Дисертації з теми "Caractérisation de la porosité"
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Chupin, Frédéric. "Caractérisation de l'effet des irradiations sur les géopolymères." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066695/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis study aims to improve knowledge about the radiation effect on geopolymer behavior in terms of dihydrogen release and general strength in order to consider them as an alternative to usual nuclear waste cementitious coating matrices. Using various characterization techniques (nitrogen adsorption, low temperature DSC, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy) and by means of simulation irradiations (gamma, heavy ions), it has been shown that all the water present in the geopolymer could be radiolyzed and that there was a confinement effect on the water radiolysis under low LET irradiation, probably due to efficient energy transfers from the solid matrix to the interstitial solution. Three dihydrogen production rates have been identified with the absorbed dose, depending on the concentration of dissolved dioxygen and the dihydrogen accumulation in the geopolymer matrix. The good mechanical strength of the geopolymer has been shown up to 9 MGy under gamma irradiation and is due to its high stability under irradiation. This could be explained by the fast recombination of the defects observed by EPR spectroscopy. However, phase crystallization was revealed during irradiation with heavy ions, which may induce some weakening of the geopolymer network under alpha irradiation. The overall results helped to understand the phenomenology in a waste package under storage conditions
Goletto, Valérie. "Synthèse et caractérisation d'organosilices mésostructurées à porosité périodique." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066490.
Повний текст джерелаChupin, Frédéric. "Caractérisation de l'effet des irradiations sur les géopolymères." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066695.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis study aims to improve knowledge about the radiation effect on geopolymer behavior in terms of dihydrogen release and general strength in order to consider them as an alternative to usual nuclear waste cementitious coating matrices. Using various characterization techniques (nitrogen adsorption, low temperature DSC, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy) and by means of simulation irradiations (gamma, heavy ions), it has been shown that all the water present in the geopolymer could be radiolyzed and that there was a confinement effect on the water radiolysis under low LET irradiation, probably due to efficient energy transfers from the solid matrix to the interstitial solution. Three dihydrogen production rates have been identified with the absorbed dose, depending on the concentration of dissolved dioxygen and the dihydrogen accumulation in the geopolymer matrix. The good mechanical strength of the geopolymer has been shown up to 9 MGy under gamma irradiation and is due to its high stability under irradiation. This could be explained by the fast recombination of the defects observed by EPR spectroscopy. However, phase crystallization was revealed during irradiation with heavy ions, which may induce some weakening of the geopolymer network under alpha irradiation. The overall results helped to understand the phenomenology in a waste package under storage conditions
Benamor, Taissire. "Synthèse et caractérisation de silices mésoporeuses hydrophobes à porosité contrôlée." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00705930.
Повний текст джерелаGauthier, Edouard. "Comportement mécano-fiabiliste de structures composites – approche matériaux." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0031/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of composite materials increases in the world of industry, particularly in sectors such as aeronautics, transport or energy production and this development leads to a strong production of composite structures, including large dimensions. The design of these composite structures requires a thorough knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the composite to ensure the integrity of the structure. However, the mechanical behavior of composite materials is heterogeneous in nature with a certain variability on the different mechanical parameters. This variability is caused by two main sources: the intrinsic variability of the material due to physical variations within the composite, and the variability due to defects in implementation. The thesis, which is presented, focuses on this second source of variability, namely the presence of implementation defects and its influence on the mechanical behavior of the composite. Two defects of implementation are studied in this thesis, porosity and wrinkle, following a probabilistic analysis. The first part of the study brings together all the state of the art on porosity and wrinkle defects, as well as on probabilistic analyzes in the field of composites. A second part of the study is devoted to the probabilistic characterization of porosity and wrinkle defects by analyzing the variability of each characteristic parameter of the defect and modeling it using a distribution law that are implemented in a calculation code to numerically model the experimentally observed porosity. A third part of the study focuses on the influence of porosity and wrinkle defects on quasi-static and fatigue mechanical behavior. This mechanical study compares the results of experimental tests on a healthy material, two materials with two different porosity states and two materials with a wrinkle of different dimensions, in order to be able to quantify the influence of the defect and to determine a model of degradation of mechanical properties according to the defect. The quasi-static mechanical study is supplemented by an analysis of the variance in order to separate the variability of the mechanical properties due to the defect and that due directly to the test itself. All the results of this study thus make it possible to identify the two types of defects with a set of characteristic parameters, as well as their influence on the mechanical behavior, while taking into account the variability observed on the defects and their mechanical influence, and to model numerically all these observations
Benavent, Virginie. "Caractérisation de la porosité des géopolymères : évolution temporelle et étude de l'eau confinée." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS012/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this study, we have investigated the porous network of geopolymers. The first step consisted in characterizing the structure of the porous network by the means of both intrusive experimental techniques (water porosimetry, gas sorption and mercury intrusion) and non-intrusive techniques (small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering). By the same time, the evolutions of the porous structure as well as the mechanical properties were followed over time. The second step was to determine the structure, the thermodynamics and the dynamics of water confined in the porosity by differential scanning calorimetry, quasi-elastic neutron scattering and migration tests.Geopolymer pore structure is a complex multi-scale porosity, a meso- and macroporous network, essentially open and connected. It consists in a vermicular mesoporous network which connects the macropores. The mesopore characteristic size depends on the formulation of the geopolymer paste and is ranged between about 4 and 10 nm. Geopolymer have a total pore volume comprised between 40 and 50 %, the mesoporous volume represents between 7 and 15 % of the material global volume. The majority of the pore volume is then attributed to macropores. A slight closure of porosity was observed with time and was attributed to a dissolution-precipitation mechanism occurring at pore wall interfaces. The mechanical properties reach a maximum within 10 days, and then are stable over time when the samples were kept from drying and carbonation and at the temperature of 20°C. Besides, three kinds of water were highlighted inside the porosity: (i) an interfacial water linked at the pore surfaces, (ii) free water inside the mésopores and (iii) free water inside macropores. At local time scale, the mobility of water was found close to the one of free water, and at the macroscopic scale, a decrease in diffusion coefficient of one order of magnitude was observed, together with an effect of mesopore size
Bouazizi, Verdier Khaoula. "Caractérisation de l’os cortical par IRM à temps d’écho ultra-court (UTE)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS164/document.
Повний текст джерелаLongitudinal and transverse relaxations are quantitative tools used in MRI for diagnosis and follow up. However only tissues with long T2 can be detected with MRI. Quantitative evaluation of cortical bone porosity is now feasible with UTE.In this work, porosity measurements from UTE in human cortical bone samples were compared with those from micro-computed tomography (µCT). 38 human cortical bone samples (upper diaphysis) were examined in collaboration with a team from B2OA (UMR7052). Porosity from UTE (TE = 51 µs) was between 18% and 43% (mean 30%) and from µCT (spatial resolution = 6.5 µm) between 3% and 27% (mean 14%). No correlation could be established between the two measurements. T1 values from few samples were dispersed; a possible explanation could be the magnetization transfer (MT) between collagen-bound water protons and collagen methylene protons.For a quantitative interpretation of this phenomenon, 11 bovine cortical bone samples were examined. Several sequences (inversion-recovery, off-resonance saturation, repeated binomial excitations, variable flip angle) were implemented at 4.7 T to assess MT parameters. The aim was to compare which method may provide accurate parameter estimation. Off-resonance saturation and repeated binomial excitation seem to be more suitable for in vivo MT quantification
Mascaro, Benoît. "Caractérisation ultrasonore de la porosité dans les composites carbone/époxy stratifiés." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30245.
Повний текст джерелаWe present an experimental study of porosity characterization in multilayered Carbon/Epoxy composites with ultrasonic inspection. A morphological analysis of porosity allowed to observe the shapes and sizes distributions which can arise inside the material. Global ultrasonic characterization of the population of voids, was studied through the analysis of the transmitted coherent wave attenuation vs frequency. Attenuation mesurements on relevant samples, and theoretical calculus of attenuation from micrographic cuts of the samples, allowed to highlight the assessment potentialities concerning the volumic rate and the voids sizes. Beyond the global aspect, the detection of porosity which is localized in the thickness was also studied. Specific samples were made, and the analysis of backscattered ultrasonic signals showed the relevance of frequency, energy and spatial coherence for the detection of this type of defect
Karaki, Mariam. "Matériaux à porosité contrôlée sulfonés : Synthèse, Caractérisation, Etude des propriétés catalytiques." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064374.
Повний текст джерелаTeriierooiterai, Marie-Laure. "Caractérisation ultrasonore d'un milieu poreux : application aux céramiques poreuses d'hydroxyapatite." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR3305.
Повний текст джерелаKachkouch, Fatima Zahraa. "Développement de méthodes ultrasonores en vue de la caractérisation des milieux à porosité multiple." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMLH17/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to study the propagation of acoustic waves in a double porosity medium. The analytical characterization of the vibration modes of a double porosity plate has been studied. The theoretical study was validated by experimental ultrasonic measurements, on two granular materials with double porosity and single porosity glass beads, by the determination of a theory-experiment comparison coefficient. These measurements also allowed the detection of the four waves propagating in a double porosity medium. An experimental device has been developed for the purpose of characterizing the clogging phenomenon which affects the porous media when traversed by a fluid loaded with suspended particles. This phenomenon affects for example the filters used in the clarification of dirty waters. The non-destructive ultrasonic method was combined with the destructive method generally used in laboratories, for monitoring the deposition in time and space of the three porous media subjected to the injection of turbid solutions for a long time. Correlations between the acoustic properties (phase velocity and energy of the transmitted signal) and the variation of the porosity of the medium as a consequence of the deposition are obtained. All results show a good agreement between the two methods
Duong, Ngoc Tan. "Cartographie et caractérisation acoustiques des matériaux composites : application à l’évaluation du taux volumique de porosité dans un matériau composite RTM." Thesis, Le Havre, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEHA0023/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe porosity of a composite plate in carbon / epoxy of type RTM is known by used of tomography X. A method of determination of this porosity by measure of the mitigation of the longitudinal waves through the thickness of this kind of plate is proposed. These measures are made on surfaces of different sizes (from some cm2 to some mm2) and allow the obtaining of cartographies. A correspondence porosity (tomo X) - Mitigation (US wave) is deducted and analyzed according to the structure of the composite material. In every case, we estimate the quality of the obtained relations and we deduct the limits of validity of the correspondence between porosity and mitigation. First results of acoustic tomography are obtained
Klotz, Michaela. "Synthèse et caractérisation de couches minces et de membranes de silice à porosité ordonnée." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20051.
Повний текст джерелаBai, Ruonan. "Caractérisation de milieux poreux hétérogènes par approche acoustique." Thesis, Le Havre, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEHA0009/document.
Повний текст джерелаA theoretical and experimental study of wave propagation in double porosity media submitted to the flowing of turbid liquids is led. Two samples of double porosity materials assumed to obey Berryman and Wang’s extension (1995) of Biot’s theory in the low frequency regime are considered : (i) ROBU® (pure binder-free borosilicate glass 3.3 manufactured to form the individual grains) and (ii) Tobermorite 11 Å ( the individual porous cement grains show irregular shapes). We propose on the one hand a numerical study of wave propagation through a rectangular box filled with a double porosity medium and, on the other an experimental validation in laboratory. The characterizations of the double porosity medium by using mechanical tools are also presented. The tracing tests for characterizing the transport and the deposition of suspended particles contained in saturating liquids, are realized. The interpretations of the results are based on the transfer time, the restitution ratio, the retention capacity, the spatial profile of the retention and the size sorting of transported particles. The aim of our research is to develop a method for non-destructive testing that allows an assessment of the degree of clogging resulting from the deposition of fine particles in the pores, for example
Al-Meslemi, Yahya Ismail. "Modélisation prédictive pour la Fabrication Additive métallique : Caractéristiques clés et applications à la caractérisation de la porosité." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPAST007.
Повний текст джерелаAbstract : Quality control remains the main barrier for broader adoption of Additive Manufacturing processes. Data analytics, physical process modelling, part measurement and metrological assessment, are more and more used to achieve better quality. However, there are still significant modeling, computational, and measurement challenges stemming from the broad range of the involved parameters affecting the quality of the final part.In this thesis, we focus on overcoming some of these quality-related limits. We propose a predictive modeling approach to perform porosity characterization and to determine the range of manufacturing working conditions based on a limited set of previously collected data.The proposed systematic modeling approach uses Gaussian Process (GP) to map the entire experimental space based on limited predetermined measured points. GP integrates a covariant function, which uses statistical bayesian inference coupled with Markov Chain to estimate model parameters, based on the collected data. These data are generated based on a proposed experimental design and CT scan image analysis protocol. Finally, and for an efficient implementation of approach, we benefit from establishing correlations between the manufacturing process conditions and the product’s features, based on Key Characteristics (KCs) while considering the whole value chain in AM. These KCs are evaluated based on their importance and ordered hierarchically from a statistical point of view
Calas-Blanchard, Carole. "Graphites Naturels Expansés (GNE) : caractérisation de la texture poreuse : utilisation comme nouveau matériau support pour capteurs électrochimiques." Perpignan, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PERP0450.
Повний текст джерелаCoupé, Aurélie. "Synthèse et caractérisation de particules aluminosilicates à porosité contrôlée par atomisation : application à la catalyse." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066491.
Повний текст джерелаVoegtlin, Anne-Claude. "Synthèse à température ambiante et caractérisation de silicates et d'aluminosilicates mésoporeux organisés : influence du pH et de la présence d'anions fluorures." Mulhouse, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MULH0446.
Повний текст джерелаFreiha, Georges. "Propagation d’ondes acoustiques dans les milieux à forte porosité : application à la caractérisation des matrices poreuses." Valenciennes, 2010. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/445514cc-8740-4044-aac1-0920ddb5afce.
Повний текст джерелаThe essential work of this thesis is the characterization of the elastic coefficients of a porous medium using ultrasonic waves. A bibliographic study is presented at the beginning of the thesis summarizing previous works in this domain, particularly about propagation models of elastics waves. Taking into consideration all internal reflected and transmitted waves in the porous medium, we introduce a new formalism of calculus of reflection and transmission coefficients of elastics waves in porous medium being the only coefficient that can be measured directly from experiments. The elastic coefficients are then found by applying a numeric inverse problem method. We used a numerical finite element simulation applied to a porous beam in order to calculate the static values of the elastic constants that will be introduced as initial values in the algorithm in numerical inverse problem. In order to validate our numerical process, we realized different alumina porous media with a controlled porosity. All obtained results show that elastic properties of porous medium can be found using ultrasonic measurement
Barrès, Thomas. "Caractérisation de la nano-porosité de couches minces de nitrure de silicium. Une approche multi-échelles." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066407/document.
Повний текст джерелаSilicon nitride is widely used in glass industry embedded in stacks of thin layers applied to functionalize glass for thermal, optical (antireflection) or self-cleaning applications. The deposition of these layers is made by magnetron sputtering on large surfaces with a great versatility. However, nanometric pores can be produced in these amorphous layers deposited with this technique which is detrimental for the durability of the products containing theses layers. This PhD thesis presents the development of a multiscale approach in order to characterize this nano-porosity combining two techniques: Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM/STEM) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). This analysis route is applied to study silicon nitride layers of different thicknesses. Furthermore, the impact of several parameters like the deposition pressure, the nitrogen partial pressure or the nature of the seed layer has been investigated.The nano-porosity of these layers is strongly dependent on the deposition conditions: pressure and thickness seem to be crucial for their nanostructure. For most of the cases, the morphology of this silicon nitride layer is divided in two main areas: a homogeneous area near the substrate and a columnar structure in the upper part of the layer. A quantitative description of the columnar area porosity is proposed and includes the estimation of the pores diameter and density, their change in morphology with the layer thickness, their percolation and the substrate accessible surface at the bottom of the through pores
Barrès, Thomas. "Caractérisation de la nano-porosité de couches minces de nitrure de silicium. Une approche multi-échelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066407.
Повний текст джерелаSilicon nitride is widely used in glass industry embedded in stacks of thin layers applied to functionalize glass for thermal, optical (antireflection) or self-cleaning applications. The deposition of these layers is made by magnetron sputtering on large surfaces with a great versatility. However, nanometric pores can be produced in these amorphous layers deposited with this technique which is detrimental for the durability of the products containing theses layers. This PhD thesis presents the development of a multiscale approach in order to characterize this nano-porosity combining two techniques: Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM/STEM) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). This analysis route is applied to study silicon nitride layers of different thicknesses. Furthermore, the impact of several parameters like the deposition pressure, the nitrogen partial pressure or the nature of the seed layer has been investigated.The nano-porosity of these layers is strongly dependent on the deposition conditions: pressure and thickness seem to be crucial for their nanostructure. For most of the cases, the morphology of this silicon nitride layer is divided in two main areas: a homogeneous area near the substrate and a columnar structure in the upper part of the layer. A quantitative description of the columnar area porosity is proposed and includes the estimation of the pores diameter and density, their change in morphology with the layer thickness, their percolation and the substrate accessible surface at the bottom of the through pores
Gabaude, Cécile. "De la poudre au comprimé : une stratégie de caractérisation pour un développement rationnel : application à un modèle d'étude." Limoges, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIMO304C.
Повний текст джерелаLaux, Didier. "Caractérisation mécanique de combustibles nucléaires à fort taux de combustion par méthodes micro-acoustiques." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20047.
Повний текст джерелаBelghoul, Akram. "Caractérisation pétrophysique et hydrodynamique du socle cristallin." Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444175.
Повний текст джерелаSoltani, Fethi. "Caractérisation de la pâte de ciment par des méthodes ultrasonores." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685879.
Повний текст джерелаLafont, Ugo. "Oxydes de titane mésoporeux : synthèse, caractérisation et modification de surface." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20150.
Повний текст джерелаBen, Nsir Syrine. "Préparation, caractérisation et réactivité des catalyseurs xérogels et aérogels à base de zirconium et de porosité contrôlée." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R071.
Повний текст джерелаThe energy demand of the industrial, agricultural and transport sectors, as well as population growth, continues to grow year by year. This rise in energy demand, represented for the most part by fossil fuels, has a strong impact on the environment because of the large greenhouse gas emissions that are responsible for global warming. As a result, certain international measures such as the Kyoto Protocol and Euro IV standards have put in place regulations to limit the impact of waste gases in the atmosphere. However, these measures remain insufficient. Many researches then turned to so-called "renewable" resources as an interesting alternative to ecological and economic issues. The synthesis of fuel additives and the isomerization of n-alkanes are among these alternatives, due to the reduction of exhaust emissions, especially fine particles, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and benzene. Generally, the production of these additives from the esterification and transesterification reactions as well as the isomerization of the n-alkanes are carried out in the presence of acidic solid catalysts. These latter, whose environmental impact is zero, contribute, on the one hand, to improvement of the octane number of light oil cuts, but are also reusable in several cycles of reactions. To answer these challenges, the work of this thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of two types of zirconium-based catalysts, namely phosphate-doped zirconia and zirconium-exchanged zeolites. Initially, catalysts based on phosphated zirconia are synthesized by "sol-gel" route and then tested in the esterification reaction of acetic acid with ethanol. The kinetic and mechanistic study as well as the determination of the thermodynamic quantities of this reaction are carried out in the presence of the catalyst, which has the best catalytic performances. The second part of this thesis focuses on the acid and acid-base post-treatment of zeolites beta and mordenite and their exchange with zirconium. These catalysts are characterized and then tested in the isomerization reaction of n-hexane
Ben, Nsir Syrine. "Préparation, caractérisation et réactivité des catalyseurs xérogels et aérogels à base de zirconium et de porosité contrôlée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR071.
Повний текст джерелаThe energy demand of the industrial, agricultural and transport sectors, as well as population growth, continues to grow year by year. This rise in energy demand, represented for the most part by fossil fuels, has a strong impact on the environment because of the large greenhouse gas emissions that are responsible for global warming. As a result, certain international measures such as the Kyoto Protocol and Euro IV standards have put in place regulations to limit the impact of waste gases in the atmosphere. However, these measures remain insufficient. Many researches then turned to so-called "renewable" resources as an interesting alternative to ecological and economic issues. The synthesis of fuel additives and the isomerization of n-alkanes are among these alternatives, due to the reduction of exhaust emissions, especially fine particles, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and benzene. Generally, the production of these additives from the esterification and transesterification reactions as well as the isomerization of the n-alkanes are carried out in the presence of acidic solid catalysts. These latter, whose environmental impact is zero, contribute, on the one hand, to improvement of the octane number of light oil cuts, but are also reusable in several cycles of reactions. To answer these challenges, the work of this thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of two types of zirconium-based catalysts, namely phosphate-doped zirconia and zirconium-exchanged zeolites. Initially, catalysts based on phosphated zirconia are synthesized by "sol-gel" route and then tested in the esterification reaction of acetic acid with ethanol. The kinetic and mechanistic study as well as the determination of the thermodynamic quantities of this reaction are carried out in the presence of the catalyst, which has the best catalytic performances. The second part of this thesis focuses on the acid and acid-base post-treatment of zeolites beta and mordenite and their exchange with zirconium. These catalysts are characterized and then tested in the isomerization reaction of n-hexane
Kochkar, Hafedh. "Préparation et caractérisation d'oxydes mixtes TiO2-SiO2 hydrophobes pour l'oxydation en phase liquide." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10373.
Повний текст джерелаMahdjoub, Habiba. "Mise au point d'une méthode électrochimique de caractérisation de la porosité de films minces : application à l'étude de revêtements de nickel élaborés par pulvérisation cathodique." Besançon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BESA2029.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work is to establish an electrochemical method for the characterization of the open porosity of thin coatings in order to study the influence of deposition conditions on microstructure of nickel coatings elaborated on copper by cathodic pulverisation. Indeed, P. V. D coatings are often porous due to their columnar microstructure. In the literature, there are several approaches in relation to the determination of the open porosity. Several disadvantages and limitshave been noted. The electrochemical methods used are based on the galvanic corrosion theory. This approach takes into account the galvanic coupling between th two materials contrarily to other methods. The porosity measurement is made indirectly. Three electrochemical methods were developed, by using the galavanic coupling of bulk materials. Theses studies allow to establish calibration curves which give the porosity rate S(A)/S(R) as a function of the corrosion potential. In order to validate the electrochemical methods developed for the measurement of the porosity rate of coatings, they have been compared to a coulometric method (taken from the literature). In the same way it takes into account the galavanic coupling between the two materials. Different kinds of electrolyte have been tested. The electrolyte have been optimised because the sensitivity of the measurements depends on its nature, its composition. . . KOCN and KCN electrolytes have been chosen because copper can dissolve and nickel is passive. It has been shown the influence of the morphology on the coating porosity : the porosity decreases as the coating becomes more dense. Generally, a low argon pressure, a low substrate-target distance, a static substrate, an applied power to the target sufficiently elevated and a sufficient coating thickness allow to obtain a more dense coating and hence to decrease the porosity. The substrate surface roughness has to be the lowest possible. The electrochemical methods allow to measure porosity values in a large area. The upper limit of porosity measurements depends greatly on the electrolyte
Panteix, Pierre-Jean. "Synthèse et caractérisation de conducteurs ioniques à structure apatitique." Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/0e2e1931-fdaf-4a60-a348-2707f7246747/blobholder:0/2005LIMO0060.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn the field of the production of electrical energy, the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) have been for a few years the object of studies aiming at optimizing their performances. The too high operating temperature remains the principal point to improve, related above all to the nature of the electrolyte: at the present time, the most used material is the yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which properties of conduction of the ions O2- are sufficient about 1000°C. The lowering of the operating temperature to an "intermediate" range (600-800°C) thus passes by the search for an efficient material in this range of temperature. The oxyapatites are potential candidates. This work first proposes a bibliographical review. The conditions of use of the SOFC are summarized, founding the schedule of conditions of various materials constituting it. The crystalline structure of apatites is then detailed. The various research already carried out on the properties of ionic conduction of the oxyapatites is indexed. The oxyapatite selected as reference (La9,33(SiO4)6O2) is synthesized by solid state synthesis and then densified by natural sintering or hot pressing. The processes are optimized in order to obtain samples as pure as possible with good densification ratios. The influence of residual porosity on the electric response is detailed: the particular microstructure of the pellets leads to regard the materials as composites apatite-air. The improvement of conductivity involves a better comprehension of the mechanisms governing the diffusion of the ions O2- within the crystalline structure. As a consequence, several series of samples with controlled stoichiometries are synthesized and characterized. The influence of various defects is thus studied, giving information on the predominant parameters in the formulation of material, and highlighting particularly the importance of the relations between the stoichiometry and electrical properties
Knecht, Leonora. "Contribution à la caractérisation des formations réservoir par intégration d'images électriques et de données pétrophysiques." Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30011.
Повний текст джерелаGrunenwald, Anthony. "Dépôt et caractérisation de couches minces diélectriques poreuses à porosité ordonnée obtenues par voies sol-gel et plasma." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENCM0004/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is dealing with the challenging preparation and integration of porous dielectric materials with ultra low permittivity (ULK) for interconnections in microelectronic devices. This study focuses on synthesis of hydrophobic ULK thin layers with ordered and isolated porosity obtained by sol-gel. An improvement in mechanical properties and a decrease of the impurities migration in the heart of the bulk are expected. Hydrophobic and mesostructured ULK (k < 2.2) materials have been obtained by sol-gel after removal of porogen mesophases by thermal treatment and for the first time under UV irradiation. Mesostructural and microstructural properties of the layers were discussed with regard to the porosity and mechanical properties. The electrical and gas permeation measurements were also discussed in the framework of their possible applications as ULK materials and gas separation membranes, respectively. Using PECVD, styrene-based polymers, have been synthesized and also characterized in terms of mechanical and gas separation properties
Roque, Vincent. "Caractérisation par méthodes micro-acoustiques de pastilles de dioxyde d'uranium." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20222.
Повний текст джерелаCherif, Zine Eddine. "Caractérisation et optimisation d’un pré-imprégné industriel fibre lin/résine époxy pour les matériaux composites." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2004.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the characterization and optimization of a prepreg based on epoxy resin and flax fibres. The reinforcement consists of fabrics made by twisted flax yarn. The composites were manufactured by two methods: hot platen press and autoclave chamber. Each material was tested using tensile tests to determine its mechanical properties (elastic and at break). Sorption properties were studied by immersion aging tests. Finally, the damping capacity of the flax/epoxy composite was determined from vibration tests of free beams and was compared with carbon/epoxy, glass/epoxy and kevlar/epoxy composites. A systematic study of the influence of the prepreg manufacturing parameters has been performed. We have studied the effect of the type of reinforcement (woven or quasi-unidirectional), the weaving parameters (yarn diameter, filling rate) and the influence of various textile pretreatments (applied to yarn or fabric). Some models are proposed to overcome the rate of porosity on the mechanical properties as well as on the sorption properties. The aim of this work is to identify the main properties of a range of flax/epoxy prepregs with woven reinforcement, and to establish optimal manufacturing conditions to optimize their performances
Marie, Julien. "Conception, étude et caractérisation de nouveau matériaux d'électrode de pile à combustible PEM à partir d'aérogel de carbone : mise en oeuvre en assemblage membrane/électrodes." Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENMP1426.
Повний текст джерелаHamoudi, Ali. "Méthode inverse pour la caractérisation des milieux poreux." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1489.
Повний текст джерелаClarisse, Jade. "Croissance cristalline de polymères de coordination : synthèse, suivi calorimétrique et caractérisation structurale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10269/document.
Повний текст джерелаPorous coordination polymers so called Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are considered for promising development and applications such as in catalyst. However, the understanding of the synthesis mechanisms and crystal growth is a challenge. Currently, only a few in-situ studies have been done to rationalize the synthesis of MOFs, such as monitoring by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray diffraction. In this manuscript the differential scanning calorimetry is proposed as an easier technique to implement that allows a continuous calorimeter tracking to identify the phenomena which govern the synthesis such as the formation reaction and crystallization temperatures. With such thermal analyses, the temperature range of the reaction was determined and the importance of various parameters influencing the synthesis was studied, such as heating temperatures and cooling speeds or reactant concentration. This was applied to the synthesis of new porous coordination compounds based on porphyrin acid derivative in order to understand the important reaction steps. Crystal structure determinations show that some are Porphyrin Paddle-Wheel Frameworks. New approaches to the MOFs synthesis are also proposed using organic ligands like acids, imines, oximes and Schiff bases
Yousfi, Ismail. "Caractérisation de l’endommagement thermique et mécanique dans le mortier par les ondes acoustiques non linéaires." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECLI0009/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this work is the characterization of heat and mechanical damage in the mortar by the nonlinear acoustic waves. The correlation between non-linear/linear acoustic parameters and damage in mortar is studied based on experiments and modelling. For the heat damage, cylindrical specimens were prepared and were characterized by studying the porosity and saturation. Indeed, the linear acoustic (UPV) and non-linear acoustic (Higher harmonic generation) were applied to characterize the damage. The linear acoustic tests have shown that velocities and modulus of Young of the mortar decreases in function of the temperature. The non-linear acoustic tests have shown that beta increases in function of the temperature.For the mechanical damage. The self-healing phenomenon was characterized by the permeability and the acoustic tests. Indeed, the permeability tests have shown that the airflow and the crack size decreases quickly in the first month then slowly for the rest of the self-healing process. On the other hand, the non-linear acoustic tests shown that the alpha and beta decreases according to the self healing process which means that the nonlinear parameters are a good indicators to characterize the self-healing. Moreover, the analysis of the experimental results indicates that the frequency resonant technique is more efficient to characterize the defects in the mortar than the higher harmonic generation. A polynomial correlations of a 2nd degree was established between the nonlinear parameters and the index damage. The findings of this work should be most appropriate as a foundation for the study of the self healing by the nonlinear acoustic waves
Nouar, Assia. "Greffage de molécules azotées sur des structures carbonées à porosité hierarchisée." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAE009/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work, we studied the surface chemistry of porous carbons functionalized firstly with oximes and amidoximes and then with guanidine. We focused this work on the understanding and quantification of these functionalization with thermal analysis and more particularly by Temperature Programmed Desorption/Mass Spectrometry (TPD-MS). Subsequently, we evaluated the interest of guanidine functionalization of mesoporous carbons for two applications : the capture of CO2 and the ability to synthesize and stabilize metal nanoparticles. For the first application, CO2 adsorption tests at 0 ° C. and 20 ° C. at 1 bar were carried out on a mesoporous carbon oxidized under air in the presence or absence of guanidine. The intensity of interactions (physisorption versus chemisorption) was probed by isosteric adsorption heat calculations. For the second applications, we used oxidized mesoporous carbons with or without guanidine to synthesize silver nanoparticles less than 2 nm in size and relatively monodisperse in size. Bimetallic AgCu particles were also obtained from these mesoporous carbon matrices impregnated with guanidine. A beneficial role of guanidine on the reduced copper content has been shown here. In situ TEM has also been carried out in order to evaluate the thermal stability of these nanoparticles and to understand the interest of the functionalization on the sintering of these nanoparticles. Finally, catalytic tests for the selective epoxidation of styrene were also performed on these materials. The preliminary results are very promising for a catalyst preparation process and very simple to implement
Dourdain, Sandrine. "Caractérisation structurale, poreuse et mécanique de films minces de silice mésoporeuse : influence de la fonctionnalisation." Le Mans, 2006. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2006/2006LEMA1020.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis work dealt with the synthesis and characterization of mesoporous silica thin films. The synthesis uses the surfactant self-assembly route in order to template a silica gel. Hybrid thin films presenting a high degree of organization at the nanometer scale are obtained. Then the surfactant removal leads to materials of organized and tailored porosities and of large surface areas. Different synthesis parameters have been investigated. In situ measurements carried out by X ray Reflectivity (XR) and Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) have evidenced the major role played by the relative humidity. Some surfactant removal methods by ethanol rinsing have also been tested, with the intent to empty the mesopores without collapsing the mesostructured films. Based on the complete analysis of the reflectivity curves, a new method to determine the porosity of thin films has been developed. In combination with GISAXS experiments the pore and wall sizes, the surface area of the films and their pore distortion were obtained. The mesopores have a perfect size to promote the capillary condensation of water at ambient relative humidity. As the electron density contrast decreases strongly when water infiltrates the mesopores, the XR and GISAXS techniques have permitted to monitor by different ways the adsorption and the desorption of water in the porous network. The pore size distribution and porosity were estimated from the analysis of isotherms. Looking at the direct film structure deformation during the humidity cycles, some mechanical properties have also been investigated yielding the quantitative determination of the Young Modulus. Finally, this thesis was concluded by the study of the mesoporous films functionalisation. Different kinds of chemical functions have been grafted at the surface of mesopore with the aim to modify their hydrophilicity or their chemical reactivity
Charrière, Delphine. "Caractérisation de la sorption de gaz sur les charbons. Application au stockage géologique du dioxyde de carbone dans les veines de charbon." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT026G/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe CO2 and CH4 sorption onto coals has been characterized in laboratory in order to study the feasibility of CO2 geological storage in coal seams. The diffusion and sorption of CO2 and CH4 on coals of Lorraine and Gardanne basins have been performed from a gravimetric method until a pressure of 5 MPa and for temperatures from 283 to 333 K. The kinetics of sorption depends on the nature of gas, the grain size of coal, the gas pressure and the temperature. It can be represented by a unipore model based on Fick's law. The CO2 diffusion coefficient on coal is higher than that of CH4 and is about 10–12 m2 s–1. At equilibrium, the temperature, pressure, nature of gas, composition of coal and water content are parameters that influence the sorption capacity of coals. The coal of Lorraine basin has a greater capacity for sorption of CO2 (1.6 mmol g–1, ~ 36 m3 t–1) than that of coal of Gardanne basin. The model of Dubinin-Astakhov based on a pore volume filling, has a best fit of sorption data that Dubinin-Radushkevich and Langmuir models. Finally, the different mechanisms of water sorption on coal have been identified and can better interpret the influence of moisture on the gas sorption capacity. From all results, an assessment of capacity storage is discussed. This indicates the need for further studies in order to improve the permeability of the coal seams across the storage site for better gas injectivity
Grippari, Florence. "Caractérisation et filtration des aérosols nonastructurés : application aux fumées de projection thermique des métaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0158/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis study deals with the filtration of metallic particles contained in the metallization fumes. Experience feedback specific to the filtration of metallization fumes by dust collectors report a rapid clogging of filters and the inefficiency of pneumatic cleaning techniques commonly used. This leads to a high reduction in filters lifetime. The objective of this study is characterize clogging then unclogging in order to improve the performance of dust cartridge filter against metallization fumes. Three research axes were explored on a dedicated bench : - Metallization fumes characterization. It allows describing the spatial structure of the particle by the fractal dimension and the dynamic shape factor with the DMA-ELPI serial coupling and thanks to an original data analysis methodology validated on various aerosols. The characteristics obtained explain the clogging properties of metallization fumes. - Characterization of the cake generated during the filtration phase (or clogging). It shows a incompressible structure in the velocities filtration range of industry. The experimental porosity of the cake formed by filtering metallization fumes is estimated thanks to these studies. - Study on cleaning. It describes and explains the inefficiency of pneumatic cleaning techniques employed in industry. It appears that only a very small surface of the pleated media is unclogged. The precoating alternative is shown to be very efficient provided that it is combined with off-line cleaning procedures
Winisdorffer, Guillaume. "Caractérisation de la microstructure spatiale de la pomme en lien avec ses propriétés mécaniques par des méthodes quantitatives d'IRM." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=de877516-31c3-4c88-8773-b1d421c58ea2.
Повний текст джерелаMechanical properties of the pericarp of apple fruit are defined by multiple factors. Dry matter, as an insoluble fraction (cell wall) and a soluble fraction, water status and distribution within cell and tissues, the fraction of air between the cells and their size and organization influence the mechanical behavior of the tissue. Quantitative MRI is an interesting tool as it can non-destructively measure water status and distribution, which have seldom been studied. An original approach was applied by measuring the MRI multi-exponential relaxation signal of the fruit to extract the signal of different water pools. Studying the variations in amplitude and relaxation times of these fractions in fruit of different calibers allowed characterizing the heterogeneity of the fruit and the influence of cell size on MRI signal. A multi-instrumental approach applied to the parenchyma during cold storage then allowed comparing its viscoelastic properties (dynamic mechanical analysis) to its water distribution and its porosity (MRI) and the size, shape (macro-vision) and chemical composition (dosage of soluble sugars, cell wall hemicellulose and pectin) of its cells. Finally, the MRI signal of the tissues of whole fruit was studied at 1 and 6 month's storage. This study demonstrated the interest of MRI approach for characterizing the heterogeneity of the tissue according to water status and distribution and porosity. A better undestanding of some mechanisms implied in the NMR relaxation and of the relative influence of the structural and composition parameters on mechanical properties of the tissues was achieved
Sammartino, Stéphane. "La caractérisation d'un matériau à faible perméabilité : mesures expérimentales et analyses d'images ; application à la tonalité du sud-Vienne, effet de l'altération." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2309.
Повний текст джерелаBelghoul, Akram. "Caractérisation pétrophysique et hydrodynamique du socle cristallin." Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20189.
Повний текст джерелаTran, Manh Trung. "Caractérisation à l'aide de réactions modèles des catalyseurs très acides du type H-mordénite et zircone sulfatée." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2324.
Повний текст джерелаMatskova, Natalia. "Approche multi-échelle pour la caractérisation de l'espace poreux des réservoirs pétroliers argileux non conventionnels." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2276.
Повний текст джерелаGas shale reservoirs are characterized by pore systems, associated with a heterogeneous spatial distribution of mineral and organic phases at multiple scales. This high heterogeneity requires a multi-scale & multi-tool approach to characterize the pore network. Such an approach has been developed on 7 cores from the Vaca Muerta formation (Argentina), which belong to areas with various hydrocarbon maturities, but with comparable mineral compositions. 3D µtomography and quantitative 2D mapping of the connected porosity by autoradiography have been applied at the core scale, in aim to localize and analyze the spatial heterogeneities, and to identify similar homogenous areas for localizing comparable sub-samples.The correlative coupling of various techniques was applied to achieve quantitative balance of porosity and pore size distribution, from mm to nm scales on representative sub-samples and for the first time, on preserved blocks rather than crushed powders, even for nitrogen gas adsorption experiments. Results of autoradiography are in very good agreement with other total bulk porosities, indicating that all pores are connected and accessed by the 14C-MMA used for impregnation. Decreased total porosity and pore throat/body sizes were also observed as organic matter maturity increased. An innovative approach for electron microscopy images acquisition and treatment provided large mosaics, with the distribution of mineral and organic phases at the cm scale. The correlative coupling with the autoradiography porosity map of the same zone, revealed the spatial correlations between mineralogical variations and porosity
Seladji, Samir. "Caractérisation et suivi par méthodes géoélectriques de la dégradation physique des sols agricoles et forestiers liée au tassement." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066522.
Повний текст джерелаKinowski, Christophe. "Caractérisation spectroscopique et modélisation de l'effet de la porosité, de la densification et du dopage sur la structure de gels de silice." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-301.pdf.
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