Статті в журналах: "Captivity, 1862"

1

Lajtár, Lili, and Dávid Rédei. "First record of Fulvius oxycarenoides (Reuter, 1878) from Hungary (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)." Folia Entomologica Hungarica 84 (2023): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17112/foliaenthung.2023.84.121.

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Adult individuals of Fulvius oxycarenoides (Reuter, 1878) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Cylapinae: Fulviini) were observed and collected in July 2022 and March, May and July 2023 in Domaszék, Csongrád-Csanád county, Hungary. They were found in a woodpile and attracted to artificial light at night. This is the first Hungarian record of the species, the genus Fulvius Stål, 1862, the tribe Fulviini and the subfamily Cylapinae. Features of the behaviour of the species are briefly described based on observations made on three individuals kept in captivity.

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2

Dadaev, Yu U. "PEOPLE’S LIBERATIONSTRUGGLE UNDER BAISUNGUR’S COMMAND (1860-18." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch13128-35.

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Abstract: The author of the article analyzes life and activity of Imam Shamil’s legendary Naib after his captivity in August 1859, the activity of one-eyed, one-armed and one-legged brave Baisungur within the period from 1859 till his captivity by Russian soldiers in the Benoy society in February 1861. Basing on archival documents, published sources and field data collected by the author and Chechen researchers in the mountains of Dagestan and Chechnya, the author considers the main reasons for the rise and development of the people’s liberation movement of the mountaineers of the Benoy society under the command of Baisungur from Benoy, which in official documents of the Caucasian command was called Benoy or Ichkeria uprising. The author emphasizes that the main reason for the Benoyers’ uprising was harsh resettlement policy of the Caucasian command that did not take into account the socio-economic conditions and traditions of the Chechens. Baisungur, who headed the Benoy society for more than 30 years and was Imam Shamil’s Naib, was not the initiator of the renewal of military confrontation with the Russian authorities in the North-East Caucasus, but the fate of the Chechen society, which for the years of the Caucasian war sustained enormous human and moral losses, was the main factor for him. On the basis of analysis of the information published in the newspaper “Caucasus”, the author traces the course of the uprising in 1860 and the last period of life and activity of Baisungur and his relatives until his captivity in late February 1861 and his execution in Khasavyurt Square in March.

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3

Bercuci, Loredana. "Female and Unfree in America: Captivity and Slave Narratives." Romanian Journal of English Studies 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjes-2020-0004.

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Abstract This study analyses two seminal American memoirs that depict female captivity: A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson (1682) by Mary Rowlandson and Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861). My aim is to discuss, using the tools of Critical Race Theory, the intersections of gender and race, focusing on how the two women’s femininity, as well as their individuality, is linked to Christianity and motherhood.

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4

Fishburn, Matthew. "Dwarf emus from Baudin's voyage (1800–1804): an overlooked engraving by Nicolas Huet (1770–1830)." Archives of Natural History 49, no. 2 (October 2022): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2022.0791.

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The French voyage of exploration to New Holland (Australia) between 1800 and 1804, commanded by Nicolas Baudin (1754–1803), made substantial natural history collections, notably capturing dwarf emus from the two distinct populations on King Island (Île King) in Bass Strait (December 1802) and Kangaroo Island (Île Decrès) (January 1803). Two of these emus survived their voyage to France, were housed briefly at the Empress Josephine's menagerie at Malmaison, and then the zoological park of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Both died in 1822. With the wild populations on both islands exterminated soon after Baudin's visit, two watercolours, one by Charles-Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846) and one by Léon de Wailly ( fl. 1801–1824), have been central to the history of the dwarf emus. However, an important contemporary engraving by Nicolas Huet (1770–1830) depicting the two surviving emus in captivity has been overlooked. This essay explores the history of the images of the now extinct dwarf emus, as well as the production and significance of Huet's engraving.

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5

Logan, Lisa M., and Michelle Burnham. "Captivity and Sentiment: Cultural Exchange in American Literature, 1682-1861." American Literature 70, no. 2 (June 1998): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2902844.

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6

Singh, Jyotsna G., and Michelle Burnham. "Captivity and Sentiment: Cultural Exchange in American Literature, 1682-1861." William and Mary Quarterly 56, no. 2 (April 1999): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2674135.

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7

Lepore, Jill, and Michelle Burnham. "Captivity and Sentiment: Cultural Exchange in American Literature, 1682-1861." Journal of the Early Republic 19, no. 1 (1999): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124945.

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8

Samuels, Shirley, and Michelle Burnham. "Captivity & Sentiment: Cultural Exchange in American Literature, 1682- 1861." Journal of American History 86, no. 4 (March 2000): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567618.

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9

Carlos, Jaqueline, and Sérgio Luis Pinto da Matta. "Microscopic morphology and testis morphometry of captivity-bred Adult bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus Shaw, 1802)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, no. 6 (December 2009): 1461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000600018.

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The aim of this work was to study the testicular morphometry of captivity-bred adult bullfrogs. Fifteen young adult male were studied, in the rainy season and a lengthy photoperiod. The GSI was established at 0.15%. The nuclear diameter of germinative and Leydig cells, the nucleolus diameter of Sertoli cells and the area of cysts and tubules were determined and the mean number of ISPC, IISPC and SPT per cyst and the mean number of cysts per tubule was estimated. The nucleoplasmatic proportion of the nucleus of the Leydig cell was 76.22%, indicating less cytoplasmic activity. Eight generations of spermatogonia were found. The spermatogenesis efficiency in meiosis and in mitosis was 63 and 49%, respectively. The spermatogenesis of bullfrog fited in the pattern of other captivity Anurans, with differences as the morphology of Sertoli and Leydig cells nuclei.

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10

Siegel, D. S., R. D. Aldridge, C. S. Clark, E. H. Poldemann, and K. M. Gribbins. "Stress and reproduction in Boiga irregularis with notes on the ultrastructure of the sexual segment of the kidney in squamates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 12 (December 2009): 1138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-103.

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The reproductive tract of wild-caught male Boiga irregularis (Merrem, 1802) (Brown Treesnake) and the changes that result in these tissues from captivity are described. Wild-caught snakes were compared with snakes kept in captivity and sacrificed at approximately 10, 30, 50, and 60+ days. Snakes sacrificed after 10 days in captivity showed no differences in histological appearance or epithelial height in either the testis or sexual segment of the kidney (SSK) compared with wild snakes. Normal spermatogenic stages and SSK ultrastructure were observed in the testes and kidney from wild specimens and captive specimens after 10 days. In terms of the SSK, large electron-dense secretory vacuoles occupied the apices of the epithelial cells, while a basal nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies filled the bases of these cells. All SSK cells were actively secretory in a mode that could most accurately be termed apocrine. At time of secretion, released vacuoles become diffuse and the apical membrane ruptures, spilling the SSK contents into the distal nephron lumen. Between 10 and 30 days in captivity, spermatogenesis and secretion in the SSK ceased and the epithelial height of both tissues decreased. At approximately 60 days, testicular epithelial height increased and spermatogenic activity was reestablished. The SSK, however, remained regressed at 60 days.

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11

Dyadichko, Vasiliy G. "Keeping and breeding the Algerian Whipsnake Hemorrhois algirus (Jan, 1863) in captivity." Reptiles & Amphibians 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v21i2.13996.

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I describe the first instance off successful captive propagation of Algerian Whipsnakes (Hemorrhois algurus) in 2012–2013. In 2010–2012, a juvenile male and an adult pair were maintained separately. After two months of hibernation (October–December 2012) at 10–16 °C, the adults were introduced and subsequently housed together. The female laid six eggs on 23 March. They were incubated at 27–29 °C and one young hatched on 25 May, but died after 11 days during the first shed. The remaining eggs were dissected and found to contain dead embryos. On 1 June 2013, the female laid a second clutch of five eggs. They were incubated at 25–27 °C at night and 26–30 °C during the day. The young hatched between 3 and 15 August (exact dates unknown). After the first shed, they started to feed on small lizards, and later began to accept newborn mice.

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12

Perez, Margarita C., Daniel A. Lopez, Karina Aguila, and Maria Luisa Gonzalez. "Feeding and growth in captivity of the octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus Gould, 1852." Aquaculture Research 37, no. 6 (April 2006): 550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01454.x.

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13

Heckford, R. J., and S. D. Beavan. "Thisanotia chrysonuchella (Scopoli, 1763) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): a review of the early stages." Entomologist's Gazette 71, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.713.1771.

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An account is given of the ovum and larva of Thisanotia chrysonuchella (Scopoli, 1763) together with photographs of both, including the latter in various instars. Except for a description of the first instar, all other accounts of the larva in the British literature appear to be based on a German publication of 1865 that does not entirely agree with our observations. We review cited larval foodplants, all in the Poaceae, and set out our observations on larvae feeding on moss in captivity.

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14

Talmale, S. S., and T. Bharathimeena. "Notes on taxonomy and captive development of the Rattus andamanensis (Blyth, 1860) (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Andamans, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 12 (December 26, 2017): 11009. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3694.9.12.11009-11015.

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Studies on mammalian fauna from the Andaman & Nicobar Islands have been done by various researchers but meager information is available on rodent fauna from these Islands. Morphometric and cranial details of fresh specimens of one of the rodent species, Rattus andamanensis (Blyth, 1860) of family Muridae, collected from its type locality in southern Andamans has been reported in the present paper. Morphological variations within the population are discussed. Observations on in-captivity-development of the young ones of the species in the laboratory are also recorded.

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15

Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. "Surviving Andersonville: The Benefits of Social Networks in POW Camps." American Economic Review 97, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 1467–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.4.1467.

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Twenty-seven percent of the Union Army prisoners captured July 1863 or later died in captivity. At Andersonville, the death rate may have been as high as 40 percent. How did men survive such horrific conditions? Using two independent datasets, we find that friends had a statistically significant positive effect on survival probabilities and that the closer the ties between friends as measured by such identifiers as ethnicity, kinship, and the same hometown, the bigger was the impact of friends on survival probabilities. (JEL N41, Z13)

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16

Esa, Yuzine B., Abdulrahman Muhammad Dadile, Fadhil Syukri, Annie Christianus, and Mohammad Y. Diyaware. "Evaluation of Fecundity, Fertilization, Hatching, and Gonadosomatic Index of Exotic Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and Native Clarias macromystax (Gunther, 1864) under Semi-Arid Conditions of Nigeria." Animals 13, no. 11 (May 23, 2023): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13111723.

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The study evaluates the hybridizations between two African catfish, C. gariepinus and C. macromystax, using artificial reproduction. Fecundity and gonadosomatic index were assessed, and growth performance at different developmental stages was evaluated. The results indicated that both species possess a similar gonadosomatic index. The parent C. gariepinus possesses significantly (p < 0.05) higher male reproductive quality than C. macromystax. Fecundity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the female parent of C. macromystax and lower in C. gariepinus. The highest fertilization rates and hatching rates were achieved in the hybrid cross of ♀C. macromystax × ♂C. gariepinus (♀Cm × ♂Cg) which also recorded the lowest deformed larva rate. Survival rates at the larval stage were more than 80%, with the highest record of survival in the hybrid ♀Cm × ♂Cg. However, survival rates in the fry stage were lower than 70%. The hybrid cross (C. macromystax × C. gariepinus) outperformed the parental cross of C. macromystax but was not significantly similar to the parental cross of C. gariepinus. The study revealed the potential of the hybrid ♀C. macromystax × ♂C. gariepinus, and hybridizations of ♀C. macromystax × ♂C. gariepinus (♀Cm × ♂Cg) are indeed possible and proved to have a better growth and survival rate under semi-arid conditions, which would contribute significantly to the improvement of C. macromystax production in captivity.

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17

Serrano-Pinto, V., and J. Caraveo-Patiño. "Survival of amarillo snapper Lutjanus argentiventris (Peters 1869) at different salinities in captivity." Aquaculture Research 30, no. 6 (June 1999): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00352.x.

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18

Loebel, Thomas. "Captivity and Sentiment: Cultural Exchange in American Literature, 1682-1861 (review)." Eighteenth-Century Fiction 11, no. 2 (1999): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecf.1999.0045.

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19

Dos Santos-Costa, Maria Cristina, and Clarice Hofstadler-Deiques. "The ethmoidal region and cranial adaptations of the neotropical aquatic snake Helicops infrataeniatus Jan, 1865 (Serpentes, Colubridae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 23, no. 1 (2002): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853802320877645.

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AbstractThe ethmoidal region of the snake Helicops infrataeniatus is described on the basis of serial sections. Cavernous tissue and a subnasal muscle circling the nasal vestibule were identified. These structures are related to the aquatic habit of this species, serving as a device for narrowing walls of the fenestra narina, which prevents the entry of water when the snake submerges. Observations related to behavior in captivity are also presented.

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20

Pepe-Victoriano, Renzo, Héctor Aravena-Ambrosetti, and Germán E. Merino. "Breeding of a Wild Population of South Pacific Bonito Sarda chiliensis chiliensis (Cuvier 1832) Broodstock under Laboratory Conditions in Pisagua, Northern Chile." Animals 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12010024.

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The wild population of South Pacific bonito Sarda chiliensis chiliensis, which has a wide distribution in northern Chile, is considered of importance in Chilean aquaculture. The biological feasibility of cultivation of any marine species begins with the establishment of an initial broodstock population to obtain eggs, larvae, and juveniles. In this work, 22 South Pacific bonito fishing campaigns were carried out in Pisagua, Chile, between spring in November 2011 and the summer in January 2012. At least 74 specimens were obtained of which 24 survived the capture and transport processes. Fish were stocked in a recirculating land-based aquaculture system, and at 14 months under captivity, fish began spawning. Eggs were collected, to describe some stages of development, and were placed in incubators at 20 °C and on the third-day eggs hatched. Larvae reached a total length between 1.435 and 1.7 mm, which were accurately characterized during their first morphological changes. This is the first work that describes the capture, transport, and acclimatization in captivity of a breeding population of wild Pacific bonito in Chile.

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21

Martin, Gabriel M., and Baltazar González-Chávez. "Observations on the behavior of Caenolestes fuliginosus (Tomes, 1863) (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata, Caenolestidae) in captivity." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 2 (January 5, 2016): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv203.

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Abstract We describe the behavior in captivity of the dusky shrew-opossum Caenolestes fuliginosus from 17 specimens captured at Finca La Martinica (Colombia), which were kept alive in plastic terraria for different periods of time (between 1 and 12 consecutive days). We found that C. fuliginosus can climb and jump well and uses its nonprehensile tail as a support when climbing. Feeding observations showed a preference towards an animalivorous diet, which included moths/butterflies (Insecta, Lepidoptera), stick-insects (Insecta, Phasmatoidea), flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria), earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta), frogs (Amphibia, e.g., Pristimantis sp.), and dead rodents (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae, e.g., Microryzomys sp., Thomasomys sp.). Individuals were active throughout the day and night, with no indication of daily torpor. Our observations showed C. fuliginosus is not aggressive towards congeners and often aggregates during rest, especially when several individuals are placed together. Unlike other New World marsupials, C. fuliginosus showed nonagonistic group feeding behavior when consuming carcasses. Stereotyped behavior patterns (e.g., grooming) were not frequently observed. Our work provides comparative information for further studies on caenolestids and other New World marsupials. En este trabajo describimos el comportamiento en cautiverio del ratón Runcho, Caenolestes fuliginosus, a partir de la observación directa de 17 individuos capturados en Finca La Martinica (Colombia), que fueron mantenidos en terrarios plásticos por diferentes períodos de tiempo (entre 1 y 12 días consecutivos). Observamos que C. fuliginosus puede trepar y saltar bien, usando su cola no prensil como soporte al trepar. Los individuos mostraron preferencias alimenticias hacia una dieta animalívora que incluyó: polillas/mariposas (Insecta, Lepidoptera), insectos palo (Insecta, Phasmatoidea), gusanos planos de vida libre (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria), lombrices (Annelida, Oligochaeta), ranas/sapos (Amphibia, e.g., Pristimantis sp.) y roedores muertos (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae, e.g., Microryzomys sp., Thomasomys sp.). Observamos actividad durante todo el día y la noche, sin preferencias, y no observamos torpor en ningún individuo. Los individuos no mostraron comportamiento agresivo hacia sus congéneres y, con frecuencia, se juntaron para descansar unos sobre otros. A diferencia de otros marsupiales del nuevo mundo, C. fuliginosus no mostró comportamiento agonístico cuando se alimenta de cadáveres. Patrones estereotipados de comportamiento (e.g., limpieza) no fueron frecuentemente observados. Nuestro trabajo aporta información comparativa para futuros estudios sobre el comportamiento de otros cenoléstidos y marsupiales del nuevo mundo.

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22

ČORNOVOL, Ihor. "Fathers, Sons, and Identity in the Galicia. Mykola Hankevyč and Henryk Wereszycki." Ukraine-Poland: Historical Heritage and Public Consciousness 11 (2018): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/up.2018-11-73-77.

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The author approached the problem of national identity – the most popular topic among Ukrainian scholars still – in the terms of relativism. Despite the ancestry, a person might choose other identity in Ukraine. The article focuses on biography of Henryk Wereszycki (1898–1990), a Polish historian. His natural father Mykola Hankevyč was a leader of the Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party, mother was Rosa Altenberg, a daughter of a Jewish book trader. Contrary to his parents, Henryk became neither Ukrainian, nor Jewish but a prominent Polish historian. After graduating from the Faculty of History of Lviv University, H. Vereshytskyi taught history at Lviv gymnasiums. In 1930 was published his first book «Austria and the 1863 Uprising». For the last four pre-war summers he worked as a librarian at the Pilsudski Institute in Warsaw. In September 1939, H. Vereshytskyi participated in the fighting for Warsaw, was captured and spent five years in fascist concentration camps. His mother, brother and sister were died in captivity. In the postwar period G. Vereshytsky continued his career as a historian.From 1945 to 1947 he worked in the Institute of National Memory, 1947–1956 – docent of Wroclaw University, 1956–1969 – Professor, later is a Doctor of Jagiellonian University. The entire edition of his first book «The Political History of Poland. 1864–1918» (1948) was destroyed by censorship. This book (first reprinted in Poland in 1990), as well as his «History of Austria» and «Under the Habsburgs» were included in the gold fund of Polish historiography. Keywords socialism in Galicia, Polish historiography, Rozalia Altenberg, Mykola Hankevych, Henryk Vereshytskyi.

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23

Costa, Dora L., Noelle Yetter, and Heather DeSomer. "Intergenerational transmission of paternal trauma among US Civil War ex-POWs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 44 (October 15, 2018): 11215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803630115.

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We study whether paternal trauma is transmitted to the children of survivors of Confederate prisoner of war (POW) camps during the US Civil War (1861–1865) to affect their longevity at older ages, the mechanisms behind this transmission, and the reversibility of this transmission. We examine children born after the war who survived to age 45, comparing children whose fathers were non-POW veterans and ex-POWs imprisoned in very different camp conditions. We also compare children born before and after the war within the same family by paternal ex-POW status. The sons of ex-POWs imprisoned when camp conditions were at their worst were 1.11 times more likely to die than the sons of non-POWs and 1.09 times more likely to die than the sons of ex-POWs when camp conditions were better. Paternal ex-POW status had no impact on daughters. Among sons born in the fourth quarter, when maternal in utero nutrition was adequate, there was no impact of paternal ex-POW status. In contrast, among sons born in the second quarter, when maternal nutrition was inadequate, the sons of ex-POWs who experienced severe hardship were 1.2 times more likely to die than the sons of non-POWs and ex-POWs who fared better in captivity. Socioeconomic effects, family structure, father-specific survival traits, and maternal effects, including quality of paternal marriages, cannot explain our findings. While we cannot rule out fully psychological or cultural effects, our findings are most consistent with an epigenetic explanation.

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24

Abel, Isis dos Santos, Denclair Escobar de Almeida Junior, Adivaldo Henrique da Fonseca, Cleber Oliveira Soares, and Márcia Mayumi Ishikawa. "Borrelia sp. in naturally infected Didelphis aurita (Wied, 1826) (marsupialia: didelphidae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 43, no. 3 (2000): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132000000300010.

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Fifty-six opossums (Didelphis aurita) were captured on the campus of Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica county, Rio de Janeiro state, in order to investigate the occurrence of Borrelia sp among them in relation with the study of spirochaetemia and its ectoparasites. Blood tests were made through dark field and phase contrast microscopy, as well as the obtainment of blood smears. Smears were stained with Giemsa stain, which did not prove efficacy. There was no relation between results obtained through blood tests (13 opossum positive for Borreliasp.), and this technique (two positive animals). Parasitaemia studies of 37 animals kept in captivity as well as of several recaptures in which animals once negative proved to be positive days later, showed that haemoscopical studies could be used as an effective diagnosis tool. Ectoparasites from nine animals were classified; with the occurrence of nymphal Amblyomma cajennense and adult Ctenocephalides sp..

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25

Amiati, Dewi Ayu, Burhanuddin Masyud, and R. Garsetiasih. "Pengaruh Pengunjung terhadap Perilaku dan Pola Konsumsi Rusa Timor (Rusa timorensis de Blainville 1822) di Penangkaran Hutan Penelitian Dramaga." Buletin Plasma Nutfah 21, no. 2 (October 12, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/blpn.v21n2.2015.p47-60.

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Timor deer (Rusa timorensis de Blainville 1822) known as java deers are native Indonesian fauna, mostly found ex situ. Deers in captivity can be an attraction object of tourism. The research was conducted from March to April 2013 at Dramaga Research Forest, Situ Gede Village, Bogor City. Dramaga research forest was build on 1956 as an arboretum with 127 tree species. The purpose of this research was to identify deer feed given by visitors in captivity, changes in behavior and consumption patterns. The feed given by visitors to deer was about 89% convolvulus, 8% carrots, 2% leaves, and 1% wild grasses. The feed meets the basic needs of a deer with convolvulus containing 8,93% protein and carrots containing 19,99% protein. The results of statistical test by chi-square indicate that no real influence on the behavior and consumption patterns of the deers in captivity, but nominally show some changes decrease of persentation. Consumption pattern and social behaviour increased, while resting, locomotion, and ruminational behaviours decreased. AbstrakRusa timor (Rusa timorensis de Blainville 1822) merupakan rusa asli Indonesia yang populasinya banyak ditemukan di luar habitat aslinya, khususnya di penangkaran. Rusa dapat menjadi daya tarik wisata di penangkaran, karena tampilannya yang menarik. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret sampai April 2013 di Hutan Penelitian (HP) Dramaga, Kelurahan Situ Gede, Kecamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor. Hutan Penelitian Dramaga dibangun tahun 1956 dengan tujuan sebagai koleksi tanaman dengan 127 jenis pohon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi pakan rusa yang diberikan pengunjung di penangkaran Dramaga, perubahan perilaku dan pola konsumsi. Metode pengumpulan data melalui pengamatan langsung di lapang dengan focal animal sampling dan metode pengambilan data one-zero sampling terhadap perilaku dan pola konsumsi rusa, wawancara dengan pengunjung serta studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis pakan yang diberikan oleh pengunjung meliputi 89% kangkung, 8% wortel, 2% daun-daun, dan 1% rumput lapang. Jenis pakan memiliki nilai gizi yang dapat mencukupi kebutuhan rusa di penangkaran. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pakan oleh pengunjung tidak berpengaruh terhadap perubahan perilaku dan pola konsumsi harian rusa. Tetapi secara nominal menunjukkan adanya perubahan perilaku makan dan sosial yang meningkat, perilaku istirahat, lokomosi, dan mamah biak yang menurun. Perubahan tersebut berpengaruh pada kegiatan biologis rusa, dan diduga dapat mengganggu kesehatan.

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Islam, Md Sherazul, Dilshad Milky Tuly, Mst Hasnahena, Ponkoj Bahadur, and Md Rezwanul Hasan. "Induced Breeding of Freshwater Goby, Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) in the Captivity: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 9, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2014.24.32.

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Eastman, Scott. "‘America Has Escaped from our Hands’: Rethinking Empire, Identity and Independence during the Trienio Liberal in Spain, 1820-1823." European History Quarterly 41, no. 3 (July 2011): 428–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691411405299.

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Spanish nationalists lauded the Constitution of 1812, which erased the boundaries of colony and metropole. By the early 1820s, however, separatists narrated 300 years of American history as a Biblical tale of enslavement, with nations ultimately freed from captivity by the heroism and martyrdom of liberators such as Hidalgo. Contrary to the idea that an apathetic metropolis turned away from its empire, this article recovers a vibrant public sphere in which debates raged over independence, nationality and the possibilities of constitutional monarchy. As Spain and Mexico shared a liberal political culture, it is clear that national identities diverged only inasmuch as nationalists insisted upon distinctive cultural and historical roots and the definitive separation of the ‘two Spains’.

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Khomchenko, Sergey. "Prisoners of the Great Army in the Smolensk Province in 1812–1814." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 3(63) (December 19, 2023): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2023-63-3-104-118.

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During the Patriotic War of 1812, a significant number of military personnel of Napoleon’s Great Army were captured on the territory of the Smolensk province. Many of them later lived here until the summer of 1813, after that they were transferred deeper into Russia. Later, other parties of prisoners of war were transported through the province, both to the east and, after liberation, and in the opposite direction. Some of the prisoners wished to accept Russian citizenship and connect their future fate with our country. Previous studies on this topic were based mainly on materials from the State Archives of the Smolensk Region. In this work, the source base is expanded to include documents from the Russian State Historical Archive and memoirs. The article clarifies the number of prisoners of war who were in the Smolensk province in 1812–1814, their ethnic composition, besides it deals with the conditions of their detention, their acceptance of citizenship, and memories of their time in captivity in the Smolensk province.

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Şakul, Kahraman. "What happened to Pouqueville’s Frenchmen? Ottoman treatment of the French prisoners during the War of the Second Coalition (1798-1802)." Turkish Historical Review 3, no. 2 (2012): 168–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462x00302005.

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This essay is about the Ottoman treatment of war prisoners at the end of the eighteenth century. It questions the common assumption of Ottoman fanaticism and ignorance of European military norms in the treatment of captives. Pouqueville’s memoirs of captivity played a crucial role in the emergence of this view, but a comparison of his testimony and Ottoman documents shows that there is a discrepancy between the two accounts. While there were many differences in practice, the Ottomans shared a legalistic view of the treatment of war prisoners, based on the concept of reciprocity.

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Kenney, Padraic. "“I felt a kind of pleasure in seeing them treat us brutally.” The Emergence of the Political Prisoner, 1865–1910." Comparative Studies in Society and History 54, no. 4 (September 20, 2012): 863–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417512000448.

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AbstractThe political prisoner is a figure taken for granted in historical discourse, with the term being used broadly to describe any individual held in captivity for oppositional activities. This article argues for understanding the political prisoner, for whom prison becomes a vehicle of politics, as the product of modern states and political movements. The earlier practices of the “imprisoned political,” for whom prison was primarily an obstacle to politics, gave way to prisoners who used the category creatively against the regimes that imprisoned them. Using the cases of Polish socialists in the Russian Empire, Fenians in Ireland, suffragettes in Britain, andsatyagrahiin British South Africa, this article explains how both regimes and their prisoners developed common practices and discourses around political incarceration in the years 1865–1910.

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TANG, DANNY, MAKIO YANAGISAWA, and KAZUYA NAGASAWA. "Redescription of Prosaetes rhinodontis (Wright, 1876) (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida), an enigmatic parasite of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus Smith (Elasmobranchii: Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae)." Zootaxa 2493, no. 1 (June 3, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2493.1.1.

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The siphonostomatoid copepod Prosaetes rhinodontis (Wright, 1876) is redescribed in detail based on adult female specimens recently collected from the sieve-like gill rakers of a whale shark, Rhincodon typus Smith, held in captivity off the coast of Motobu-cho, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. Comparisons with other caligiform copepod species previously identified as Dysgamus atlanticus Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861 and described as Echthrogaleus pectinatus Kirtisinghe, 1964 from a whale shark revealed that these two taxa are conspecific with P. rhinodontis. The latter is transferred herein from the Pandaridae to the Cecropidae based on the relatively slim shape of its maxilliped corpus, and an amended diagnosis of Prosaetes C. B. Wilson, 1907 is provided. Neotype material of P. rhinodontis was selected from a previous collection of 173 specimens removed from a whale shark caught alive off the coast of Yonabaru-cho, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan, and subsequently held in captivity, albeit briefly, in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu-cho, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. Asymmetrical clusters of P. rhinodontis females on the host’s gill rakers were observed in this study, which suggest that this aggregative behavior most likely does not facilitate their attachment to the host but rather is a strategy used to augment their reproductive fitness. We also postulate that P. rhinodontis grazes on the epithelium of the host’s gill rakers and is, in contrast to other cecropids, a relatively vagile species.

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Clement, Mark. "A Cross-Cultural Encounter in Pre-Colonial Burma: Henry Gouger’s Narrative of Commerce and Captivity, 1822–26." Journal of Burma Studies 17, no. 2 (2013): 335–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jbs.2013.0013.

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Barinova, A. M., M. A. Bragin, and N. A. Veselova. "Social Behaviour of Bush Dogs, Speothos Venaticus (Lund, 1842) in Captivity." Timiryazev Biological Journal, no. 2 (April 14, 2023): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2949-4710-2023-2-49-58.

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In the present study, we analysed the social behaviour of a family group of bush dogs, Speothos venaticus (Lund, 1842), at Moscow Zoo. A unique situation has developed at Moscow Zoo, which makes it possible to observe a family group of bush dogs, consisting of 23 individuals. The group consisted of the parent couple and five litters of cubs (10 males and 11 females). The study was carried out in the summer and autumn of 2022 by observing a focal group of animals of different sex and age, consisting of 12 individuals (5 females and 6 males). The hierarchical structure of a group of bush dogs, the ratio of various forms of social behaviour of animals, as well as the nature of their aggressive interactions were evaluated. It was shown that in the studied family group, the dominant parent couple and their off spring were distinguished, which corresponds to the data known from the literature. The predominant form of behavior in animals was group movement around the enclosure, which accounted for 47.3% of all social interactions between dogs. The level of aggression was low among older individuals. Probably, the hierarchical structure of the group of bush dogs is not based on the aggression of high-ranking individuals, but on the demonstration of submission by low-ranking ones. Other social interactions observed included play, communication, marking, parental, and sexual behaviour. There were sex differences in the way territory was marked with urine. Females marked territory by adopting a standing posture on their forelegs, while males sprayed urine. At the same time, sequential urinary marking prevailed (71.6%).

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Dos Santos-Cipriano, Filipe, Kauana Santos de Lima, Érica Bevitório-Passinato, Raildo Mota de Jesus, Francisco Oliveira de Magalhães Júnior, William Cristiane Teles-Tonini, and Luis Gustavo Tavares-Braga. "Apparent digestibility of energetic ingredients by pirarucu juveniles, Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822)." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 43, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol43-issue4-fulltext-18.

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An understanding of feed ingredient digestibility for the pirarucu is a fundamental step in the development of feeds that promote proper growth of the specie while in captivity. A digestibility trial was conducted with four treatments in triplicate (corn starch, corn, rice bran and wheat bran) to evaluate the digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein and amino acids by the pirarucu. We used indirect methodology with the inclusion of chromium oxide at 0.1% in the feeds. In total, 18 juveniles were used, with an average live weight of 235 ± 36 g. The sampled juveniles were trained to consume the feeds prior to testing. The corn and cornstarch presented the best apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, with 76.37% and 70.66%, respectively, followed by rice bran (46.23%) and wheat bran (45.13%). The best ADCs of crude protein were observed in corn (93.44%) and cornstarch (90.94%) compared to rice bran (68.23%) and wheat bran (68.58%). There was no significant difference in the ADC of gross energy; the values ranged from 47.10% for corn starch to 40.10% for corn. The corn and corn starch presented the best ADCs for all the amino acids evaluated, followed by rice bran and wheat bran.

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Figueira, Milene de Paula, Ita de Oliveira e. Silva, and Vanner Boere. "Olfactory Enrichment in Hoary Foxes (Lycalopex vetulus LUND 1842): A Case Study." Animals 13, no. 9 (May 3, 2023): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13091530.

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We have tested a method of olfactory environmental enrichment in hoary foxes used in other wild canids in captivity. The individuals were exposed to four olfactory stimuli (meat, mouse urine, cheese, and egg) that were wrapped in cotton bags outside the enclosures at the zoo for five minutes. Behavioral observations were performed using the focal animal method, and all occurrences were recorded. The pre-exposure phase (Basal), exposure phase (Exp), and post-exposure phase and Basal phase (Pos) were analyzed for a period of five minutes. Behavioral responses were categorized as positive, negative, or other. Positive behavior tended to increase (p = 0.07) from the Basal phase to the Exp phase, but there was no statistical difference (p = 0.31) between the phases. Negative and other behavior did not differ statistically from the Basal phase to the Exp phase (N−, p = 0.32; Ot, p = 0.35) or Basal to the Pos phase (N−, p = 0.18; Ot, p = 0.92). The odors used seemed to elicit positive behavior weakly. Negative behavior was stable for the hoary foxes. The method failed to improve the hoary foxes’ welfare. Because their natural diet is based on insects and fruits, it is suggested that the stimuli used in this study have no appetitive value for hoary foxes. The method used with the same olfactory stimuli that were successful in other canid species is unsuitable for hoary foxes.

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Dadaev, Yu U. "THE BEGINNING OF NAIB BAISUNGUR’S ACTIVITY IN PEOPLE’S LIBERATION STRUGGLE IN DAGESTAN AND CHECHNYA IN THE 19th CENTURY." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch13264-71.

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The article covers the long-term participation of the legendary Naib Baisungur from Benoy in the people’s liberation struggle under the command of Imams Gazimuhammad, Shamil and Sheikh Tashav-Haji from Endirei. Basing on archival documents, published sources and field data collected by the author and Chechen researchers in the mountains of Dagestan and Chechnya for the last 30 years, the author analyzes military talent, unfailing courage, bravery, organizational skills, kind and noble human qualities of the leader of the mountaineers Naib Baisungur from Benoy. The author emphasizes that Baisungur participated in the people’s liberation struggle under the leadership of the first Imam Gazimuhammad until September 1832, the second Imam Gamzatbek until September 1834, Sheikh Tashav-Haji until 1843 and under the leadership of Imam Shamil until August 1859. After Shamil’s captivity, from the end of 1859 till February 1861 he continued to lead the liberation struggle of the mountaineers. Among all Imam Shamil’s companions (naibs, murids, muftis, kadis, teachers) Baisungur from Benoy held a specific place, he supported and helped Shamil for more than 30 years. He took an active part in the formation and development of the Imamate state at all stages of its construction. For thirty years Baisungur headed the Benoy society, he was the chief of the Benoy society, the naib of Imam Shamil, he participated in many battles against the tsarist troops. In these battles he lost an eye, an arm and a leg. Baisungur overcame all imaginable hardships of the cruel war, and he always remained a living example of unfailing courage and bravery for all Dagestan and Chechen people. He was a particularly bright person, he enjoyed great respect and authority from Imams Gazimuhammad, Shamil, Gamzatbek, many companions of the Imams, and the peoples of Dagestan and Chechnya. The tsarist officers and generals admired him. This is evidenced by many field data, folk songs, legends, stories of old residents, folk sayings in the Chechen, Avar, Kumyk and other languages collected by the author in the villages of Dagestan and Chechnya.

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Urban, Renata. "Patriotic and religious activity of the Gymnastic Society “Sokol” in the Polish lands (until 1939) – an outline." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 6, no. 4 (2023): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2023.04.01.

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The Gymnastic Society “Sokol” (“Falcon”) (hereinafter: GS “Sokol”) was the first and for several years the only Polish organisation to obtain a permission from the authorities of the partitioning states to carry out its activities during the period of partitions. The first falcon nest was established in Lviv in 1867, with further nests being set up in the cities of the Austrian, Prussian and later Russian partitions. Although – as the name suggested – the GS “Sokoł” was a gymnastic association, other forms of activity also played a significant role in its programme of activity. Singing, reading and caring circles were formed in the nests and members of the GS “Sokoł” participated in religious and patriotic ceremonies, thus cultivating Polish national traditions. Evenings and rallies were organised, commemorating religious holidays and important events in the history of the Polish nation, which reminded us of common goals and ideals during the period of national captivity. “Sokol” took on the duty of teaching native speech and native history. The scope and nature of the patriotic and religious activity of the GS “Sokol” was best evidenced by the National Commandments and the National Sins which were contrasted with them. Their very name and number indicated deep religiousness of the falcons. It derived not only from the authentic faith of the members of the GS “Sokol” but from the ideology of the movement. In the tragic historical moments of national captivity they placed their hope in God and found solace in prayer. All Sokol celebrations as well as everyday activities of the GS “Sokol” were of a patriotic-religious nature.

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Rodrigues, Jeane, Raquel Santos dos Santos, Jhennifer Gomes Cordeiro, Marissol Leite, Hingrid Suzzan Tarso Oliveira e. Oliveira, Hadda Tercya, Bruna Patrícia Dutra Costa, Nivaldo Ferreira do Nascimento, Caio Maximino, and Diógenes Henrique de Siqueira-Silva. "Seminal characterization of the Amazonian fire-eye tetra Moenkhausia oligolepis (Günther, 1864)." Zygote 28, no. 6 (August 19, 2020): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199420000325.

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SummaryThe seminal characteristics of Moenkhausia oligolepis are described. Three males were induced with a single dose of carp pituitary. Semen was collected 6 h after induction, and diluted in dibasic sodium phosphate extender solution. For motility analysis, 1 µl of diluted semen was added to 10 µl of distilled water to achieve gamete activation. The average duration of total motility was 76.67 s; while the average sperm motility rate at intervals of 15 s was 95.3, 85.3, 59.6, 31.7, 13.0, 4.6 and 1.2%. To determine sperm concentration in samples, 0.5 μl of semen was diluted with 500 μl of glutaraldehyde. An aliquot of 10 μl of this dilution was utilized for cell counting. An average count of 4.97 × 109 ± 3.46 sperm/ml was obtained. Morphological analyses were performed using eosin–nigrosine dye; 20.33% of the sperm were observed to be dead. Live sperm, comprising the other 79.67%, had an average length of approximately 30 µm, with a head diameter of 4.488 ± 0.7 µm; and a flagella plus mid-piece length of 26.071 ± 12.4 µm. Of those sperm, 69% had a normal morphology, while 31% had primary and secondary abnormalities. The observed abnormality rate did not have a detrimental effect on artificial fertilization potential for the species. The description of the seminal characteristics of a species is one of the most important sets of information required for artificial reproduction of fish in captivity. It also contributes significantly to the total biological knowledge of the studied species.

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Martínez-Díaz, S. F. "Incidence of Vibrio during dermal and systemic infections of the spotted sand bass (Paralabrax maculatofasciatus Steindachner: 1868) in captivity." Ciencias Marinas 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7773/cm.v28i4.240.

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Vega, Rolando, Patricio Dantagnan, Alfonso Mardones, Iván Valdebenito, José Zamorano, and Francisco Encina. "Biological bases for whitebait culture Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842): a review." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 41, no. 3 (March 8, 2017): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol41-issue3-fulltext-1.

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Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842), is a gourmet fish of great commercial importance with overexploited fisheries. So, studies of its biology are essential in order to develop a technology for its cultivation (galaxiculture), which is at a pilot stage. The goals of this work are: 1) to provide a synthesis of the literature information on the biology of the species, and 2) to identify the lack of scientific knowledge and critical points for the development of a technology for mass commercial culture. G. maculatus is a small carnivorous fish with euryhaline populations differentiated between diadromic and freshwater. Diadromic populations spawn in the estuaries, and then the larvae migrates to the sea, returning aged 6 months and metamorphosing into adults. Studies of their systematic, populations and larvae stage in Chilean waters are scarce, but studies on feeding, reproduction and diseases are more numerous. One year old females lay about 1,200 adhesive eggs and an important number of them die after the first spawning (40%). G. maculatus has rapid growth (1.1% day-1) and a high metabolism, with an average life of 2 years. They can be cultivated in captivity, spawn and incubate their eggs to obtain larvae; adults eat salmon starter pellets and grow in tanks. The ciliate protozoa Ichtyophthirius multifilis (ich) produces high mortality in larvae and adults in confinement; mortality can be controlled with salt bath. The problems to be solved by research for future commercial fish farming are: recognising and selecting suitable populations for cultivation; increasing the number of eggs spawned by females; develop suitable diets for larvae and broodstock; and controlling ectoparasitic diseases. The critical point is achieving mass production by improving the techniques of reproduction and larviculture.

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Ferraz, Eduardo Medeiros, Luis Alvarez-Lajonchère, Vinicius Ronzani Cerqueira, and Sidinei Candido. "Validation of an ovarian biopsy method for monitoring oocyte development in the fat snook, Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 in captivity." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47, no. 4 (August 2004): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132004000400018.

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The validation of an ovarian biopsy method for in vivo assessment of oocyte maturation in Centropomus parallelus was studied. Diameters of intra-ovarian oocytes siphoned with cannula were analyzed fresh and preserved with 1% formalin in 0.7% NaCl solution. Oocytes in different stages were present along the ovaries, up to the tertiary yolk globule stage, which had a unimodal diameter frequency distribution. The oocyte diameter means were not significantly different at four sites along the ovaries (P > 0.05). Samples obtained with cannula were representative of the ovary central portion, in vivo and in vitro samples of the seven females examined were not significantly different (P > 0.05). An estimate of the coefficient of variation corrected for bias (P < 0.05) for 8 repeated in vivo samples was 1.9 ± 0.6. The results demonstrated that for the species, the biopsy method was satisfactory, providing representative samples of the ovaries.

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T., Olivier Amoussou, Toguyeni Aboubacar, Imorou Toko I., Chikou Antoine, Bravo Mivice, and Y. Abdou Karim Issaka. "Evaluation of zootechnical and reproductive parameters of wild populations of Sarotherodon melanotheron Rppell, 1852 of Southern Benin raised in captivity." International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijfa2016.0594.

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PINHEIRO, M. S., and A. LAVORENTI. "Growth of broad-nosed caiman, Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1802) hatchlings, fed with diets of animal origin." Brazilian Journal of Biology 61, no. 3 (August 2001): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842001000300011.

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The study was carried out to evaluate the growth rate of broad-nosed caiman, Caiman latirostris hatchlings, fed on four animal protein diets: (a) dead poultry from a poultry farm; (b) dead piglet from nursery and farrowing house in a swine farm; (c) whole tilapia (Tilapia rendalli e Oreochromis niloticus); and (d) a balanced mixture of a, b, and c sources. Sixteen seven-month old caimans, average weight of 208 g and, 38 cm of total lenght (TL) were distributed in four treatments. Four groups of four caimans each were placed in cement enclosures inside a greenhouse. Diets were supplied at the average rate of 97.8% ± 34.8% of the body weight per week (average and standard deviation; wet weight basis). Body mass and total length of caimans were measured every 30 days for six months (Nov. 1995-April. 1996). An analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed. Diets provided suitable growth for weight and TL (mean ± standard deviation, respectively): (a) 2,157 ± 743 g and 79.5 ± 6.9 cm; (b) 1,811 ± 222 g and 75.7 ± 1.9 cm; (c) 2,431 ± 780 g and 80.7 ± 5.8 cm; (d) 1,683.5 ± 736 g and 74.5 ± 7.2 cm. There was no significant effect of diet on weight, but diet effect on TL of hatchlings approached significance (p < 0.10). It is concluded that all diets have good potential, in growth sense, to be used in commercial farms or ranches and for captivity propagation programs of caimans.

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Sánchez‐Tapia, Itzel A., Matthew Slater, and Miguel A. Olvera‐Novoa. "Evaluation of the growth and survival rate of the Caribbean Sea cucumber,Isostichopus badionotus(Selenka, 1867), early juveniles produced in captivity." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 50, no. 4 (September 30, 2018): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12568.

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Oswald, M., and B. D. Robison. "Strain-specific alteration of zebrafish feeding behavior in response to aversive stimuli." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1085–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-085.

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Behavioral management of risk, in which organisms must balance the requirements of obtaining food resources with the risk of predation, has been of considerable interest to ethologists for many years. Although numerous experiments have shown that animals alter their foraging behavior depending on the levels of perceived risk and demand for nutrients, few have considered the role of genetic variation in the trade-off between these variables. We performed a study of four zebrafish ( Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822)) strains to test for genetic variation in foraging behavior and whether this variation affected their response to both aversive stimuli and nutrient restriction. Zebrafish strains differed significantly in their latency to begin foraging from the surface of the water under standard laboratory conditions. Fish fed sooner when nutrients were restricted, although this was only significant in the absence of aversive stimuli. Aversive stimuli caused fish to delay feeding in a strain-specific manner. Strains varied in food intake and specific growth rate, and feeding latency was significantly correlated with food intake. Our results indicate significant genetic variation in foraging behavior and the perception of risk in zebrafish, with a pattern of strain variation consistent with behavioral adaptation to captivity.

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Maria, Alexandre N., Alexandre Ninhaus-Silveira, Laura H. Orfão, and Ana T. M. Viveiros. "Embryonic development and larval growth of Brycon nattereri Günther, 1864 (Characidae) and its implications for captive rearing." Zygote 25, no. 6 (October 30, 2017): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199417000594.

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SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe, for the first time, the embryogenesis and larval growth of the Paraitinga Brycon nattereri Günther, 1864 reared in captivity. After artificial fertilization, eggs were incubated at constant temperature (~19°C) and collected every 15 min during the first 3 h and then every 3 h until hatching. Five larvae were collected daily over 15 days for evaluation of the length, yolk sac volume and specific growth rate. The following stages of embryonic development were identified: zygote, cleavage, gastrula, segmentation and larval. The hatching occurred after 50–54 h, with larvae poorly developed and fully depigmented, devoid of mouth and swimming capacity, presenting 6.32 mm total length and 3.64 mm3 yolk sac volume. The mouth opening was observed between days 3–4 after hatching. The yolk sac absorption was slow during the first 3 days, increasing sharply after this period, being completed on the day 11. During this period there was a decrease in the larval growth rate. After yolk sac absorption, an increase in the growth rate was observed that coincided with the start of exogenous feeding. Cannibalism was not observed during the 15 days of evaluation. The initial development of B. nattereri was slow and poorly developed larvae in relation to other Brycon species, certainly due to the lower temperature required for egg incubation and larval rearing. Other studies are needed in order to develop techniques to improve the methods of incubating eggs and feeding larvae.

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Edderai, David, and Patrick Houben. "Elevage et performances de reproduction et de croissance de l’athérure africain. Résultats sur l’étude de sa reproduction en captivité." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 55, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9819.

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L’athérure africain (Atherurus africanus, Gray 1842) est l’espèce la plus prisée des consommateurs de viande de brousse au Gabon. Les travaux menés par le projet Développement au Gabon de l’élevage de gibier ont permis d’établir un référentiel technique sur l’élevage de ce rongeur. Les animaux sont élevés dans des enclos ou des fûts métalliques. Ils reçoivent une alimentation à base de tubercules et d’arachides. La reproduction se pratique toute l’année avec des animaux âgés au moins de onze mois. Le couple est laissé ensemble deux mois. Après un peu moins de 100 jours, les femelles donnent naissance à un seul jeune qui est sevré à 45 jours. A 10 mois, les animaux pèsent 2 450 g et peuvent être commercialisés. L’athérure est robuste et les taux de mortalité sont faibles. Toutefois, certains paramètres de reproduction et le coût de l’aliment limitent les perspectives économiques de cet élevage.

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Nugraha, Media Fitri Isma, I. Wayan Subamia, Sudarto Sudarto, and Wahyu Purbowasito. "SEX DETERMINATION IN INDONESIAN PUFFERFISH Tetraodon palembangensis Bleeker, 1852: IMPLICATION FOR AQUACULTURE AND CONSERVATION." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.6.1.2011.37-45.

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The study was based on eight specimens from a single population of Palembang pufferfish. We used a comprehensive approach comprise behavioral record, the Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA technique, exteriorly genital observation and the description of morphological coloration distinctive to recognize gender. Annotation from captivity has yielded that two genders in couple were possessed the prominent social respond in shoaling-fidelity. When the gonadal process has been released by maternal part, eggs and offspring were kept by male and there is no tolerable contact of female were given, here the female has become more cannibalism. Male adult has more brown-blackish and occasionally more flukes-dark on the half upper horizontal body it has less towering bulk and only has one genitalial hole. Female furthermore is recognizable with the present hight-bulk and has more yellow overall flukes in coloration and widely bright yellowish-dark from abdomental part to the edge of middle half of the body. Contrary, female has two genitalian holes. RAPD also has confirmed a concordance linkage what we are previously expected. We found an important mutation 176 bp for both gender. Among the scaffold obtained, scaffold 33 is a common scaffold identified within T. palembangensis and Takifugu, it has a sufficient score bit of 36.2 with a length of nucleotide 1,758,880 bp. Moreover, this scaffold is the result from primer OPP-19 in the female of T. palembangensis, we thus can finally distinguish their sex status. The scaffold 33 might relate to the gene SOX. Our attempt may hatch a new horizon for institutional developers, aquarist and conservationist in case of surety for sustainable natural population and to ensure their stock for consumption and trading ornament requirement.

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Deák, György, Laurențiu Burlacu, Lucian Lumânăroiu, Abdulhusein Jawdhari, Petrache Ionuț Gheorghe, Marius Raischi, Elena Holban, and Irnis Azura Zakarya. "Captive growth analysis of Siberian sturgeon juveniles (Acipenser baerii J. F. Brandt, 1869) fed on a commercial fodder and its importance to a sustainable development of the aquaculture sector." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1216, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012021.

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Abstract Sturgeon aquaculture is an important continuously developing sector within freshwater aquaculture and its sustainability is one of the most pressing matters nowadays. Thus, the urge to apprehend the mechanics of sturgeon growth in captivity as well as in nature is of immediate importance, considering the increase in customers’ requests for captive-grown sturgeon meat, caviar, and adjacent by-products. The present study evaluates several canonical growth indices in a controlled, indoor environment that included fluctuations in temperature, dissolved oxygen saturation, and ponderal density (g/L), known to affect sturgeon growth performance. Over the 91 days of evaluation, no significant correlation was found between the weight gain and the ponderal density, dissolved oxygen values, and temperature, among the 4 tanks used in the experiment setup, indicating, along with the lack of significant variance for the RCI per tank, that the growth observed is correlated only with the fodder fed to the fish.

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Woodman, Neal. "Who invented the mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)? On the authorship of the fraudulent 1812 journal of Charles Le Raye." Archives of Natural History 42, no. 1 (April 2015): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0277.

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The captivity journal of Charles Le Raye was first published in 1812 as a chapter in A topographical description of the state of Ohio, Indiana Territory, and Louisiana, a volume authored anonymously by “a late officer in the U. S. Army”. Le Raye was purported to be a French Canadian fur trader who, as a captive of the Sioux, had travelled across broad portions of the Missouri and Yellowstone river drainages a few years before the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–1806), and his account of the land, its people, and its natural resources was relied upon as a primary source by generations of natural historians, geographers, and ethnographers. Based directly on descriptions of animals in the published journal, the naturalist Constantine S. Rafinesque named seven new species of North American mammals, including what are currently recognized as the mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and a Great Plains subspecies of white-tailed deer (O. virginianus macrourus). Unfortunately, Le Raye never existed, and historical, geographical, and ethnographical evidence indicates that the journal is fraudulent. Determining the author of this work is relevant to identifying the sources used to construct it, which may help us to understand the real animals upon which Rafinesque's species are based. Traditionally, authorship of the volume was attributed to Jervis Cutler, but his role in composing the fraudulent Le Raye journal has been called into question. In this paper, I present additional evidence supporting the hypothesis that Jervis Cutler bears primary responsibility for the Le Raye journal and that he had the background, opportunity, and potential motive to author it.

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