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1
Omnia Ahmed, Omnia Ahmed. "Customer Satisfaction Comparison between Islamic and Conventional Banks: Case Study of Qatari Banks." journal of king Abdulaziz University Islamic Economics 31, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/islec.31-2.2.
Анотація:
This paper examines customer satisfaction in Islamic banks in Qatar in comparison with their conventional counterpart. It is an attempt to investigate whether Islamic banks have overcome the obstacle of being relatively new; whether they have started providing satisfying services to their customers or whether they act as taking advantage of their customers’ needs for Islamic finance products and treat them as captive clients who resort to Islamic banks for religious reasons. The research queries needed to be answered by the bank’s customers themselves to test their view of the services they get. A comprehensive comparative questionnaire was formulated. Responses from the questionnaire and other data collected from banks’ websites, personal interviews, etc., were analyzed. The paper conducted cross-sector comparisons of Islamic and conventional banking as well as individual comparisons between banks. Analysis of these results, computing averages and comparing them at the level of each bank as well as at the sectoral level between Islamic banks and conventional banks, was conducted. Through this, the paper attempts to uncover banks’ performance and find out all areas of improvements that the Islamic and conventional banks need to work on.
2
Lin, Sharat G., and Madan C. Paul. "Bangladeshi migrants in Delhi: Social insecurity, State power, and captive vote banks." Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 27, no. 1 (March 1995): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14672715.1995.10413070.
3
Holt, W. V., and H. D. M. Moore. "Semen banking—is it now feasible for captive endangered species?" Oryx 22, no. 3 (July 1988): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300027800.
Анотація:
This article proposes that serious consideration should now be given to the establishment of banks of genetic material from rare and endangered species. In the light of advances in the technology associated with semen assessment and preservation, the limitations that have so far discouraged the practice of semen freezing and banking can now be minimized and circumvented. The authors review these developments and suggest that semen preservation should be reconsidered as a practical means of preserving the genetic diversity currently contained within captive stocks of wild animals.
4
Allen, C. D., D. L. de Villiers, B. D. Manning, D. S. Dique, M. Burridge, M. L. Chafer, V. M. Nicolson, et al. "151 SEASONAL REPRODUCTION IN WILD AND CAPTIVE MALE KOALA POPULATIONS IN SOUTH-EAST QUEENSLAND." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab151.
Анотація:
Seasonal changes in male reproductive function were assessed in a wild free-range population (n = 10; obtained every six weeks from January to November 2005), a deceased wild free-range population (n = 84; obtained monthly from September to August 2005) and a captive population (n = 7; obtained monthly from October 2005 to October 2006) of koalas in south-east Queensland. This study also determined the practicality of using free-range wild male koalas as potential semen donors for genome resource banks. Examination of a range of reproductive variables initially revealed no significant seasonal change in the 3 koala populations; however, when the data were adjusted to account for individual koalas, their size and/or their health status, the majority of reproductive parameters showed evidence of seasonal variation that was supported by statistical modeling. Relationships between variables were based on simple polynomials, up to a cubic for some variables. Total testicular volume changed throughout the year in the wild and captive populations with an increase over spring and summer and a decrease in autumn and winter; no such change was detected in the deceased population. Maximum area of the sternal gland stain occurred in spring in both the deceased and captive populations but in winter for the wild free-range population. Total bulbo-urethral gland volume in the deceased population showed an increase over spring, a decrease over summer and autumn and then an increase towards the end of winter. The steroidogenic capacity of the koala testis (testosterone secretion) in both the wild free-range (live) and captive populations showed a peak during spring and a nadir in autumn. The quality of semen samples collected by electroejaculation from the wild (live) and captive koala populations showed evidence of being influenced by season. Initial percentage motility of the wild population decreased marginally throughout the study and initial rate of sperm movement was highest in winter. Motility of spermatozoa after thawing from the wild koala population was also highest in winter as was the percentage of cryopreserved spermatozoa with intact plasma membranes collected from the captive population. This study has shown that male koala reproduction in south-east Queensland is seasonal and that it is possible to repeatedly collect semen from free-range koalas as potential genetic donors. Nevertheless, semen quality from captive and wild caught animals appears to be susceptible to seasonal change and winter appears to be the optimal season in which to collect such samples. We are grateful to the veterinary staff, zookeepers, and volunteers at Dreamworld for their assistance with general animal husbandry. We also sincerely thank the many veterinarians, volunteers, and Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service staff that assisted with this project whose help was invaluable for the accomplishment of this project. This project was funded by an Australian Research Council (ARC) Grant, the School of Animal Studies (SAS) The University of Queensland, and the Queensland Government’s Koala Enhanced Genetic Exchange Program (KEGEP).
5
Khamitkar, Meenakshendra A., Shekhappa G. Ankaliki, and Gururaj Rao. "Implementation of Capacitor Banks for Fixed Compensation to Improve the Performance of the Captive Generator in Petrochemical Industry." i-manager's Journal on Power Systems Engineering 3, no. 3 (October 15, 2015): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jps.3.3.3633.
6
Nechybová, S., I. Langrová, and E. Tůmová. "Parasites of Myocastor coypus – a Comparison in Farm Animals and Their Feral Counterparts." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2018-0004.
Анотація:
Abstract The parasitic status in the coypus (nutrias) Myocastor coypus, both farm-bred or free-living on river banks in the Czech Republic, was determined. Faecal samples were collected from 200 coypus originating from 11 farms (farm-bred animals) and from 20 individuals living at 14 natural localities (feral animals). Faeces were examined for nematode eggs and coccidian oocysts using the McMaster method. The evaluation of faeces from farm-bred coypus indicated infection with the following parasites: Trichuris sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Eimeria seidelli, Eimeria nutriae, Eimeria coypi, and Eimeria myopotami. Free-living feral rodents harboured Eimeria nutriae, E. coypi, Strongyloides sp. and in one case also Trichuris sp. An additional visceral examination of 20 coypus originating from five farms revealed two nematode species in the gastrointestinal tracts, namely Trichuris myocastoris and Strongyloides myopotami. The study indicated that feral coypus are far less parasitized than their captive counterparts.
7
Kasso, Mohammed, and Mundanthra Balakrishnan. "Ex Situ Conservation of Biodiversity with Particular Emphasis to Ethiopia." ISRN Biodiversity 2013 (November 21, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/985037.
Анотація:
Biodiversity encompasses variety and variability of all forms of life on earth that play a great role in human existence. Its conservation embraces maintenance, sustainable utilization, and restoration, of the lost and degraded biodiversity through two basic and complementary strategies called in situ and ex situ. Ex situ conservation is the technique of conservation of all levels of biological diversity outside their natural habitats through different techniques like zoo, captive breeding, aquarium, botanical garden, and gene bank. It plays key roles in communicating the issues, raising awareness, and gaining widespread public and political support for conservation actions and for breeding endangered species in captivity for reintroduction. Limitations of ex situ conservation include maintenance of organisms in artificial habitats, deterioration of genetic diversity, inbreeding depression, adaptations to captivity, and accumulation of deleterious alleles. It has many constraints in terms of personnel, costs, and reliance on electric power sources. Ethiopia is considered to be one of the richest centers of genetic resources in the world. Currently, a number of stakeholders/actors are actively working on biodiversity conservation through ex situ conservation strategies by establishing gene banks, botanical garden, and zoo.
8
Dwyer, Karen S., Stephen J. Walsh, and Steven E. Campana. "Age determination, validation and growth of Grand Bank yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 60, no. 5 (January 1, 2003): 1123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-3139(03)00125-5.
Анотація:
Abstract Yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) (Storer, 1839) on the Grand Bank off Newfoundland were traditionally aged using surface-read whole otoliths. Age determination of otoliths from recaptures of fish tagged in the early 1990s indicated that the traditional ageing technique was underestimating the ages of yellowtail flounder when compared with the time at liberty. Age comparisons between whole and thin-sectioned otoliths showed agreement in age readings up to 7 years; thereafter whole otoliths tended to give much lower ages than those estimated by thin sections. Length–frequency analysis of pelagic and demersal juveniles, captive rearing of juveniles and marginal increment analysis all corroborated age determination based on thin sections. Tag-recaptures and bomb radiocarbon assays validated age interpretations based on thin sections in young and old yellowtail flounder, respectively. Ages were validated up to 25 years for females and 21 years for males. However, because of increased narrowing of annuli in thin-sectioned otoliths from old fish, even thin sections may underestimate the true age of the fish. von Bertalanffy growth curve parameters (combined sexes) were L∞ = 55.6 cm total length, K=0.16 and t0=−0.003. These results challenge the conventional view that yellowtail flounder on the Grand Banks are a relatively fast growing, short-lived species.
9
Mai, Thi Loan, Myungjun Jeon, Anh Khoa Vo, and Hyeon Kyu Yoon. "A numerical study on the ship–bank interaction at various water depths of a surface ship." Science Progress 106, no. 1 (January 2023): 003685042211496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221149624.
Анотація:
Ship maneuvering in restricted waters is a significant challenge in navigation safety due to the complex flow around the ship. In particular, when a ship travels close to a lateral bank and shallow water, the hydrodynamic interaction forces significantly influence the maneuvering motion of the ship. Maneuverability in restricted water is even more difficult for an autonomous surface ship. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the effects of maneuvering near a bank and in shallow water for an autonomous surface ship. In this study, maneuvering simulations considering the bank effect at various water depths are implemented based on hydrodynamic forces estimated using computational fluid dynamics simulation. First, virtual captive model tests at various water depths and simulations of various lateral distances to the banks are performed to estimate the hydrodynamic forces using computational fluid dynamics simulation. The simulation method is validated by comparing the simulation results of the static drift test in deep water with the measured one in the experimental method. Second, the maneuvering simulations for the turning circle test and zig-zag test at various water depths are conducted using the obtained hydrodynamic coefficients. Then, the maneuvering simulations in deep water are compared with the experiment results, and a good agreement is observed. Finally, the simulation considering the bank effects at various water depths is evaluated and discussed.
10
Shapran, Vitaliy, and Igor Britchenko. "Financial mechanisms of ensuring the development of business under high interest rates." VUZF Review 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.21.2.03.
Анотація:
In the given article the problems of choice as for the types and forms of debt and share financing on the developing and “frontier markets” with high interest rates have been considered, the definition of what kind of interest rates can be viewed as high and under which circumstances nominal interest rate and in which ones – the real interest rate is important for business. Also, the classification of debt and sharing financing is given and the comparative analysis of such financing is made. Some close attention has been paid to the calculation of the real interest rate according to the inflation forecast. Recommendations concerning attracting of relatively cheap trade financing including international financial and credit organizations, development of operation factoring, financing from captive financial institutions of the exporters of the materials and equipment from the EU and the US have been grounded. The opportunity of relatively free of charge share financing through the mechanism of placing shares IPO/SPO is emphasized, exemplified by the results of placing shares on stock exchanges and their alternative platforms of issuing banks with businesses in Ukraine in 2005 – 2013. As a result, the conclusion concerning the necessity of thorough analysis of financial conditions on the developing and frontier markets before gaining such financing has been made. High interest rates within the average indicators even on the basis of prime rates do not necessarily mean absence of attractive conditions of financing.
11
Mestanza-Ramón, Carlos, Sujan M. Henkanaththegedara, Paola Vásconez Duchicela, Yadira Vargas Tierras, Maritza Sánchez Capa, Diana Constante Mejía, Mirian Jimenez Gutierrez, Manuel Charco Guamán, and Paúl Mestanza Ramón. "In-Situ and Ex-Situ Biodiversity Conservation in Ecuador: A Review of Policies, Actions and Challenges." Diversity 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12080315.
Анотація:
Biodiversity is vital for the stability of the planet; its ecosystem services provide essential elements for our survival and well-being. This review analyzes the national biodiversity policies and describes the main strategies for biodiversity conservation in Ecuador, one of the “mega-diverse” countries in the world with the highest species density. It deepens an analysis of in-situ and ex-situ conservation processes. Ecuador has six clear policies for biodiversity conservation. These policies strengthen biodiversity conservation through mechanisms that improve the well-being of wildlife by ensuring human, wildlife and ecosystem health. It promotes actions for the welfare of wildlife, through technical, administrative and legal tools. The National System of Protected Areas, with 60 protected areas, is the most effective in-situ conservation instrument at the country level. Several ex-situ conservation and management means for the conservation of wild species are being utilized, including nurseries, botanical gardens, zoos, germplasm banks, aquariums, species reproduction and rehabilitation centers. Ecuador is making slow progress on ex-situ conservation despite the availability of a sound policy framework, possibly due to financial, infrastructural, and/or technological challenges, and knowledge gaps. We propose fostering international research collaborations and establishing fully funded small-scale captive breeding programs at zoos, aquariums and university research facilities to help recovery of at-risk species of reptiles, amphibians, fish and species beyond Galapagos region. We recommend utilizing citizen science programs to fill the gaps of biodiversity information and increasing efforts to revive the ex-situ conservation strategies in protecting the unique biodiversity of Ecuador.
12
Lovas-Kiss, Ádám, Judit Sonkoly, Orsolya Vincze, Andy J. Green, Attila Takács, and Attila Molnár V. "Strong potential for endozoochory by waterfowl in a rare, ephemeral wetland plant species, Astragalus contortuplicatus (Fabaceae)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 84, no. 3 (2015): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2015.030.
Анотація:
It was proposed previously that passive dispersal by migratory aquatic birds explain the widespread distribution of many wetland organisms. Several experimental studies have shown that many widespread wetland plant species can be readily dispersed within the guts of Anatidae. However, it is unclear whether plants with a more restricted distribution are able to disperse via waterbirds. This paper addresses the dispersal ability and germination ecology of the little-known Hungarian milkvetch <em>Astragalus contortuplicatus</em>, which occurs on banks of continental rivers and has a limited and unpredictable distribution. To test whether limited capacity for endozoochory by waterfowl could explain the sporadic appearance of this species, we force-fed ten captive mallards (<em>Anas platyrhynchos</em>) with 100 milkvetch seeds each. Droppings were collected for up to 45 h after feeding. Intact and viable seeds were found in the droppings of each mallard, and altogether 24.7% of seeds fed were recovered intact. The proportion of retrieved seeds that germinated (27.0%) was significantly higher than that of untreated control seeds (0.5%), but significantly lower than that of mechanically scarified seeds (96.0%). Retrieved seeds that germinated developed into healthy mature plants. Given the average flight velocity of mallards, seeds of <em>A. contortuplicatus</em> may travel up to 1600 km inside the digestive tract of migrating individuals. Our results suggest that avian vectors may be more important for the dispersal of rare higher plants (especially those with a hard seed-coat) than hitherto considered. Moreover, they suggest that rarity does not necessarily indicate limited dispersal ability, and may instead be explained by specific habitat requirements.
13
Melia, Juli, Amalia Sutriana, Muhammad Hanafiah, Muhammad Wahyu, Anhar Lubis, Aulia Fakhrurrozi, Teuku A. Maulana, and Masyitah N. Sari. "Health Status Examination of Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) Using Ultrasonography, Cortisol Analysis and Parasite Identification in Aek Nauli Elephant Conservation Camp (ANECC) and Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU), North Sumatra." E3S Web of Conferences 151 (2020): 01053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015101053.
Анотація:
In North Sumatera, captive Sumatran elephants are maintained in several conservation units, 2 of them were Aek Nauli Elephant Conservation Camp (ANECC) and Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU). Although elephant conservation sites have implemented a management plan to address elephant health and welfare issues, Sumatran elephants in captivity are still susceptible to some of the health issues such as breeding problems, stress, and poor health. Therefore, the health examination is necessary to be conducted regularly as an effort to save the Sumatran elephant which has been categorized as one of the critically endangered animals. This study was carried out in Aek Nauli and Tangkahan which covered the assessment of elephant reproduction status using ultrasonography, cortisol analysis using ELISA, and parasite identification using sedimentation, floatation and Parfit and Banks methods. The ultrasonography examination was carried out on each conservation site, while the collected blood and feces were transferred to Veterinary Medicine Faculty Universitas Syiah Kuala for cortisol and parasite analysis, respectively. The data on reproductive status, cortisol level, and gastrointestinal parasite were analyzed descriptively. The sonography result showed that 3 Sumatran elephants in ANECC had uterine cysts, while one pregnant elephant and two elephants with involution uteri were recorded in CRU Tangkahan. Worm eggs from genus trematode and nematode were found during feces examination in ANECC, but the only nematode was observed in Tangkahan. Elephant maintained in Tangkahan had a higher cortisol level (82.11±61.49 ng/ml) compared to those maintained in ANECC (16.87±3.88 ng/ml). As a conclusion, the reproduction status, cortisol level, and parasite gastrointestinal observed in Sumatran elephant maintained in 2 conservation sites (ANECC and CRU Tangkahan) were different, probably due to different stress factor and management implemented on.
14
Nishimura, Masahiko. "Age estimation of habu, Trimeresurus flavoviridis (Viperidae) using growth bands in angulares." Amphibia-Reptilia 11, no. 4 (1990): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853890x00096.
15
He, Xin, Min Chen, and Endi Zhang. "Home range of reintroduced Chinese water deer in Nanhui East Shoal Wildlife Sanctuary of Shanghai, China." Animal Production Science 56, no. 6 (2016): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14858.
Анотація:
The Chinese water deer was once widely spread in Liaodong Peninsula, North China Plain and both banks of the Yangtze River and the Korean peninsula. Due to long-term environmental changes and influence of human development, its wild population in China has rapidly declined, both in abundance and distribution. As one of the native species in the history of Shanghai, Chinese water deer was introduced to Shanghai for captive breeding in 2006 and were released into the wild in 2010. The present study was conducted in Nanhui East Shoal Wildlife Sanctuary. The reintroduction of Chinese water deer was carried out separately in June and October 2010. So as to study the movement of the deer after release, 12 Chinese water deer (sex ratio 1 : 1) were tagged with radio-collars. We successfully used radio-telemetry to track 10 deer, and used the minimum convex polygon (MCP) and fixed kernel estimation (FKE) methods to calculate their home range. The results showed that using the MCP method, the mean home-range size of Chinese water deer was estimated to be 671 ha (range 245–1559 ha), while using the 95% FKE method, the mean was estimated to be 262 ha (range 43–435 ha). The mean home-range size of a buck was smaller than that of a doe by both MCP and FKE. The mean home-range size of an adult female was smaller than that of a subadult female. The largest seasonal home-range size (MCP, 275 ha) occurred during the winter of the first year, which then kept on shrinking in spring and summer. Home-range overlap was found among the home range of each individual. The mean overlap size was 303 ha. The mean overlap size was 135 ha in bucks, 422 ha in does and 270 ha between the buck and the doe. The study reflects that the seasonal food change is probably the main factor for the change of home-range size. Oestrus may also result in the enlargement of home range in winter. As an attempt to reintroduce large mammals to cities, we hope to provide useful experience for future wildlife management and conservation.
16
Sun, J., JF Hamel, BL Gianasi, M. Graham, and A. Mercier. "Growth, health and biochemical composition of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa after multi-year holding in effluent waters of land-based salmon culture." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 12 (April 9, 2020): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00356.
Анотація:
Methods have been proposed to mitigate the environmental footprint of aquaculture, including co-culture of species occupying different trophic levels. In this study, sea cucumbers Cucumaria frondosa, either from production tanks fed with effluent water from land-based salmon culture over 4 yr or collected from the field, were compared using stable isotope, lipid and fatty acid (FA) signatures as indicators of waste assimilation, health and biochemical composition. Enrichment of δ13C in muscle bands and intestine and of δ15N in muscle bands, gonad and intestine was detected in captive individuals relative to wild individuals, suggesting the uptake and assimilation of waste from salmon culture. The higher levels of FA biomarkers typical of salmon feed (18:1ω9, 18:2ω6 and 20:1ω9) and lower ω3/ω6 ratio in the captive sea cucumbers were also in line with assimilation of the waste. However, male and female sea cucumbers from the co-culture became smaller with time, their organ indices were lower than those of wild individuals (e.g. poorly developed gonad), and their biochemical composition differed: triacylglycerol content was greater in wild individuals and phospholipid content was greater in captive individuals. Also, FA profiles of all tissues differed between the 2 groups, whereas total lipid in muscle bands and gonad remained similar. Overall, results support that co-culture with suspension-feeding sea cucumbers may help mitigate the salmon industry footprint. In turn, the biochemical composition of the sea cucumbers changed, and their reduced size and body indices suggest that this food source does not provide suitable nutrients to sustain growth and reproduction.
17
Cocciolone, RA, and P. Timms. "DNA profilinf of Queensland Koalas reveals sufficient variability for individual identification and parentage determination." Wildlife Research 19, no. 3 (1992): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920279.
Анотація:
M13 probe was used in combination with the restriction enzymes Msp I and Bam HI to produce DNA profiles of captive and free-range Queensland koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). The Msp I-M13 combination resulted in profiles with an average of 22 clearly resolvable bands in the 1.5-7.6-kb range. When seven koalas (part of a 40-animal free-range population) were analysed, they exhibited 8-29% band polymorphism (average variation of 17%). The Bam HI-MI3 combination produced 28 resolvable bands with an average of 9% band polymorphism. The Msp I-M13 profiling system was also used to successfully determine paternity in two family groups. Of the 66 total bands produced when mother, father and offspring were profiled, 11 were common to all three family members, nine were unique to the mother and four were unique to the father. However, two maternal-specific and eight paternalspecific bands were inherited by the offspring. DNA profiling of koalas (at least of those from Queensland) should prove useful for assessing the degree of inbreeding in captive populations, solving disputed paternity cases in wildlife poaching, determining the social organisation of free-range koalas, identifying individual koalas and studying the genetics of the koala throughout its range.
18
Elyasi Zarringhabaie, Ghorban, Arash Javanmard, and Ommolbanin Pirahary. "Random Amplified Polymorphic Markers as Indicator for Genetic Conservation Program in Iranian Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/640381.
Анотація:
The objective of present study was identification of genetic similarity between wild Iran and captive Azerbaijan Pheasant using PCR-RAPD markers. For this purpose, in overall, 28 birds were taken for DNA extraction and subsequently 15 arbitrary primers were applied for PCR-RAPD technique. After electrophoresis, five primers exhibited sufficient variability which yielded overall 65 distinct bands, 59 polymorphic bands, for detalis, range of number of bands per primer was 10 to 14, and produced size varied between 200 to 1500 bp. Highest and lowest polymorphic primers were OPC5, OPC16 (100%) and OPC15 (81%), respectively. Result of genetic variation between two groups was accounted as nonsignificant (8.12%) of the overall variation. According to our expectation the wild Iranian birds showed higher genetic diversity value than the Azerbaijan captive birds. As general conclusion, two pheasant populations have almost same genetic origin and probably are subpopulations of one population. The data reported herein could open the opportunity to search for suitable conservation strategy to improve richness of Iran biodiversity and present study here was the first report that might have significant impact on the breeding and conservation program of Iranian pheasant gene pool. Analyses using more regions, more birds, and more DNA markers will be useful to confirm or to reject these findings.
19
Neuberger, Doris. "Risk taking by banks and captial accumulation: A portfolio approach." Journal of Economics 54, no. 3 (October 1991): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01239394.
20
Officer, Rickard A., Rob W. Day, John G. Clement, and Lauren P. Brown. "Captive gummy sharks, Mustelus antarcticus, form hypermineralised bands in their vertebrae during winter." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 2677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-157.
21
Gnanalingam, Gaya, Mark J. Butler, Thomas R. Matthews, Emily Hutchinson, and Raouf Kilada. "Directly ageing the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus with validated band counts from gastric mill ossicles." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy177.
Анотація:
Abstract In crustaceans, ecdysis was long believed to result in the loss and replacement of all calcified structures, precluding the use of conventional ageing methods. However, the discovery of bands in the gastric ossicles of several crustaceans with some correlation with age suggests that direct age estimation may be possible. We applied this method to a tropical spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, one of the most iconic and economically valuable species in the Caribbean. The presence of growth bands was investigated using wild lobsters of unknown age and was validated with captive reared lobsters of known age (1.5–10 years) from the Florida Keys, Florida (USA). Bands were consistently identified in ptero- and zygo-cardiac ossicles of the gastric mill and did not appear to be associated with moulting. Validation with known age animals confirms that bands form annually. Counts between independent readers were reproducible with coefficients of variation ranging from 11% to 26% depending on reader experience and the structure used. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that direct age determination of P. argus is possible.
22
Munson, L., J. W. Koehler, J. E. Wilkinson, and R. E. Miller. "Vesicular and Ulcerative Dermatopathy Resembling Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis in Captive Black Rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis)." Veterinary Pathology 35, no. 1 (January 1998): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500103.
Анотація:
The histopathology, clinical presentation, and epidemiology of a cutaneous and oral mucosal disease affecting 40 black rhinoceroses ( Diceros bicornis) at 21 zoological parks (50% of the captive US population) were investigated. Twenty-seven biopsies were examined from recent lesions, and clinical information was available from 127 episodes. The cutaneous lesions began as plaques that progressed to vesicles, bullae, or ulcers. Lesions waxed and waned in individual cases. Lesions were predominantly bilaterally symmetrical, affecting pressure points, coronary bands, tips of the ears and tail, and along the lateral body wall and dorsum. Oral lesions were first noticed as ulcers and were present on the lateral margins of the tongue, palate, and mucocutaneous junctions of the lips. All recent lesions had similar histopathologic findings of prominent acanthosis, hydropic degeneration of keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum, spongiosis, intraepithelial vesicles, and parakeratosis without dermal inflammation. Chronic lesions were ulcerated. No pathogens were identified by culture or electron microscopy. Most episodes coincided with stress events (transportation, sudden cold temperatures, intraspecific harassment, estrus, advanced pregnancy) or concurrent diseases (toxic hepatopathy, hemolytic anemia, respiratory or urinary tract infections). Affected rhinoceroses usually were lethargic and had weight loss. Affected rhinoceroses also had lower hematocrit, serum albumin, and cholesterol values than captive healthy or wild rhinoceroses. The clinical patterns and histopathologic findings are similar to those of superficial necrolytic dermatitis in dogs and necrolytic migratory erythema in humans. The high prevalence of this skin disease in captive black rhinoceroses under many circumstances suggests that their epidermis is acutely sensitive to any disruption of metabolic homeostasis. We propose that metabolic changes secondary to a stress response from maladaptation or nutritional inadequacy of captive diets may contribute to the development of this disease in rhinoceroses without hepatopathies.
23
Alif Fauzi, Muhammad, and Amir Hamidy. "First Report of Growth Rate Juvenile Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko Linnaeus, 1758) during Twenty-four Weeks in Captive Breeding Facility." Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 18, no. 2 (2022): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47349/jbi/18022022/177.
Анотація:
As a conservation strategies to reduce the wild harvest of tokay geckos, captive breeding becomes one of the solution to fulfill demand market. To achieve this goal, scientific data on biological information on the growth of tokay gecko in captive breeding facility is needed to support management conservation of tokay gecko. A total of seven individual juveniles tokay gecko consisting of four males and three females were observed during 24 weeks old. We feed the juvenile of tokay gecko with 10-15 crickets every three days. We collected the growth rate data by weekly measuring Snout-vent Length (SVL), head length (HL), head width (HW) and body weight. Newly hatched tokay gecko have an SVL of 48.08 mm (44.70-53.24 mm) and weight 2.40 gram (1.90- 2.70 gram). Juvenile at the age of one to three months have a special characteristic in having a black and white bands on the tail. This characteristic fades when entering the age of more than twelve weeks. Female individuals were recorded to have smaller hatching sizes than males, but have faster growth rate (p=0.9536). For 24 weeks, male and female individuals have SVL of 70.77 mm (64.35-76.74) and 73.02 mm (67.11-80.35), respectively. Sexual dimorphism in males and females show significant results in the HW/SVL ratio (p=0.02697). Further study on the observation of growth rate during life span are needed to describe whole process of growth stage tokay gecko which is very useful for captive breeding management of this species.
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Alif Fauzi, Muhammad, and Amir Hamidy. "First Report of Growth Rate Juvenile Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko Linnaeus, 1758) during Twenty-four Weeks in Captive Breeding Facility." Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 18, no. 2 (2022): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47349/jbi/18022022/177.
Анотація:
As a conservation strategies to reduce the wild harvest of tokay geckos, captive breeding becomes one of the solution to fulfill demand market. To achieve this goal, scientific data on biological information on the growth of tokay gecko in captive breeding facility is needed to support management conservation of tokay gecko. A total of seven individual juveniles tokay gecko consisting of four males and three females were observed during 24 weeks old. We feed the juvenile of tokay gecko with 10-15 crickets every three days. We collected the growth rate data by weekly measuring Snout-vent Length (SVL), head length (HL), head width (HW) and body weight. Newly hatched tokay gecko have an SVL of 48.08 mm (44.70-53.24 mm) and weight 2.40 gram (1.90- 2.70 gram). Juvenile at the age of one to three months have a special characteristic in having a black and white bands on the tail. This characteristic fades when entering the age of more than twelve weeks. Female individuals were recorded to have smaller hatching sizes than males, but have faster growth rate (p=0.9536). For 24 weeks, male and female individuals have SVL of 70.77 mm (64.35-76.74) and 73.02 mm (67.11-80.35), respectively. Sexual dimorphism in males and females show significant results in the HW/SVL ratio (p=0.02697). Further study on the observation of growth rate during life span are needed to describe whole process of growth stage tokay gecko which is very useful for captive breeding management of this species.
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Chidlow, Justin A., Colin A. Simpfendorfer, and Garry R. Russ. "Variable growth band deposition leads to age and growth uncertainty in the western wobbegong shark, Orectolobus hutchinsi." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 9 (2007): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06249.
Анотація:
Age and growth parameters of Orectolobus hutchinsi were estimated using micro-radiographs of sectioned vertebrae from 182 wild caught individuals. Two fluorochrome marker dyes, calcein and oxytetracycline, were used to validate the timing and periodicity of vertebral band formation in nine individuals held in the laboratory for between 423 and 472 days. Growth bands were difficult to interpret and final counts were obtained from only 98 (53.8%) individuals ranging in total length (TL) from 63 to 146 cm. The timing of growth band formation in the vertebrae of captive animals had no predictable temporal pattern, with formation occurring during all seasons of the year, making age validation difficult. Growth band formation was hypothesised to be influenced by non-periodic changes in centrum or somatic growth rather than seasonal growth, as observed in many other elasmobranch species. Growth rates of nine O. hutchinsi held in captivity varied considerably, ranging from 3.5 cm year–1 to 13.8 cm year–1 in total length (mean = 7.03 cm year–1). Although the periodicity of vertebral band formation in captive animals did not support a synchronous annual pattern, captive growth rates matched those predicted when an annual band pattern was assumed for wild caught individuals. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated from vertebral analysis assuming an annual banding pattern and a mean size of birth of 24.1 cm were: L∞ = 149.45 cm and K = 0.117 year–1 for both sexes combined. These results illustrate the fundamental importance of validating the periodicity of growth band formation in elasmobranch age and growth studies as it has considerable implications for the management of fisheries that exploit shark and ray species that may exhibit asynchronous growth band deposition.
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Cristol, Daniel A., Catherine S. Chiu, Susan M. Peckham, and James F. Stoll. "Color Bands Do Not Affect Dominance Status in Captive Flocks of Wintering Dark-Eyed Juncos." Condor 94, no. 2 (May 1992): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369228.
27
Tovar-Ávila, Javier, Christopher Izzo, Terence I. Walker, J. Matias Braccini, and Robert W. Day. "Dorsal-fin spine growth of Heterodontus portusjacksoni: a general model that applies to dorsal-fin spines of chondrichthyans?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-146.
Анотація:
A prospective model of dorsal-fin spine growth in chondrichthyans is devised by studying the growth of spines from captive and wild Heterodontus portusjacksoni injected with several fluorochromes. Evidence was found for only two dentine layers in the spine trunk of H. portusjacksoni, contrasting with conjectures about the presence of a third middle dentine layer in some squalids. The spines have three simultaneous growth zones. The first growth zone is along the internal edge of the inner trunk dentine layer, where growth bands are deposited towards the centre (centripetally), increasing spine length and width by pressure against the cartilage rod. The second growth zone is along the external edge of the outer trunk dentine layer at the spine base, where growth bands are deposited in an opposite direction to the centre (centrifugally), increasing spine width. A third growth zone at the base of the cap enables downward expansion over the trunk. The model of concentric cones describes correctly the inner dentine layer growth pattern, whereas the outer dentine layer growth increments appear to be related to the external bands on the surface of the trunk. Growth increments from the three growth zones of the spine are all potentially useful for age estimation.
28
Rolston, Arthur. "Capital, Corporations, and Their Discontents in Making California's Constitutions, 1849–1911." Pacific Historical Review 80, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 521–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2011.80.4.521.
Анотація:
This article traces California's constitutional development from 1849 through 1911, examining how and why California's constitution developed into a quasi-legislative document that constitutionalized policies involving corporations, banks, railroads, taxes, and other economic relationships, thereby limiting the power of the legislature. I argue that drafters of California's constitutions deliberately curtailed legislative power and transformed class issues into constitutional ones. California's experience was consistent with state constitutional developments throughout the United States, especially in the West. Advocates of constitutional reform saw state legislatures as corrupt captives of "capitalists" and other "special interests" that could not to be trusted to serve the people's interests. These issues permeated debates over constitutional reform in California and other states from the 1840s through the initial decades of the twentieth century, leading to the adoption of the initiative and referendum.
29
Fasoli, Sabrina, Enea Ferlizza, Giulia Andreani, Camillo Sandri, Francesco Dondi, and Gloria Isani. "Noninvasive sampling method for urinalysis and urine protein profile in captive giraffes." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 1 (November 26, 2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720975370.
Анотація:
Urinalysis could be helpful to investigate the health status of giraffes held in captivity using noninvasive methods to avoid animal handling or anesthesia. We collected 52 voided urine samples from 20 giraffes of different ages, sexes, and subspecies from the ground. To evaluate potential interference by soil contaminants, a pilot study was performed using 20 urine samples obtained from 10 cows. All bovine and 29 giraffe samples were subjected to routine urinalysis including urine specific gravity (USG). All samples were analyzed for urine total protein (uTP), urine creatinine (uCrea) concentration, and urine protein-to-urine creatinine ratio (UPC). Urinary proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. No significant differences were determined between free-catch and urine sampled from the ground in cows. Giraffe urine was pale-yellow, with alkaline pH (>8.0) and a mean USG of 1.035 ± 0.013. The uTP, uCrea, and UPC expressed as median (range) were 0.20 (0.08–0.47) g/L, 2.36 (0.62–5.2) g/L, and 0.08 (0.05–0.15), respectively. SDS-PAGE allowed the separation of protein bands with different molecular masses, including putative uromodulin at 90 kD, putative albumin at 64 kD, and putative immunoglobulin heavy and light chains at 49 kD and 25 kD, respectively. Urine collection from the ground appears to be a reliable technique for urinalysis and urine electrophoresis in giraffes.
30
Caraguel, Jean-Marie, Thomas Barreau, Sarah Brown-Vuillemin, and Samuel P. Iglésias. "In vivo staining with alizarin for ageing studies on chondrichthyan fishes." Aquatic Living Resources 33 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2020002.
Анотація:
Age determination for stock assessments and conservation of cartilaginous fishes is mainly obtained by counting the annual growth bands in vertebrae. Recent studies show numerous inconsistencies and the need for systematic validation. We assessed the effectiveness of the fluorochrome alizarin red S, a common skeleton vital marker used as a time stamp for teleost fishes, on chondrichthyan. Twenty-five captive small-spotted catsharks (Scyliorhinus canicula) were marked by alizarin red S intraperitoneal injections. The fluorochrome produced a wide fluorescent mark on sectioned vertebral centra of all injected fish. Alizarin red S did not have a deleterious effect on growth during three months monitoring. The marks obtained remained stable in vivo for more than four years after injections and were resistant to fading during the observation under the microscope excitation light. Our results suggest that alizarin red S is an effective tool for long time vital marking of chondrichthyans.
31
KANE, DANIEL, HAILEY STAPLETON, THOMAS GRIFFITHS, and CHRISTOPHER J. MICHAELS. "Effects of different heat and light sources on the behaviour of captive reptiles." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 166 (December 1, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb166.19.
Анотація:
Reptiles are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths between the ultra-violet and infrared bands. Husbandry practitioners designing artificial lighting arrays should aim to provide spectra that approximate those to which a given species has become adapted in nature. This would satisfy biological needs ranging from thermoregulation and vitamin D3 photobiosynthesis to vision and communication. We evaluated the spectral outputs of two artificial lighting arrays (A & B) in their ability to provide this. Array A was designed to replicate those used as standard over the last decade in many controlled environments, while the Array B was intended to provide a more solar-like output. We measured behaviour and calculated a modified Spread of Participation Index (mSPI) for three species of reptile (turtle, lizard and snake) as the arrays were alternated in an A-B-A design (in observation periods 1, 2 and 3). Data were analysed using randomisation to deal with small sample size and repeated measures. Although in theory Array B provided a better spectrum than Array A, there were no clear patterns where behaviour and mSPI shifted going from Array A to B then reverted when going from Array B to A. However, the lizard and turtle both showed unexplained behavioural shifts, and the lizard an associated mSPI shift, when going from Array B to A. Our results demonstrate the power of combination lighting arrays to better approximate solar spectra, but also that behavioural observations may not reflect theoretical implications. We suggest reasons for this and directions for future research.
32
Smith, Paul, Jean-Paul Brouard, and Pier Cacciali. "A new species of Phalotris (Serpentes, Colubridae, Elapomorphini) from Paraguay." Zoosystematics and Evolution 98, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.61064.
Анотація:
A new species of Phalotris from the nasutus group, Phalotris shawnellasp. nov., is described. It can be distinguished from the other members of the group by having the following combination of characters: 1) fifth supralabial in contact with parietal, 2) vertebral stripe present, 3) yellowish nuchal collar (2 or 3 dorsal scales long), 4) dull reddish color of head, 5) broad, solidly or near solidly dark, lateral bands, 6) red-orange ventral scales lightly and irregularly spotted with black mainly on the posterior half of the body and 7) a bilobed, extremely asymmetrical hemipenis, with enlarged, curved, lateral spines. The species is only known from a recent specimen collected in the Cerrado zone of northeastern Paraguay at Rancho Laguna Blanca, San Pedro department, and two photographic records of live specimens from this and an additional locality. Limited ecological data based on observations of a captive individual, and a wild record, are provided, and a conservation assessment is performed for this extremely limited range Paraguayan endemic snake.
33
Fairbanks, Virgil F., and R. Eric Miller. "Beta-globin chain hemoglobin polymorphism and hemoglobin stability in black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis)." American Journal of Veterinary Research 51, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1990.51.05.803.
Анотація:
Summary To evaluate the syndrome of acute intravascular hemolytic anemia in black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis), the hemoglobin of this species was evaluated by use of isopropanol- and heat-stability tests and was further characterized by electrophoretic studies. Samples were obtained from 22 apparently healthy captive North American black rhinoceroses, though 3 of the study animals had survived previous hemolytic events, and 3 others were parents of 3 offspring that had suffered hemolysis. The eastern African (Diceros bicornis michaeli) and the southern African subspecies (D b minor) were represented. Comparative samples were also obtained from 2 white (Ceratotherium simum) and 1 Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis) rhinoceroses. The hemoglobin of all 3 species appeared stable when tested by use of the heat and isopropanol methods. Thus, an unstable hemoglobin does not appear to be involved in the hemolytic crises of captive black rhinoceroses. Black rhinoceros hemoglobin had a striking polymorphism. Thirteen of the samples from black rhinoceroses had a single hemoglobin band, based on results of alkaline electrophoresis. Nine had, in addition to this major band, a slow (more cathodic) minor band that comprised about 10% of the total hemoglobin. Further studies indicated that the major band and the slower minor band may contain globin chains analogous to human β- and δ-chains respectively; these bands have been tentatively designated B and C. Phenotypes B and BC are common, in a ratio of 4:3. A genetic mechanism is proposed that assumes βb, and βc, gene loci and that βc-locus-expressed (βc+) and βc,-locus-inhibited (βc°) are common alleles for the βc-locus. The polymorphism of rhinoceros hemoglobins appears to be unrelated to the acute hemolytic anemia that occurs in this species.
34
Antunes, Karine Vieira, Théa Mírian Medeiros Machado, Nicola Vergara Lopes Serão, Simone Eliza Facione Guimarães, and Samuel Rezende Paiva. "Genetic diversity of captive spotted paca (Agouti paca) from south east Brazil assessed by the RAPD-PCR technique." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 2 (February 2010): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000200006.
Анотація:
The genetic diversity was analyzed among spotted paca (Agouti paca) from three commercial flocks located in Brazil. As the genome of this species is unknown, the RAPD-PCR technique was used. Ten primers generated sixty polymorphic bands. The among and within population genetic variability estimated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was 12.55 and 87.45%, respectively. The shortest Nei distance value was 11.76% among the Carangola (CG) and São Francisco do Glória (SF) populations. This value can be explained by the exchange of reproduction males and females between the two geographically close breeding sites. The analysis of principal components showed well defined and structured groups aggregating animals according their population of origin, with some exceptions. Lower diversity was found in the São Francisco population than in the Carangola and Castelo (CS) populations. This result suggested the variability is better conserved in breeding farms with fifty or sixty animals (CG and CS) than in the breeding farm with a dozen animals (SF). The RADP-PCR technique proved to be informative for the quantification of among and within population genetic variability of the spotted paca. The phenogram generated by UPGMA using the NTSYS-PC software from the Nei Distance, grouped CG and SF on a single branch connected to the CS, with 76 and 100% accuracy, respectively, to the bootstrap. This result was not only consistent with the historical and geographical information on flocks, but also shows the need for periodic reproductive male replacement. Future studies should be developed with co-dominant markers and include spotted paca from more distant places.
35
Markette, JoAnn Alicia Foley. "Considering Conversion: The Aftermath of Oral Contraceptives." Linacre Quarterly 85, no. 4 (November 2018): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0024363918815818.
Анотація:
In Humanae vitae, Pope Paul VI predicted conjugal infidelity and a loss of respect for women as grave societal consequences through severing the once-connected unitive and procreative goods of conjugal love by using artificial birth control. Almost sixty years after the Food and Drug Administration approved the artificial birth control pill for contraceptive use, these predictions have grown roots. Unfortunately, turning our backs on God’s plan for sexuality has disrupted our planet beyond the moral realm and affects the health of women, the health of society, and the health of wildlife in profound and tangible ways. Conversion refers to a change of heart, mind, and behavior concerning the stewardship of the body and creation. As opposed to artificial birth control, no known environmental or personal health risks exist in relation to natural family planning methods. Evangelization with subsequent conversion offers hope in overcoming these concerns surrounding artificial birth control pills, concerns which contribute to maladies in the female body, in society, and in nature. Too many wrestle against Catholic Church teaching prohibiting artificial birth control for birth regulation. However, because humans always have the power of choice in moral acts, our culture is not held captive by the current negative consequences that Pope Paul IV’s predicted in Humanae vitae. As mindful stewards of our bodies and of the created world, we have the option of conversion toward truth, which continually beckons and invites.
36
Nopp-Mayr, U., M. Zohmann-Neuberger, J. Tintner, M. Kriechbaum, R. Rosenberger, H. Nopp, A. Bosa, and E. Smidt. "From plants to feces: pilot applications of FTIR spectroscopy for studies on the foraging ecology of an avian herbivore." Journal of Ornithology 161, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01718-y.
Анотація:
Abstract Studies on the foraging ecology of wildlife species are of fundamental importance, as foraging decisions are closely linked to ecological key issues such as resource partitioning or population dynamics. Using Black grouse as a model system, we applied Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) to address some key questions in foraging ecology: (1) does FTIRS allow for determining plant taxa and plant parts? Can FTIRS suggest variation in digestibility of food and physiological mechanisms of consumers? (2) Can FTIRS be used to track changes in diets among populations? (3) Can FTIRS capture plants' phenology and shifts in diet? To answer these questions, we analyzed crop and gizzard contents of Black grouse via FTIRS looking for specific spectra and bands of plant taxa and plant parts. We compared spectral signals of undigested plant material and intestinal droppings, gained from wild-living birds and from aviaries. Our analyses yielded characteristic spectral fingerprints for several food plants and plant parts. Spectral fingerprints could differentiate between needles of J. communis and P. mugo and between fruits of J. communis, Sorbus sp., and Vaccinium sp. Spectral signals differed more between undigested material and crop samples than between crop and gizzard samples. Differences were more pronounced for berries than for needles. Apart from these differences, some fingerprints persisted for certain food items. The diverse foraging regime of wild-living individuals compared to captive Black grouse was reflected by spectral signals. Thus, FTIRS is a promising approach to explore variation in food choice of grouse species by means of non-invasively gained fecal samples.
37
Akhavan, Sobhan R., Bahram Falahatkar, Sally P. A. McCormick, and P. Mark Lokman. "Changes in lipid biology during ovarian development in farmed beluga sturgeon, Huso huso L." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 319, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): R376—R386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00364.2019.
Анотація:
The present study was conducted to understand key biochemical, physiological, and molecular changes associated with ovarian growth and with lipid transfer and/or accumulation into the ovary during oogenesis in captive beluga sturgeon. Plasma levels of triacylglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipid, and sex steroid hormones were determined and all were found to increase notably throughout development from the perinucleolar to the tertiary yolk stage. Using fast protein liquid chromatography, we recognized three major lipoprotein peaks in chromatograms from all samples. These peaks were characterized as containing very low-density lipoprotein (Vldl), low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein (Ldl/Hdl), and plasma proteins. While Ldl/Hdl represented the most abundant lipoprotein fraction, the relative abundance of different lipoprotein classes did not change with the stage of oogenesis. Eluted lipoproteins were separated using sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sequenced. The peptide sequence spectra for 66-kDa, 205-kDa, 29-kDa, and 70-kDa bands matched with albumin, vitellogenin (Vtg) AB2b, immunoglobulin light-chain precursor, and immunoglobulin heavy-chain, respectively. The large amount of albumin in the plasma protein peak and the confined presence of Vtg AB2b to within Ldl/Hdl reinforce the lipoprotein classification. Lastly, transcript levels of genes encoding ovarian lipoprotein lipase ( lpl), apolipoprotein E ( apoe), very low-density lipoprotein receptors ( vldlr), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8-like ( lrp8) were estimated using quantitative RT-PCR. The high mRNA levels of lpl, apoe, and lipoprotein receptors vldlr and lrp8 in previtellogenic females suggest that sturgeon oocytes need to be prepared to accept and traffic Vtg and lipids internally, before the start of vitellogenesis.
38
Riordan, Casey, Jennifer Jacquet, and Becca Franks. "Investigating the welfare and conservation implications of alligator wrestling for American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): e0242106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242106.
Анотація:
Wildlife tourism attractions (WTA) are popular in the United States, but they may be harmful to the individual animals involved and we question whether they provide benefits to environmental conservation. Most research on the welfare and environmental implications of WTAs focuses on charismatic mammals, with few studies investigating these issues for reptiles. Here we examine alligator wrestling, including its impact on animal welfare and environmental conservation. Using a sample of 94 relevant YouTube videos of alligator wrestling in Florida representing 16 different venues, we coded the environmental and behavioral characteristics evident in each video. We then performed a content analysis of wrestlers’ narration in a subset of 51 videos to analyze the environmental awareness and educational components of alligator wrestling. Our results show systemic welfare harm: 11 venues housed adult alligators together with conspecifics, 96% of alligator wrestling performances facilitated direct contact in the form of physical restraint by one or more human wrestlers, and as many as 96% of the videos did not show a suitable water or waterside features for captive alligators. Furthermore, 12% of performances showed wrestlers flipping alligators onto their backs while 16% showed wrestlers tying alligators’ jaws shut, both of which are known to be acute stressors. Finally, just under half of alligator wrestling commentary (49%) addressed environmental conservation topics, and much of this commentary included contradictory or misleading information that is not likely to benefit alligators in the wild. We argue that alligator wrestling serves no role in promoting positive relationships between humans, animals, and the environment, and instead furthers traditional notions of dominion that undermine welfare and conservation aims.
39
Bradley, Michael, and Michael R. Roberts. "The Structure and Pricing of Corporate Debt Covenants." Quarterly Journal of Finance 05, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139215500019.
Анотація:
We provide evidence on the covenant structure of corporate loan agreements. Building on the work of Jensen and Meckling [1976, Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Captial Structure, Journal of the Financial Economics 3, 305–360], Myers [1977, Determinants of Corporate Borrowing, Journal of Financial Economics 5, 145–147] and Smith and Warner [1979, On Financial Contracting: An Analysis of Bond Covenants, Journal of Financial Economics 7(2), 117–161]. We summarize and test the implications for what we refer to as the Agency Theory of Covenants (ATC), using a large sample of privately placed corporate debt. Our results are consistent with many of the implications of the ATC, including a negative relation between the promised yield on corporate debt and the presence of covenants. We also find that borrower and lender characteristics, as well as macroeconomic factors, determine covenant structure. Loans are more likely to include protective covenants when the borrower is small, has high growth opportunities or is highly levered. Loans made by investment banks and syndicated loans are also more likely to include protective covenants, as are loans made during recessionary periods or when credit spreads are large. Finally, we show that consistent with the ATC, firms that elect to issue private rather than public debt are smaller, have greater growth opportunities, less long-term debt, fewer tangible assets, more volatile cash flows and include more covenants in their debt agreements. An important byproduct of our analysis is to demonstrate empirically that covenant structure and the yield on corporate debt are determined simultaneously.
40
Liang, Ruitong. "Analysis of the Influence of BTS on K-pop." Communications in Humanities Research 14, no. 1 (November 20, 2023): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/14/20230403.
Анотація:
Over the past decade, the global music industry has witnessed a remarkable surge in the popularity of Korean pop (K-pop), with the South Korean boy band Bangtan Sonyeondan (BTS) emerging as one of the leading forces behind this phenomenon. This paper aims to analyze BTSs impact on K-pop worldwide by examining various statistical indicators, such as album sales, social media engagement, and global music charts. Firstly, the work delves into BTSs album sales, production value, and consumption stimulus, which serve as a tangible marker of their global influence. By analyzing data from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) and Billboard, it becomes evident that BTS consistently dominates album sales, breaking numerous records and crossing cultural boundaries. Their abilities to connect with diverse audiences worldwide showcases their unrivaled impact on K-pops expansion. Furthermore, this work explores the power of impacts on culture in amplifying BTSs influence. By examining data from platforms like National Gukak Research Institute, also including analysis on value transmission and cross-culture communication, it becomes evident that BTS boasts an enormous online presence. Moreover, the bands ability to captivate fans globally and the role as cultural ambassador for K-pop are demonstrated. In conclusion, this paper provides compelling evidence of BTSs profound impact on K-pop worldwide. Through their exceptional album sales, impressive social media engagement, and groundbreaking chart achievements, BTS has successfully elevated the genres global presence, paving the way for wider recognition and acceptance of K-pop in the music industry.
41
Popoola, Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson. "Preface to the Volume 2 Issue 2 of Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance." Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.52962/ipjaf.2018.2.2.44.
Анотація:
It is a great pleasure to introduce the second volume second issue of our journal into the global community yearning for high-quality, impactful papers. IPJAF continues to seek and provide readers throughout the world with technology supported peer-reviewed scholarly articles on a broad range of established and emergent areas of accounting, finance, business, economics, and social sciences.
I am resolute to maintain the high-quality standard of research and publication which is anchored on the exemplary service and dedication of our editorial board, editorial review and the editorial office. This volume 2, issue 2 comprises five manuscripts dealing with financial accounting, taxation, and auditing.
The first article entitled “Examining the independent audit committee, managerial ownership, independent board member and audit quality in listed banks” by Dr. Hisar Pangaribuana (Adventist University of Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia), Dr. Jenny Sihombinga (Adventist University of Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia), and Dr. Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia) examines the effects of the independent audit committee on the relationship between managerial ownership and independent board member on audit quality in the Indonesian listed banks. The unit of analysis is companies carrying on the banking business and listed on the Indonesian stock exchange (IDX) between the period of 2010 to 2015. This study is explanatory (i.e., causal predictive), and uses the second generation structural equation modelling statistical analysis tools, PLS-SEM and PROCESS Partial Least Square for hypotheses testing. The results show that the independent board member has a significant impact on the independent audit committee and the audit quality. The study reveals that managerial ownership does not influence audit quality. The adoption of the independent audit committee with a long tenure of years can be potentially risky and less creative. As a result, their oversight functions may be in jeopardy, impaired or reduced performances. The research findings reveal no significant indirect effects of the independent audit committee on the relationship between managerial ownership, independent board member and audit quality in the banks listed in IDX. Independent board members need to renew the appointment of the independent audit committee members to improve the quality of the oversight functions undertaken by the audit committee, and hence, enhance audit quality. The authors suggest further research on the ideal level of managerial ownership and number of an independent board member to produce a good audit quality in the Indonesian listed banks.
The second article titled “Salaried taxpayers’ internal states and assessment performance under self-assessment system: a quasi-experimental evaluation” by Dr. Noraza Mat Udin (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia) takes a look at the first reform that impacts taxpayers, that is, the implementation of self-assessment system (SAS) to replace the old assessment system in 2004. The perception is that SAS had entirely changed the taxpayers’ responsibilities from being assessed by the tax authority to a person who is responsible for assessing own income tax liability. Her study explores the public fora debates on whether taxpayers can perform their responsibilities that were previously handled by trained tax personnel in Malaysia. Her paper reports the findings of a quasi-experimental evaluation of salaried individual taxpayers’ in the early stage of SAS implementation. She argues that a lot needs to be done, notwithstanding SAS had been implemented for more than a decade, the problem of taxpayer performance is continuing due to the dynamic nature of taxation in reality. The data were collected using a quasi-experimental method known as posttest-only no-treatment control group design. The sample comprised post-graduate students, who were actual taxpayers. Among the elements of the taxpayer’s internal states considered in this study, tax knowledge was found to have a significant relationship with assessment performance. Further analysis was conducted which showed that the majority of tax knowledge dimensions had a significant relationship with taxpayer assessment performance. The findings of this study have contributed to the body of knowledge because there is a general dearth of published research, particularly in Malaysia that investigates taxpayer assessment performance especially using an experimental approach.
The third article with a caption, “Working capital management and firm performance: lessons learnt during and after the financial crisis of 2007-2008 in Nigeria” by Mr. Sunday Simon (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia), Dr. Norfaiezah Sawandi (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia), and Prof. Dr. Mohamad Ali Abdul-Hamid (Department of Accounting, College of Business Administration, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirate) examines the relationship between working capital management (WCM) and firm performance during and after the financial crisis of 2007-2008 in Nigeria. The authors argue that the financial crisis could be attributable to the deterioration and ultimate failure of WCM performance that affected many Nigerian firms. During the crisis, lending conditions were deeply affected, and financing operations became challenging for firms. Although research findings on the causes and effects of the crisis on the economy are known, what remains unknown is whether the financial crisis had a significant impact on WCM performance. The differences between the two periods, the crisis period and then after the crisis period, is operationalised through two analyses. The findings indicate that WCM variables have more explanatory power (R2) in the period after the crisis than during the crisis. Also, the results of the Cramer Z-statistic, which examined between sample comparisons of the R2, revealed that the Z-scores are significant, implying that a significant difference existed between the two periods. It suffices to say that WCM was affected during the financial crisis and led to low profitability, whereas, during the after-crisis period, WCM associates with higher profitability. These findings have implications for managers and policymakers because access to financing has become a global problem and adequate WCM management increases a company’s resilience to financial and external shocks.
The fourth article entitled “The Influence of Technology Readiness on Information Technology Competencies and Civil Conflict Environment” by Prof. Dr. Kamil Md. Idris (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia), Associate Prof. Dr. Akilah Abdullah (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia), Haetham H. Kasem Alkhaffaf (OYA Graduate School of Business, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia), and Al-Hasan Al-Aidaros (Islamic Business School, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia). Their study confirms prior findings that the Technology Readiness scale can capture the association among technology readiness and technology usage behaviours. The study also expands earlier research by investigating the impact of technology readiness on individual competency among accountants to using IT in a workplace under the intensity of civil conflict in Iraqi environment. The result shows that there is a positive significant relationship between technology readiness and the IT competencies of Iraqi accountants. It implies that the technology readiness regarding willingness, enthusiasm, and motivation of accountants using IT has an impact on their IT competencies. In other words, the higher the readiness of the accountants in making use of technology, the higher their competence in the use of IT. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in terms of theory, method and practice in Iraq especially and developing countries in general.
The fifth article titled “Mediating effect of Quality-differentiated Auditor on the relationship between Managerial ownership and Monitoring mechanisms” and authored by Dr. Rachael Oluyemisi Arowolo (Chrisland University, Nigeria), Prof. Dr. Ayoib Che-Ahmad (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia), Dr. Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia) and Dr. Hisar Pangaribuana (Adventist University of Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia) examines the relationship between Managerial Ownership (MO) and MMs with quality-differentiated auditors (QDA) as the channel for the relationship. Over the past decade, most studies in corporate governance and audit market emphasised the importance of monitoring mechanisms (MM), especially after the global economic meltdown resulting from the Enron saga. The literature on MM continues growing as many countries especially the Sub-Saharan Africa are still struggling to come out of the effect of the economic meltdown and businesses continues to fail or merge. The study used data from non-financial listed companies in Nigeria providing empirical supports that MO significantly associates with MMs in the right direction. Likewise, QDA also influences the MMs in the right direction suggesting that QDA is necessarily required to enhance adequate MMs. The findings of this study provide support for the association of MO and MMs with the intervention of QDA for solutions to agency problems. Companies should, therefore, motivate the management to own shares within the reasonable range that aligns the interest of the management with that of the shareholders. This paper adds to knowledge especially in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa by examining a mediating effect to depict the relationship between MO and MM, which are not evident in prior studies
It is my conviction that in the coming year, the vision of IPJAF to publish high-quality manuscripts in the established and emergent areas of accounting and finance from academic and professional researchers will be sustained and appreciated.
As you read throughout this volume 2, issue 2 of IPJAF, I would like to remind you that the success of our journal depends on you, your friends and colleagues as stakeholder through the submission of high-quality articles for review and publication.
Once again, I acknowledge with gratitude your continued support as we strive to make IPJAF the most authoritative journal on accounting and finance for the community of academic, professional, industry, society and government.
Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola, PhD
Editor-in-Chief
popoola@omjpalpha.com
42
Coombs, Nathan. "Central bank power without central bank autonomy?" Finance and Society, March 5, 2024, 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/fas.2023.8.
Анотація:
Abstract Leon Wansleben’s new book, The Rise of Central Banks, explains how central banks have emerged as powerful monetary governors over the past half-century. Yet the book’s recognition that central banks cannot extricate themselves from quantitative easing and market bailouts begs the question: what does it mean for central banks to be dominant but captive? In this commentary, I identify the book’s ambiguities with the concept of infrastructural power the book draws from Michael Mann. Unless the dynamics of state-market interdependence are well specified, giving due attention to the sources of both public and private power, it is unclear what kind of agency central bankers are exercising if they lack sufficient autonomy to act in the public interest.
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Sian, A. Y., A. Maimun, A. Priyanto, and Yasser M. Ahmed. "Assessment of Ship-Bank Interactions on LNG Tanker in Shallow Water." Jurnal Teknologi 66, no. 2 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v66.2500.
Анотація:
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tanker often travels through shallow waters with visible banks to load and unload its hazardous cargo. Manoeuvring of vessel in shallow water is relatively difficult and always exposed to higher risk of grounding and collision compared to deep water due to effect of ship-bank interaction. This research work examines ship-bank interaction effects of a LNG tanker in shallow water. CFD analysis is performed to investigate the hull hydrodynamic forces/moments and ship-bank interaction forces/moments which are further validate by captive model tests.
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Neseniuk, Yevhen, Illia Zhuravel, and Vitalii Yakovenko. "MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF BANKING INSTITUTIONS AND INSURANCE COMPANIES: INTEGRATION ASPECT." PROBLEMS OF SYSTEMIC APPROACH IN THE ECONOMY, no. 2(88) (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2520-2200/2022-2-12.
Анотація:
The article defines the essence of banking institutions and insurance companies as leading financial intermediaries in Ukraine, whose legal status is determined by special laws of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the new Law of Ukraine "On Insurance" adopted last year, which takes into account changes in the legal regulation of the insurance market associated with the creation of a mega-regulator in the form of the National Bank of Ukraine. It is shown that the specified normative legal acts of Ukraine provide for the possibility of creating banking groups and insurance groups. It is proven that the integration of banks and insurance companies is due to the following factors: methods of interaction – transfer of banking risks to the insurance company and active sale of insurance products in bank branches; functions – capitalization and risk hedging; forms of integration – merger and acquisition; agreement on joint sale of financial products, use of each other's financial services; sales methods – creation of joint products of banks and insurers (bancassurance). The factors of disintegration of banks and insurers are identified: limited captive interests, insufficient financial culture, lack of common standards, imperfect legislation on cooperation and interaction between banks and insurers, insufficient motivation of bank employees when selling insurance products. The contents of the special adopted normative acts of the National Bank of Ukraine, which stimulate the integration of banks and insurers, are summarized, including: Regulations on the organization of the risk management system in banks of Ukraine and banking groups, Regulations on the procedure for regulating the activities of banking groups. Ways to develop bancassurance in Ukraine are proposed: termination of martial law, the arrival of branches of European banks and insurers in Ukraine, an increase in the volume of sales of insurance protection through the mediation of the bank, a decrease in the cost of credit resources; strengthening the financial condition and status of banks and insurance companies, increasing their capital; improving the transparency and openness of the financial market.
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Hamza, Abdulmenan. "The impacts of the Ethiopian developmental state model on the competition, efficiency and profitability of banks." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, May 9, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-08-2023-0324.
Анотація:
PurposeThis study examines the impacts of the Ethiopian developmental state model on the competition, efficiency and profitability of banks.Design/methodology/approachThe competition, efficiency and profitability of the Ethiopian bank are measured using Panzar Rose, data envelopment analysis and financial ratio. Fixed-effect panel regression methods are applied to test the direction and strength of association between the Ethiopian developmental state model and the competition, efficiency and profitability of the country's banks while controlling bank-specific market structure and macroeconomic factors.FindingsThe Ethiopian developmental state model embeds the state-directed financial system, which affects the banking industry using a range of credit allocation instruments. Of which, directed credit schemes, interest rate control and the lack of financial freedom reduce the competition and efficiency of banks. The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) advances to the government and the sale of Treasury bills to a captive market enhances banking competition while negatively affecting banking efficiency. Interest rate control and the lack of financial freedom lower banking profitability. Unexpectedly, directed credit schemes improve banking profitability.Research limitations/implicationsAs with any study, this one has limitations. The intra-period comparison of efficiency is based on balanced data. Future studies can use methods that can measure the efficiency of banks using unbalanced data. The computation of the yearly H-statistic is constrained by the small sample size. The use of high-frequency data for measuring competition can provide us with better insights into banking competition in Ethiopia. Furthermore, there are a number of methods for measuring banking competition, efficiency and profitability with different assumptions. Approaching the subject of this study by applying different methods will offer different insights.Practical implicationsThe contributions of this study to practice are at two levels. First, at the policy level, it enhances our understanding of the impacts of developmental state model policies, as implemented in Ethiopia, on the banking industry and therefore provides suggestions to policymakers to reform the sector's policies. Second, it offers input to the management of banks regarding the factors that impact the industry.Originality/valueThe banking industry is often studied in the context of financial liberalisation. The originality of this study lies in investigating how the competition, efficiency and profitability of banks are affected when operating in the context of significant state interventions in the industry.
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Nascimento, Matheus B., Yasmin B. F. Moura, Radan E. M. Oliveira, Gabriela P. O. Lira, Alana A. Borges, Fábia O. Luna, Fernanda L. N. Attademo, and Alexsandra F. Pereira. "The initial steps toward the formation of somatic tissue banks and cell cultures derived from captive Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) skin biopsies." Zoo Biology, August 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21798.
Анотація:
AbstractThe declining population of the Antillean manatee caused by ecosystem degradation and rising pollution has prompted interest in developing conservation strategies for this species. Given this scenario, somatic tissue banks are important tools for acquiring knowledge about the species, as well as for obtaining somatic cells for biotechnological and ecotoxicological applications. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of slow freezing (SF) and solid‐surface vitrification (SSV) of the dermis of captive Antillean manatees on the histology and ultrastructure of the tissue and cell viability in culture. While the SSV did not change the dermis thickness, the SF maintained the tissue proliferative potential, assessed by the nucleolar organizer region area, similar to noncryopreserved tissues. Moreover, both techniques reduced the number of fibroblasts and increased the percentage of collagen fibers. Nevertheless, only tissues cryopreserved with SF and noncryopreserved tissues were able to produce cells after in vitro culture. Although SF did not alter cell viability and proliferative activity, cells derived from cryopreserved tissues showed decreased metabolism, altered apoptosis, increased levels of reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial membrane potential compared to cells from noncryopreserved tissues. In summary, we demonstrated for the first time that Antillean manatee somatic tissues can be cryopreserved by SF, and cells can be obtained after in vitro culture. Improvements in cryopreservation conditions, especially vitrification, of somatic samples are needed to increase the quality of somatic tissue banks in this species.
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Rath, Laxmi Prasad, Suraj Kumar Dash, Ashaharraza Khan, Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra, Sanjeet Kumar, Manoj V. Nair, Shashi Paul, and Sudarsan Maharana. "Monitoring the movement, habitat use and mortality of captive‐bred reintroduced gharials in the Mahanadi River, India." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 34, no. 2 (February 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.4097.
Анотація:
Abstract Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) are endemic to the Indian subcontinent and meet IUCN Red List criteria for critically endangered. The Mahanadi River, located in the southernmost part of the gharial range, currently has a few individuals survived although historically had many more. Between 2019 and 2021, the movement, habitat use and survival rate of 13 captive‐bred (juvenile = 6, subadult = 5, adult = 2) reintroduced gharials were monitored using very high frequency (VHF) radio transmitters tracked manually from the river banks. Kernel density estimates and generalized linear model (GLM) were used to investigate the home range and habitat use of individuals. Tagged gharials travelled throughout the river system, with the highest movement during summer and the least in winter. Females moved further and established larger linear home ranges than males. Kernel home ranges were established in and around the Satkosia Gorge wildlife sanctuary, which has favourable ecological conditions for gharials, namely, deep water, sandbars, abundant fish and low human disturbance. Gharial mortality was detected during the study, and post‐mortem examination indicated anthropogenic causes. The use of explosives for fishing, entanglement in fishing nets and a lack of ecological awareness within local communities were identified as key factors that need to be addressed if gharials are to survive the Mahanadi River.
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Pedroso, Nuno M., Sofia V. Dias, Thais Rovere Diniz-Reis, Margarida Santos-Reis, and Luciano Martins Verdade. "Non-invasive hair sampling of Neotropical otters." Biota Neotropica 18, no. 4 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0579.
Анотація:
Abstract: Sampling wild animal populations using non-invasive techniques is advised when dealing with threatened species. Hair samples provide ecological information like species and individual identification. However, hair trapping is scarcely used in otters, due to their aquatic habits. Most studies are with captive individuals, so there is the need to test non-invasive hair trapping methods in otters in the wild. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and cost-effective method to collect hair from otter species in a non-invasive way. The study was carried out in the Paranapanema River, São Paulo State, Brazil, with the Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818), a protected species. Hair traps (wooden sticks and tree roots with adhesive tape or wax bands) were set during six nights on river banks, otter trails and scent-marking sites. Traps were baited with otter fresh spraints from other river locations. From the 23 traps, 10 (43.7%) were successful in collecting otter hairs, mostly guard-hair. The sticks were much more efficient than the roots at capturing otter hair (70.6.% vs. 0%) as well as adhesive tape when compared to wax (71.4% vs. 0%). Method simplicity and efficiency suggest that it can be a cost-effective way for collecting otter hairs without the need for capturing individuals. This method can be used for: assessment of local otter distribution; collecting otter hair samples for sex and individual identification (by molecular analysis), trophic ecology (by isotopic analyses), ecotoxicology (by contamination analysis) or behaviour ecology (by hormonal and stress levels analysis). More trapping campaigns should be implemented to further test the method's efficiency.
49
Roller, Slavek. "Pension and state funds dominating biomedical R&D investment: fiduciary duty and public health." Globalization and Health 15, no. 1 (November 6, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0490-x.
Анотація:
Abstract Background Who benefits from the commercial biomedical research and development (R&D)? Patients-consumers and investors-shareholders have traditionally been viewed as two distinct groups with conflicting interests: shareholders seek maximum profits, patients - maximum clinical benefit. However, what happens when patients are the shareholders? With billions of dollars of public risk capital channeled into the drug development industry, analysing the complex financial architecture and the market for corporate control is essential for understanding industry’s characteristics, such as pricing strategies or R&D priorities. Results Adding investments by governmentally-mandated retirement schemes, central and promotional banks, and sovereign wealth funds to tax-derived governmental financing shows that the majority of biomedical R&D funding is public in origin. Despite this, even in the high-income countries patients can be denied access to effective treatments due to their high cost. Since these costs are set by the drug development firms that are owned in substantial part by the retirement accounts of said patients, the complex financial architecture of biomedical R&D may be inconsistent with the objectives of the ultimate beneficiaries. Conclusions The divergence in economic and public health performance of the drug development industry is resultant from its financial underwriting by enormously expanded pension schemes, governmentally mandated to represent the interests of “captive” beneficiaries, as well as similar policymaker-designed funding flows, whose standards of transparency, accountability and representation are substantially lower than that of governments themselves. Strengthening those elements of institutional design and thus ensuring active responsible shareholding in the interest of the patients-savers is an under-utilised, but potentially high-impact opportunity for advancing public health.
50
Zhou, Aiguo, Shaolin Xie, Chaonan Zhang, Zhenlu Wang, Chao Wang, Yongyong Feng, Yanfeng Chen, and Jixing Zou. "Investigations on genetic diversity and relationships among Channa species using AFLP-capillary electrophoresis." Indian Journal of Fisheries 65 (July 2, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2018.65.2.57577-08.
Анотація:
The genetic diversity and relationships among eight species of <em>Channa</em> were investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)-capillary electrophoresis. Ten <em>EcoR</em> I/<em>Mse</em> I primer pairs were selected out of thirty eight and were used for further AFLP analysis. The total amplified bands, consistency of bands and polymorphic bands ranged from 114 to 206, from 0 to 12 and from 114 to 196, respectively, with corresponding averages of 156.2; 4 and 152.2 respectively. The proportion of polymorphic bands ranged from 93.62 to 100%, with an average of 97.44%. The similarity coefficients among eight <em>Channa</em> species ranged from 0.5365 to 0.7875. The dendrogram generated after unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) clustering with NTSYS software indicated that the eight <em>Channa</em> species could be divided into four major clusters according to the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.58. <em>Channa striata</em> and <em>Channa micropeltes</em> were clustered into a separate branch that was far from the other six species and <em>Channa argus kimurai</em> (Shih) was closest to<em> Channa argus</em>. These results could be useful for conservation as well as for guiding research on captive breeding of <em>Channa</em> species.