Дисертації з теми "Carbone black"
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Grenard, Vincent. "Structuration et fluidification de gels de noir de carbone." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00732079.
Повний текст джерелаLim, Saehee. "Variability and trends of black carbon in Europe over the last 140 years retrieved from a Caucasian ice core." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU043.
Повний текст джерелаBlack carbon (BC) is considered as the second largest man-made contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide due to its highly light-absorbing ability (Bond et al., 2013). Despite its climatic role, multi-year observations of ambient BC concentrations are scarce, in particular over Europe. In this thesis, we reconstructed past variability of atmospheric BC using an ice core from the Elbrus glacier (ELB), Caucasus in Russia. We have used a single particle soot photometer (SP2) to retrieve refractive BC (rBC) along 153 m of ice core covering the last 140 years. We have developed and validated a novel analytical system coupling of APEX-Q nebulization to SP2 in a Continuous-flow Analysis system to derive a unique quasi-continuous record of rBC. Results reveal a substantial rBC increase since 1870s lasting until 1980, followed by a decrease until ~2000. In the last decade, rBC concentrations remained constant. In parallel, an increase in background concentration until 1980 clearly highlights that anthropogenic BC emissions have substantially affected the atmospheric BC loading on a very large spatial scale, particularly in the free troposphere. A comparison with the estimated BC reaching the ELB site using a BC emission inventory/FLEXPART modeling confirms that the strong rBC increase since around 1920 is mainly due to anthropogenic BC emissions. Analysis of the East-West gradient of rBC deposited in snow over the last decade is investigated comparing the recent archive (10-year) at ELB with two other records from Col du Dôme (CDD), France, and Colle Gnifetti (CG), Italy. Concentrations at ELB are 2-3 times higher than at other sites, which is linked to source intensity in the Eastern part of Europe, as confirmed by the FLEXPART modelling. Biomass burning is identified as a main cause of inter-annual variability at ELB during summer time. Over the last decade, a statistically significant reduction of rBC concentration in snow is found at CDD, opposite to what is found at ELB with an increasing trend observed for summer periods. These trends are also fairly consistent with anthropogenic BC emissions inventories. Availability of continuous records of rBC in European ice cores improved our understanding of past evolution of atmospheric BC over Europe. They can be used to assess efficiency of past and current emission reduction policies and improve emission inventories
Alexis, Marie. "Effet du feu sur le stockage de carbone dans un écosystème subtropical : dynamique des charbons." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066332.
Повний текст джерелаZouaoui, Nabila. "Etude expérimentale et théorique des paramètres régissant la combustion du noir de carbone au cours d'une analyse thermogravimétrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Mulhouse, 2009. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/.
Повний текст джерелаCombustion of carbon black (CB) in the crucible of a thermobalance is controlled by both carbon reactivity and oxygen transport from the oxidizing flux to the surface of the bed and within the porous bed.The experiments conducted by changing the mass of CB showed that the oxygen concentration can fall to zero before the bottom of the bed. Thus, at a given time, only a part of the bed is burning. This mass, called critical mass (mc), depends to temperature. It went from 35 mg at 570°C to 17.5 mg at 650°C.An oxygen gradient is thus established in the bed. The Modelling of the internal transport of oxygen showed that the Fick diffusion is a good approximation to represent the transport.Advices to correctly extract a kinetic constant using thermogravimetric experiments are given. The procedure is adjusted depending to the precision desired.Thus, the use of low masses to best reduce the mass and exothermic reaction effects is strongly recommended. The influence of stagnant gas can be reduced by using crucibles with very low height, or by placing the sample closest to the mouth of the crucible by filling the bottom of the crucible with an inert material
Zanatta, Marco. "Le carbone-suie dans l'atmosphère européenne : identification, transfert, dépots et impacts." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU005/document.
Повний текст джерелаBlack carbon (BC) induces a warming effect (RFBC = +1.1 W m-2 ± 90%) through two main pathways: aerosol-radiation interaction (RFari) and aerosol-cloud interaction (RFaci). Both BC-radiation and BC-cloud interaction are affected by the mixing of black carbon with other non-refractory and non-absorbing matter present in the atmosphere. An estimation of the global radiative forcing of BC rarely accounts for internal mixing of BC while the net global cloud radiative forcing is sensitive to assumptions in the initiation of cloud glaciation, which is mostly unknown for black carbon particles. Within this thesis we investigated the variability of the light absorbing properties of black carbon, the mixing of black carbon, and the impact on light absorption and ice activation.In the first part of this thesis we investigated the spatial and seasonal variability of the mass absorption cross section (MAC) over Europe. MAC values were determined from ambient observations of elemental carbon mass concentrations (mEC) and absorption coefficients (σap). The data had been acquired during several years at different background ACTRIS supersites spread over Europe. Site specific MAC values were found to be spatially homogeneous, suggesting that the overall MAC average 9.5 ± 1.9 m2 g-1 at a wavelength of 637 nm might be representative of BC at European background locations. The MAC values showed a distinct seasonal cycle at every station. This seasonality might be related to chemical composition and aging. We observed that the MAC value has a linear and positive proportionality with the non-absorbing matter mass fraction.The second part of the work focuses on the coating acquisition of BC and the induced absorption enhancement after long-range transport. Within the CLIMSLIP (climate impact of short-lived pollutants and methane in the Arctic) project field experiments were conducted at the Zeppelin research site in Svalbard, Norway, during the Arctic spring. SP2 data were used to characterize the BC size distribution and mixing. BC containing particles having a core diameter between 170 and 280 nm were found to have a median coating thickness of 47 nm. The relationship between coating thickness and BC absorption was simulated. The observed coating thickness enhanced the mass absorption cross section by 46%, which led to a decrease of less than 1% in the single scattering albedo.In the final part of this work, the role of black carbon as ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds was investigated at the high elevation measuring site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) during the cloud and aerosol characterization experiment (CLACE) held in 2013. The ice-CVI inlet and a single particle soot photometer were used to select and quantify the ice activated BC particles. According to the observations, BC containing particles were depleted in the ice residuals. The activation efficiency showed a size dependency, with larger BC containing particles being activated more efficiently compared to smaller ones. Activated BC cores having a diameter between 170 and 240 nm showed a larger coating thickness (median = 53 nm) compared to the total aerosol (median = 16 nm).The results obtained in this thesis shed new light on the effect of the mixing state on the optical properties and cloud activation of black carbon particles. Absorbing properties of BC showed a distinct seasonal pattern, while aging was found to consistently increase its absorption behavior. However, black carbon was found not to act as ice nuclei in low tropospheric mixed-phase clouds, where the coating thickness might play a role in the activation efficiency. This work provides freshly determined physical properties derived from ambient observations that will improve the accuracy of future aerosol and cloud radiative forcing estimations
Zouaoui, Nabila. "Etude expérimentale et théorique des paramètres régissant la combustion du noir de carbone au cours d'une analyse thermogravimétrique." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MULH3285.
Повний текст джерелаCombustion of carbon black (CB) in the crucible of a thermobalance is controlled by both carbon reactivity and oxygen transport from the oxidizing flux to the surface of the bed and within the porous bed.The experiments conducted by changing the mass of CB showed that the oxygen concentration can fall to zero before the bottom of the bed. Thus, at a given time, only a part of the bed is burning. This mass, called critical mass (mc), depends to temperature. It went from 35 mg at 570°C to 17.5 mg at 650°C.An oxygen gradient is thus established in the bed. The Modelling of the internal transport of oxygen showed that the Fick diffusion is a good approximation to represent the transport.Advices to correctly extract a kinetic constant using thermogravimetric experiments are given. The procedure is adjusted depending to the precision desired.Thus, the use of low masses to best reduce the mass and exothermic reaction effects is strongly recommended. The influence of stagnant gas can be reduced by using crucibles with very low height, or by placing the sample closest to the mouth of the crucible by filling the bottom of the crucible with an inert material
Méjean, Chloé. "Élaboration de nouveaux matériaux absorbants : application en chambres anéchoïques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S153.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis work focused on the study of new materials for electromagnetic absorption in anechoic chambers. This subject arose from the study of a new matrix which was never used for electromagnetic absorbers until then: the epoxy foam. This foam has many advantages compared to the matrices usually used in the trade like the possibility of cutting complex shapes out of them or trapping the charge in the core of the absorber...This matrix was associated to different carbonaceous load (carbon black, graphite and carbon fibers). The combination of epoxy foam with millimeter carbon fibers has shown better absorption performance at very low loading rates: 0.5 %wt (S11 ≈ -40 dB between 4 and 18 GHz under normal and oblique incidences). The use of different fiber lengths showed that it is possible to improve absorption performance at low frequencies using long carbon fibers. Finally, we directed our work on the creation of an absorbent material from a cork matrix. These new materials, made from bio-based materials, have shown better absorption performance than a commercial absorber, with the same dimensions in normal incidence (S11 = -54 dB and S11 = - 27 dB respectively at 4.26 GHz) and oblique incidence (S11 = -51 dB and S11 = -30 dB respectively at 4.26 GHz) and are therefore potential candidates for the replacement of existing commercial absorbent materials
Moulin, Ludovic. "Vapothermolyse des pneus usagés. Valorisation du noir de carbone récupéré, relation procédé-produit." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0015/document.
Повний текст джерелаAccording to the European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA), more than 3 millions tonnes of waste tires are to be treated in Europe each year and are subject to legislation and regulation policies for the re-use and recycling of 95 % of the total mass of end-of-life vehicles. Despite the various opportunities for recycling used tires (civil engineering applications, material recovery, energy recovery), a part of the French available resource remains unvalued and none of the applications just mentioned focuses specifically on the recovery of carbon black, which is one of the main component of a tire. This high added value product is mainly used as reinforcing filler in the rubber and plastics industries. There are two types of industrialized thermal processes for recovering the carbon black from an end-of-life tire : pyrolysis and steam thermolysis. Steam thermolysis, currently industrialized by Alpha Recyclage Franche Comté (ARFC), is an efficient pyrolysis alternative which uses superheated steam at atmospheric pressure. The substitution of carbon blacks produced from a conventional manufacturing process by carbon blacks recovered from the steam thermolysis treatment is based upon the quality of the recycled product, especially regarding its physicochemical properties (intrinsic and surface). The objective of this work is to propose and implement an adequate methodology to recover and characterize the physicochemical properties of recovered carbon black (rCB) from steam thermolysis of a tire, to assess the impact of the process operating conditions on the properties of the rCB, and finally to valorize the rCB as an alternative reinforcing filler for the elaboration of a final product
Figarol, Agathe. "Toxicité in vitro et propriétés physico-chimiques de nanotubes de carbone." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0764/document.
Повний текст джерелаDue to their exceptional properties, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have aroused a huge interest among in industrial fields such as microelectronics, material science and nanomedicine. Nevertheless, the health impacts of this nanomaterial still remain not well understood. The first toxicological studies pointed out that there is no unique response regarding the healthimpact of the CNT, but different toxicological profiles according to their various physicochemical properties. A safer by design approach is thus proposed to identify the parameters decreasing from their production the CNT biological impacts. In this context, this work aimed at studying the impact on the in vitro response from a macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) of two post-Production treatments: acid functionalization and high temperature annealing.Surface acid groups from functionalized CNT enhanced the pro-Inflammatory response although the cytotoxicity remained stable. On the other hand, acid functionalization, through the elimination of metallic impurities, significantly decreased the oxidative stress. Annealed CNT increased the pro-Inflammatory response compared to the pristine CNT. It thus confirmed the sensitivity of this response for the changes in surface chemistry. However, the high temperature annealing did not influence the oxidative stress, despite of the CNT purification. It suggested that structural defects are also of importance for this response. Besides, the acid functionalization of nano-Graphite and carbon black displayed trends in the macrophage response similar to the acid functionalization of CNT. The comparison of these three carbon-Based nanomaterials seemed to conform to the fibre and platelets paradigm. Eventually, exploratory studies have also been conducted on the interferences between CNT and the toxicity assays, and on the oxidative stress
Torrado, David. "Effect of carbon black nanoparticles on the explosion severity of gas mixtures." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0199/document.
Повний текст джерелаFlammable gas/solid hybrid mixture explosions are not well understood because of the interaction of the thermal transfer process, the combustion kinetics mechanisms and the interactions between turbulence and combustion. The main objective on this work is to study the explosion severity and flame burning velocities of carbon black nanoparticles/methane to better understand the influence of added nanopowders in gas explosions. Tests have been performed in a flame propagation tube and in the standard 20 L explosion sphere. The influence of carbon black particles on the explosions severity and in the front flame propagation has been appreciated by comparing the results obtained for pure gas mixtures. It appeared that the carbon black nanoparticles insertion increases around 10% the explosion severity for lean methane mixtures. Therefore, it seems that nanoparticles has an impact on the severity of the explosion even for quiescent systems, contrary to systems involving micro-sized powders that requires a dispersion at high turbulence levels. The increment on the maximum rate of pressure rise is higher for powders with lower elementary particle diameter, which is notably due to the fragmentation phenomena. A flame propagation numerical model associated to a gas/carbon black mixture has been developed to examine the influence of carbon blacks on the flame propagation. The results of the numerical model suggest that the radiative heat contribution promotes the flame acceleration. This result is consistent with the experimental increase on the explosion severity for some hybrid mixtures
Parant, Hélène. "Le concept d'électrodes liquides de carbone appliqué au domaine des batteries en flux : étude et application aux matériaux d'intercalation du lithium." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0726/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis project deals with flow batteries, which are very promising technologies for large scale energy storage, especially for intermittent energies. This work aims at developing new types of electrolytes with carbon particles to enhance power of batteries. This concept is called "liquid electrode" and is implemented in flow batteries with redox lithium intercalation particles in aqueous media. The first objective is to formulate the carbon electrolyte, with a good electronic conductivity (1-4 mS/cm) and a reasonable viscosity. A compromise is reached thanks to the study of the mixing procedure and the carbon type. Conductivity is also studied by impedance spectroscopy and in flow to visualize the strength of the carbon network. The electrolytes are then, tested in a ferrocyanide/iodine millifluidic battery. The conversion of the soluble species is compared with a modelisation. A particular attention is paid to the effect of the flow and the kinetic on the battery intensity. Finally, these carbon electrolytes are used in a particles-based flow battery. For example, a battery LiFePO4{MnO2 demonstrates in flow, an intensity recovery between 5 et 30 mA{cm2 which is around 10 to 100 times higher than values reported in literature
Luengo, Lydie. "Développement de méthodes d’analyse d’images dédiées à la caractérisation morphologique et nano structurale des noirs de carbone dans les matrices polymères." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2038.
Повний текст джерелаIn the field of rubber material development, CB is the most commonly used reinforcing filler. The characterization of CB morphology and nanostructure is therefore crucial to understand the physicochemical properties induced by the introduction of CB in rubber materials. Classical analytical methods only allow indirect and incomplete access to these properties. This PhD offers an innovative method that allows the automatic identification of CB grades by coupling Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) detector and image processing chain. A thorough statistical investigation over a hundred of morphological and structural characteristics of CB was performed on a set of 6000 STEM images. This study has introduced 7 new features and selected the 37 most discriminating descriptors to create the final model. An unsupervised segmentation algorithm has been developed and evaluated in order to build an automatic process as efficient as possible. Then, five classifiers were trained and compared on a base of nearly 65,000 aggregates. It appears that the most suitable descriptor is the Neuron networks as it gives a perfect recognition. As the recognition model is based on 2D projections of CB aggregates, it is necessary to verify that the chosen descriptors are indeed able to correctly characterize the three dimensional structure of CB. The statistical comparison of the 2D descriptors with 3D descriptors extracted from electronic tomography images has been successful, and therefore demonstrates the relevance of the model. The proposed approach, starting from the sample preparation and STEM acquisitions to their classification and through the image analysis steps, offers a new and innovative method for the reliable characterization of CB. This method can be used routinely on raw CB or CB extracted from vulcanizes rubbers
Klein, Jennifer. "Effets de la combustion du noir de carbone sur l'adsorption des NOx sur un catalyseur quatre voies." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675633.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Thi Kim Cuong. "Raman spectroscopy of soot produced in low pressure flames : ex situ Analyses and Online Gas Phase Studies." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS068/document.
Повний текст джерелаEvery year, an amount of 107 tons of soot is produced on the world scale. Soot, as part of atmospheric black carbon, has serious impacts on climate change and human health. The impacts depend on many factors including adsorbed compounds, aging and mixing processes. Therefore in order to reduce the soot amount, besides considering these mentioned factors, the study of formation kinetics, structure and optical properties is also essential. There are several methods applied in soot investigations. Raman spectroscopy plays a particular role as it is a powerful tool for structural investigation of the carbon-based materials because it is sensitive to molecular structures. In this work, differential Raman cross sections of soot and some other carbonaceous particles were measured to progress toward quantitative Raman spectroscopy. Soot particles produced by premixed ethylene flames at a low pressure were investigated by ex-situ Raman measurement on deposited films and in-situ(online) Raman measurement in the gas phase. Combination of the Raman spectroscopy of soot sampled on substrates with infrared and optical spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy allowed progressing on the interpretation of soot Raman spectra. The online gas phase measurements provided a novel view on soot birth and structures in low pressure flames with, for instance, the detection of a large amount of sp hybrized carbon atoms during nascent soot growth. These studies pave the way to soot detection and analysis directly and quantitatively in the atmosphere
Benhamida, Mohammed-Bachir. "Étude des propriétés mécaniques et du compactage des agglomérés de carbone utilisés dans l'industrie de l'aluminium." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ECAP0208.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work, we study different paths of compaction. These pathes reduce the anisotropy of the agglomerates and give an optimized density to the material in the conditions compatible with subsequent industrial development. A better understanding of the laws governing the behaviour of this material under different pathes of compaction permitted us to contribute to the understanding of the phenomena related to the cracking of agglomerates of carbon that we observe in the current techniques of compaction. We studied the mechanical behaviour of the carbon agglomerate for different tar pitch contents under monotonie triaxial path. In this way we determined the parameters that define the shear resistance of the material. By comparing the different stress – strain paths we could select the pathes and the elements of the stress and strain tensors which are the most. The repeated cyclic triaxial is more advantageous tham the monotonic triaxial for the low values of consolidation stress. The alternated cyclic triaxial gives better densities than the repeated path. The expansive mold which is equivalent to the biaxial path gives encouraging results since the material is not optimized and the horizontal reaction is passive while in an industrial installation there might be an active reaction (jack)
Nozet, Quentin. "Structure et propriétés de matériaux composites obtenus par hétérocoagulation de latex de caoutchouc naturel et de noir de carbone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLS033.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis investigates the storage hardening of natural rubber and carbon black composites made by heterocoagulation. Heterocoagulation is a process that consists in injecting a carbon black slurry at high speed into a colloidal suspension of natural rubber. We obtain a squishy and highly hydrated material that is subsequently dried and processed using an internal mixer or a mechanical press. The hardening is characterized using various rheological techniques among which torsional rheology and Mooney viscosimetry. Many parameters are investigated: the processing technique, the storage environment, the presence of residual water, temperature, the carbon black content. We define characteristic times of hardening whose temperature dependence indicates that the hardening results from a activated process. The energies of activation are nearly independent of the experimental parameters and compare well to that found in natural rubber. Swelling experiments in good solvent show that hardening is associated with the buildup of an interconnected network of macromolecules. We discuss the origin of this network in relation with the microstructure of natural polyisoprene and the presence of phospholipids and proteins
Mané, Zélie. "Détermination et étude des mécanismes mésoscopiques responsables de l'usure des caoutchoucs naturels renforcés." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDL0030.
Повний текст джерелаIn soft conditions of driving, wear patterns appear on the tire tread. They are called wear craters and ridges.The aim of this thesis work was to recreate and to study these wear patterns for reinforced elastomers by carbon black or silica on a rotary tribometer in order to explain their mechanisms formation. Parallels were established between the values of mass lost, friction coefficient and the type of wear patterns while taking into account the physico-chemical properties of samples.The study explained the differences between the type of wear patterns generated on reinforced materials by carbon black and those reinforced by silica. Affect parameters on the transition between wear craters and ridges were also studied
Liu, Weiqing. "Solutions de cellulose et matériaux hybrides/composites à base de liquides ioniques et solvants alcalins." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00819908.
Повний текст джерелаArmand, Lucie. "Effet des nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane sur les métalloprotéases, influence des paramètres physicochimiques." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00771963.
Повний текст джерелаBarnier, Christophe. "Disponibilité des HAP dans les sols de friches industrielles et influence des conditions rhizosphériques." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL102N/document.
Повний текст джерелаPAHs are present in many industrial wasteland soils. Their remediation using biological techniques remains limited because of their low availability. This work identifies some of the factors controlling this availability in soil and proposes management strategies able to modify it, focusing on plant assisted treatment. First, we have shown that PAHs availability can be estimated by a 30 hours extraction using a Tenax® resin. The analysis of PAHs availability for three wasteland soils showed that the size of black carbon particles, which is the main PAHs reservoir, and the aggregation intensity are the two main availability controlling factors. Laboratory experimentation also showed that this availability can be influenced by rhizosphere parameters. Acidification of a calcareous soil, in dissolving the carbonated cement, can increase PAHs availability by desaggregation. Soil alkalinisation, in decreasing sorption forces between PAHs and the solid matrix, may also increase availability. Citric acid has an effect even more pronounced than the pH alone. Its chelating properties can increase PAHs availability by 40%. Some of these laboratory results have been confirmed by in situ experiments. Indeed, a white lupine culture was able to increase anthracene dissipation for one of the tested wasteland soil over a 5 months period
Bessaguet, Camille. "Composite hybride à matrice polymère PEKK - Niobate de sodium - graphène ou noir de carbone, pour un amortissement vibratoire passif par transduction-dissipation locale, à finalité aéronautique et spatiale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30369/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work was to increase the damping in a high performance thermoplastic composite with the poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) as polymer matrix. The passive vibration damping concept based on piezoelectric particles (sodium niobate, NaNbO3) and conductive particles (graphene and carbon black) was studied. Piezoelectric particles ensure the mechanic-electric transduction of the vibration. Conductive particles dissipate by Joule effect the electric charges generated by the piezoelectric particles within the polymer matrix. Presence of these two kinds of particles improves the dissipation of the mechanical energy by the local transduction-dissipation phenomena. This damping film was visco-constrained between composites plies. The different contributions of energy dissipation have been identified: the polymer viscoelasticity, the stick-slip at the particle/matrix interface, the shear induced by carbon fibers and the local transduction-dissipation. The latter phenomena has been demonstrated significantly through the study of mechanical behavior and dynamic response of the laminate composites. After the polarization step, the area under the dissipative shear modulus G'' of the mechanical relaxation mode α is increased by 18%, the hysteresis loop area from 16% to 34% and resonance mode amplitudes are decreased, up to 54% for the 2nd mode
Frébourg, Philippe. "Mélanges noir de carbone-polybutadiène : étude par RMN du proton, extraction et gonflement." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10205.
Повний текст джерелаAkkoyun, Meral. "Compréhension du phénomène d’adhésion d’un gel polymère réalisé par extrusion sur substrat aluminium : application au contact électrode-collecteur d’une supercapacité." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STET4026.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this work is to consider changes in formulation or process of the geltrusion technology developed by Batscap to increase the reliability of supercapacitors by limiting self-discharge. The technology is based on the simultaneous extrusion of polymers (PVDF, PVDF-HFP), solvent (propylene carbonate) and fillers (activated carbon, carbon black). The mixture carried out in a twin-screw extrusion is then filmed and laminated on the aluminium collector. Therefore, it was important to understand the interactions between the different components of the electrode, and especially to study the miscibility of the ternary system polymer/polymer/solvent and also the adsorption of solvent on fillers. This approach has allowed a better understanding of the phenomena involved through a characterization of the complex, in its current form at different stages of the process. Then, changes in formulations were considered. In particular, the effect of the structure and molecular weight of the polymers on adhesion was studied. In all cases, it was envisaged to test the possibilities offered by the use of a different solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide). The latter being a better solvent for the PVDF, is also easier to remove than propylene carbonate. Finally, from the rheological data of the mixture, a mechanical modeling, using the multimodal Maxwell model, was conducted in the lamination step taking into account of the viscoelastic behavior of the gel. All these studies allow us to conclude on the relevant changes in the formulation and process conditions
Chen, Hui. "Atmospheric chemical processes : reaction of ozone with 2- and 3-carene, evolution of internal mixed combustion particles." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2064/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we present a complementary work conducted at ICARE-CNRS (Orléans), Part A and at Fudan University (Shanghai), Part B. Part A: 2-and 3-carene are two important biogenic volatile organic compounds present in the atmosphere. The knowledge on their degradation pathways and the corresponding products are still poor. Using complementary reaction systems-ICARE 7300 L and HELIOS 80000 L simulation chambers, vertical laminar flow reactor, their kinetic rate constants for reaction with ozone were determined. Additionally, important product formation yields, hydroxyl radical (OH), formaldehyde (HCHO) and carbon monoxide (CO) have been determined with indication to their corresponding formation routes from the ozonolysis of carene. To have a better understanding on reactions of Criegee intermediates (CIs) generated through ozonolysis in the atmosphere, a horizontal 2-stage laminar flow reactor was set up to measure the rate constants of CIs with SO2, NO2 and O3. Part B: Radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) in the atmosphere, as well as that of brown carbon (BrC), remains to be a major uncertainty in current climate models. Recent reports indicate that the absorption enhancement of BC and BrC particles is determined by evolution of morphology and mixing state during the atmospheric processing. Laboratory-generated BC-BrC mixture particles (BC-BrC) were exposed to sulfuric acid, ammonia/triethylamine, and water vapor sequentially to investigate the alternation in light absorption, morphology and mixing state during simulated atmospheric processing
Crié, Alice. "Caractérisation et lois rhéologiques d’élastomères chargés à basse température pour la simulation du procédé d’extrusion." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0085/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work deals with the characterization of the rheological behaviour of two rubbers filled with carbon black in a range of temperature encountered in extrusion (90°C to 40°C) and the modelling of the single screw extrusion process. The rheological characterization of the two rubbers shows behaviour totally different. The synthetic SBR rubber and SBR compounds filled with carbon black (with different amounts, from 16 to 33 wt%) showed a flow curve that can be divided in two stable parts (branch I and branch II) separated by a plateau. The occurrence of wall slip, low in branch I and important in branch II has been highlighted. The second rubber of the study, natural rubber, showed a different behaviour with a strain hardening due to the occurrence of a strain induced crystallization. The flow curve can be thus divided in two different parts: the first part without strain hardening and the second part with this phenomenon. The existence of a characteristic crystallization time, reduced by the shear rate, has been evidenced. By analysing data respectively on branch I for SBR and without strain hardening for NR, viscosity curves for all tested materials have been defined. General viscosity law have been proposed: for the SBR compound filled with carbon black valid in the range of temperature from 40°C to 90°C and for NR in the range of temperature from 50°C to 90°C. The rheological law defined for the SBR compound filled 33%wt with carbon black has been implemented in two different models: 1 D and 3D. Numerical results have been compared to experimental results obtained after experimentations on instrumented single screw extruder. The 1D approach was not sufficient to take into account all phenomena occurring during extrusion process. Then a 3D approach has been developed in order to take into account some effects as side effects and temperature gradients. The presence of the slip phenomenon in the modeling has been proved
Merlin, Marie. "Structure et propriétés de mélanges d'élastomères chargés de noir de carbone : étude des coupages NR / SBR et BR / SBR." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952025.
Повний текст джерелаZhang, Yunjiang. "Estimation multi-annuelle des sources d’aérosols organiques et de leurs propriétés d’absorption de la lumière en région Parisienne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV013.
Повний текст джерелаCarbonaceous aerosols, including organic aerosols (OA) and black carbon (BC), are playing important roles on air quality and climate change. Therefore, quantifying contribution of their emission sources, as well as the sources of their gaseous precursors, is needed to implement efficient mitigation measures. Investigating trends in atmospheric composition is also essential to a better knowledge of present and future impacts of airborne particles on global warming. This work aimed at investigating on-line and in situ carbonaceous aerosol measurements performed for more than 6 years at the SIRTA facility (Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique). This observatory platform is part of the ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, Trace gases Research InfraStructure). It is located 25 km southwest of Paris city center and is representative of background air quality in the Ile de France region. The main sources of submicron OA were discriminated through Positive Matrix Factorization applied to Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) data. Light absorption properties of BC and brown carbon (BrC) were obtained from multi-wavelength Aethalometer measurements. Converging results illustrated well-marked seasonal, weekly, and diel cycles of the various primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosol fractions. Primary OA (POA), mainly from wood burning and traffic emissions, were confirmed to dominate submicron OA concentrations during the coldest months (November to February), while Oxygenated OA (OOA) were shown as the major contributors during the rest of the year. Less Oxidized OOA (LO-OOA), possibly with predominant biogenic origins, were found to contribute up to about 60% of total submicron OA on average in summer. Trend analyses indicated slight decreasing features (in the range of 0.05-0.20 µg m-3 yr-1) for every OA fractions over the 6+-year investigated period, except for this LO-OOA factor which showed no significant trend. Regarding absorption properties, BrC - with overwhelming biomass burning origin - was found to have equivalent light absorption impact than BC at near-ultraviolet wavelengths during the winter season. In summer, a mean value of 1.6 was obtained for BC absorption enhancement (Eabs) due to secondary aerosol lensing effect, supporting possible higher BC-related radiative impact than currently expected. Last but not least, More Oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) were shown as the main agent for this Eabs and then appeared as one of the most critical aerosol fraction to be considered within near-future climate models
Alfonso, Marco Salvatore. "Liquid carbon dispersions for energy applications." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0240/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work is to develop and study a new class of smart fluids made of colloidalcarbon-based dispersions, which are sensitive to an external stimulus for energy storage orconversion applications. The effect of an external input, such as mechanical vibration, humanmotion, variable pressure, flowing of a solvent, can alter the structures of such systems.Consequently these changes induce modifications of the dielectric and electrical properties. Usually,the suspensions of carbon materials are investigated at rest or dried. However, their flow behavior iscritical when new technologies, which exploit these materials in dynamic conditions such as FAES(Flow-Assisted Electrochemical Energy Storage) are considered. For example, graphene-basedmaterials are now playing a significant role in energy materials. They act as conductive additives inelectrode assemblies, but due to their specific anisotropic shape they also provide a new route toachieve dielectric liquid media.In details, Graphene Oxide liquid crystals as electrostrictive soft material for mechanical energyharvesting and Carbon black dispersions as percolated flowable electrodes for capacitive energystorage are investigated.In particular, the dielectric and electrical properties of these flowable dispersions are studied understatic and dynamic conditions. The effect of the flow-rate on the local orientation and reorganizationof the particles and their related dielectric and electrical behavior are examined
Cochet, Jean-Marc. "Etude voltamperometrique des graphites noirs de carbone et charbons actives : application a l'etude des superconducteurs." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066154.
Повний текст джерелаMunsch, Jean-Nicolas. "Etude d'adsorption HNBRs par microcalorimetrie à écoulement sur des noirs de carbones ou des silices modifiées ou non et son influence sur les propriétés du polymère chargé." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MULH7493/document.
Повний текст джерелаMost actual uses of elastomers are not even conceivable without the assistance of reinforcing filler. In this field, "silane-technology" brought into evidence the necessity of monitoring the competition that routinely rises between two determinant factors: polymer-filler interactions and filler-filler interactions. As a result, an important database founded essentially on the characterization of the surfaces chemistry and surface energy of the two antagonist elements had to be gathered. However, the determination of the consequence of such characters on the factual polymer-filler interactions remains rudimentary, such as bound rubber gravimetric measurements. Experimental prove which is able to quantify such interactions is badly needed. This is, actually, the first objective that we tried to achieve. In order to do so, we propose in this work to study, from the energy point of view using flow micro calorimeter (FMC), the evolution of the adsorption of a series of HNBR on the surface of carbon black (CB) and silicas unmodified and modified by selected silanes. If the goal of the silane technology is to design coupling agents that are able to satisfy a specific application, especially those related to the energy dissipation, the mechanism through which such a process is achieved is not fully understood. Thus, and based on a fine knowledge of surface chemistry, surface treatments and polymer adsorption, our second objective is to explore the cause-to-effect links that ought to exist between filler surface treatments and blends macroscopic properties
Penugonda, Madhusudhan R. "Alumina - silicon carbide composites from kaolinite-carbon precursors by hot-pressing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28509.
Повний текст джерелаApplied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate
Chamaillard, Sylvain. "Efficience d'utilisation de l'eau chez le peuplier noir (Populus nigra L.) : variabilité et plasticité en réponse aux variations de l'environnement." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713525.
Повний текст джерелаYin, Xunqian. "Modification of electrostrictive polymers and their electromechanical applications." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0041/document.
Повний текст джерелаElectroactive polymers (EAPs), which can realize the conversion between electrical and mechanical energy, have been emerging as one of the most interesting smart materials in the past two decades due to their low density, excellent mechanical properties, ease of processing, low price and potential applications in the fields of sensors, actuators, generators, biomimetic robots and so on. The object of this work is to modify electrostrictive terpolymers with different approaches to improve the electromechanical performances and to develop some applications based on modified terpolymers. Firstly, an organic/inorganic (terpolymer/carbon black) nanocomposite was prepared to improve the dielectric permittivity based on the percolation theory. Secondly, based on the heterogeneous nature of semi-crystalline terpolymer and the important role that interface polarization plays for dielectric and electromechanical response, small molecular plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phalate (DEHP) was introduced into electrostrictive terpolymer to form an all-organic polymer composite with improved electromechanical performances. Finally, two applications including mechanical energy harvesting and microfluidic pump based on DEHP modified terpolymers were investigated
Boden, Adrienne Raylene. "Determination of carbon black in urban air /." *McMaster only, 2001.
Знайти повний текст джерелаBarrie, Claire L. "Rheology of carbon black dispersions." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55538/.
Повний текст джерелаShah, Ali, Petri Stenberg, Lasse Karvonen, Rizwan Ali, Seppo Honkanen, Harri Lipsanen, N. Peyghambarian, Markku Kuittinen, Yuri Svirko, and Tommi Kaplas. "Pyrolytic carbon coated black silicon." NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614762.
Повний текст джерелаHuff, Timothy A. "Fluid inclusion evidence for metamorphic fluid evolution in the Black Hills, South Dakota /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1421144.
Повний текст джерелаLee, Ching Shya. "Study of glycerol electrochemical conversion into addes-value compounds." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0076/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe price of crude glycerol has significantly decreased worldwide because of its oversupply. Many chemical and biological processes have been proposed to transform glycerol into numerous value-added products, such as glycolic acid, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO), glyceric acid, and lactic acid. However, these processes suffer from several drawbacks, including high production cost. Therefore, in this study, a simple and robust electrochemical synthesiswas developed to convert glycerol into various value-added compounds. This study reports for the first time the use of Amberlyst-15 as a reaction mediumand redox catalyst for electrochemical conversion of glycerol. In the first part, the electrochemical performance of Amberlyst-15 over platinum (Pt)electrode was compared with that of conventional acidic (H2SO4) and alkaline (NaOH) media. Other parameters such as reaction temperature [room temperature (27°C) to 80 °C] and applied current (1.0 A to 3.0 A) were also examined. Under the optimized experimental condition, this novel electrocatalytic method successfully converted glycerol into glycolic acid after 8 h of electrolysis, with a yield of 45% and selectivity of 65%, as well as to glyceric acid after 3 h of electrolysis, with a yield of 27% and selectivity of 38%. In the second part of this study, two types of cathode electrodes, namely, activated carbon composite(ACC) and carbon black diamond (CBD) electrodes, were used in electrochemical conversion of glycerol. To the best of our knowledge, electrochemical studies of glycerol conversion using these electrodes have not been reported yet. Glycerol was also successfully reduced to lactic acid, 1,2-PDO, and 1,3-PDO, in addition to oxidation compounds (e.g. glycolic acid). Three operating parameters, namely, catalyst amount (6.4% to 12.8% w/v), reaction temperature [room temperature (27 °C) to 80 °C], and applied current (1.0 A to 3.0 A), were tested. In the presence of 9.6% w/v Amberlyst-15 at 2.0 A and 80 °C, the selectivity of glycolic acid can reach 72% and 68% (with yield of 66% and 58%) for ACC and CBD electrodes, respectively. Lactic acid was obtained as the second largest compound, withselectivity of 16% and yield of 15% for the ACC electrode and 27% selectivity and 21% yield for the CBD electrode. Finally, electro-oxidation and electroreduction of glycerol were performed in a two-compartment cell separated by a cation exchange membrane (Nafion 117). This study only focused on the electroreduction region. Three cathode electrodes (Pt, ACC, and CBD) were evaluated under the following conditions: 2.0 A, 80 °C, and 9.6% w/v Amberlyst-15. ACC demonstrated excellent performance in the electroreduction study and successfully reduced glycerol to 1,2-PDO, with a high selectivity of 85%. The selectivity of 1,2-PDO on Pt and CBD was 61% and 68%, respectively. Acetol and diethylene glycol were also obtained. The reaction mechanisms underlying the formation of these products are then proposed
Jha, Vineetkumar. "Carbon black filler reinforcement of elastomers." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510795.
Повний текст джерелаRoucou, David. "Caractérisation et modélisation du comportement à la déchirure de matériaux élastomères endommagés par chargements multiaxiaux." Thesis, Centrale Lille Institut, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLIL0001.
Повний текст джерелаRubber-like materials are currently used in machine design for suspension or connection functions, such as pneumatic tyres. The elastomers of interest are reinforced by carbon-black particles. The addition of these particles improves mechanical properties such as stiffness and abrasion resistance. However, it also leads to undesired strong softening of these materials, commonly known as Mullins effect, when first stretched. Elastomers can be submitted to extreme loading conditions according to the applications, generating critical crack propagation.This works studies the impact of softening caused by Mullins effect on crack propagation in filled rubbers submitted to monotonic loading.Some early experimental results point out the difficulties to characterize a crack propagation criterion. A local analysis is developed, allowing to study the highly heterogeneous strain fields witnessed when loading notched specimens. These observations lead to the validation of assumptions, which enable to calculate the strain energy release rate that characterizes the crack propagation. An experimental campaign was then performed to evaluate the impact of various preloads on crack propagation in a carbon-black filled rubber. In order to explain some of the results obtained, the theoretical global energy balance when the crack propagation occurs was revisited in order to take into account the dissipation caused by the Mullins softening. Finally, the experimental measures of local strain were used to complete the energy balance and characterize the localized energy dissipation due to Mullins effect
Schmidt, Holger. "129-Xe-NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Carbon Black und Graphit - 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy of Carbon Black and Graphite." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966620372.
Повний текст джерелаKou, Linhong. "Black carbon, atmospheric measurements and radiative effect." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24776.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаParris, Donald R. "Electrical characterization of carbon black filled rubber." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91055.
Повний текст джерелаM.S.
Piasta, Doreen. "Funktionalisierung von Carbon Black und multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes mit Polyelektrolyten." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-170394.
Повний текст джерелаYearsley, Kathryn Margaret. "The effect of flow on carbon black and carbon nanotube suspensions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610205.
Повний текст джерелаJi, Qingjun. "Mathematical modeling of carbon black process from coal." Ohio : Ohio University, 2000. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1172255200.
Повний текст джерелаCoetzee, Johannes Wilhelm. "The ion exchange phenomenon of acetylene black." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/909.
Повний текст джерелаAcetylene Black IACB) IS a pure form of carbon which is used in the battery, plastics, printing and rubber industries. It is extensively used in the battery industry to absorb electrolyte and to lower the electrical resistance of dry cell batteries. It is the attempt of this thesis, to investigate the surface characteristics '---------._-- -,- ...• -...•--- .. ------.. _.. --- "'- and structure of ACB by using it as an adsorbent for cyanide complexes, in particular gold cyanide. The thesis is predominantly aimed at identifying the mechanism of metal cyanide adsorption onto ACB, viz. ion exchange and/or physical adsorption. In order to quantify the mechanism of adsorption, comparative studies with other adsorbents currently used in the mining industry, such as activated carbon, were conducted. These studies revealed various similarities in the metal adsorption process between ACB and activated carbon, thus indicating physical adsorption rather than ion exchange to be the dominant mechanism for metal adsorption from solution. The rate of metal adsorption onto acetylene black was relatively fast compared to activated carbon. Furthermore, adsorption profiles revealed that intraparticle diffusion was negligible when a metal was adsorbed onto ACB from solution. This indicates that acetylene black has a predominantly amorphous structure, although X-ray diffractrometry indicates a certain degree of graphitisation associated with ACB. The small surface area of ACB, together with the lack of intraparticle diffusion, resulted in the rapid attainment of the equilibrium metal loading on ACB. Moreover, this equilibrium metal loading was far less than that of activated carbon and ionexchange resin. While pH, temperature and strong oxidizing agents had a marked effect on the adsorption profile of metal cyanides onto ACB, the effect of oxygen enrichment and organic solvents was negligible. Furthermore, the adsorption of gold onto ACB is best explained by a Freundlich-type isotherm. As is the case with activated carbon and ion exchange resin, gold is eluted from ACB by a NaOH solution. It was also found that the elution efficiency is influenced by a change in temperature. Changes in operating variables in the production of ACB had an effect on the absorption stiffness of the product. Both an increase in acetylene feed rate and operating temperature reduced the absorption stiffness of the product.
Tuzet, François. "Dépôt, devenir et impact radiatif des impuretés dans le manteau neigeux : analyse des processus, simulations numériques et implications." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30316.
Повний текст джерелаOne of the most fascinating properties of snow is its whiteness, and its ability to fully transform a landscape in a couple of hours. This color is due to the unique ability of snow to reflect solar radiation in the visible wavelengths, i.e. its high albedo. This particularity of snow is of crucial importance for the surface energy budget and consequently for a wide range of social, ecological and climatic issues. However, the whiteness of the snow cover can be altered by the presence of Light Absorbing Particles (LAPs) on and close below its surface. In the European Alps, two types of LAPs are suspected to have a significant impact on the evolution of seasonal snow: Black Carbon (BC) and Saharan mineral dust. This thesis aims at a better understanding and modelling of the deposition, evolution and impact of LAPs on the seasonal snowpack in the French Alps. To this aim, three main questions are addressed: * What types of LAPs are present in a seasonal alpine snowpack and in what quantity? How well can we estimate their concentration in snow based on measurements? * What is the impact of LAPs on snowpack evolution and how does this impact vary in time? * Are we able to model this impact using state-of-the-art atmospheric chemical transport models and detailed snowpack models? First, an explicit representation of LAPs was implemented in the detailed snowpack model SURFEX/ISBA-Crocus. These new developments enable to account for darkening of the snow surface by LAPs (direct impact) as well as their interactions with snow metamorphism (indirect impacts). Snowpack simulations at Col de Porte (1326 m a.s.l.) using LAP deposition fluxes from an atmospheric model highlight a shortening of the snow season by up to 9 days due to BC and dust. Second, a two-year field campaign was conducted at Col du Lautaret study site (2058 m a.s.l, French Alps). During two winter seasons, concentrations of LAPs as well as physical and optical properties of the snowpack were measured weekly from the onset to the total melt-out of the snowpack. This unique dataset was first used to pave the way for a novel method to estimate vertical profiles of LAP concentration in snow from spectral irradiance profile measurements. This method was evaluated against chemical measurements pointing out difficulties to relate snow chemistry to its radiative properties. A second study was then dedicated to the comparison of spectral albedo measurements, chemical measurements of LAPs near the surface and snowpack simulations. This latter study corroborates the issue previously mentioned and points out a gap in the current understanding of chemical measurements of BC in snow. The impact of LAPs at Col du Lautaret over the two years was evaluated using the ensemble modeling framework of SURFEX/ISBA-Crocus. We estimated that the shortening of the snow season due to LAPs was around 10±5 and 11±1 days for both seasons respectively. The studies of the impact of LAP carried out at a single location during this thesis pave the way for a larger scale study of the impacts of LAP deposition across the Alps over longer periods
Ilkiv, B., O. Foya, and S. Petrovska. "Electronic structure of hollow graphitic carbon nanoparticles made from acetylene carbon black." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/39545.
Повний текст джерелаHwang, Yawlin. "Dynamic electromechanical measurements of carbon black loaded SBR." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43862.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science