Статті в журналах: "Capteur tracté"

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Ellis, Mark, Richard Wright, Lee Fiorio, and Steven Holloway. "Predicting neighborhood racial change in large US metropolitan areas, 1990–2010." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 6 (December 8, 2017): 1022–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317744558.

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Neighborhoods in US metropolitan areas experienced dramatic changes in racial composition during the 1990s and again during the 2000s. We ask to what extent does the recent period of neighborhood racial change reflect an extension of the local processes operative in the 1990s, processes characteristic of large metropolitan areas or the nation more generally, or reflect new dynamics. After classifying neighborhoods in US metropolitan areas into different types based on their racial composition and having harmonized a set of tracts to consistent boundaries, we use metropolitan-scale tract transition matrices from the 1990s to predict changes in neighborhood racial mix between 2000 and 2010. To capture scale effects, we repeat this using a set of pooled metropolitan-scale tract transition matrices and again using a national tract transition matrix. We show that the main dynamic at work across the metropolitan system is the underprediction of moderately diverse white majority tracts: i.e., in the 2000s, the rate of increase in the racial diversity of white majority tracts that transitioned from being predominantly white to moderately diverse was much higher than expected based on 1990s trends. In some metropolitan areas, shares of moderately diverse white tracts in 2010 are anticipated by their 1990s neighborhood dynamics, suggesting temporal stability and a locational specificity in these processes. Others experience a temporal rupture in these dynamics, and their moderately diverse white tract share is better anticipated by pooling transition information. The study also invites us to think about the nature of residential change currently taking place that we can capture in 2020 census data.

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Forkel, Stephanie J., Patrick Friedrich, Michel Thiebaut de Schotten, and Henrietta Howells. "White matter variability, cognition, and disorders: a systematic review." Brain Structure and Function 227, no. 2 (November 3, 2021): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02382-w.

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AbstractInter-individual differences can inform treatment procedures and—if accounted for—have the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes. However, when studying brain anatomy, these inter-individual variations are commonly unaccounted for, despite reports of differences in gross anatomical features, cross-sectional, and connectional anatomy. Brain connections are essential to facilitate functional organization and, when severed, cause impairments or complete loss of function. Hence, the study of cerebral white matter may be an ideal compromise to capture inter-individual variability in structure and function. We reviewed the wealth of studies that associate cognitive functions and clinical symptoms with individual tracts using diffusion tractography. Our systematic review indicates that tractography has proven to be a sensitive method in neurology, psychiatry, and healthy populations to identify variability and its functional correlates. However, the literature may be biased, as the most commonly studied tracts are not necessarily those with the highest sensitivity to cognitive functions and pathologies. Additionally, the hemisphere of the studied tract is often unreported, thus neglecting functional laterality and asymmetries. Finally, we demonstrate that tracts, as we define them, are not correlated with one, but multiple cognitive domains or pathologies. While our systematic review identified some methodological caveats, it also suggests that tract–function correlations might still be a promising tool in identifying biomarkers for precision medicine. They can characterize variations in brain anatomy, differences in functional organization, and predicts resilience and recovery in patients.

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3

De Luca, Alberto, Hugo Kuijf, Lieza Exalto, Michel Thiebaut de Schotten, Geert-Jan Biessels, E. van den Berg, G. J. Biessels, et al. "Multimodal tract-based MRI metrics outperform whole brain markers in determining cognitive impact of small vessel disease-related brain injury." Brain Structure and Function 227, no. 7 (August 22, 2022): 2553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-022-02546-2.

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AbstractIn cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), whole brain MRI markers of cSVD-related brain injury explain limited variance to support individualized prediction. Here, we investigate whether considering abnormalities in brain tracts by integrating multimodal metrics from diffusion MRI (dMRI) and structural MRI (sMRI), can better capture cognitive performance in cSVD patients than established approaches based on whole brain markers. We selected 102 patients (73.7 ± 10.2 years old, 59 males) with MRI-visible SVD lesions and both sMRI and dMRI. Conventional linear models using demographics and established whole brain markers were used as benchmark of predicting individual cognitive scores. Multi-modal metrics of 73 major brain tracts were derived from dMRI and sMRI, and used together with established markers as input of a feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) to predict individual cognitive scores. A feature selection strategy was implemented to reduce the risk of overfitting. Prediction was performed with leave-one-out cross-validation and evaluated with the R2 of the correlation between measured and predicted cognitive scores. Linear models predicted memory and processing speed with R2 = 0.26 and R2 = 0.38, respectively. With ANN, feature selection resulted in 13 tract-specific metrics and 5 whole brain markers for predicting processing speed, and 28 tract-specific metrics and 4 whole brain markers for predicting memory. Leave-one-out ANN prediction with the selected features achieved R2 = 0.49 and R2 = 0.40 for processing speed and memory, respectively. Our results show proof-of-concept that combining tract-specific multimodal MRI metrics can improve the prediction of cognitive performance in cSVD by leveraging tract-specific multi-modal metrics.

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4

Macías Quintero, Juan Ignacio. "Comentarios sobre el patrón de asentamiento en el valle del Río Verde-San Pedro (Aguascalientes) durante el Epiclásico." Revista Trace, no. 59 (July 5, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.59.2011.323.

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Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un primer estudio sobre la distribución de los asentamientos prehispánicos del valle del Río Verde-San Pedro (Aguascalientes). Las investigaciones dieron como resultado un inventario de 24 asentamientos, cuyos datos fueron incorporados a un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). Con la captura de variables en el SIG se pudieron establecer distinciones preliminares sobre el grado de jerarquía e integración entre estos asentamientos. Se espera que los resultados de estos estudios contribuyan a la discusión de los diferentes ritmos de crecimiento e interacción que pudieron tener las sociedades del septentrión mesoamericano durante el Epiclásico.Abstract: In this paper we show the results from an initial study on the distribution of pre-Hispanic settlements in the landscape of the Río Verde-San Pedro Basin, Aguascalientes. The investigations resulted in an inventory of 24 settlements whose data were incorporated into a Geographic Information System (GIS). With the capture of variables in the GIS, we were able to make preliminary distinctions about the degree of hierarchy and integration between these settlements. With this study we expect to contribute to the discussion of the different rates of growth and interaction that northern Mesoamerican societies might have experienced during Epiclassic.Résumé : Cet article présente les résultats d’une première étude sur la distribution des établissements préhispaniques de la vallée du Río Verde-San Pedro (Aguascalientes). Ces recherches ont permis de réaliser l’inventaire de 24 établissements, dont les caractéristiques ont été incorporées à un Système d’Information Géographique (SIG). Grâce à la saisie de ces variables sur le SIG, certaines distinctions préliminaires ont pu être établies quant au degré de hiérarchie et d’intégration entre ces différents établissements. Nous espérons que les résultats de cette étude contribueront à la discussion concernant les rythmes de croissance et d’interaction que connurent les sociétés du septentrion mésoaméricain durant l’Épiclassique.

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5

Anderson, J. D., and J. Widom. "Poly(dA-dT) Promoter Elements Increase the Equilibrium Accessibility of Nucleosomal DNA Target Sites." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 11 (June 1, 2001): 3830–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.11.3830-3839.2001.

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ABSTRACT Polypurine tracts are important elements of eukaryotic promoters. They are believed to somehow destabilize chromatin, but the mechanism of their action is not known. We show that incorporating an A16 element at an end of the nucleosomal DNA and further inward destabilizes histone-DNA interactions by 0.1 ± 0.03 and 0.35 ± 0.04 kcal mol−1, respectively, and is accompanied by 1.5- ± 0.1-fold and 1.7- ± 0.1-fold increases in position-averaged equilibrium accessibility of nucleosomal DNA target sites. These effects are comparable in magnitude to effects of A16 elements that correlate with transcription in vivo, suggesting that our system may capture most of their physiological role. These results point to two distinct but interrelated models for the mechanism of action of polypurine tract promoter elements in vivo. Given a nucleosome positioned over a promoter region, the presence of a polypurine tract in that nucleosome's DNA decreases the stability of the DNA wrapping, increasing the equilibrium accessibility of other DNA target sites buried inside that nucleosome. Alternatively (if nucleosomes are freely mobile), the presence of a polypurine tract provides a free energy bias for the nucleosome to move to alternative locations, thereby changing the equilibrium accessibilities of other nearby DNA target sites.

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6

Maizlish, Neil, Tracy Delaney, Helen Dowling, Derek A. Chapman, Roy Sabo, Steven Woolf, Christine Orndahl, Latoya Hill, and Lauren Snellings. "California Healthy Places Index: Frames Matter." Public Health Reports 134, no. 4 (May 16, 2019): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919849882.

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Introduction: We describe the California Healthy Places Index (HPI) and its performance relative to other indexes for measuring community well-being at the census-tract level. The HPI arose from a need identified by health departments and community organizations for an index rooted in the social determinants of health for place-based policy making and program targeting. The index was geographically granular, validated against life expectancy at birth, and linked to policy actions. Materials and Methods: Guided by literature, public health experts, and a positive asset frame, we developed a composite index of community well-being for California from publicly available census-tract data on place-based factors linked to health. The 25 HPI indicators spanned 8 domains; weights were derived from their empirical association with tract-level life expectancy using weighted quantile sums methods. Results: The HPI’s domains were aligned with the social determinants of health and policy action areas of economic resources, education, housing, transportation, clean environment, neighborhood conditions, social resources, and health care access. The overall HPI score was the sum of weighted domain scores, of which economy and education were highly influential (50% of total weights). The HPI was strongly associated with life expectancy at birth ( r = 0.58). Compared with the HPI, a pollution-oriented index did not capture one-third of the most disadvantaged quartile of census tracts (representing 3 million Californians). Overlap of the HPI’s most disadvantaged quartile of census tracts was greater for indexes of economic deprivation. We visualized the HPI percentile ranking as a web-based mapping tool that presented the HPI at multiple geographies and that linked indicators to an action-oriented policy guide. Practice Implications: The framing of indexes and specifications such as domain weighting have substantial consequences for prioritizing disadvantaged populations. The HPI provides a model for tools and new methods that help prioritize investments and identify multisectoral opportunities for policy action.

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7

Pajot-Augy, Édith. "L’haleine et les capteurs d’odeurs." médecine/sciences 35, no. 2 (February 2019): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2019001.

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Grâce à leurs capacités olfactives développées, des animaux sont capables de détecter des odeurs associées à certaines pathologies. Récemment, des nez électroniques, consistant en des réseaux de senseurs artificiels générant une signature caractéristique aux odorants présents, par exemple dans l’haleine, permettent à l’heure actuelle de diagnostiquer des pathologies variées, à des stades précoces, et de façon fiable et non invasive. Pour bénéficier de la capacité intrinsèque et naturellement optimisée du système olfactif animal à détecter et discriminer des traces d’odorants, des dispositifs hybrides bioélectroniques sont également en développement pour le diagnostic médical. Ces divers senseurs olfactifs sont en plein essor avec des résultats prometteurs.

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8

Klass, Sarah H., Laura E. Sofen, Zachary F. Hallberg, Tahoe A. Fiala, Alexandra V. Ramsey, Nicholas S. Dolan, Matthew B. Francis, and Ariel L. Furst. "Covalent capture and electrochemical quantification of pathogenic E. coli." Chemical Communications 57, no. 20 (2021): 2507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc08420d.

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Pathogenic E. coli pose a significant threat to public health by causing both foodborne illness and urinary tract infections. A sensitive electrochemical method to detect these pathogens can be used for surveillance and to prevent illness.

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9

Beamer, D., J. P. Muller, and J. M. Dessagne. "Comparison of Capture Efficiencies Measured by Tracer Gas and Aerosol Tracer Techniques." Indoor Air 8, no. 1 (March 1998): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1998.t01-3-00007.x.

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10

Brost, Richard A., Philip L. Haagenson, and Ying-Hwa Kuo. "Eulerian Simulation of Tracer Distribution during CAPTEX." Journal of Applied Meteorology 27, no. 5 (May 1988): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0579:esotdd>2.0.co;2.

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11

Draxler, Roland R., and Barbara J. B. Stunder. "Modeling the CAPTEX Vertical Tracer Concentration Profiles." Journal of Applied Meteorology 27, no. 5 (May 1988): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0617:mtcvtc>2.0.co;2.

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Akhtar, Komal, Vrinda Vyas, Prashanth Ashok Kumar, James Corines, Gustavo de la Roza, and Alina Basnet. "Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Scrotum: An Uncommon Site for a Rare Tumor." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 9 (January 2021): 232470962110087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23247096211008717.

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Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors developing from neural crest cells, with numerous sites of origin, commonly the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. NETs of the genitourinary tract are more common in women. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate or testicular carcinoid are the NETs in male. In this article, we present a rare case of NET of the scrotum. Our patient was a 47-year-old male with a history of complicated pilonidal cysts resulting in chronic scrotal wounds. Biopsy of a large nonhealing scrotal wound revealed a high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with features most suggestive of small cell carcinoma. Presenting with advanced disease at diagnosis, he was started on systemic therapy and unfortunately progressed through multiple lines of treatment, including CAPTEM (capecitabine and temozolomide). Unfortunately, due to multiple logistical reasons, the patient was unable to receive the then off-label immunotherapy based on DART (Dual Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 Blockade in Rare Tumors) trial. He, unfortunately, succumbed to his disease within months of diagnosis.

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13

Singh, Nimisha, Khushbu Patel, Suban K. Sahoo, Ranjan K. Pati, and Rajender Kumar. "Gastrointestinal tract mechanism of nitrite capture modeled on the self assembled monolayer of thioproline for electrochemical nitrite determination." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 7 (2017): 3389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta10183f.

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Wreghitt, T. G., V. J. Robinson, E. O. Caul, I. D. Paul та S. Gatley. "The development and evaluation of a μ-capture ELISA detecting chlamydia-specific Igm". Epidemiology and Infection 101, № 2 (жовтень 1988): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800054339.

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SUMMARYA μ-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting chlamydia-specific IgM was developed by use of the heat stable, lipopolysaccharide group-specific antigen and an alkaline phosphatase-labelled anti-chlamydia group-specific monoclonal antibody conjugate. The test was used to study the serological response in chlamydial respiratory tract infection among patients with acute respiratory tract symptoms in Cambridgeshire during the past 7 years. Results were compared with those of the complement fixation test (CFT) in routine use as well as those of a whole inclusion indirect immunofluorescence (WIF) test for IgM. Correlation between results of the μ-capture ELISA and those of the WIF test was 87·5%.

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Rodriguez-Garcia, M., Z. Shen, F. D. Barr, R. Rossoll, J. Kappes, Ch Ochsenbauer, and Ch R. Wira. "Dendritic cells from the human female reproductive tract rapidly capture HIV." Journal of Reproductive Immunology 115 (June 2016): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2016.04.167.

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Greene, M. Todd, David Ratz, Jennifer Meddings, Mohamad G. Fakih, and Sanjay Saint. "Potential Misclassification of Urinary Tract–Related Bacteremia Upon Applying the 2015 Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Surveillance Definition From the National Healthcare Safety Network." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 4 (January 18, 2016): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.339.

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently updated the surveillance definition of catheter-associated urinary tract infection to include only urine culture bacteria of at least 1×105 colony-forming units/mL. Our findings suggest that the new surveillance definition may fail to capture clinically meaningful catheter-associated urinary tract infections.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(4):469–471

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Chambers, Lucy W., and Jean M. Bahr. "Tracer Test Evaluation of a Drainage Ditch Capture Zone." Ground Water 30, no. 5 (September 1992): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01552.x.

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18

Yeoh, Peter. "Capture of Regulatory Agencies: A Time for Reflection Again." Business Law Review 40, Issue 4 (August 1, 2019): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2019019.

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SUMMARY This article examines the theoretical underpinning for regulatory capture including analysing practical examples from three high-profile industries. Importantly, it traces the main sources of regulatory capture, and suggests why and how these could be curbed through various ways including the use of enlightened regulatory capture.

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Čajová Kantová, Nikola, Alexander Čaja, Marek Patsch, Michal Holubčík, and Peter Ďurčanský. "Dependence of the Flue Gas Flow on the Setting of the Separation Baffle in the Flue Gas Tract." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 2961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072961.

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With the combustion of solid fuels, emissions such as particulate matter are also formed, which have a negative impact on human health. Reducing their amount in the air can be achieved by optimizing the combustion process as well as the flue gas flow. This article aims to optimize the flue gas tract using separation baffles. This design can make it possible to capture particulate matter by using three baffles and prevent it from escaping into the air in the flue gas. The geometric parameters of the first baffle were changed twice more. The dependence of the flue gas flow on the baffles was first observed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and subsequently verified by the particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) method. Based on the CFD results, the most effective is setting 1 with the same boundary conditions as those during experimental PIV measurements. Setting 2 can capture 1.8% less particles and setting 3 can capture 0.6% less particles than setting 1. Based on the stoichiometric calculations, it would be possible to capture up to 62.3% of the particles in setting 1. The velocities comparison obtained from CFD and PIV confirmed the supposed character of the turbulent flow with vortexes appearing in the flue gas tract, despite some inaccuracies.

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Čajová Kantová, Nikola, Sławomir Sładek, Jozef Jandačka, Alexander Čaja, and Radovan Nosek. "Simulation of Biomass Combustion with Modified Flue Gas Tract." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031278.

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The combustion of biomass is accompanied by the formation of particulate matter, the presence of which in the atmosphere harms human health. It is important to show the issues of reducing these pollutants and their impact on human health. This article focuses on the process of biomass combustion. The used model consists of two parts: the combustion chamber and the flue gas tract. The article shows four types of modification of the flue gas tract designed to reduce the amount of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Baffles are located in the flue gas tract, which is designed to capture the particulate matter. The final model is simulated by turbulent–viscosity models, k-ε realizable model, and then k-ω shear stress transport model. The interaction between turbulence and chemical reactions is expressed by using the Eddy Dissipation Concept model. The results then show different profiles of temperature, velocity, and particle distribution. Based on the evaluated data from two different calculations, it can be concluded that the baffles have a significant effect on the reduction of particulate matter in the atmosphere. The used baffles are able to capture mainly particles with a diameter greater than 100 µm. A significant number of particles with a diameter lower than 100 µm flows from the flue gas tract to the surrounding environment.

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21

Lorente Fernández, David. "La palabra fragante. Cantos chamánicos tzeltales." Revista Trace, no. 76 (July 31, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.76.2019.750.

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Una palabra aromática es claramente una sinestesia –fusión sonora y olfativa– pero también una apreciación perspectivista. Una palabra fragante que, en lugar de escucharse, se percibe por el olfato, implica de alguna manera un punto de vista diferente del ordinario: alguien para quien los rezos resultan aromáticos. El hecho de que una sinestesia sea el título de un libro de cantos podría llevarnos a pensar en una bella figura retórica como las empleadas por la lírica occidental (como en el simbolismo de Rubén Darío y sus “dulces azules” o los “melodiosos oros” de Juan Ramón Jiménez). Pero la obra de Pitarch nos interpela con la pregunta: ¿Y si la poesía del lenguaje fuese estrictamente “real”? ¿Es el “lenguaje poético” un modo de captar y vivir la realidad en otras coordenadas humanas? Más allá de placer estético o juego formal, como en Occidente, ¿sería el arte poético un reflejo de la realidad-real –colectiva, ceremonial o cotidiana– para alguna cultura? A diferencia de la lírica de tradición europea, la poesía “cantada” tzeltal no es metafórica, ni esteticista, ni simbolista, sino pragmática: es utilitaria y tiene una finalidad prosaica consistente en recuperar la salud del paciente durante las sesiones chamánicas. Estamos ante una reflexión acerca del estatus ontológico de la poesía.

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Bulleid, N., and J. Schofield. "Computer monitoring, capture and analysis of gas/liquid chromatograph traces." Bioinformatics 2, no. 4 (1986): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/2.4.257.

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23

Huang, Ruihong. "Simulating individual work trips for transit-facilitated accessibility study." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 1 (April 5, 2017): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317702148.

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To measure job accessibility, person-based approaches have the advantage to capture all accessibility components: land use, transportation system, individual’s mobility and travel preference, as well as individual’s space and time constraints. This makes person-based approaches more favorable than traditional aggregated approaches in recent years. However, person-based accessibility measures require detailed individual trip data which are very difficult and expensive to acquire, especially at large scales. In addition, traveling by public transportation is a highly time sensitive activity, which can hardly be handled by traditional accessibility measures. This paper presents an agent-based model for simulating individual work trips in hoping to provide an alternative or supplementary solution to person-based accessibility study. In the model, population is simulated as three levels of agents: census tracts, households, and individual workers. And job opportunities (businesses) are simulated as employer agents. Census tract agents have the ability to generate household and worker agents based on their demographic profiles and a road network. Worker agents are the most active agents that can search jobs and find the best paths for commuting. Employer agents can estimate the number of transit-dependent employees, hire workers, and update vacancies. A case study is conducted in the Milwaukee metropolitan area in Wisconsin. Several person-based accessibility measures are computed based on simulated trips, which disclose low accessibility inner city neighborhoods well covered by a transit network.

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Choudhury, Partha Prateem, Vivek Chaturvedi, Saibal Mukhopadhyay, and Jamal Yusuf. "Intermittent Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Capture due to Chronic Right Atrial Lead Dislodgement." Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal 14, no. 4 (July 2014): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0972-6292(16)30779-3.

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Ariel de Vidas, Anath. "A manera de no-conclusión: los neo-indios." Revista Trace, no. 50 (July 10, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.50.2006.419.

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Los temas indianidad y modernidad son centrales en el libro de Jacques Galinier y Antoinette Molinié, aunque abordados con un enfoque muy distinto de aquellos adoptados en los seis artículos que conforman este número de TRACE. En efecto, los autores intentan desbrozar el nebuloso fenómeno de la neo-indianidad manifestada, por ejemplo, en las danzas de los concheros en el zócalo de la ciudad de México, las reuniones de millones de personas para captar vibras durante los solsticios en Teotihuacán; la entronización incaica o aymaráica de líderes políticos por chamanes en Machu Picchu o en el templo de Tiwanaku, así como el turismo místico en búsqueda de energías cósmicas que emanan en los lugares sagrados indígenas de la sierra andina. En esta corriente de pensamiento espiritual, nostálgico, autoctónico e idealizador de la América prehispánica imaginaria, en la cual participan individuos generalmente de origen no-indígena que se expresan a través de danzas, indumentarias, rituales, teatro, literatura, música, espectáculos, se inventan una nueva cultura y nuevas tradiciones al recuperar, adaptar y asimilar supuestos rasgos y conocimientos nativos a través de un proceso demoledor que consiste en “copiar-pegar”, desplazar y reordenar prácticas indígenas fuera de su contexto original. El calpulli, por ejemplo, que en el mundo azteca designaba una unidad socio-territorial, se inscribe ahora en el proceso de invención de una unidad política y cultural supra-tribal extendida a todo el continente americano, en el afán de unificar las distintas áreas culturales de éste (p. 37) y promover un nuevo tipo de imperialismo autóctono frente a la hegemonía occidental.

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Bourden, S., R. Ben Aim, and M. Mietton-Peuchot. "Etude par capteur optique du dépôt formé lors de la filtration d'une suspension de bentonite sur fibre creuse." Revue des sciences de l'eau 6, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705169ar.

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Lors de la filtration sur fibres creuses de suspensions de bentonite, il a été mis en évidence que le facteur limitant est la formation d'un dépôt à la surface de la fibre. Parlant de ces considérations, un dispositif optique a été mis au point pour suivre l'évolution spatio-temporelle du dépôt en cours de filtration sur fibre creuse à peau externe. Ainsi, il a pu être mis en évidence que l'influence de la vitesse d'écoulement n'est sensible qu'après un certain temps de filtration ou un certain volume filtré. Dans le domaine testé des faibles vitesses d'écoulement, il existe une période initiale où la loi de filtration sur gâteau est applicable.Dans le cas de fibres creuses à peau externe, l'optimum technique (productivité maximale) ou économique (coût minimal du m3 traité) serait donc plus à rechercher dans une optimisation de la séquence filtration-lavage que dans une augmentation de la vitesse d'écoulement. L'efficacité du réentraînement du dépôt lors du lavage peut être suivie grâce à l'équipement et au capteur développés.

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27

Nirmal, Jagannath, Suprava Patnaik, Mukesh Zaveri, and Pramod Kachare. "Complex Cepstrum Based Voice Conversion Using Radial Basis Function." ISRN Signal Processing 2014 (February 6, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/357048.

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The complex cepstrum vocoder is used to modify the speaker specific characteristics of the source speaker speech to that of the target speaker speech. The low time and high time liftering are used to split the calculated cepstrum into the vocal tract and the source excitation parameters. The obtained mixed phase vocal tract and source excitation parameters with finite impulse response preserve the phase properties of the resynthesized speech frame. The radial basis function is explored to capture the nonlinear mapping function for modifying the complex cepstrum based real and imaginary components of the vocal tract and source excitation of the speech signal. The state-of-the-art Mel cepstrum envelope and the fundamental frequency (F0) are considered to represent the vocal tract and the source excitation of the speech frame, respectively. Radial basis function is used to capture and formulate the nonlinear relations between the Mel cepstrum envelope of the source and target speakers. Mean and standard deviation approach is employed to modify the fundamental frequency (F0). The Mel log spectral approximation filter is used to reconstruct the speech signal from the modified Mel cepstrum envelope and fundamental frequency. A comparison of the proposed complex cepstrum based model has been made with the state-of-the-art Mel Cepstrum Envelope based voice conversion model with objective and subjective evaluations. The evaluation measures reveal that the proposed complex cepstrum based voice conversion system approximate the converted speech signal with better accuracy than the model based on the Mel cepstrum envelope based voice conversion.

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28

Abe, Akiko. "Social capital formation and local capture in decentralization." Progress in Development Studies 9, no. 1 (January 2009): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146499340800900106.

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This article traces the roots of social capital formation in Zambézia, Mozambique, using data from the fieldwork and introducing the analytical framework of social knowledge, and examines the issues of decentralization in societies with low stocks of social capital. The case of Zambézia suggests that traditions of collective action for common goods and good local leadership can be a key to enhance stocks of social capital. To overcome inequality and the so-called local capture problems in societies with low stocks of social capital, alternative communication methods, public-civil society partnership and more intensified allocation of researchers in the field are recommended.

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29

Anand, Roopesh, Erika Buechelmaier, Ondrej Belan, Matthew Newton, Aleksandra Vancevska, Artur Kaczmarczyk, Tohru Takaki, David S. Rueda, Simon N. Powell, and Simon J. Boulton. "HELQ is a dual-function DSB repair enzyme modulated by RPA and RAD51." Nature 601, no. 7892 (December 22, 2021): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04261-0.

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AbstractDNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) are deleterious lesions, and their incorrect repair can drive cancer development1. HELQ is a superfamily 2 helicase with 3′ to 5′ polarity, and its disruption in mice confers germ cells loss, infertility and increased predisposition to ovarian and pituitary tumours2–4. At the cellular level, defects in HELQ result in hypersensitivity to cisplatin and mitomycin C, and persistence of RAD51 foci after DNA damage3,5. Notably, HELQ binds to RPA and the RAD51-paralogue BCDX2 complex, but the relevance of these interactions and how HELQ functions in DSB repair remains unclear3,5,6. Here we show that HELQ helicase activity and a previously unappreciated DNA strand annealing function are differentially regulated by RPA and RAD51. Using biochemistry analyses and single-molecule imaging, we establish that RAD51 forms a complex with and strongly stimulates HELQ as it translocates during DNA unwinding. By contrast, RPA inhibits DNA unwinding by HELQ but strongly stimulates DNA strand annealing. Mechanistically, we show that HELQ possesses an intrinsic ability to capture RPA-bound DNA strands and then displace RPA to facilitate annealing of complementary sequences. Finally, we show that HELQ deficiency in cells compromises single-strand annealing and microhomology-mediated end-joining pathways and leads to bias towards long-tract gene conversion tracts during homologous recombination. Thus, our results implicate HELQ in multiple arms of DSB repair through co-factor-dependent modulation of intrinsic translocase and DNA strand annealing activities.

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30

Rodriguez-Garcia, M., Z. Shen, F. D. Barr, A. W. Boesch, M. E. Ackerman, J. C. Kappes, C. Ochsenbauer, and C. R. Wira. "Dendritic cells from the human female reproductive tract rapidly capture and respond to HIV." Mucosal Immunology 10, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mi.2016.72.

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31

Yang, Xiu Jun, Yan Ying Xing, and Zhi Gang Shi. "Analyze Smoke Extraction Efficiency on Point Exhaust System of Side Direction for Immersed Tunnel Impact Shape of Smoke Dampers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1273.

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Shape of smoke dampers is the important technical parameters for point exhaust system of side direction. This article through theoretical analysis, using CFD software Ansys Fluent by CO as tracer gas ,analysis smoke extraction efficiency for different shape of smoke dampers in order to better ensure capture efficiency. After analysis, the flat shapes of smoke dampers have better capture efficiency.

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32

Needs, Sarah Helen, Sultan İlayda Dönmez, and Alexander Daniel Edwards. "Direct microfluidic antibiotic resistance testing in urine with smartphone capture: significant variation in sample matrix interference between individual human urine samples." RSC Advances 11, no. 60 (2021): 38258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra06867a.

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33

Bass, L., A. J. Bracken, and J. Hilden. "Flux ratio theorems for nonstationary membrane transport with temporary capture of tracer." Journal of Theoretical Biology 118, no. 3 (February 1986): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5193(86)80063-7.

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34

De Giacomo, Giuseppe, Fabrizio Maria Maggi, Andrea Marrella, and Sebastian Sardina. "Computing Trace Alignment against Declarative Process Models through Planning." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 26 (March 30, 2016): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v26i1.13783.

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Process mining techniques aim at extracting non-trivial knowledge from event traces, which record the concrete execution of business processes. Typically, traces are "dirty" and contain spurious events or miss relevant events. Trace alignment is the problem of cleaning such traces against a process specification. There has recently been a growing use of declarative process models, e.g., Declare (based on LTL over finite traces) to capture constraints on the allowed task flows. We demonstrate here how state-of-the-art classical planning technologies can be used for trace alignment by presenting a suitable encoding. We report experimental results using a real log from a financial domain.

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35

Flynn, Kathryn E., Sarah A. Mansfield, Abigail R. Smith, Brenda W. Gillespie, Catherine S. Bradley, David Cella, J. Quentin Clemens, et al. "Can 7 or 30-Day Recall Questions Capture Self-Reported Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Accurately?" Journal of Urology 202, no. 4 (October 2019): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ju.0000000000000310.

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36

Carestiato, Fernanda Nahoum, Kátia Cristina da Silva, Daniela Signorelli Balthazar, Licínio Silva, Marisa Marinho, Ledy Horto dos Santos Oliveira, and Silvia Maria Baeta Cavalcanti. "Analysis of molecular biology techniques for the diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer prevention." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 39, no. 5 (October 2006): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822006000500002.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of molecular methodologies to access human papillomavirus genome in the genital tract. Samples from 136 women aged 17 to 52 years old obtained from the Dr. Sérgio Franco Laboratories between 2000 and 2001, were analyzed by the hybrid capture assay and amplified by PCR with generic primers MY09/MY11 and specific primers for types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 58. Viral genome was detected in 71.3% of the samples by hybrid capture and 75% by amplification. When cytopathology was used as a reference method for screening lesions, hybrid capture (p=0) and amplification (p=0.002) presented positive association. The 3 methods showed absolute agreement when cytopathology confirmed papillomavirus infection and high grade intraepithelial lesion. Disagreements occurred for 10 cases: seven inflammatory cases positive by PCR and negative for hybrid capture and 3 low squamous intraepithelial lesions positive for hybrid capture but negative for amplification. In conclusion, hybrid capture was shown to be sensitive and specific enough for use in clinical routines. Moreover, the evaluation of viral load values obtained by this method were shown to be related to the severity of the lesion and merit further studies to analyze the possible association with risk of progression to malignancy.

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37

Zignani, Matteo, Sabrina Gaito, Gian Paolo Rossi, Xiaohan Zhao, Haitao Zheng, and Ben Zhao. "Link and Triadic Closure Delay: Temporal Metrics for Social Network Dynamics." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 8, no. 1 (May 16, 2014): 564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v8i1.14507.

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Today, numerous models and metrics are available to capture and characterize static properties of online social networks. When it comes to understanding their dynamics and evolution, however, research offers little interms of metrics or models. Current metrics are limited to logical time clocks, and unable to capture interactions with external factors that rely on physical time clocks. In this paper, our goal is to take initial steps towards building a set of metrics for characterizing social network dynamics based on physical time. We focus our attention on two metrics that capture the "eagerness" of users in building social structure. More specifically, we propose metrics of link delay and triadic closure delay, two metrics that capture the time delay between when a link or triadic closure is possible,and when they actually instantiate in the trace. Considered over time or across traces, the value of these metrics can provide insight on the speed at which users act in building and extending their social neighborhoods. We apply these metrics to two real traces of social network dynamics from the Renren and Facebook networks. We show that these metrics are generally consistent across networks, but their differences reveal interesting properties of each system. We argue that they can be attributed to factors such as network maturity, environmental and social contexts, and services offered by network provider, all factors independent of the network topology and captured by our proposed metrics. Finally, we find that triadic closure delays capture the ease of neighbor discovery in social networks, and can be strongly influenced by friend recommendation systems.

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38

PAULUCCI, L., J. E. HORVATH, and G. A. MEDINA-TANCO. "CAPTURE CONDITIONS FOR STRANGELETS IN THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 02n03 (February 2007): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807010316.

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Strangelets coming from the interstellar medium are an interesting target in experiments searching for evidence of this hypothetic state of hadronic matter. For a stationary population of strangelets to be trapped by the geomagnetic field, these particles would have to fulfill certain conditions, namely having magnetic rigidities above the geomagnetic cutoff and below a certain threshold for adiabatic motion. For totally ionized strangelets these two conditions prevent them to be stably trapped if one considers that a similar mechanism resulting in the anomalous cosmic rays belt should also be responsible for strangelet trapping. The situation could be different if those particles could reach the earth with an effective charge less than total ionization, since it would lower the particle's magnetic rigidity, but cross sections are much too low to allow interstellar electronic recombination for strangelets in the low baryonic number range. If traces of strangelets are indeed measured as a component of the radiation belt, alternative methods for their capture have to be proposed.

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39

Qiu, Zhiquan, Jun Ji, Yu Xu, Yan Zhu, Chun-Fang Gao, Guoqiang Wang, Chengcheng Li, et al. "Comparative mutational analysis of biliary tract cancers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e16164-e16164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e16164.

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e16164 Background: Traditional classifications of tumors have utilized tissue of origin and histologic types. These categories have been refined with comprehensive molecular characterizations across large numbers of tumors. We hereby aimed to identify the similarities and differences of mutational profiles among the cancers along biliary tract, and investigate their prognostic effects. Methods: Mutation and clinical data from 99 BTC patients who received surgical resection (gallbladder cancer [GBC], n=42; cholangiocarcinoma [CCA], n=57) were analyzed. Capture-based targeted deep sequencing was performed using a 520-gene panel, spanning 1.64 Mb of the human genome (Burning Rock Biotech). Results: The mutational frequencies of TP53, BRCA1/2, ATM, and PI3K, WNT, HRR, and cell cycle pathway, gradually decreased with the order of the anatomical position (GBC, dCCA, pCCA, iCCA-large duct, and iCCA-small duct), while the changing trend of BRAF mutational frequency was the opposite (Table). In addition, CCND1/E1 and APC mutations were enriched in metastatic BTCs. As for prognostic effect, mutations of BRAF, TGFBR1/2, ARID1A, and MMR pathway were associated with shorter OS, and these association remained significant after adjustment for tissue of origin, TNM stage, histological grade, surgical margin, and serum CEA level. Conclusions: The differentially mutated genes among the cancers along biliary tract may indicate the potential mechanism of tumor development in different anatomic locations. Deeper understanding of the prognosis-related mutational events might change the postoperative management of BTC by enabling risk stratification, ACT monitoring, and early relapse detection. Mutational rate of the differentially mutated genes among the cancers along biliary tract.[Table: see text]

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40

Gyurova, Anna Y., Stefan V. Stoyanov, and Elena Mileva. "Capture of LPS traces in aqueous solutions by tectomers of four-antennary oligoglycines." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 520 (May 2017): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.049.

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41

Kemp, Mathieu, and Howard M. Branz. "Hydrogen diffusion ina-Si:H: Solution of the tracer equations including capture by exchange." Physical Review B 52, no. 19 (November 15, 1995): 13946–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.52.13946.

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42

Zhou, Mingming. "Using Traces to Investigate Self-Regulatory Activities: A Study of Self-Regulation and Achievement Goal Profiles in the Context of Web Search for Academic Tasks." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 12, no. 3 (2013): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.12.3.287.

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Traditional approaches of researching self-regulated learning (SRL) fail to capture how learners actually employ studying tactics, how tactics are strategically adapted to specific learning contexts, and how learners adapt tactics and interweave them to form an efficient strategy. Computer traces can capture SRL “on the fly,” and enable researchers to track learning events in a nonlinear environment without disrupting the learner’s thinking or navigation through content. More importantly, data obtained in real time allow “virtual” re-creation of learners’ actions during studying. There were 107 Chinese university students’ traces collected while they solved assigned problems through searching the web. By linking their regulatory activities during online search to their goal profiles, results showed that mastery-approach-dominant students were most strategic, whereas performance-avoidance-dominant students were least. Moderately motivated students showed a mixed pattern of deep and surface study strategies. Implications of the findings were also discussed.

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43

Hoff, R. M., and A. J. Gallant. "The use of an available SO2 tracer during the 1983 captex experiment." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 19, no. 10 (January 1985): 1573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90209-4.

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44

HAMMER, PAUL E. J. "MYTH-MAKING: POLITICS, PROPAGANDA AND THE CAPTURE OF CADIZ IN 1596." Historical Journal 40, no. 3 (September 1997): 621–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007358.

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The capture of Cadiz in 1596 was a spectacular but short-lived success in England's war against Spain. More enduring were the many partisan accounts of the victory, which were prepared and disseminated by various officers from the expedition. This article traces these rival narratives and explores their circulation in manuscript form, including the earl of Essex's notorious ‘True relacion’. Such documents illustrate the increasingly bitter divisions of late Elizabethan politics. The stories of Cadiz gained a fresh currency when England and Spain went to war again in the 1620s, placing a heavy burden of expectation on the government of Charles I.

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45

Turpeinen, U., and U. H. Stenman. "Determination of Fetal Hemoglobin by Time-Resolved Immunofluorometric Assay." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.10.2013.

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Abstract We have developed a "sandwich"-type time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) for fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in hemolysates from adults and newborns, amniotic fluid, and plasma, based on a polyclonal and a monoclonal antibody against human fetal hemoglobin. Microtiter wells are coated with polyclonal capture antibody, and the gamma-chain-specific monoclonal tracer antibody is labeled with a europium chelate. In a simple and fast assay procedure, prediluted hemolysates are incubated in the microtiter wells first with capture antibody for 1 h and, after washing, for 1 h with tracer antibody. The wells are washed and the fluorescence of europium is measured. The mean analytical recovery is 102% and results by IFMA agreed well with values obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography. The analytical range of IFMA is large and well suited for clinical purposes. The detection limit of the assay is 0.2 microgram/L and the measuring range extends to 500 micrograms/L.

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46

Pemper, Richard. "A History of Nuclear Spectroscopy in Well Logging." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 61, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 523–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv61n6-2020a1.

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This paper provides a history of nuclear spectroscopy in well logging from its beginnings in 1939 up until the present day. After the invention and implementation of gamma ray logging, this paper traces the technological development of the pulsed-neutron capture (sigma) log, the spectral gamma ray log, the carbon-oxygen log, tracer identification logs, small-diameter reservoir characterization tools, and finally the geochemical log. The key to the science of nuclear spectroscopy has been the detection of gamma rays, their energies, and the identity of their parent atomic nuclei. From this, the properties of the formation can be better understood. There have been many advances in technology that have led to the current state of nuclear spectroscopy tools. The most notable has been the ability to detect the presence of a gamma ray. After this came numerous advances in scintillator crystal detector technology, the pulsed-neutron generator, the energy digitization of gamma ray pulses, fast-timing electronics, and powerful computers. These advances have made possible the complex, gamma ray-centric logging tools that we have today that have helped petroleum engineers in the energy industry locate and produce hydrocarbon, kerogen, and natural gas reservoirs for the benefit of each individual in the world. This paper discusses the rich history of these historic developments.

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47

Scott, J. S. "Helminth parasites of the alimentary tract of the hakes (Merluccius, Urophycis, Phycis: Teleostei) of the Scotian Shelf." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-047.

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Alimentary tracts of the five common hakes of the Scotian shelf (Urophycis chuss, Urophycis tenuis, Phycis chesteri, Merluccius bilinearis, Merluccius albida) were examined for helminth parasites. A total of 29 species was found: 17 Digenea, 4 Cestoda, 6 Nematoda, 2 Acanthocephala. The greatest numbers of species were found in the closely associated U. tenuis (25) and U. chuss (19). Phycis chesteri hosted a moderate number (14) but included 3 digeneans that are typical of deep water (Anomalotrema koiae, Lethadena profunda, Paraccacladium jamiesoni) not found in the other hakes. The merlucciids were characterized by low numbers of parasite species, particularly of digeneans, but showed high prevalence of the host-specific cestode Clestobothrium crassiceps. The effects of geographic distribution, fish length, and depth of capture on parasite prevalence were examined for those parasites that were adequately represented. There was little difference in geographical distribution except in the case of C. crassiceps, in which distribution suggested a separate population of M. bilinearis on the Scotian Shelf from that of the Gulf of Maine. Fish length and depth of capture had little effect on parasite prevalence.

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48

Lemmens, Glenn, Arno Van Camp, Stephanie Kourula, Tim Vanuytsel, and Patrick Augustijns. "Drug Disposition in the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Targeting and Monitoring." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020161.

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The increasing prevalence of colonic diseases calls for a better understanding of the various colonic drug absorption barriers of colon-targeted formulations, and for reliable in vitro tools that accurately predict local drug disposition. In vivo relevant incubation conditions have been shown to better capture the composition of the limited colonic fluid and have resulted in relevant degradation and dissolution kinetics of drugs and formulations. Furthermore, drug hurdles such as efflux transporters and metabolising enzymes, and the presence of mucus and microbiome are slowly integrated into drug stability- and permeation assays. Traditionally, the well characterized Caco-2 cell line and the Ussing chamber technique are used to assess the absorption characteristics of small drug molecules. Recently, various stem cell-derived intestinal systems have emerged, closely mimicking epithelial physiology. Models that can assess microbiome-mediated drug metabolism or enable coculturing of gut microbiome with epithelial cells are also increasingly explored. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the colonic physiology in relation to drug absorption, and review colon-targeting formulation strategies and in vitro tools to characterize colonic drug disposition.

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49

Kapsner, Andreas. "Strong Connexivity." Thought: A Journal of Philosophy 1, no. 2 (2012): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tht.19.

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Connexive logics aim to capture important logical intuitions, intuitions that can be traced back to antiquity. However, the requirements that are imposed on connexive logic are actually not enough to do justice to these intuitions, as I will argue. I will suggest how these demands should be strengthened.

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50

Latulippe, Jean-Guy. "Le traité de réciprocité 1854-1866." L'Actualité économique 52, no. 4 (June 25, 2009): 432–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800694ar.

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Abstract "Reciprocity is a relation between two independent powers, such that the citizens of each are guaranteed certain commercial privileges at the hands of the others". The arrangement obtained under the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 might perhaps be appropriately described as a partial "free-trade area" rather than as a "customs union" since the United States and the British North American Provinces were not assumed to draw up a common tariff schedule for their imports from the outside countries. Each participant maintains its own duties against other countries or even colonies. The Reciprocity Treaty permitted free access in the coastal fisheries to Americans and abolished duties on a wide range of natural products (grain, flour, fish, livestock, coal, timber and other less important natural produce). At the same time, American vessels were admitted to the use of Canadian canals on the same terms as British and colonial vessels. Reciprocity was to apply to Canadian vessels going to United States. In the late 1840's the B.N.A. Provinces were faced by that policy which the literature has called "Little Englandism". When Britain repealed the corn laws and gradually the preferential tariffs on timber the B.N.A. Provinces were shocked to be left on their own. A new commercial system had to be developed: reciprocity was the answer. But, it could have been something else: protection or annexion. The direction of the external trade changes with the Reciprocity Treaty. Before 1851, Britain was Canada's main partner (59% of Canada's Exports). But a decade later, the United States was both Canada's major supplier and its best customer. Neither the Treaty nor the loss of preference in the British Market succeeded in destroying the Trade of B.N.A. Provinces with the United Kingdom. In fact, trade with Britain was greater in 1865 than in 1854. Later, in 1870, Britain took back its leading position. What we see is a diversion of trade from Britain to the United States and back to Britain where the basic commercial connections were well established. The Treaty was disappointing for the "dream" of using the St. Lawrence as the main route to capture the trade of the West did not materialize. The consequence of abrogation was less unfortunate than had in some quarters been anticipated. The Treaty came late after the abolition of the preferential tariffs, and it was disturbed by major events (the crisis of 1857; the American Civil War). After the treaty, recovery of the American currency reconstruction, proximity of the two countries, a new boom in foreign investment in Canada, etc., combined to reduce considerably the potential blow to Canada of the Abrogation. The agreement lasted for twelve years and was finally overwhelmed by the rising tide of protectionism and commercial jealousies and political hostilities of the time. Reciprocity, Confederation, the Nation Policy, the St. Lawrence Seaway (1840/1950), the National Corporations, the pipelines are all the elements of the same continuum: economic and political integration of isolated markets in North America.

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