Статті в журналах: "Carbide plate"

1

Kong, Xiang Hua, Shuai Wang, Yan Hui Sun, Jian Liang Zhang, Xiang Li, Fa Cang Wang, and Jian Lin Geng. "Analysis of Carbide Precipitates in API X80 Medium-Thickness Plate." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.301.

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In order to discuss the abnormal fracture in drop weight tear test (DWTT) of API X80 medium-thickness plate, some unqualified samples in DWTT are characterized by SEM, AES, electrolysis and thermal simulation. SEM results show that there are many spherical precipitates in the fracture surface. EDS and AES results show that the abnormal spherical precipitates are carbides including Fe, Ni, Mo, Ti, etc. These precipitates can be extracted by neutral electrolyte method and their EDS results further demonstrate they are carbides. The formationmechanismof the precipitates is discussed based on thermal simulation experiments. When the cooling rate of medium-thickness plate is not enough high, especially in carbide formation area in Fe-C diagram, abnormal spherical carbides will occur and they are harmful for DWTT.

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2

Podhorná, Božena, Irena Andršová, Jana Dobrovská, Vlastimil Vodárek, and Karel Hrbáček. "Structure Stability of Ni-Base and Co-Base Alloys." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.431.

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This article summarises results of structure stability investigation of cast Ni-base and Co-base alloys after prolonged high temperature exposure at 900-1100 °C. Cast Ni (Co)-Cr-W-C alloys are resistant to high-temperature corrosion, due to high chromium content. Their heat resistance is caused by presence of carbides, which are stable at very high temperatures. Carbides precipitate in shape of large plate-like particles or carbide eutectics at casting cell boundaries, thus forming carbide skeleton of the alloy. Carbide morphology and temperature stability depends on chemical composition of the alloy, e.g. carbide content, type and content of carbide-forming elements. Microstructure changes were evaluated by stereological analysis and X ray-spectral microanalysis.

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3

Olena, Soroka, Rodichev Iuriy, Vorontsov Borys, and Protasov Roman. "Structural Strength of Cemented Carbides." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 71, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2021-0035.

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Abstract The concept “structural strength of tool materials” got further development. The refusals of cemented carbide cutting plates, when heavy machining were analyzed. It was shown that 70…80% of refusals are the microchipping of cutting edges, tool cutting part chipping, cutting plate macrofracture. To assess cutting plate total carrying capacity and the influence of different methods of cemented carbides modification, bending tests were held. Local fracture resistance and damageability of cutting edge were assessed under its continuous scanning.

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4

Gao, Zhi Guo, Hua Wang, Yan Qing Feng, and Yi Sheng Zhao. "Steel-Bonded Cemented Carbide Cladding Prepared by Technological Combination of Powder Explosive Compaction and Liquid Sintering." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.947.

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Steel-bonded cemented carbide sheet considered as cladding was successfully bonded with carbon steel plate by a technological combination of powder explosive compaction and liquid sintering. The microstructural interface between steel-bonded cemented carbide cladding and carbon steel plate was characterized by SEM, EDS analysis and hardness testing. The results showed that the gradient distributions of the elements Fe, C and W were found in the normal direction of the interface. The element W permeated about 100μm in depth through the side of carbon steel. The improved hardness of about 600～700HV of cladding was attributed to multiple carbides.

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5

Rasoolpoor, M., R. Ansari, and MK Hassanzadeh-Aghdam. "Dynamic behavior of particulate metal matrix nanocomposite plates under low velocity impact." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219875781.

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The main purpose of this work is to investigate low velocity impact behavior of metal matrix nanocomposite plates reinforced with silicon carbide nanoscale particles. First, a micromechanical model is proposed to predict the effective mechanical properties of metal matrix nanocomposites. Two features of the nanocomposite microstructure affecting the elastic properties, including agglomerated state of silicon carbide nanoparticles and size factor, are taken into account in the micromechanical simulation. Then, finite element method is used to analyze the time histories of contact force and center deflection of silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposite plates. Several detailed parametric studies are accomplished to explore the influence of volume fraction, diameter and dispersion type of silicon carbide nanoparticles, spherical impactor velocity and diameter, plate dimensions, as well as different boundary conditions on the dynamic response of metal matrix nanocomposite plates. The presented approach accuracy is verified with the available open literature results displaying a clear agreement. The results indicate that adding the silicon carbide nanoparticles into the metal matrix materials leads to a reduction in plate center deflection and an increase in contact force between the plate and projectile. Moreover, it is found that the nanoparticle agglomeration dramatically decreases the contact force and increases the center deflection of metal matrix nanocomposite plates.

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6

Jeong, H. W., I. S. Kim, S. M. Seo, Y. S. Yoo, B. G. Choi, and C. Y. Jo. "Characterization of an anomaly in the crystallographic orientation of plate-like carbides precipitated in a wrought Ni-base superalloy." Journal of Applied Crystallography 45, no. 4 (July 14, 2012): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188981202599x.

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Face-centred cubic Cr-rich carbide is known to precipitate in a face-centred cubic matrix with a cube–cube orientation relationship, thereby minimizing the elastic strain energy. In the present study, for the first time, the precipitation was observed of an abnormal Cr-rich carbide, which did not have the cube–cube orientation relationship in its face-centred cubic matrix. The abnormally oriented carbides nucleated and grew around random grain boundaries, and were observed to have a lamellar or plate-like morphology. The crystallographic orientation anomaly was characterized by measuring the tilt angles of the three crystal poles of the matrices, carbides and adjacent grains, using a transmission electron microscope to find the closest coincidence site lattice boundary. The carbides showed a slight deviation from a cube–cube orientation with adjacent grains and did not present any particular orientational relationship with the matrix. The deviation angles from coincidence site lattice boundaries between the matrices and carbides were smaller than those between matrices and adjacent grains. The abnormally oriented carbides appeared to nucleate on adjacent grains, and underwent a rotation within the matrix during the initial stage of growth to release the phase boundary energy between the carbides and the matrix.

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7

Sheleg, V. K., A. N. Jigalov, and D. D. Bogdan. "Study on Effect of Aerodynamic Sound Hardening for Wear of Coated Carbide Metal Plates." Science & Technique 19, no. 4 (August 5, 2020): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-4-271-279.

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To increase the durability of metal-cutting carbide plates operating during in harsh technological conditions with impact load, an aerodynamic sound hardening method has been developed that can increase a life of carbide tools up to 3.7 times with a small added cost. The wear of plates hardened by the aerodynamic sound method, after 100 min of cutting, is 1.12–1.7 times less than their un-strengthened analogues. A coating on metal carbide plates does not have a prevailing value when a tool is working with impact loads. While working with impact loads viscosity of an internal plate structure occurs the greatest influence on increasing resistance. For metal-cutting carbide plates during interrupted cutting with significant impact loads, a method of aerodynamic sound hardening is more effective than a coating method, not only in terms of tool performance, but also in the cost of completion itself. Empirical dependences of wear on the rear surface of carbide plates hardened by a aerodynamic sound method and plates with PVD coatings have been obtained in the form of approximation by polynomials of the 5th and 2nd degrees, which are convenient to use in a production environment. It has been revealed the higher carbide plate strength in bending leads to less influence of the method of aerodynamic sound hardening on the increase in wear resistance. So, taking into account the fact that for ВК8-base the ultimate bending strength is 1666 MPa, and for T5K10 it is 1421 MPa, wear reduction after hardening by the aerodynamic sound method for ВП3115-plates with ВК base is 11.5 %, while for ВП3225 – plates with ТК-base – 27.1 %.

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8

Ueda, Keiji, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, and Yasuhiro Murota. "Influence of Matrix Structure and Hard Carbide on Abrasive Resistance of Steel Plates." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2342.

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The microstructure of abrasion resistant steel plate usually consists of as quenched martensite, because harder matrix structure improves abrasion resistance of a steel plate. However hard martensitic material has lower formability, which is the important material property for fabricating machine parts. In this paper, a new type of abrasion resistant technique for steel plate is introduced. The steel provides good combination of high abrasion resistance and excellent formability without increasing hardness. The key technology to balance abrasion resistance and formability is the microstructural control of the ferritic matrix structure with dispersed extremely hard carbide particles. Basic research of abrasion mechanism revealed that abrasion resistance is strongly affected by the kind of carbides and the dispersed condition.

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9

Bishutin, Sergey, and Sergey Alehin. "Technological mode choice for silicon carbide plate diamond abrasion." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2020, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2020-12-3-6.

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There is stated a choice of a technological mode for diamond abrasion ensuring a required process capacity and silicon carbide plate quality. The correlations of a silicon carbide removal rate with the length of surface micro-cracks with the roughness height of a surface are stated. A procedure is offered for setting technological modes which do not result in plate billet destruction during manufacturing special devices.

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10

Korobov, Yury, Yulia Khudorozhkova, Holger Hillig, Alexander Vopneruk, Aleksandr Kotelnikov, Sergey Burov, Prabu Balu, Alexey Makarov, and Alexey Chernov. "The Effect of Thickness on the Properties of Laser-Deposited NiBSi-WC Coating on a Cu-Cr-Zr Substrate." Photonics 6, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6040127.

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Ni/60WC coatings on copper substrate were placed via laser deposition (LD). A structural study was conducted using electron microscopy and a microhardness evaluation. Two body abrasive wear tests were conducted with a pin-on-plate reciprocating technique. A tool steel X12MF GOST 5960 (C-Cr-Mo-V 1.6-12-0.5-0.2) with a hardness of 63 HRC was used as a counterpart. The following results were obtained: Precipitation of the secondary carbides takes place in the thicker layers. Their hardness is lower than that of the primary carbides in the deposition (2425 HV vs. 2757 HV) because they mix with the matrix material. In the thin layers, precipitation is restricted due to a higher cooling rate. For both LD coatings, the carbide’s hardness increases compared to the initial mono-tungsten carbide (WC)-containing powder (2756 HV vs. 2200 HV). Such a high level of microhardness reflects the combined influence of a low level of thermal destruction of carbides during laser deposition and the formation of a boride-strengthening phase from the matrix powder. The thicker layer showed a higher wear resistance; weight loss was 20% lower. The changes in the thickness of the laser deposited Ni-WC coating altered its structure and wear resistance.

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11

Hu, Shu E., Wei Hua Sun, Xiao Dong Liu, Feng Qiang Xiao, Deng Yi Hou, Dong Hua Hou, and Guo Dong Wang. "A Study on Grade 1000MPa High Performance Steel Plate Processing by Direct Quenching." Materials Science Forum 773-774 (November 2013): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.312.

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A 1000MPa grade steel plate for coal mining machinery equipment was studied in this paper. The ultra-high strength steel plate is processed by direct quenching after hot rolling plus tempering (DQ-T) to obtain high toughness and ductility. It has found that the tempering temperature has an important influence on the steel microstructure, precipitation behavior and the plate mechanical properties. At the lower tempering temperatures from 400 °C to 450 °C, the steel plate has a low toughness. When the tempering temperature is higher than 450 °C, the higher mechanical properties can be obtained due to the carbides precipitation, dislocation dissolution and carbide decomposition from residual austenite after quenching. The steel microstructure is comprised of tempered sorbite and bainite, in which sorbite plays an important role in obtaining premium microstructure.

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12

Wang, Liang Liang, Yun Hua Xu, and Li Sheng Zhong. "Abrasive Wear Characteristics of In Situ TiC-Reinforced Iron Matrix Surface Gradient Composites." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.81.

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An in-situ synthesis process combining an infiltration casting with a following heating treatment was applied to fabricate special titanium carbide (TiC) particles-reinforced iron matrix surface gradient composites in this article. The microstructure and wear-resistance of the titanium carbide particle reinforced iron matrix surface gradient composites were researched by using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and abrasive wear testing. The results showed that two materials had been reacted completely between the titanium plate and gray cast iron, and the titanium carbide particles distributed in the matrix with the thickness of 266.7 μm reaction layer. The average size of titanium carbide between titanium plate and iron matrix was about 1-2μm. Under the same condition, the wear mechanism of titanium carbide particles-reinforced iron matrix surface gradient composites appeared as: micro-ploughing, micro-cutting and broken titanium carbide.

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13

Soedarsono, Johny Wahyuadi, and Rianti Dewi Sulamet-Ariobimo. "Effect of Casting Design to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 1 mm TWDI Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 3301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.3301.

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In producing thin wall ductile iron (TWDI) cooling rate must be strictly maintaned to prevent carbide formation. There are many ways to control cooling rate and one of these is through casting design, especially gating system design. This paper discusses the possibility to produce 1 mm TWDI plate and also to note the effect of gating system design to microstructure and mechanical properties. Casting design based on gating system design are made to produce 1 mm TWDI plate. The 1 mm TWDI plates will be used for fin. There are three design and coded as T1, T2, and T3. The moulds used were made from furan sand. Beside the experiment, casting design simulation with Z-Cast was also conducted to ensure the completion of producing 1 mm TWDI plate. Simulation result showed that all designs could produce 1 mm TWDI plate. Result from experiment showed that all the designs have microstructure consisting of nodule graphite in ferrite matrix and carbide. Apart from mentioned microstructure there is also skin effect. The difference between all designs lies in carbide content and skin effect width. All the nodularity exceeded 80% and nodule count exceeded 1000 nodule/mm2. Brinell hardness number for all design exceeded minimal standard given by JIG G5502. As for UTS only T2 design can exceed the minimal standard. There is a contradictive result between experiment and simulation in cooling rate.

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14

Long, Xiaoyan, Fucheng Zhang, Zhinan Yang, and Ming Zhang. "Study on Bainitic Transformation by Dilatometer and In Situ LSCM." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091534.

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This study investigates the bainitic transformation kinetics of carbide-free bainitic steel with Si + Al and carbide-bearing bainitic steel without Si + Al, as well as the phase transformation and microstructure through in situ high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy. Results show that bainitic ferrite plates preferentially nucleate at the grain boundary. New plates nucleate on previously formed ones, including two dimensions which appear on a plane where a three-dimensional space of bainitic ferrite forms. Nucleation on the formed bainitic ferrite is faster than that at the grain boundary in some grains. The bainitic ferrite growth at the austenite grain boundary is longer and has a faster transformation rate. The bainitic ferrite growth on the formed bainitic ferrite plate is shorter and has a slower transformation rate. The location and number of nucleation sites influence the thickness of the bainitic ferrite. The higher the number of plates preferentially nucleating at the original austenite grain boundary, the greater the thickness of the bainitic ferrite.

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15

El-Bitar, Taher, Eman El-Shenawy, Maha El-Meligy, Almosilhy Almosilhy, and Nader Dawood. "Development of Armor High Strength Steel (HSS) Martensitic Plates for Troops Carriers." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.489.

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The present article is dealing with the conditioning of martensitic steel plates for armoring troops carriers. The steel alloy was processed into ingots. The ingots were hot flat rolled to 80 mm, followed by rolling to 6 mm. Specimens for detection of the critical transformation temperatures were taken. The Ac1, Ac3, Ms and Mf temperatures were detected as 716, 835, 356 and 218 °C respectively. The 80mm microstructure contains plate martensite colonies, while the 6mm plates reveal complete plate martensitic structure. Both cases contain embedded carbides. Heat treatment cycles were proposed for enhancing the ballistic resistance. A treatment was consisting of austentizing at 910 °C for 20 min., followed by water quenching. This process revealed fully fine lath martensitic packets. Tempering was done on the quenched as well as on rolled plates. Tempering at 350°C, causes dissociation of some martensite, and encourages migration of the entrapped carbon atoms forming carbide aggregates embedded between martensite plates packets. Tempering at 250°C for 20 min., relieves quenching induced stresses and reveals a lath martensitic structure with a small fraction of rosette like carbides. The process enhances elongation from 3% to 11.35%. The microstructure of as-rolled tempered plates at 300 oC for 20-30 minutes contains a thin ferrite layer on the boundaries surrounding the martensite packets, and few fractions of cotton wool shape carbides between the martensite packets. The treatment cycle improves the mechanical properties. Both treatments, at 250 and 300 oC, show successful ballistic resistance plates against shooting by 3 bullets.

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16

Vogt, R. G., Z. Zhang, T. D. Topping, E. J. Lavernia, and J. M. Schoenung. "Cryomilled aluminum alloy and boron carbide nano-composite plate." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 209, no. 11 (June 2009): 5046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.02.002.

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17

Kugaevskii, Sergey S., Eugenius N. Pizhenkov, and Vladimir M. Podgorbunskikh. "Creation of Grooving and Parting Tools with Cooling Channels Manufactured Using Additive Technologies." Key Engineering Materials 910 (February 15, 2022): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-5b170e.

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In this paper, we propose designs of grooving and cutting cutters that have internal channels for supplying coolant under high pressure. Due to the fact that drilling of narrow channels in the cutter body is very problematic, the front part of the cutter, which holds the cutting interchangeable carbide plate, is manufactured by an additive method. The back of the cutter (holder) can be manufactured using traditional methods. The design assumes the use of conventional cutting interchangeable carbide plates (ICP), offered by many manufacturers.

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18

Yamasaki, S., and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. "M 4 C 3 precipitation in Fe–C–Mo–V steels and relationship to hydrogen trapping." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 462, no. 2072 (March 8, 2006): 2315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2006.1688.

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Strong steels suffer from embrittlement due to dissolved hydrogen, a phenomenon which can be mitigated by trapping the hydrogen at carbide particles, where it is rendered benign. The precipitation and coarsening of plate-like M 4 C 3 carbides, during the tempering of quaternary Fe–C–Mo–V martensitic steels, has been characterized both experimentally and by developing appropriate kinetic theory. The trapping capacity is found to peak when the carbides are about 10 nm in length, indicating a role of coherency strains in trapping hydrogen atoms via elastic interactions. This suggests a method for developing alloys which are better able to resist the detrimental effects of hydrogen.

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19

Zhang, Xi, Li Sheng Zhong, Na Na Zhao, Vladimir E. Ovcharenko, Hong Wu, and Yun Hua Xu. "General Process for In Situ Formation of Iron-Matrix Surface Composites Reinforced by Carbide Ceramic." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.467.

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Ceramic particles with high hardness and thermal stability can be used to fabricate in situ carbide particulate-reinforced iron-matrix surface composites with high macro-hardness while retaining high toughness. This paper describes a general process by which in situ carbide particulate-reinforced iron-matrix surface composites with hard ceramic particles are readily formed by a novel in situ synthesis process that combines an infiltration casting process with subsequent heat treatment. The basis of our approach is integrating selected plates of different alloys that can form carbide easily into a metal matrix with a certain amount of carbon such as gray or ductile cast iron by casting to form alloy plates reinforced iron-matrix surface composites. Subsequent thermal treatment of resulting composites leads to alloy elements of plate reacting to the carbon in the matrix to form carbide particles. This approach is applicable to a wide range of materials and morphologies, and can be used in composites and machining tools, as well as in the wear-resistant component industry.

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20

Du, Yina, Baopu Wang, Yansong Zhong, and Tatsuya Hinoki. "Assessment of the Potential Diffusion Barriers between Tungsten and Silicon Carbide for Nuclear Fusion Application." Coatings 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050639.

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A tungsten (W) material is a candidate for the first wall and silicon carbide (SiC) composites are candidates for the structural materials applied in nuclear fusion. SiC fiber-reinforced W composites are also developed for nuclear fusion applications. An effective diffusion barrier is required to prevent reaction between W and SiC. Therefore, in this work, advanced ceramics coatings, such as oxides (ZrO2, TiO2 and Er2O3), nitrides (ZrN and TiN), carbides (TiC and ZrC) were chosen to assess abilities to suppress the reactions. Various films were coated on a CVD (chemical vapor deposition)-SiC plate using the dipping method. Additionally, nitrides coatings prepared by the sputtering method were also investigated in this work. Then evaluations were carried out by joining the coated CVD-SiC plates with W foils. Only the multi-dipped Er2O3 coating and the sputtered nitrides worked well compared with the other coatings. For the other oxide coatings, reactions were identified between oxides and SiC, and for the dipped nitrides and carbides films, cracks were observed on the coating, generated from the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch with the SiC substrate and volume change for the oxides changing to nitrides and carbides. This work provides suggestions about choosing an appropriate interface material between SiC and W.

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21

Jayaraj, Jayamani, Jae Ho Han, Sang Whan Park, Ki Bae Kim, and Eric Fleury. "Potential of Cr₂AlC Ternary Carbide as Material for Bipolar Plate in PEMFC." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.927.

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In this paper, we present results of an investigation on the physical, mechanical, chemical properties and processing ability of the Cr2AlC ternary carbide bulk material synthesized by hot pressing technique. The combination of excellent properties indicated that Cr2AlC ternary carbide alloy could be potential candidate materials as bipolar plates in polymer membrane fuel cell (PEMFC).

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22

Skakov, Mazhyn, Gulzhaz Uazyrkhanova, Natalya Popova, and Michael Sheffler. "Influence of Heat Treatment and Deformation on the Phase-Structural State of Steel 30CrMnSiA." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.13.

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Investigated the fragmented substructure of steel 30CrMnSiA after heat treatment and deformation. Found that after heat treatment of steel is the main component of α-phase (~ 96%), γ- phase (~ 3%) is present in the material in the form of residual austenite. Batch martensite is 0.7 on the volume of α- phase plate - 0.3. Most of the residual martensite (1.5%) is located in the plate martensite, the lowest - in a fragmented packet martensite component (~ 0.5%). In unfragmented batch martensite of residual austenite is present in an amount of 1%. Found that in the process of deformation martensite structure formed after heat treatment is completely destroyed and the volume fraction of anisotropic fragments is 25%, 75%-isotropic. Electron microscopic studies have shown that originated fragmented structure is stabilized by tertiary carbides formed during deformation. These carbides are cementite particles and special carbide M6C. These particles are located mainly along the boundaries and junctions of the fragments.

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23

Tuff, Mark A. "Contamination of Silicate Rock Samples due to Crushing and Grinding." Advances in X-ray Analysis 29 (1985): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800010727.

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AbstractThis study was done to learn which elements are being contributed as contaminants in the sample preparation equipment used at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMIMT). The apparatus investigated included a steel jaw crusher, a ceramic jaw crusher, two aluminum plates as a crusher and grinder, a steel spinning plate pulverizer, an alumina ceramic spinning plate pulverizer, an automated agate mortar and pestle, a high speed spectromill grinder with a tungsten carbide mortar and pestle, and the halves of a sliced quartzite cobble. Major-element Oxides and trace elements were analyzed by x-ray fluorescence. Some of the trace elements were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The expected contamination of ferroalloy elements from steel were present in varying quantities, as were tungsten, tantalum and cobalt fron the tungsten carbide. There was unexpected contamination of sulfur and lead from the steel pulverizer.

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24

Holmquist, T. J., and G. R. Johnson. "Characterization and evaluation of boron carbide for plate-impact conditions." Journal of Applied Physics 100, no. 9 (November 2006): 093525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2362979.

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25

Witcomb, M. J., M. A. O'Keefe, CJ Echer, C. Nelson, J. H. Turner, U. Dahmen, and K. H. Westmacott. "An atomic resolution study of a carbide phase in platinum." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100120503.

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Under normal circumstances, Pt dissolves only a very small amount of interstitial carbon in solid solution. Even so, an appropriate quench/age treatment leads to the formation of stable Pt2C {100} plate precipitates. Excess (quenched-in) vacancies play a critical role in the process by accommodating the volume and structural changes that accompany the transformation. This alloy system exhibits other interesting properties. Due to a large vacancy/carbon atom binding energy, Pt can absorb excess carbon at high temperatures in a carburizing atmosphere. In regions rich in carbon and vacancies, another carbide phase, Pt7C which undergoes an order-disorder reaction was formed. The present study of Pt carburized at 1160°C and aged at 515°C shows that other carbides in the PtxC series can be produced.

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26

Maruda, Radosław W., and Natalia Szczotkarz. "The Influence of the Type of Coating on the Cutting Tool Wear During Turning Of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel." Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials 38, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amtm-2018-0008.

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Abstract The paper presents the influence of coatings applied with the use of PVD method on cutting tools on the wear of the tool and compares it with an uncoated P25 cemented carbide plate. During the experiment, two types of TiAlN coatings were used, applied in various proportions, as well as TiN coating. During the tests, the average width of the wear band on the flank face in B VBBzone and the width of KBcrater were monitored. Moreover, the scanning analysis of the tool was conducted in order to determine the intensity of adhesive wear. The lowest values of selected tool wear indicators were found out with the use of TiAlN coating applied in eight layers in the proportions 33/67% -TiN/TiAlN. The scanning analysis proved the highest adhesive wear of the uncoated P25 cemented carbide plate, as well as increased abrasive wear of the flank face and the formation of a crater in comparison with coated plates.

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27

Sofyan, Bondan Tiara, Dwi Rahmalina, Bambang Suharno, and Eddy S. Siradj. "Deformation Behaviour of Silicon Carbide Reinforced Al-7Si Composite after Balistic Impacts." Advanced Materials Research 789 (September 2013): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.789.33.

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The deformation after ballistic impact loading of silicon carbide reinforced aluminium alloy composite is investigated in this research. The composite consists of 10 % volume fraction of silicon carbide particulate in a matrix of Al-7Si-Mg-Zn alloy and were produced through the squeeze casting process with a pressure of 1 MPa at semi-solid melting temperatures of 590-610 °C. The mechanical property of the composite was examined with hardness test. The ballistic tests were performed with two types of projectiles, 9 mm and 5.56 mm calibre of projectiles. Furthermore the deformed surfaces were studied with optical microscopy. During ballistic testing, the 9 mm projectile did not pierce the composite plate although the test resulted in significant cracks on the backside of the plate. The cross section observation of the plate showed ductile deformation in the matrix and silicon carbide particulates give significant rule in withstanding the penetration of the projectile. By contrast, the 5.56 mm projectile pierced through the composite and caused a brittle fracture of the matrix.

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28

Matović, Branko, Dušan Bučevac, Vesna Maksimović, Snežana Nenadović, Jelena Pantić, Devendraprakash Gautam, and Toyohiko Yano. "Synthesis and Characterization of Hafnium Carbide Based Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 616 (June 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.616.1.

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Hafnium carbide powder was synthesized by sol-gel polycondensation of hafnium chloride with citric acid. The starting materials were dissolved in water and mixed homogeneously on a hot plate until a precomposite gel was formed. Pyrolysis of the obtained gel resulted in formation of monoclinic hafnia and amorphous carbon, which after subsequent heat treatment transformed into hafnium carbide. Materials were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy investigations. The results showed that the obtained carbide powder was composed of nearly equiaxed particles of narrow size distribution. The obtained hafnium carbide powder was densified via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1950 oC using molybdenun silicide as sintering additive. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained hafnium carbide ceramics were investigated.

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29

Sulamet-Ariobimo, Rianti Dewi, Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono, and Bambang Suharno. "Effect of Casting Design to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 4 Mm Twdi Plate." Advanced Materials Research 702 (May 2013): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.702.269.

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Casting design is chosen by Soedarsono et al to maintain cooling rate in producing thin wall ductile iron (TWDI). Cooling rate should be maintained to prevent carbide formation. This paper discusses the effect of gating system design on microstructure and mechanical properties of 4 mm TWDI plate. A casting design based on vertical gating system is made to produce TWDI plates with the thickness of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm. This vertical system allows plates to function as runner which will helps in preventing premature solidification. Three designs were made. These designs are coded as T1, T2, and T3. These three designs were also used in making 1, 2, 3, and 5 mm TWDI plates of which the result has been published. Z-Cast is used to conduct a casting design simulation for filling flow and solidification. The result of flow simulation shows that the filling flow is resulted in two kinds. The result of solidification specifies that the 4 mm TWDI plates solidify in the third place. The result of the experiment highlights that in all of the designs, which have microstructure and consisted of nodule graphite in ferrite matrix, no trace of carbide and skin effect are formed. The length of skin effect varies in all of the designs. The highest nodularity is only 80% while nodule count is 931 nodules/mm2. Brinell hardness number for all of the design is beyond the standard given by JIG G5502. As for UTS, yield strength and elongation none of the designs exceeds the minimal standard. The result of the experiment does not confirm the result of the simulation. In sum, compared to the previous result, the curve trends of 4 mm TWDI plates look similar to 2 mm TWDI plates.

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30

Xie, Kelvin Y., Kanak Kuwelkar, Richard A. Haber, Jerry C. LaSalvia, and Kevin J. Hemker. "Microstructural Characterization of a Commercial Hot-Pressed Boron Carbide Armor Plate." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 99, no. 8 (May 17, 2016): 2834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14295.

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31

Barbé, L., K. Conlon, and B. C. De Cooman. "Characterization of the metastable austenite in low-alloy FeCMnSi TRIP-aided steel by neutron diffraction." International Journal of Materials Research 93, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2002-0210.

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Abstract The detailed analysis of X-ray diffraction data obtained from intercritically annealed and isothermally transformed low-alloy FeCMnSi TRIP-aided steels reveals that the microstructure contains athermal plate martensite and Fe2C η carbide in addition to ferrite, bainite and residual austenite. Neutron diffraction shows that athermal plate martensite can be formed at room temperature in the isolated austenite phase. Whereas the formation of athermal martensite leads to compressive strains in the austenite, the formation of strain-induced martensite results in tensile straining of the austenite. The strain-induced transformation leads to the formation of a martensite of low tetragonality. Low-temperature annealing leads to the formation of η carbide in both the athermal and strain-induced martensite.

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32

Tsai, Ming-Yi, Kun-Ying Li, and Sun-Yu Ji. "Novel Abrasive-Impregnated Pads and Diamond Plates for the Grinding and Lapping of Single-Crystal Silicon Carbide Wafers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041783.

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In this study, special ceramic grinding plates impregnated with diamond grit and other abrasives, as well as self-made lapping plates, were used to prepare the surface of single-crystal silicon carbide (SiC) wafers. This novel approach enhanced the process and reduced the final chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) polishing time. Two different grinding plates with pads impregnated with mixed abrasives were prepared: one with self-modified diamond + SiC and a ceramic binder and one with self-modified diamond + SiO2 + Al2O3 + SiC and a ceramic binder. The surface properties and removal rate of the SiC substrate were investigated and a comparison with the traditional method was conducted. The experimental results showed that the material removal rate (MRR) was higher for the SiC substrate with the mixed abrasive lapping plate than for the traditional method. The grinding wear rate could be reduced by 31.6%. The surface roughness of the samples polished using the diamond-impregnated lapping plate was markedly better than that of the samples polished using the copper plate. However, while the surface finish was better and the grinding efficiency was high, the wear rate of the mixed abrasive-impregnated polishing plates was high. This was a clear indication that this novel method was effective and could be used for SiC grinding and lapping.

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33

Bonny, Koenraad, Patrick de Baets, Omer Van der Biest, Jef Vleugels, and Bert Lauwers. "Influence of Surface Finishing and Binder Phase on Friction and Wear of WC Based Hardmetals." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 2403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.2403.

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At present, cobalt is the most commonly used binder material in tungsten carbide based hardmetals. Current research on sliding wear performance of these cemented carbides, however, reveals promising results for nickel binder as well. Test samples of WC-Co and WC-Ni hardmetals have been machined and surface finished by wire-EDM and grinding. From comparative dry sliding pin-on-plate experiments on wire-EDM’ed, ground and polished grades, correlations are derived between wear volume loss and friction on the one hand and contact pressure, sliding distance, binder phase and microstructure on the other hand. The lowest wear levels are encountered with polished cemented carbides. The EDM induced surface modification turns out to deteriorate wear resistance, especially during the running-in stage of sliding. These findings are in agreement with Xray diffraction measurements of the residual stress level in the WC phase.

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34

Soedarsono, Johny Wahyuadi, Bambang Suharno, and Rianti Dewi Sulamet-Ariobimo. "Effect of Casting Design to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 3 Mm TWDI Plate." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.831.

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The problem occurs in producing thin wall ductile iron (TWDI) is high cooling rate due to its thickness. Cooling rate must be strictly maintained to prevent carbide formation. There are many ways to control cooling rate. Casting design is one of these, especially gating system design. This parameter is often chosen because of its independence. Major changes in equipment and raw material used in the foundry are not needed when a casting design is chosen to deal with cooling rate. This paper discusses the effect of gating system design on microstructure and mechanical properties of 3 mm TWDI plate. A casting design based on gating system design is made to produce 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm TWDI plates. There are three designs coded as T1, T2, and T3. These three designs were also used in making 1 mm TWDI plates of which the result has been published. The plate with thickness of 3 mm will be used for automotive component like the crankshaft made by Martinez. The moulds used were furan sand. Beside the experiment, casting design simulation with Z-Cast was also conducted to see the behaviour of solidification in 3 mm TWDI plate. Simulation result showed every design has its own solidification behaviour for 3 mm TWDI plate, especially for T2. Experiment result showed that all the designs have microstructure consisting of nodule graphite in ferrite matrix, no trace of carbide and skin effect are formed. Skin effect length is various for all designs. Nodularity exceeded 75% and nodule count exceeded 900 nodules/mm2. Brinell hardness number for all design is beyond standard given by JIG G5502. As for UTS and elongation none of the designs exceed the minimal standard. Experiment results confirmed simulation result. Compared to the previous result nodularity and nodule count decrease and curve trends for every result are not the same.

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35

Sivaji, Karna, and Gandham Phanikumar. "Microstructure and Precipitation Studies of Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Haynes 282 Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.666.

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Improvement in efficiency of energy conversion requires the use of high temperature materials in thermal power plants. This has led to the development of new γ' strengthened nickel based superalloy (Haynes 282). This alloy is used for advanced ultra-supercritical (AUSC) plants which are operated under the service conditions of 760 oC temperature and 35 MPa pressure. Bead on plate gas tungsten arc welding experiments were done with optimized process parameters. Thermal cycle in heat affected zone was measured by K-type thermocouple attached to a data acquisition system. Welding simulations were carried out in simufact welding® by using experimental parameters and thermal field was established. Base metal is characterized with γ solid solution and randomly distributed MC carbides. SEM results showed that the carbides are of MC type. The carbide precipitate distribution correlates with the segregation pattern during solidification of the weld.

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36

Ma, Bo Jiang, X. Cai, and L. A. Li. "Investigation of High Performance Diamond Brazed Saw for Cutting AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 487 (July 2011): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.487.347.

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The high performance diamond brazed saw was developed to cut efficiently AZ31 Magnesium Alloy. The Ti-coated diamond and the uncoated diamond were brazed with NiCr alloy by high-frequency induction under argon atmosphere at 1040°C within 20 seconds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the interfacial microstructures between brazed diamond and the filler alloy. The results show that Cr-carbides forms normally and compactly on the surface of Ti-coated diamond brazed, whereas Cr-carbide forms tangentially and loosely on the surface of uncoated diamond brazed. That is because Ti has changed the mechanism of Cr-carbides formed on the surface of diamond brazed. The test of cutting AZ31 magnesium alloy plate shows that the section cut by Ti-coated diamond saw is much smoother than that cut by uncoated diamond saw after a long time.

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37

Raunija, T. S. K., R. K. Gautam, S. C. Sharma, and A. Verma. "Ultra-thin carbon/silicon carbide composite bipolar plate for advanced fuel cells." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 49, no. 1 (January 2018): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201700036.

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38

Frutschy, K. J., and R. J. Clifton. "High-temperature pressure-shear plate impact experiments using pure tungsten carbide impactors." Experimental Mechanics 38, no. 2 (June 1998): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02321654.

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39

Sulamet-Ariobimo, Rianti Dewi, Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono, and Bambang Suharno. "Effect of Casting Design to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 2 Mm Twdi Plate." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 2404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.2404.

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It is important to strictly maintain the cooling rate in producing thin wall ductile iron (TWDI) to prevent carbide formation. There are many ways to control cooling rate whereas casting design is the most independent one. This paper discusses the effect of gating system design on microstructure and mechanical properties of 2 mm TWDI plate. A casting design based on vertical gating system is made to produce TWDI plates with the thickness of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm. This vertical system allows plates to function as runner. This situation helps in preventing premature solidification. There are three designs in which they are coded as T1, T2, and T3. These three designs were also used in making 1, 3, and 5 mm TWDI plates of which the result has been published. Z-Cast is used to conduct a casting design simulation for filling flow and solidification. The result of flow simulation shows that the filling flow is resulted in two kinds. The result of solidification specifies that in T1 and T2 the 2 mm TWDI plates solidify in the same time as 1 mm TWDI plate. Furan sand was used as moulds in the experiment. The result of the experiment highlights that in all of the designs, which have microstructure and consisted of nodule graphite in ferrite matrix, no trace of carbide and skin effect are formed. The length of skin effect varies in all of the designs. The highest nodularity is only 86% while nodule count is 1344 nodules/mm2. Brinell hardness number for all of the design is beyond the standard given by JIG G5502. As for UTS and elongation none of the designs exceeds the minimal standard. The result of the experiment does not confirm the result of the simulation. In sum, compared to the previous result, the curve trends of 2 mm TWDI plate combine the curve trends of 1 and 3 mm TWDI plates.

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40

Zanzarin, Simone, Sven Bengtsson, and Alberto Molinari. "Study of carbide dissolution into the matrix during laser cladding of carbon steel plate with tungsten carbides-stellite powders." Journal of Laser Applications 27, S2 (February 2015): S29209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.4906480.

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41

Li, Yan, Shi Zhong Wei, Jian Ping Gao, Wan Hong Zhang, and Rui Long. "Interface Microstructure of TiC Cermets/Steel Explosive Cladding Plate." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1614.

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Microstructure in anchoring site of TiC cermets/steel explosive cladding plate was analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). An intermittent micro-crystal layer, with thickness of about 10μm, was observed in anchoring area. The inner crystal size was in range of some nanometer to hundreds of nanometer. The phases of the layer are mainly austenite, ferrite, and some titanium carbide. A flow layer was observed in the area near the steel side. The diffusion of Ti is the most apparent and the diffusion length is about 15μm. The observation of the microstructure in anchoring area revealed the nature of explosive compound in metallurgical anchoring.

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42

Goodall, Aimee, Yu Lin Ju, Claire Davis, and Martin Strangwood. "Effect of Tempering on Hardness of Q&T Steel Plate." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.311.

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Commercial production of high strength steel plates by the quenching and tempering (Q&T) route requires control of alloy design and heat treatment parameters to achieve the desired strength and toughness through thickness. Plates with different thicknesses (up to approximately 100 mm) are produced for applications in the energy and power or lifting and excavation sectors. For thick plate the difference in cooling rate through thickness affects the as-quenched microstructure with martensite, auto-tempered martensite and lower and/or upper bainite being present. The different as-quenched microstructures can show a different response to tempering which affects the final strength and toughness.In this study the starting microstructure of a low alloy 0.17 wt% C Q&T steel has been varied using isothermal heat treatment at 430 °C to create mixed martensite and lower bainite microstructures (nominally 25:75; 50:50 and 75:25 percentages). The effects of tempering at 600 °C for times between 0.5 and 16 hours on the carbide precipitates and hardness of the mixed microstructures have been investigated and compared to the tempering response of single phase (martensite and lower bainite) microstructures. It has been found that the hardness decrease due to tempering is larger in the martensitic structure than the bainitic structure due to more rapid carbide coarsening. The as-quenched hardness of the mixed microstructures can be predicted by a rule of mixtures using the single phase properties. The tempering response of the mixed microstructures is discussed.

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43

ABRO, Shahid Hussain, Alidad CHANDIO, Asif Ahmed SHAIKH, Norbaizura NORDIN, and Hamza SUHARWARDI. "Effect of Aluminum Addition with Nitrogen on K-Carbide Formation in Carbon-Mn Steel." Materials Science 28, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.28400.

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An attempt has been made in the present research work to investigate the role and influence of chemical effect of aluminum addition in the experimental steel towards the formation of k-carbides. Two steel grades were made with and without aluminum addition by induction melting furnace and were cast to ingots. Steel A has no aluminum addition and steel B has some aluminum content. These ingots were then solution heat treated on a temperature of 1200°C for 2-hours’ time and were cooled in the air. After that, they were hot rolled to drawn in plate and sheet. The small samples were cut from bulk and were then heat-treated at 800°C for 1 hour and quenched. Microstructure by OM and SEM was captured. In steel A there was no k-carbide present in the matrix and surprisingly in steel B, small fine k-carbides were present this was then confirmed by XRD later. OM, SEM, and TEM analysis revealed that the presence of k-carbides in steel B makes less dense. It was concluded that aluminum in conjunction with nitrogen forms the small nitride particles having a high melting point does not dissolve during the melting and casting such particles are known as AlN or aluminum nitride particles was observed by TEM along with EDS was the main reason to support the formation of k-carbides, these fine nano level k-carbides are orderly distributed in the steel matrix as was shown by XRD peaks.

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44

Burke, M. G., and D. M. Symons. "Microstructural Effects on the Scc Morphology of Alloy 600 in Deaerated Water." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 783–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600010801.

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Previous studies on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of Alloy 600 forgings revealed a correlation between the SCC susceptibility and thermomechanical processing (specifically the final annealing temperature). (1) Detailed microstructural analyses using analytical electron microscopy (AEM) techniques showed that the materials containing dendritic-type intergranular M7C3 carbides were also more resistant to SCC initiation and propagation. This type of analysis has been extended to the evaluation of a 0.062 wt.% C Alloy 600 plate in three conditions (as-received, and heat-treated for 1 week at 982°C and water-quenched, and annealed for 24h at 1075°C and furnace-cooled). Tests were performed in PWR environments using fatigue precracked compact tension (CT) samples. In addition, detailed microstructural analyses using light optical metallography (LOM) and AEM were performed to fully characterize each material condition. The SCC fracture morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).LOM examination of the as-received material indicated a “good” microstructure, with carbide-decorated grain boundaries as well as intragranular carbides.

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45

Ashworth, S., and K. Kerrigan. "UNDERSTANDING TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON FRICTION AT TOOL – CFRP WORKPIECE INTERFACE USING OPEN-LOOP FRICTION TESTING." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 4605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_7_2021066.

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Cutting processes of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) material generate significant energy in the form of heat which can be detrimental to final surface and sub-surface quality. By artificially changing the temperature of the workpiece to simulate cutting temperatures, thermal effects on friction metrics can be understood. Feed rate and CFRP pre-heating for macro and nanoscale open loop pin on plate friction testing has been completed for two aerospace grade CFRP materials with steel, carbide and coated carbide pins to give an insight to fundamental tool wear that occurs in CFRP machining.

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46

Soedarsono, Johny Wahyuadi, Bambang Suharno, and Rianti Dewi Sulamet-Ariobimo. "Effect of Casting Design to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 5 mm TWDI Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 1607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.1607.

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In producing thin wall ductile iron (TWDI) cooling rate must be strictly maintained to prevent carbide formation. There are many ways to control cooling rate BUT the most independent one is by casting design. By choosing this parameter major changes in equipment and raw material used in the foundry can be avoided. This paper discusses the effect of gating system design on microstructure and mechanical properties of 5 mm TWDI plate. A casting design based on vertical gating system is made to produce 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm TWDI plates. Plate with 5 mm thickness becomes an interesting subject due to its position as the thickest and furthest from ingate in casting design with a new concept. There are three designs coded as T1, T2, and T3. These three designs were also used in making 1 and 3 mm TWDI plates of which the result has been published. The plate with 5 mm thickness will be used for automotive components. Casting design simulation for filling flow and solidification were conducted with Z-Cast. Result of flow simulation shows that the filling flow happens in two kinds. Result of solidification shows that T3 has the highest solidification rate. In the experiment, the moulds used were furan sand. Experiment result shows that all the designs have microstructure consisting of nodule graphite in ferrite matrix, no trace of carbide and skin effect are formed. Skin effect length is various for all designs. The highest nodularity is only 72% and nodule count shows only 700 nodules/mm2. Brinell hardness number for all design is beyond standard given by JIG G5502. As for UTS and elongation none of the designs exceed the minimal standard. Experiment results confirms simulation result. Compared to the previous result nodularity and nodule count decrease and curve trends for every result are not similar.

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47

Sun, Miao, Wuxiong Cao, Diqi Hu, Nana Zhang, and Runqiang Chi. "Effect of Cover Plate on the Ballistic Performance of Ceramic Armor." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010001.

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Анотація:

The interface defeat and dwell can effectively improve the ballistic performance of ceramic armors under high velocity impact of long rod projectiles. Confinement conditions along both axial and radial directions of ceramic armors can affect these behaviors. With the aim of giving an insight into the effect of cover plate thickness and connection mode of cover plates with confining tubes on these behaviors, numerical simulations were performed in which the confined silicon carbide (SiC) targets with cover plates were impacted by tungsten rods. The pressure on the surfaces of SiC targets with fixed cover plates are compared to that with free cover plates, showing that the plates fixed with the confining tubes can produce higher pressure by way of wedging. With the increase in cover plate thickness, the dwell duration of the tungsten rods on the ceramic interface gradually grows. In addition, the upper and lower limits of transition impact velocities for the SiC targets with cover plates in different connection modes (i.e., free or fixed) were obtained and analyzed. The results show that the increase rate of the transition velocity region for the cover plate with the fixed-mode is relatively stable and lower than with the free-mode. On this basis, the fixed cover plate contributes higher ballistic performances to the SiC target than the free cover plate. It is also noteworthy that the size of transition velocity region does not enlarge linearly with the increase in cover plate thickness due to the slow growth of the upper limit. Accordingly, thickness thresholds exist, which are 5 mm and 6 mm for the fixed and free cover plates, respectively. Considering the ballistic performance and economy, the cover plate with the thickness ranging from 3 mm to 5 mm, i.e., 1.5~2.5 times of the tungsten rod diameter, is ideal for the structural dimensions in this paper.

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48

Lesuer, D. R., Georg Frommeyer, Oleg D. Sherby, and C. K. Syn. "Nano-Carbides and the Strength of Steels as Assessed by Electrical Resistivity Studies." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4789.

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The work of Frommeyer on electrical conductivity measurements in pearlitic steels is reviewed to provide insight into microstructures developed during wire drawing. Electrical conductivity measurements were made as a function of drawing strain (up to ε = 6.0) for wires with strength exceeding 3500MPa. The results show that electrical conductivity increases during wiredrawing to a maximum value, then decreases with further deformation finally reaching a steady state value that is equal to the original conductivity. The initial increase is the result of pearlite plate orientation in the direction of wire-drawing, which makes the path of conduction through the ferrite plates more accessible. At a critical strain the cementite plates begin to fragment and the electrical conductivity decreases to a steady state value that is the same as that observed prior to wire drawing. With increasing strain, the cementite particles are refined and the strength increases due to the reduction in inter-particle spacing. It is concluded that the electrical conductivity of the wires is solely dependent on the amount of iron carbides provided they are randomly distributed as plates or as particles. An estimate was made that indicates the carbide particle size is approximately 3 - 5 nm in the steady state range of electrical conductivity.

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49

Mohammad, S. Noor, Francis J. Kub, and Charles R. Eddy. "Field-plate design for edge termination in silicon carbide high-power Schottky diodes." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 29, no. 2 (March 2011): 021021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.3562276.

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50

Ledbetter, H. M., and M. W. Austin. "Internal Strain (Stress) in an Sic/Al Particle-Reinforced Composite." Advances in X-ray Analysis 29 (1985): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800010144.

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AbstractSilicon carbide and 6061 aluminum alloy possess very different thermalexpansion coefficients; 3-3 and 22.5.10-6K-1, respectively. Thus, one expects large internal strains and stresses in these composites because the two constituents form interfacial bonds at high temperatures and are cooled to ambient temperatures. From a simple elastic model, one expects a hydrostatic tensile stress in the aluminum matrix and a-hydrostatic compressive stress in the silicon-carbide particles. Using conventional diffraction geometry, using Cu Kα radiation, we studied three surfaces of a plate specimen. For both phases, we determined the unit-cell dimensions for two situations: unmixed and mixed in the final composite. The silicon-carbide particles showed a compressive stress and the aluminum matrix a tensile stress, seventy-five percent of the yield strength. Measurements show that both stress tensors are approximately hydrostatic.

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