Книги: "Carbon tape"

1

Take a deep breath: What is CO₂? New York: Children's Press, 2007.

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2

Morrison, Yvonne. Take a deep breath: What is COb2s? New York: Children's Press, 2008.

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3

Kenkyūjo, Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō. Onshitsu kōka kitai no dōtai kaimei to sono kanri no tame no gijutsu o mezashite. [Tsukuba-shi]: Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō Kenkyūjo, 2010.

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4

Mirbach, Martin Von. La comptabilité du bilan du carbone au niveau de l'unité d'aménagement forestier: Aperçu des enjeux et des méthodes. Ottawa, Ont: Réseau canadien de forêts modèles, 2000.

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5

Kenkyūjo, Ekkusu Toshi. CO2 sakugen ni muketa kankyō kōdō no fukyū sokushin no tame no chōsa gyōmu hōkokusho. [Tokyo]: Ekkusu Toshi Kenkyūjo, 2008.

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6

Daigaku, Tōhoku. Onshitsu kōka gasu haishutsu sakugen seisaku hyōka no tame no GTAP-E rendōkei SCGE moderu no kaihatsu saishū kenkyū hōkokusho. [Japan]: Tōhoku Daigaku, Nanzan Daigaku, Tōhoku Bunka Gakuen Daigaku, Hyōgo Kenritsu Daigaku, 2012.

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7

Kokuritsu Kankyō Kenkyūjo. Chikyū Kankyō Kenkyū Sentā. Chikyū kankyō kansoku dēta to moderu tōgoka ni yoru tanso junkan hendō haaku no tame no kenkyū rōdo mappu. Ibaraki-ken Tsukuba-shi: Kokuritsu Kankyō Kenkyūjo Chikyū Kankyō Kenkyū Sentā, 2013.

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8

Mizuho Jōhō Sōken Kabushiki Kaisha. Tei tanso shakaizukuri no tame no chū-chōki rōdo mappu kentō gyōmu chōsa hōkokusho: Heisei 22-nendo. [Tokyo]: Mizuho Jōhō Sōken, 2011.

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9

Kankyō Saisei Hozen Kikō (Japan). Heisei 23-nendo NGO/NPO tō ni yoru kābon ofusetto tō haishutsu sakugen no tame no torikumi no fukyū sokushin no arikata ni kansuru chōsa kentō hōkokusho. [Kawasaki-shi]: Kankyō Saisei Hozen Kikō, 2012.

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10

Kankyōshō, Japan. Chikyū ondanka taisaku ni torikumu tame no aidea nōhau-shū: Chihō kōkyō dantai torikumi jirei. [Tokyo]: Kankyōshō, 2011.

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11

Mizuho Jōhō Sōken Kabushiki Kaisha. Tei tanso shakaizukuri no tame no shisaku kentō chōsa ukeoi gyōmu chōsa hōkokusho: Heisei 21-nendo. [Tokyo]: Mizuho Jōhō Sōken, 2010.

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12

Mwila, Joseph. The effect of carbon black on the durability of polypropylene tapes for geotextile applications. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1995.

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13

Green, André. Révélations de l'inachèvement: À propos du carton de Londres de Léonard de Vinci. Paris: Flammarion, 1992.

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14

Tomoe, Hanada, and Rikurūto, Kabushiki Kaisha. Wākusu Kenkyūjo., eds. Anata no parashūto wa naniiro?: Shokusagashi to kyaria chenji no tame no saikyō jissen manyuaru. Japan: Shōeisha, 2002.

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15

Lehtipuu, Outi, and Michael Labahn, eds. Tolerance, Intolerance, and Recognition in Early Christianity and Early Judaism. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984462.

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This collection of essays investigates signs of toleration, recognition, respect and other positive forms of interaction between and within religious groups of late antiquity. At the same time, it acknowledges that examples of tolerance are significantly fewer in ancient sources than examples of intolerance and are often limited to insiders, while outsiders often met with contempt, or even outright violence. The essays take both perspectives seriously by analysing the complexity pertaining to these encounters. Religious concerns, ethnicity, gender and other social factors central to identity formation were often intertwined and they yielded different ways of drawing the limits of tolerance and intolerance. This book enhances our understanding of the formative centuries of Jewish and Christian religious traditions. It also brings the results of historical inquiry into dialogue with present-day questions of religious tolerance. The book contains contributions by Ismo Dunderberg, Carmen Palmer, Michael Labahn, Nina Nikki, Anna-Liisa Rafael, Sami Yli-Karjanmaa, Galit Hasan-Rokem & Israel Yuval, Paul Middleton, Outi Lehtipuu, Elizabeth Dowling, and Amy-Jill Levine.

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16

Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: EPA could take additional steps to help maximize the benefits from the 2007 diesel emissions standards. Washington, D.C: United States, General Accounting Office, 2004.

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17

Ellen, Snodgrass Mary. CliffsNotes American Poets of the 20th Century. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2000.

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18

Prima. Official Sega Genesis: Power Tips Book. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1992.

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19

Tom, Badgett, ed. Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear strategies, 2ND Edition. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1991.

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20

Sandler, Corey. Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear strategies, 3RD Edition. New York: Bantam Books, 1992.

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21

Keeble, John. Appointment: The Tale of Adaline Carson. Lynx House Press, 2019.

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22

Dickens, Charles, and James W D 1910 [From Old Ca Harkins. Sydney Carton: A Tale of Two Cities. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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23

Araújo, Kathleen. Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.001.0001.

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The world is at a pivotal crossroad in energy choices. There is a strong sense that our use of energy must be more sustainable. Moreover, many also broadly agree that a way must be found to rely increasingly on lower carbon energy sources. However, no single or clear solution exists on the means to carry out such a shift at either a national or international level. Traditional energy planning (when done) has revolved around limited cost projections that often fail to take longer term evidence and interactions of a wider set of factors into account. The good news is that evidence does exist on such change in case studies of different nations shifting toward low-carbon energy approaches. In fact, such shifts can occur quite quickly at times, alongside industrial and societal advance, innovation, and policy learning. These types of insights will be important for informing energy debates and decision-making going forward. Low Carbon Energy Transitions: Turning Points in National Policy and Innovation takes an in-depth look at four energy transitions that have occurred since the global oil crisis of 1973: Brazilian biofuels, Danish wind power, French nuclear power, and Icelandic geothermal energy. With these cases, Dr. Araújo argues that significant nationwide shifts to low-carbon energy can occur in under fifteen years, and that technological complexity is not necessarily a major impediment to such shifts. Dr. Araújo draws on more than five years of research, and interviews with over 120 different scientists, government workers, academics, and members of civil society in completing this study. Low Carbon Energy Transitions is written for for professionals in energy, the environment and policy as well as for students and citizens who are interested in critical decisions about energy sustainability. Technology briefings are provided for each of the major technologies in this book, so that scientific and non-scientific readers can engage in more even discussions about the choices that are involved.

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24

Kenkyūjo, Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō, ed. Heisei 19-nendo Kyōto Giteisho kanren gijutsu fukyū tō jigyō: Tōnan Ajia oyobi Higashi Ajia chiiki no Kyōto mekanizumu tekiyō kanōsei kenshō o mokuteki to shita nisanka tanso chichū choryū potensharu suitei no tame no chishitsugakuteki jōhō seibi : hōkokusho. [Tokyo]: Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō Kenkyūjo, 2008.

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25

Heisei 19-nendo Kyōto Giteisho kanren gijutsu fukyū tō jigyō: Tōnan Ajia oyobi Higashi Ajia chiiki no Kyōto mekanizumu tekiyō kanōsei kenshō o mokuteki to shita nisanka tanso chichū choryū potensharu suitei no tame no chishitsugakuteki jōhō seibi : hōkokusho. [Tokyo]: Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō Kenkyūjo, 2008.

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26

1945-, Yasui Itaru, ed. Nisanka tanso haishutsu yokusei gijutsu ni yotte kagaku gijutsu rikkoku o jitsugensuru tame no 2-tsu no senryakuteki kikan setchi no teigen: Senryaku teigen. Tōkyō: Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkō Kikō Kenkyū Kaihatsu Senryaku Sentā, 2009.

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27

Kelleher, J. Paul. The Social Cost of Carbon from Theory to Trump. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0012.

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The social cost of carbon (SCC) is a central concept in climate change economics. This chapter explains the SCC and investigates it philosophically. As is widely acknowledged, any SCC calculation requires the analyst to make choices about the infamous topic of discount rates. But to understand the nature and role of discount rates, one must understand how each of these economic concepts—and indeed the SCC concept itself—is yoked to the concept of a value function, whose job is to take ways the world could be across indefinite timespans and to rank them from better to worse. A great deal, therefore, turns on the details of the value function and on just what is meant by “better” and “worse.” This chapter seeks to explicate these and related issues, and then to situate them within the evolving landscape of federal climate policy in the United States.

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28

Zillman, Donald, Lee Godden, LeRoy Paddock, and Martha Roggenkamp, eds. Innovation in Energy Law and Technology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.001.0001.

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Technological and legal innovation have been central to energy development for centuries. Today’s era of accelerating change is transforming energy law. Disruption and change to established energy sources, supply, distribution, and energy consumer access is driven by legal innovations that, in turn, prompt or respond to technology. Interaction between legal and technological innovation is advancing the growing global effort to transition from high-carbon energy to low-energy or no-carbon energy—evidenced by the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change and the growing market demand for carbon-free electricity. This global transition to low-emission energy sources allows nations to take advantage of emerging economic opportunities and facilitates new forms of energy technology development, energy distribution, and governance. But progress is uneven and concerns such as energy security are initiating technological innovation in many existing energy technologies. These authors from twenty-one nations examine relevant developments in global energy law triggered by these innovations.

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29

Kindl, Johann, and Tatiana Arroyo Vendrell, eds. Die Rechtsprechung des EuGH und ihr Einfluss auf die nationalen Privatrechtsordnungen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845298740.

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The final decision on the interpretation of Union law rests with the European Court of Justice. Such a ruling oftentimes affects national legal systems. Within the framework of a preliminary ruling procedure, the ECJ often has to decide on the interpretation of directives that are relevant for national private law. The consequence of such a decision is usually a change in the legal situation in the member states. This change in national private law can take place in many different ways. The possible consequences range from changes in the rulings of national courts to changes in member states' laws. This volume illustrates, by way of example, that and how the case law of the European Court of Justice has affected various areas of Spanish and German private law (e.g. sales law, general terms and conditions law and competition law). With contributions by Tatiana Arroyo Vendrell (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid), Markus Artz (Universität Bielefeld), Beate Gsell (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München), Carmen Jerez Delgado (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Johann Kindl (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster), Julia Ludwigkeit (Universität Bielefeld), Natalia Mato Pacín (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid), David Ramos Munoz (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid), Reiner Schulze (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster)

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30

McNeil, Everett. With Kit Carson In The Rockies: A Tale Of The Beaver Country. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.

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31

Mcneil, Everett. With Kit Carson in the Rockies: A Tale of the Beaver Country. Kessinger Publishing, 2005.

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32

Carbon shock: A tale of risk and calculus on the front lines of the disrupted global economy, how carbon is changing the cost of everything. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2014.

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33

Kirchman, David L. Processes in anoxic environments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0011.

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During organic material degradation in oxic environments, electrons from organic material, the electron donor, are transferred to oxygen, the electron acceptor, during aerobic respiration. Other compounds, such as nitrate, iron, sulfate, and carbon dioxide, take the place of oxygen during anaerobic respiration in anoxic environments. The order in which these compounds are used by bacteria and archaea (only a few eukaryotes are capable of anaerobic respiration) is set by thermodynamics. However, concentrations and chemical state also determine the relative importance of electron acceptors in organic carbon oxidation. Oxygen is most important in the biosphere, while sulfate dominates in marine systems, and carbon dioxide in environments with low sulfate concentrations. Nitrate respiration is important in the nitrogen cycle but not in organic material degradation because of low nitrate concentrations. Organic material is degraded and oxidized by a complex consortium of organisms, the anaerobic food chain, in which the by-products from physiological types of organisms becomes the starting material of another. The consortium consists of biopolymer hydrolysis, fermentation, hydrogen gas production, and the reduction of either sulfate or carbon dioxide. The by-product of sulfate reduction, sulfide and other reduced sulfur compounds, is oxidized back eventually to sulfate by either non-phototrophic, chemolithotrophic organisms or by phototrophic microbes. The by-product of another main form of anaerobic respiration, carbon dioxide reduction, is methane, which is produced only by specific archaea. Methane is degraded aerobically by bacteria and anaerobically by some archaea, sometimes in a consortium with sulfate-reducing bacteria. Cultivation-independent approaches focusing on 16S rRNA genes and a methane-related gene (mcrA) have been instrumental in understanding these consortia because the microbes remain uncultivated to date. The chapter ends with some discussion about the few eukaryotes able to reproduce without oxygen. In addition to their ecological roles, anaerobic protists provide clues about the evolution of primitive eukaryotes.

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34

Kit Carson and the First Battle of Adobe Walls: A Tale of Two Journeys. Texas Tech University Press, 2014.

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35

Take five: Ann Atkinson, Michael Bartholomew-Biggs, Malcolm Carson, George Parfitt, Deborah Tyler-Bennett. Nottingham: Shoestring Press, 2003.

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36

Dk Publishing. RHS How to Garden the Zero Carbon Way: The Steps You Can Take to Help Combat Climate Change. Kindersley Ltd., Dorling, 2021.

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37

Sarra, Janis. From Ideas to Action. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852308.001.0001.

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Climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies, economies, and the planet. Yet despite clear signals, we are slow to act in a meaningful way, despite the fact that we have the legal, political, and technological tools to transition our economies to net zero carbon. While some businesses are reluctant to take significant steps to reduce their carbon footprint, many companies are well-intentioned but feel somewhat paralysed in the face of overwhelming data that portend a financially and environmentally devastating future. Yet we can still reverse the trajectory of climate change, but it requires bold and informed action to reduce our carbon footprint in a manner that embeds fairness in the transition. This book offers a guide for companies, pension funds, asset managers, and other institutional investors to commence the legal, governance, and financial strategies needed for effective climate mitigation and adaptation, and to help distribute the economic benefits of these actions to their stakeholders. It takes the reader from ideas to action, from first steps to a more meaningful contribution to the move towards a ‘climate positive’ circular economy. It can also serve as a helpful guide to everyone implicated in a corporation’s activities—employees, pensioners, consumers, banks and other lenders, policy-makers, and community members. It offers insights into what we should be expecting, and asking, of these individuals who have taken responsibility for effectively managing our savings, our retirement funds, our investments, and our tax dollars.

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38

Taylor, Peter, Geoff O'Brien, and Phil O'Keefe. Cities Demanding the Earth. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529210477.001.0001.

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Current climate change policy is necessary but insufficient. This is because the basic modus operandi – presenting scientific evidence to states for them to take action - misrepresents the complex process of anthropogenic climate change. The ‘anthropo’ bit is neglected in a misconceived supply-side (carbon) interpretation. The key question is, why is there so much demand for this carbon in the first place? This book introduces a demand-side interpretation bringing cities to the fore as central players in both generating climate changes and for finding solutions. Jane Jacobs’ urban analysis is combined with William F. Ruddiman’s historical tracing of greenhouse gases to provide a new understanding and narrative of anthropogenic climate change. The conclusion is that we are locked into a path to terminal consumption, which is accelerating as a consequence of Chinese urban growth, historically unprecedented in its sheer scale. To counter this we need to harness the power of cities in new ways, to steer urban demand away from its current destructive path. This is nothing less than re-inventing the city: not mitigation (the resilient city, necessary but not sufficient), not adaptation (sustainable city, also necessary but not sufficient) but stewardship, a process of dynamic stability creating the posterity city in sync with nature.

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39

Allen, Nicholas. Ireland, Literature, and the Coastal Imaginary. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795155.003.0004.

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The idea of the coast as a significant cultural space has been understudied in literary criticism as it relates to Ireland. The dynamics of Irish nationalism have marginalized liminal forms of historical affiliation, a tendency that has obscured those geographical zones that sit in the middle distance between land and sea. This chapter reads recent prose by Kevin Barry, Ciaran Carson, and Glenn Patterson in the context of imperial and maritime history. It explores the intimacy between the literary representation of the island and cultural forms of self-governance, which take particular charge in a culture that, like Ireland, has experienced the long receding wave of empire as violence, partition, and persisting disputes over identity. The flotsam and jetsam of the old empire washed up on an island that turned its back on the sea. Carson, Patterson, and Barry have taken these fragmentary forms to mould new literary works.

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40

Manduca, Paulo, Mauro Berni, Iure Paiva, and José Alexandre Hage. Industrializing Countries as the New Energy Consumers. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.16.

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Brazil and Argentina had been developing biofuels that could offer them the opportunity to have a prominent position in a future oil-free economy. In the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s, Brazilian diplomacy, in particular, knew how to take advantage of its clean energy matrix to build an image of a country at the forefront of energy solutions. However, after the discovery of oil in Brazil and shale in Argentina, biofuels became a low priority and almost disappeared from the political agenda. This process followed the movement of Latin American center-left governments—the “pink tide”—which saw the oil industry as the basis for national empowerment. The emergence of oil populism, which exploits the mystification of state oil companies and oil as a panacea for the illnesses of underdevelopment, led Brazil and Argentina to waive a potential leading role in a future low-carbon economy.

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41

Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Racing to the Top. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.001.0001.

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Over the past two millennia, one state has tended to lead as the foremost producer of energy and new technology. While it has not been fully recognized, these leads have become increasingly reliant on energy transitions that make new technological innovations relatively inexpensive. Since the edge of the incumbent system leader (the United States) appears to be eroding, the question is what might come next. As carbon-based fuels become scarcer and/or more damaging, new sources of energy will be needed. Renewable energy will be one of those sources, but it remains unclear whether a renewable regime can be constructed to replace the carbon regime and how long such a transition might take. In the absence of a new energy foundation, there is less reason to anticipate a change in systemic leadership in this century. One might also anticipate less likelihood of a successful response to global warming in the absence of global leadership. But these expectations assume that the energy–technology nexus is fundamental to the ascent of a new system leader. Rather than assume such a proposition, it is better to demonstrate its historical evolution since the fall of Rome by examining a sequence of state efforts to overcome the constraints of an agrarian political economy operating within the context of a solar energy regime. The story stretches from first-millennium China through the Italian city-states and Portugal to the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States. Once the historical foundation is laid, we then evaluate current U.S. and Chinese efforts to reform their energy foundations as part of a bid for future systemic leadership.

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42

Gordon, Deborah. No Standard Oil. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190069476.001.0001.

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The next decade will be decisive in the fight against climate change. It will be impossible to hold the planet to a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature rise without controlling methane and carbon dioxide emissions from the oil and gas sector. Contrary to popular belief, the world will not run out of these resources anytime soon. Instead, oil and gas are becoming more climate-intensive to supply using technologies like fracking oil and liquefying gas—even as these abundant resources continue to be used to fuel cars, heat homes, and produce consumer goods like shampoo, pajamas, and paint. Policymakers, financial investors, environmental advocates, and citizens need to understand what oils and fossil fuels are doing to our climate to inform decision-making. In No Standard Oil, Deborah Gordon shows that no two oils or gases are environmentally alike. Each has a distinct, quantifiable climate impact. While all oils and gases pollute, some are much worse for the climate than others. In clear, accessible language, Gordon explains the results of the Oil Climate Index Plus Gas (OCI+), an innovative, open-source model that estimates global oil and gas greenhouse gas emissions. Gordon identifies the oils and gases from every region of the globe—along with the specific production, processing, and refining activities—that are the most damaging to the planet and proposes innovative solutions to reduce their climate footprints. Global climate stabilization cannot afford to wait for oil and gas to run out. No Standard Oil shows how people can take immediate, practical steps to cut greenhouse gas emissions in the crucial oil and gas sector while making sustainable progress in transitioning to a carbon-free energy future.

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43

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Disorders of acid–base balance. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0178.

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Normal metabolism results in a net acid production of approximately 1 mmol/kg day−1. Physiological pH is regulated by excretion of this acid load (as carbon dioxide) by the kidneys and the lungs. A series of buffers in the body reduces the effects of metabolic acids on body and urine pH. For acid–base disorders to occur, there must be excessive intake (or loss) of acid (or base) or, alternatively, an inability to excrete acid. For these changes to result in a substantially abnormal pH, the various buffer systems must been overwhelmed. The pH scale is logarithmic, so relatively small changes in pH signify large differences in hydrogen ion concentration. Most minor perturbations in acid–base balance are asymptomatic, as small changes in acid or base levels are rapidly controlled through consumption of buffers or through changes in respiratory rate. Alterations in renal acid excretion take some time to occur. Only when these compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed do symptoms related to changes in pH develop. This chapter reviews the causes and consequences of acid–base disorders.

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44

Brown, Charles Brockden. Wieland; or The Transformation, and Memoirs of Carwin, The Biloquist. Edited by Emory Elliott. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199538775.001.0001.

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One of the earliest American novels, Wieland (1798) is a thrilling tale of suspense and intrigue set in rural Pennyslvania in the 1760s. Based on an actual case of a New York farmer who murdered his family, the novel employs Gothic devices and sensational elements such as spontaneous combustion, ventriloquism, and religious fanaticism. The plot turns on the charming but diabolical intruder Carwin, who exercises his power over the narrator, Clara Wieland, and her family, destroying the order and authority of the small community in which they live. Underlying the mystery and horror, however, is a profound examination of the human mind's capacity for rational judgement. The text also explores some of the most important issues vital to the survival of democracy in the new American republic. Brown further considers power and manipulation in his unfinished sequel, Memoirs of Carwin the Biloquist, which traces Carwin's career as a disciple of the utopist Ludloe.

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45

Kirchman, David L. Microbial primary production and phototrophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0006.

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This chapter is focused on the most important process in the biosphere, primary production, the turning of carbon dioxide into organic material by higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic microbes account for roughly 50% of global primary production while the other half is by large, terrestrial plants. After reviewing the basic physiology of photosynthesis, the chapter discusses approaches to measuring gross and net primary production and how these processes affect fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of aquatic ecosystems. It then points out that terrestrial plants have high biomass but relatively low growth, while the opposite is the case for aquatic algae and cyanobacteria. Primary production varies greatly with the seasons in temperate ecosystems, punctuated by the spring bloom when the biomass of one algal type, diatoms, reaches a maximum. Other abundant algal types include coccolithophorids in the oceans and filamentous cyanobacteria in freshwaters. After the bloom, small algae take over and out-compete larger forms for limiting nutrients because of superior uptake kinetics. Abundant types of small algae include two coccoid cyanobacteria, Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, the latter said to be the most abundant photoautotroph on the planet because of its large numbers in oligotrophic oceans. Other algae, often dinoflagellates, are toxic. Many algae can also graze on other microbes, probably to obtain limiting nitrogen or phosphorus. Still other microbes are mainly heterotrophic but are capable of harvesting light energy. Primary production in oxic environments is carried out by oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, whereas in anoxic environments with sufficient light, it is anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis in which oxygen is not produced. Although its contribution to global primary production is small, anoxygenic photosynthesis helps us understand the biophysics and biochemistry of photosynthesis and its evolution on early Earth. These microbes as well as aerobic phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes make up microbial mats. These mats can provide insights into early life on the planet when a type of mat, “stromatolites,” covered vast areas of primordial seas in the Proterozoic.

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46

Raydugin, Yuri G. Modern Risk Quantification in Complex Projects. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844334.001.0001.

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There are multiple complaints that existing project risk quantification methods—both parametric and Monte Carlo—fail to produce accurate project duration and cost-risk contingencies in a majority of cases. It is shown that major components of project risk exposure—non-linear risk interactions—pertaining to complex projects are not taken into account. It is argued that a project system consists of two interacting subsystems: a project structure subsystem (PSS) and a project delivery subsystem (PDS). Any misalignments or imbalances between these two subsystems (PSS–PDS mismatches) are associated with the non-linear risk interactions. Principles of risk quantification are developed to take into account three types of non-linear risk interactions in complex projects: internal risk amplifications due to existing ‘chronic’ project system issues, knock-on interactions, and risk compounding. Modified bowtie diagrams for the three types of risk interactions are developed to identify and address interacting risks. A framework to visualize dynamic risk patterns in affinities of interacting risks is proposed. Required mathematical expressions and templates to factor relevant risk interactions to Monte Carlo models are developed. Business cases are discussed to demonstrate the power of the newly-developed non-linear Monte Carlo methodology (non-linear integrated schedule and cost risk analysis (N-SCRA)). A project system dynamics methodology based on rework cycles is adopted as a supporting risk quantification tool. Comparison of results yielded by the non-linear Monte Carlo and system dynamics models demonstrates a good alignment of the two methodologies. All developed Monte Carlo and system dynamics models are available on the book’s companion website.

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47

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Carbon Steel and High-Speed Steel Taper Shank Twist Drills for Machine Tools and Metalworking Machinery Excluding Combined Drills, Countersinks, and Gun Drills. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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48

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Carbon Steel and High-Speed Steel Taper Shank Twist Drills for Machine Tools and Metalworking Machinery Excluding Combined Drills, Countersinks, and Gun Drills. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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49

Schramm, Jan-Melissa. The Crimean War and (Self-)Sacrifice in Mid-Victorian Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806516.003.0003.

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Charles Dickens was among those writers who responded to the tragic losses of the Crimean War with renewed attention to the cultural significance of sacrifice. He followed the war effort with care, protesting publicly about the bureaucratic bungling that had cost British lives in Sebastopol. His novels written immediately after the cessation of the war provide us with insight into the aesthetic uses of different models of sacrifice. In Little Dorrit (1856), Dickens explores the vocation of self-sacrifice popularized by feminine service in the war; in A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Dickens depends upon the dynamics of barbaric sacrifice to achieve closure as the Christlike Sidney Carton lays down his life for his brother man on the scaffold. This chapter draws upon the work of the theologians Nancy Jay and Yvonne Sherwood to probe the contradictions inherent in Victorian imaginings of sacrifice—both Protestant and Catholic, male and female.

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50

Teukolsky, Rachel. Picture World. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859734.001.0001.

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Many visual media that we take for granted today were in fact invented in the nineteenth century. New technologies led to the creation of new media such as the illustrated newspaper, the cheap caricature cartoon, the affordable illustrated book, the portrait photograph, and the advertising poster. Though these objects might seem like throwaway ephemera, Picture World argues that they were crucial parts of nineteenth-century everyday life. Studying these ubiquitous pictures in fact helps us to revise common understandings of key aesthetic concepts for the century—terms such as character, realism, illustration, sensation, the picturesque, and decadence. The Age of Paper might seem to be drawing to a close, but Picture World tracks nineteenth-century media effects into the present day, from the portrait albums of Facebook to the illusionistic otherworlds of 3D films.

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