chap. 4, "Christian Missionaries, Science, and the Complexity Thesis in the Nineteenth-Century World," by John Stenhouse). *Each of these chapters addresses the complexity thesis with a different focus. Erika Milam argues that the supposed conflicts between science and religion "gained rhetorical traction" by both scientific creationists and die-hard evolutionists because they both denied the complexity of their own origins. Irven DeVore's studies of primate behavior is used as a template to test that thesis. Miguel de Asúa identifies three trends in Argentinean scientific culture: (1) colonial period harmony, (2) nineteenth-century conflict, and (3) twentieth-century indifference. Sarah A. Qidwai calls us to carefully consider the interpretation of science in Islam rather than by Islam in the 1865 self-published commentary by Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898). John Stenhouse examines whether Ronald Numbers's suggestion that we introduce some mid-scale patterns (or generalizations) such as "naturalization, privatization, secularization, globalization and radicalization," aids us in understanding the complexity of science/religion relationships in the nineteenth century. Stenhouse concludes that a study of missionary science outside the West complicates Numbers's attempt to "simplify complexity," and does not do justice to missionary practices well into the twentieth century. *Part II contains five chapters examining the role of the media and public response to science/religion discussions and events: chap. 5, "Creating a New Space for Debate: The Monthlies, Science, and Religion," by Bernard Lightman; chap. 6, "Darwin's Publisher: John Murray III at the Intersection of Science and Religion," by Sylvia Nickerson; chap. 7, "The 'Harmony Thesis' in the Turkish Media, 1950-1970," by M. Alper Yalçinkaya; chap. 8, "A Humanist Blockbuster: Jacob Bronowski and the Ascent of Man," by Alexander Hall; and chap. 9, "Teaching Warfare: Conflict and Complexity in Contemporary University Textbooks," by Thomas H. Aechtner. *In summary, these chapters illustrate how insights from the study of print culture, communications studies, and visual studies have broadened our more "familiar grooves" of explanation and deepened our understanding of science and religion. *Part III is to my mind the most stimulating section, one in which some of the leading historians of science and religion present (their) historiographies and theories. It contains four chapters: chap. 10, "Revisiting the Battlefields of Science and Religion: The Warfare Thesis Today," by Ronald Numbers; chap. 11, "From Copernicus to Darwin to You: History and the Meaning(s) of Evolution," by Ian Hesketh; chap. 12, "Scale, Territory, and Complexity: Historical Geographies of Science and Religion," by Diarmid A. Finnegan; and chap. 13, "Conflict, Complexity, and Secularization in the History of Science and Religion," by Peter Harrison.4 *Focusing on two of the chapters: In a relatively short chapter (a "brisk survey" of eight pages), Numbers explores the factors that contribute to the continued support of the warfare thesis and the "growth of the opposing neo-harmonist point of view" (p. 183). Contemporaries such as Carl Sagan, Francis Crick, Stephen Hawking, William Provine, the New Atheists, and Christian and Muslim fundamentalists such as Ken Ham and Adnan Oktar are considered. Numbers chides scholars who legitimately question the warfare thesis but often do not address popular audiences. *Peter Harrison argues that we need to make complexity intelligible. Although historians are often averse to meta-narratives, he considers them to be both "unavoidable and indispensable." Harrison defends the utility of a master-narrative, at least something that rises above mid-scale patterns (such as those suggested by Ronald Numbers). He appeals to Charles Taylor's view of secularization as one way to begin to address the relation between science and religion. Taylor, for instance, distinguishes between science as cause of religious disbelief and science as a retrospective justification for it. Secularization involves a change in the conditions of belief which Taylor contributes to transformations within Western Christianity.5 *In "Afterword: The Instantiations of Historical Complexity," John Hedley Brooke reflects on each of the contributed chapters. He provides a concise judgement about complexity: "Understood neither as a thesis competing with other theses nor as a prescription to seek out complexity for its own sake, but as a heuristic guiding principle for a critical research methodology, it ceases to be trivial and has proven fertile" (pp. 239-40). *Brooke once again restates his earlier view on complexity: it is a "corrective to essentialist and reductionist narratives of conflict," and complexity's primary function is to critique conflict narratives as well as facile harmonizing ones. *For anyone interested in exploring the latest in the historiography of science and religion, read this stimulating and informative book. You will be challenged. Whether the contributors do justice to the central role and character of religion one will have to judge. I for one have my doubts. If we consider our lives as lived to be religion, then religion is not irrelevant to, or in conflict with, or an influential factor on, but rather the very ground for scientific practice. *Notes *1See my review in PSCF 71, no. 3 (2019): 183-84. *2See my essay review, "Telling the Story of Science and Religion: A Nuanced Account," British Journal for the History of Science 29, no. 3 (1996): 357-59. *3See Part 2, "Complexity and the History of Science and Religion," in Recent Themes in the History of Science and Religion, ed. Donald A. Yerxa (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2009). *4Peter Harrison's book The Territories of Science and Religion (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015) has been described by Ronald L. Numbers as "the most significant contribution to the history of science and religion since the appearance of John Hedley Brooke's landmark study, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives." [See Matthew Walhout's review in PSCF 67, no. 4 (2015): 281-84.] *5For a more extensive discussion of "science causes secularization," see Peter Harrison's article "Science and Secularization," Intellectual History Review 27, no. 1 (2017): 47-70. *Reviewed by Arie Leegwater, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546.

Résumé Cette étude porte sur la dynamique, depuis le début du 20e siècle, d’une forêt de reboisement à pin noir d’Autriche (Pinus nigra ssp. nigricans) sur un talus d’éboulis, localisé dans le sud du massif des Grandes Rousses (Alpes du nord, France). Les différentes étapes de la dynamique forestière ainsi que la croissance des arbres étudiée par dendrologie révèlent les fluctuations climatiques du siècle écoulé (1896-2003). Une cartographie diachronique à grande échelle (1/5 000) au pas de temps bi-décennal, combinée à des prélèvements dendrologiques (157 arbres échantillonnés sur 12 placettes), font ressortir l’expansion rapide de la pinède entre 1950 et 1970, puis un ralentissement dans les décennies 1980, 1990 et le début des années 2000. Cette évolution concorde avec les variations des basses fréquences contenues dans les séries dendrochronologiques et météorologiques. La croissance du peuplement dans les décennies 1950-1970 coïncide avec une augmentation de 40 % de la croissance radiale et une succession d’étés frais et arrosés, d’après les séries climatiques de la station Besse en Oisans située à proximité du site. Inversement, depuis le milieu des années 1970, le peuplement connaît un déficit de croissance radiale de 20 % lié à une série d’étés chauds et secs, contribuant à une expansion ralentie. Cette sensibilité très forte des pins à la sécheresse pré-estivale (mai, juin et juillet) est confirmée, au pas de temps mensuel, par l’analyse dendroclimatologique. Dans un contexte d’épisodes de sécheresse intra-alpine de plus en plus prononcé, un phénomène récent encore peu abordé par les scénarios macroclimatiques, ces résultats conduisent à une série d’interrogations sur le devenir de ces peuplements et sur la fonction de sentinelle de ces forêts reboisées sur un substrat à faible capacité hydrique, capables d’enregistrer fortement les modifications des régimes pluviométriques et thermiques, encore mal modélisées en régions de montagnes.

Cet article est un compte-rendu du livre : Liesbeth Korthals Altes, Ethos and Narrative Interpretation. The Negociation of Values in Fiction, University of Nebraska Press, coll. « Frontiers of Narrative », Lincoln, 2014. 325 p. EAN : 9780803248366.