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Статті в журналах з теми "Capillarity on rough surfaces"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Kim, Tae Wan, and Bharat Bhushan. "The adhesion model considering capillarity for gecko attachment system." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 20 (June 26, 2007): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1078.

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Geckos make use of approximately a million microscale hairs (setae) that branch off into hundreds of nanoscale spatulae to cling to different smooth and rough surfaces and detach at will. This hierarchical surface construction gives the gecko the adaptability to create a large real area of contact with surfaces. It is known that van der Waals force is the primary mechanism used to adhere to surfaces, and capillary force is a secondary effect that can further increase adhesive force. To investigate the effects of capillarity on gecko adhesion, we considered the capillary force as well as the solid-to-solid interaction. The capillary force expressed in terms of elliptical integral is calculated by numerical method to cope with surfaces with a wide range of contact angles. The adhesion forces exerted by a single gecko spatula in contact with planes with different contact angles for various relative humidities are calculated, and the contributions of capillary force to total adhesion force are evaluated. The simulation results are compared with experimental data. Finally, using the three-level hierarchical model recently developed to simulate a gecko seta contacting with random rough surface, the effect of the relative humidity and the hydrophobicity of surface on the gecko adhesion is investigated.

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2

Anand, Utkarsh, Tanmay Ghosh, Zainul Aabdin, Siddardha Koneti, XiuMei Xu, Frank Holsteyns, and Utkur Mirsaidov. "Dynamics of thin precursor film in wetting of nanopatterned surfaces." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 38 (September 17, 2021): e2108074118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108074118.

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The spreading of a liquid droplet on flat surfaces is a well-understood phenomenon, but little is known about how liquids spread on a rough surface. When the surface roughness is of the nanoscopic length scale, the capillary forces dominate and the liquid droplet spreads by wetting the nanoscale textures that act as capillaries. Here, using a combination of advanced nanofabrication and liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy, we image the wetting of a surface patterned with a dense array of nanopillars of varying heights. Our real-time, high-speed observations reveal that water wets the surface in two stages: 1) an ultrathin precursor water film forms on the surface, and then 2) the capillary action by nanopillars pulls the water, increasing the overall thickness of water film. These direct nanoscale observations capture the previously elusive precursor film, which is a critical intermediate step in wetting of rough surfaces.

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3

Jansons, Kalvis M. "Moving contact lines on a two-dimensional rough surface." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 154 (May 1985): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085001392.

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The dynamic contact angle for a contact line moving over a solid surface with random sparse spots of roughness is determined theoretically in the limit of zero capillary number. The model exhibits many of the observed characteristics of moving contact lines on real rough surfaces, including contact-angle hysteresis and stick-slip. Several types of rough surface are considered, and a comparison is made between periodic and random rough surfaces.

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4

Schoen, Martin. "Capillary condensation between mesocopically rough surfaces." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 206, no. 1-3 (July 2002): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(02)00080-8.

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5

Crawford, Niall, Thomas Endlein, Jonathan T. Pham, Mathis Riehle, and W. Jon P. Barnes. "When the going gets rough – studying the effect of surface roughness on the adhesive abilities of tree frogs." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (December 30, 2016): 2116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.201.

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Tree frogs need to adhere to surfaces of various roughnesses in their natural habitats; these include bark, leaves and rocks. Rough surfaces can alter the effectiveness of their toe pads, due to factors such as a change of real contact area and abrasion of the pad epithelium. Here, we tested the effect of surface roughness on the attachment abilities of the tree frog Litoria caerulea. This was done by testing shear and adhesive forces on artificial surfaces with controlled roughness, both on single toe pads and whole animal scales. It was shown that frogs can stick 2–3 times better on small scale roughnesses (3–6 µm asperities), producing higher adhesive and frictional forces, but relatively poorly on the larger scale roughnesses tested (58.5–562.5 µm asperities). Our experiments suggested that, on such surfaces, the pads secrete insufficient fluid to fill the space under the pad, leaving air pockets that would significantly reduce the Laplace pressure component of capillarity. Therefore, we measured how well the adhesive toe pad would conform to spherical asperities of known sizes using interference reflection microscopy. Based on experiments where the conformation of the pad to individual asperities was examined microscopically, our calculations indicate that the pad epithelium has a low elastic modulus, making it highly deformable.

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6

Escobar, Juan V., Cristina Garza, and Rolando Castillo. "Measuring adhesion on rough surfaces using atomic force microscopy with a liquid probe." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (April 10, 2017): 813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.84.

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We present a procedure to perform and interpret pull-off force measurements during the jump-off-contact process between a liquid drop and rough surfaces using a conventional atomic force microscope. In this method, a micrometric liquid mercury drop is attached to an AFM tipless cantilever to measure the force required to pull this drop off a rough surface. We test the method with two surfaces: a square array of nanometer-sized peaks commonly used for the determination of AFM tip sharpness and a multi-scaled rough diamond surface containing sub-micrometer protrusions. Measurements are carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere to avoid water capillary interactions. We obtain information about the average force of adhesion between a single peak or protrusion and the liquid drop. This procedure could provide useful microscopic information to improve our understanding of wetting phenomena on rough surfaces.

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7

de Boer, M. P., and P. C. T. de Boer. "Thermodynamics of capillary adhesion between rough surfaces." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 311, no. 1 (July 2007): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.051.

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8

de Boer, M. P. "Capillary Adhesion Between Elastically Hard Rough Surfaces." Experimental Mechanics 47, no. 1 (January 10, 2007): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-006-0631-z.

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9

Thomas, Myles, Elizabeth Krenek, and Stephen Beaudoin. "Capillary Forces Described by Effective Contact Angle Distributions via Simulations of the Centrifuge Technique." MRS Advances 1, no. 31 (2016): 2237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.516.

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ABSTRACTUnderstanding particle adhesion is vital to any industry where particulate systems are involved. There are multiple factors that affect the strength of the adhesion force, including the physical properties of the interacting materials and the system conditions. Surface roughness on the particles and the surfaces to which they adhere, including roughness at the nanoscale, is critically important to the adhesion force. The focus of this work is on the capillary force that dominates the adhesion whenever condensed moisture is present. Theoretical capillary forces were calculated for smooth particles adhered to smooth and rough surfaces. Simulations of the classical centrifuge technique used to describe particle adhesion to surfaces were performed based on these forces. A model was developed to describe the adhesion of the particles to the rough surface in terms of the adhesion to a smooth surface and an ‘effective’ contact angle distribution.

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10

Kubochkin, Nikolai, and Tatiana Gambaryan-Roisman. "Edge wetting: Steady state of rivulets in wedges." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 4 (April 2022): 042112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086967.

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The geometry of rough, textured, fractured, and porous media is topologically complicated. Such media are commonly modeled as bundles of capillary tubes. However, angle-containing geometries can serve as a more realistic portrayal of their internal structure. A basic element inherent to all of these media is an open wedge-like channel. The classical theory of capillarity ignoring intermolecular interactions implies that liquid entering a wedge must propagate indefinitely along its spine when the liquid–gas interface is concave. This is well known as the Concus–Finn condition. In the present paper, we show that steady-state rivulets can be formed in such channels when surface forces are taken into account. We present a simple model based on the disjoining pressure approach and analyze the shape of rivulets in wedges. We also consider the case when the walls of the wedge are soft and can be deformed by the liquid.

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11

Kim, Jungchul, Myoung-Woon Moon, and Ho-Young Kim. "Dynamics of hemiwicking." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 800 (June 29, 2016): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.386.

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Hemiwicking refers to the spreading of a liquid on a rough hydrophilic surface driven by capillarity. Here, we construct scaling laws to predict the velocity of hemiwicking on a rough substrate and experimentally corroborate them with various arrangements and dimensions of micropillar arrays. At the macroscopic scale, where the wetting front appears parallel to the free surface of the reservoir, the wicking distance is shown to grow diffusively, i.e. like $t^{1/2}$ with $t$ being time. We show that our model is consistent with pillar arrays of a wide range of pitch-to-height ratios, either square or skewed. At the microscopic scale, where the meniscus extension from individual pillars at the wetting front is considered, the extension distance begins to grow like $t$ but the spreading slows down to behave like $t^{1/3}$ when the meniscus is far from the pillar. Our microscopic flow modelling allows us to find pillar spacing conditions under which the assumption of densely spaced pillars is valid.

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12

Persson, B. N. J. "Capillary adhesion between elastic solids with randomly rough surfaces." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20, no. 31 (June 26, 2008): 315007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/31/315007.

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13

Wang, Jizeng, Jin Qian, and Huajian Gao. "Effects of Capillary Condensation in Adhesion between Rough Surfaces." Langmuir 25, no. 19 (October 6, 2009): 11727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la900455k.

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14

Iliev, Stanimir, Nina Pesheva, and Pavel Iliev. "Wetting of doubly periodic rough surfaces in Wenzel’s regime." MATEC Web of Conferences 145 (2018): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814503006.

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In this work we present preliminary results from our numerical study of the shapes of a liquid meniscus in contact with doubly sinusoidal rough surfaces in Wenzel’s wetting regime. Using the full capillary model we obtain the advancing and the receding equilibrium meniscus shapes for a broad interval of surface roughness factors. The contact angle hysteresis is obtained when the three-phase contact line is located on one row (block case) or several rows (kink case) of physical defects. We find that depending on the mutual disposition of the contact line and the lattice of periodic defects, different stick-slip behaviors of the contact line depinning mechanism appear, leading to different values of the contact angle hysteresis.

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15

Sweeney, J. B., T. Davis, L. E. Scriven, and J. A. Zasadzinski. "Equilibrium thin films on rough surfaces. 1. Capillary and disjoining effects." Langmuir 9, no. 6 (June 1993): 1551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00030a021.

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16

Chen, Zhixiang, Linlin Cao, Julong Yuan, Binghai Lyu, Wei Hang, and Jiahuan Wang. "The Mechanism of Layer Stacked Clamping (LSC) for Polishing Ultra-Thin Sapphire Wafer." Micromachines 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11080759.

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Double-sides polishing technology has the advantages of high flatness and parallelism, and high polishing efficiency. It is the preferred polishing method for the preparation of ultra-thin sapphire wafer. However, the clamping method is a fundamental problem which is currently difficult to solve. In this paper, a layer stacked clamping (LSC) method of ultra-thin sapphire wafer which was used on double-sides processing was proposed and the clamping mechanism of layer stacked clamping (LSC) was studied. Based on the rough surface contact model of fractal theory, combining the theory of van der Waals force and capillary force, the adhesion model of the rough surfaces was constructed, and the reliability of the model was verified through experiments. Research has found that after displacement between the two surfaces the main force of the adhesion force is capillary force. The capillary force decreases with the increasing of surface roughness, droplet volume, and contact angle. For an ultra-thin sapphire wafer with a diameter of 50.8 mm and a thickness of 0.17 mm, more than 1.4 N of normal adhesion force can be generated through the LSC method. Through the double-sides polishing experiment using the LSC method, an ultra-thin sapphire wafer with an average surface roughness (Ra) of 1.52 nm and a flatness (PV) of 0.968 μm was obtained.

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17

ZHENG, QIAN, JINTU FAN, and CHAO XU. "FRACTAL MODEL OF GAS DIFFUSION THROUGH POROUS FIBROUS MATERIALS WITH ROUGH SURFACES." Fractals 26, no. 05 (October 2018): 1850065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x18500652.

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Fractal model of gas diffusion through porous fibrous materials with rough surfaces is derived, in which the porous structure is simplified to be composed of a bundle of tortuous capillaries whose pore size distribution and surface roughness follow the fractal scaling laws. The analytical expression for gas relative diffusion coefficient is a function of the relative roughness, fiber radius and the other microstructural parameters (porosity, the fractal dimension for pore size distribution and tortuosity, the maximum and minimum pore diameter and the characteristic length). The proposed fractal model is validated by comparison with available experimental data and correlations. At the same time, the effect of microstructural parameters of porous fibrous materials on gas diffusion has been studied in detail. It is believed that the current model may be extended to porous materials other than fibrous materials.

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18

Babin, S. V., E. N. Egorov, and A. A. Fursov. "The Influence of Technological Parameters of the Plasma Spraying Process on the Macrostructure of Titanium Coatings." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 04 (721) (April 2020): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2020-4-44-53.

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Capillary-porous surfaces are used in endoprosthetics as well as in catalytic converters and heat exchangers to increase the strength of adhesive bonding. Plasma spraying is one of the methods to obtain rough coatings for capillary-porous surfaces. Determining the relationships between the parameters of macrostructure of capillary-porous surfaces and the technological factors of the plasma spraying process enables one to control the surface characteristics. It is an important and fundamental element in the formation of the required properties of the surface. However, studies on the influence of technological parameters of plasma spraying on the construction and macrostructure of plasma-sprayed titanium surfaces are insufficient in scientific literature. This paper presents a study on the influence of roughness, curvature and the material of the supporting plate surface, as well as distance and angle of spraying on the structure of a VT1-0 titanium capillary porous coating applied to a VT6 titanium alloy supporting plate. A regression analysis of the experiment results is performed. It is shown that all the parameters have a significant influence on the surface structure. The experimentally obtained relationships make it possible to produce surfaces with required macrostructure parameters. They help to evaluate the possibility of obtaining titanium surfaces of this kind and thoroughly select parameters of the plasma spraying process in order to obtain surfaces with the required properties.

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19

Zarate, Nyah V., Aaron J. Harrison, James D. Litster, and Stephen P. Beaudoin. "Effect of relative humidity on onset of capillary forces for rough surfaces." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 411 (December 2013): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.048.

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20

Chen, Jiqiu, Elisa Yaniz-Galende, Heather J. Kagan, Lifan Liang, Saboor Hekmaty, Chiara Giannarelli, and Roger Hajjar. "Abnormalities of capillary microarchitecture in a rat model of coronary ischemic congestive heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 308, no. 8 (April 15, 2015): H830—H840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00583.2014.

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The aim of the present study is to explore the role of capillary disorder in coronary ischemic congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF was induced in rats by aortic banding plus ischemia-reperfusion followed by aortic debanding. Coronary arteries were perfused with plastic polymer containing fluorescent dye. Multiple fluorescent images of casted heart sections and scanning electric microscope of coronary vessels were obtained to characterize changes in the heart. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and in vivo hemodynamics. Stenosis was found in all levels of the coronary arteries in CHF. Coronary vasculature volume and capillary density in remote myocardium were significantly increased in CHF compared with control. This occurred largely in microvessels with a diameter of ≤3 μm. Capillaries in CHF had a tortuous structure, while normal capillaries were linear. Capillaries in CHF had inconsistent diameters, with assortments of narrowed and bulged segments. Their surfaces appeared rough, potentially indicating endothelial dysfunction in CHF. Segments of main capillaries between bifurcations were significantly shorter in length in CHF than in control. Transiently increasing preload by injecting 50 μl of 30% NaCl demonstrated that the CHF heart had lower functional reserve; this may be associated with congestion in coronary microcirculation. Ischemic coronary vascular disorder is not limited to the main coronary arteries, as it occurs in arterioles and capillaries. Capillary disorder in CHF included stenosis, deformed structure, proliferation, and roughened surfaces. This disorder in the coronary artery architecture may contribute to the reduction in myocyte contractility in the setting of heart failure.

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21

Huang, Wei-Chi, Shao-Ming Nien, Jian-Long Ruan, Yang-Kuao Kuo, and Benjamin T. H. Lee. "Low-Temperature Rough-Surface Wafer Bonding with AlN/AlN Via Oxygen Plasma Activation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 18 (July 7, 2022): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01181046mtgabs.

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In this study, we demonstrate breaking through the main obstacle to achieve perfect wafer bonding: the requirement of the surface needs to be very flat and smooth. Strictly, the roughness must be less than 0.5 Å. We use sintered aluminum nitride as an example. AlN is a ceramic material with excellent dielectric and thermal properties and is usually used in the fields of microelectronics and energy. Despite CMP polishing, the high roughness (rms> 10 nm) of AlN wafers due to voids formed in sintering cannot meet the surface requirements for direct wafer bonding (rms < 5 Å). We present that bonding an AlN to another AlN with a high roughness surface can be achieved by design bonding processing. First, we used oxygen plasma to activate the hydrophobic rough surface to become a hydrophilic surface to introduce strong capillary action. Then, both surfaces of the bonded AlN/AlN pair were reacted with bonding species (OH-). The reaction was strengthened via electron transfer caused by clamping the bonded AlN/Al pair. Finally, low-temperature annealing (<150°C) was performed on the bonded AlN/AlN pair to synthesize Al2O3 at the bonding interface. After annealing at 150°C for 4 hours, the bonding interface of the AlN bonding pair was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as shown in Figure 1. The bonding interface showed that the two surfaces were perfectly fused without cracks and nothingness. TEM and XPS results also showed that there is a transition layer between the bonding surfaces, in which the nitrogen concentration decreases and the oxygen concentration increases significantly. It can be inferred that after annealing, an Al2O3 layer is formed by hydrolysis and dehydration, which acts as a bridge to firmly connect the two AlN wafers. Figure 1

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22

XIAO, BOQI, QIWEN HUANG, BOMING YU, GONGBO LONG, and HANXIN CHEN. "A FRACTAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING OXYGEN EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIVITY OF POROUS MEDIA WITH ROUGH SURFACES UNDER DRY AND WET CONDITIONS." Fractals 29, no. 03 (March 24, 2021): 2150076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x21500766.

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Oxygen diffusion in porous media (ODPM) with rough surfaces (RS) under dry and wet conditions is of great interest. In this work, a novel fractal model for the oxygen effective diffusivity of porous media with RS under dry and wet conditions is proposed. The proposed fractal model is expressed in terms of relative roughness, the water saturation, fractal dimension for tortuosity of tortuous capillaries, fractal dimension for pores, and porosity. It is observed that the normalized oxygen diffusivity decreases with increasing relative roughness and fractal dimension for capillary tortuosity. It is found that the normalized oxygen diffusivity increases with porosity and fractal dimension for pore area. Besides, it is seen that that the normalized oxygen diffusivity under wet condition decreases with increasing water saturation. The determined normalized oxygen diffusivity is in good agreement with experimental data and existing models reported in the literature. With the proposed analytical fractal model, the physical mechanisms of oxygen diffusion through porous media with RS under dry and wet conditions are better elucidated. Every parameter in the proposed fractal model has clear physical meaning, with no empirical constant.

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23

Butler, Matthew D., and Dominic Vella. "Liquid bridge splitting enhances normal capillary adhesion and resistance to shear on rough surfaces." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 607 (February 2022): 514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.133.

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24

Stupakova, A. V., and A. V. Dedov. "Method for calculating the critical heat flux at pool boiling on structured surfaces." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2039, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2039/1/012034.

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Abstract A method of the critical heat flux enhancements at pool boiling using rough structures of various regular and irregular geometries is investigated. The experimental data are compared, and the critical heat flux is calculated since the V. V. Yagov model, which considers the additional inflow of liquid into the evaporation zone due to the action of capillary forces in the porous space. Based on the comparison of experimental and calculated data, it is concluded that the model is not universal for all microstructured surfaces. Recommendations for the calculation are given.

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25

Wang, Yongxin, Stephen Michielsen, and Hoon Joo Lee. "Symmetric and Asymmetric Capillary Bridges between a Rough Surface and a Parallel Surface." Langmuir 29, no. 35 (August 19, 2013): 11028–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la401324f.

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26

Das, Prodip K., and Subir Bhattacharjee. "Electrostatic double-layer interaction between spherical particles inside a rough capillary." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 273, no. 1 (May 2004): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2003.10.003.

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27

Bryk, P., W. Rżysko, Al Malijevsky, and S. Sokołowski. "Capillary condensation in pores with rough walls: A density functional approach." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 313, no. 1 (September 2007): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.03.077.

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28

Zhang, Yongjian, Xubo Chen, Fenggang Liu, Lei Li, Jun Dai, and Teng Liu. "Enhanced Coffee-Ring Effect via Substrate Roughness in Evaporation of Colloidal Droplets." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9795654.

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The analysis of dried drop patterns has various applications in research fields like archeology, medical practice, printing, and so on. In this paper, we studied the evaporation and pattern formation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) colloid droplets on smooth substrate and rough substrates with different roughness. We found that the evaporation of droplets shows remarkable coffee-ring effect on smooth substrate and that the cross-section of the ring is wedge-shaped with its thickness decreasing from the edge to the center. However, with increasing roughness, the effect strengthened, with the section of the coffee-ring changing from wedge- to hill-shaped. The contact angle decreased with increasing roughness, leading to an increase in evaporation rate. Moreover, wicking led to additional evaporation, which also enhanced capillary flow, moving more particles to the edge. In addition, the rough structure of the substrate inhibited the back-flow of the capillary flow, preventing the particles’ move to the center. The formation of radial wrinkles on the edge also led to particle retention, preventing them from moving to the center. All these factors contribute to the decreased width and increased height of the coffee-ring pattern after evaporation on rough surfaces. It is an effective method to regulate the deposition pattern of evaporating droplet by changing the substrate roughness.

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29

Shi, Xueting, Libin Zhao, Jing Wang, and Libang Feng. "Toward Easily Enlarged Superhydrophobic Copper Surfaces with Enhanced Corrosion Resistance, Excellent Self-Cleaning and Anti-Icing Performance by a Facile Method." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 6317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17891.

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This work reports a facile method for fabricating superhydrophobic surface on copper plate by AgNO3 treatment and dodecyl mercaptan modification. The as-prepared superhydrophobic copper plate presents hierarchical and rough morphology composed of nanosheets and nanoparticleformed matrix. Meanwhile, long alkyl chains are assembled onto the rough surface successfully. Consequently, the copper plate is endowed with excellent superhydrophobic performance with a water contact angle of 156.8° and a rolling angle of ca. 3°. Moreover, the superhydrophobicity has long-term durability and excellent stability. Grounded on the strong water repellence, the resultant superhydrophobic copper plate surface exhibits multi-functions. The excellent performance can be well explained by “Cushion effect” and Capillary phenomena. As a result, water and corrosive species can be prevented from contacting with the copper plate surface, and contaminants can be taken away easily by the rolling water droplets. Meanwhile, the icing process of water is delayed on the superhydrophobic surface. Therefore, the superhydrophobic copper is endued with enhanced corrosion resistance, excellent self-cleaning and anti-icing performance. We believe that this facile method provides a simple and cost-effective process to improve the properties of copper plate, and which may see practical application of the superhydrophobic materials.

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30

Zhang, Zhenhua, Peng Chen, Zhihua Mao, and Dapeng Yuan. "A Novel Fast Multiple-Scattering Approximate Model for Oceanographic Lidar." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 3677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183677.

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An effective lidar simulator is vital for its system design and processing algorithms. However, laser transmission is a complex process due to the effects of sea surface and various interactions in seawater such as absorption, scattering, and so on. It is sophisticated and difficult for multiple scattering to accurately simulate. In this study, a multiple-scattering lidar model based on multiple-forward-scattering-single-backscattering approximation for oceanic lidar was proposed. Compared with previous analytic models, this model can work without assuming a homogeneous water and fixed scattering phase function. Besides, it takes consideration of lidar system and environmental parameters including receiver field of view, different scattering phase functions, particulate sizes, stratified water, and rough sea surface. One should note that because the scattering phase function is difficult to determine accurately, the simulation accuracy may be reduced in a complex oceanic environment. The Cox–Munk model used in our method simulates capillarity waves but ignores gravity waves, and the pulse stretching is not included. The wide-angle scattering occurs in the dense subsurface phytoplankton, which sometimes makes it hard to use this model. In this study, we firstly derived this method based on an analytical solution by convolving Gaussians of the forward-scattering contribution of layer dr and the energy density at R in the small-angle-scattering approximation. Then, the effects of multiple scattering and water optical properties were analyzed using the model. Meanwhile, the validation with Monte Carlo model was implemented. Their coefficient of determination is beyond 0.9, the RMSE is within 0.02, the MAD is within 0.02, and the MAPD is within 8%, which indicates that our model is efficient for oceanographic lidar simulation. Finally, we studied the effects of FOV, SPF, rough sea surface, stratified water, and particle size. These results can provide reference for the design of the oceanic lidar system and contribute to the processing of lidar echo signals.

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31

ZHENG, QIAN, HUILI WANG, JIAN JIANG, and CHAO XU. "FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS EFFECTS ON GAS DIFFUSION IN POROUS NANOFIBERS." Fractals 28, no. 07 (November 2020): 2050125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x2050125x.

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Fractal model of gas diffusion in porous nanofibers with rough surfaces is derived, in which the porous structure is assumed to be composed of a bundle of tortuous capillaries whose pore size distribution and surface roughness follow the fractal scaling laws. The analytical expression for gas relative diffusion coefficient is a function of the relative roughness and the other microstructural parameters (porosity, the fractal dimension for pore size distribution and tortuosity, the maximum and minimum pore diameter and the characteristic length). The proposed fractal model is validated by comparison with available experimental data and correlations. At the same time, the effect of microstructural parameters of porous fibrous materials on gas diffusion has been studied in detail. It is believed that the current model may be extended to porous materials other than fibrous materials.

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32

Tulchinsky, A., and A. D. Gat. "Viscous–poroelastic interaction as mechanism to create adhesion in frogs’ toe pads." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 775 (June 23, 2015): 288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.293.

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The toe pads of frogs consist of soft hexagonal structures and a viscous liquid contained between and within the hexagonal structures. It has been hypothesized that this configuration creates adhesion by allowing for long-range capillary forces, or, alternatively, by allowing for exit of the liquid and thus improving contact of the toe pad. In this work, we suggest interaction between viscosity and elasticity as a mechanism to create temporary adhesion, even in the absence of capillary effects or van der Waals forces. We initially illustrate this concept experimentally by a simplified configuration consisting of two surfaces connected by a liquid bridge and elastic springs. We then utilize poroelastic mixture theory and model frogs’ toe pads as an elastic porous medium, immersed within a viscous liquid and pressed against a rigid rough surface. The flow between the surface and the toe pad is modelled by the lubrication approximation. Inertia is neglected and analysis of the elastic–viscous dynamics yields a governing partial differential equation describing the flow and stress within the porous medium. Several solutions of the governing equation are presented and show a temporary adhesion due to stress created at the contact surface between the solids. This work thus may explain how some frogs (such as the torrent frog) maintain adhesion underwater and the reason for the periodic repositioning of frogs’ toe pads during adhesion to surfaces.

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33

Fan, JingCun, Joël De Coninck, HengAn Wu, and FengChao Wang. "A generalized examination of capillary force balance at contact line: On rough surfaces or in two-liquid systems." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 585 (March 2021): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.100.

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34

Lembert, N., J. Wesche, P. Petersen, M. Doser, P. Zschocke, H. D. Becker, and H. P. T. Ammon. "Encapsulation of Islets in Rough Surface, Hydroxymethylated Polysulfone Capillaries Stimulates VEGF Release and Promotes Vascularization after Transplantation." Cell Transplantation 14, no. 2-3 (February 2005): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000005783983232.

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The transplantation of encapsulated islets of Langerhans is one approach to treat type 1 diabetes without the need of lifelong immunosuppression. Capillaries have been used for macroencapsulation because they have a favorable surface-to-volume ratio and because they can be refilled. It is unclear at present whether the outer surface of such capillaries should be smooth to prevent, or rough to promote, cell adhesions. In this study we tested a new capillary made of modified polysulfone (MWCO: 50 kDa) with a rough, open-porous outer surface for islet transplantation. Compared with free-floating islets, encapsulation of freshly isolated rat islets affected neither the kinetics nor the efficiency of glucose-induced insulin release in perifusion experiments. Free-floating islets maintained insulin secretion during cell culture but encapsulated islets gradually lost their glucose responsiveness and released VEGF. This indicated hypoxia in the capillary lumen. Transplantation of encapsulated rat islets into diabetic rats significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations from the first week of implantation. This hypoglycaemic effect persisted until explantation 4 weeks later. Transplantation of encapsulated porcine islets into diabetic rats reduced blood glucose concentrations depending on the islet purity. With semipurified islets a transient reduction of blood glucose concentrations was observed (2, 8, 18, 18 days) whereas with highly purified islets a sustained normoglycaemia was achieved (more than 28 days). Explanted capillaries containing rat islets were covered with blood vessels. Vascularization was also observed on capillaries containing porcine islets that were explanted from normoglycaemic rats. In contrast, on capillaries containing porcine islets that were explanted from hyperglycemic rats a fibrous capsule and lymphocyte accumulations were observed. No vascularization on the surface of transplanted capillaries was observed in the absence of islets. In conclusion, encapsulated islets can release VEGF, which appears to be an important signal for the vascularization of the capillary material. The rough, open-porous outer surface of the polysulfone capillary provides a site well suited for vascular tissue formation and may allow a prolonged islet function after transplantation.

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35

You, Siming, and Man Pun Wan. "Mathematical Models for the van der Waals Force and Capillary Force between a Rough Particle and Surface." Langmuir 29, no. 29 (July 12, 2013): 9104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la401516m.

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36

Nien, Shao-Ming, Jian-Long Ruan, Yang-Kuao Kuo, and Benjamin Tien-Hsi Lee. "Low-temperature rough-surface wafer bonding with aluminum nitride ceramics implemented by capillary and oxidation actions." Ceramics International 48, no. 6 (March 2022): 8766–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.01.131.

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37

DeSouza, S. J., R. D. Hooton, and J. A. Bickley. "A field test for evaluating high performance concrete covercrete quality." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-110.

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Since in most deterioration mechanisms fluid ingress plays an important role, the surface skin of concrete provides the initial resistance to such factors as de-icer salt penetration, freeze-thaw resistance, and sulphate attack. Surface durability testing must evaluate resistance to the predominant mechanism of initial fluid ingress: capillary absorption or sorptivity. The primary focus of this study was to develop a test device suitable for nondestructive field use to evaluate the durability of covercrete by determining the rate of absorption of concrete, including high performance concrete. This type of testing device must be simple to use, easily handled in the field, portable, and inexpensive. This particular device allows for ease of operation and accommodates a wide range of surface applications such as vertical, horizontal, or sloped surfaces, and smooth or rough finishes, while providing quick, consistent, and meaningful results. The development of this apparatus was based on principles presented in the British Initial Surface Absorption Test BS 1881, Part 5: 1970, since it focuses on water absorption. Tests of this nature, however, are very sensitive to the in situ moisture content of the surface concrete, as it will drastically alter the rate of absorption. In this paper, the field rate of absorption equipment is described and both calibration and field data are presented.Key words: sorptivity, nondestructive testing, durability, ISAT.

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38

Seo, Dongjin, Alex M. Schrader, Szu-Ying Chen, Yair Kaufman, Thomas R. Cristiani, Steven H. Page, Peter H. Koenig, Yonas Gizaw, Dong Woog Lee, and Jacob N. Israelachvili. "Rates of cavity filling by liquids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 32 (July 19, 2018): 8070–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804437115.

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Understanding the fundamental wetting behavior of liquids on surfaces with pores or cavities provides insights into the wetting phenomena associated with rough or patterned surfaces, such as skin and fabrics, as well as the development of everyday products such as ointments and paints, and industrial applications such as enhanced oil recovery and pitting during chemical mechanical polishing. We have studied, both experimentally and theoretically, the dynamics of the transitions from the unfilled/partially filled (Cassie–Baxter) wetting state to the fully filled (Wenzel) wetting state on intrinsically hydrophilic surfaces (intrinsic water contact angle <90°, where the Wenzel state is always the thermodynamically favorable state, while a temporary metastable Cassie–Baxter state can also exist) to determine the variables that control the rates of such transitions. We prepared silicon wafers with cylindrical cavities of different geometries and immersed them in bulk water. With bright-field and confocal fluorescence microscopy, we observed the details of, and the rates associated with, water penetration into the cavities from the bulk. We find that unconnected, reentrant cavities (i.e., cavities that open up below the surface) have the slowest cavity-filling rates, while connected or non-reentrant cavities undergo very rapid transitions. Using these unconnected, reentrant cavities, we identified the variables that affect cavity-filling rates: (i) the intrinsic contact angle, (ii) the concentration of dissolved air in the bulk water phase (i.e., aeration), (iii) the liquid volatility that determines the rate of capillary condensation inside the cavities, and (iv) the presence of surfactants.

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39

Mellet, Antoine, and James Nolen. "Capillary drops on a rough surface." Interfaces and Free Boundaries 14, no. 2 (2012): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/ifb/278.

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40

Zhao, Yibo. "A New Fractal Permeability Model for Porous Media Based on Rough Capillary Channels." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 23, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8088151.

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Porous media are assumed as a bunch of curved capillaries of rough pore-solid surface, with capillary size distributions and surface roughness following the fractal scaling laws, for which a permeability model is derived to capture both tortuosity and roughness of the pore space in this work. First, the fractal geometry theory and the regarding methods are used to simulate tortuosity and roughness, and then, the permeability of porous media is linked to pore area fractal dimension, tortuosity fractal dimension, relative mean roughness, and other structural parameters (e.g., characteristic length and maximum and minimum pore size). Each parameter in the proposed model has specific physical meaning, which is able to reveal certain mechanisms that affect permeability comprehensively. For several porous media samples, the predicted permeability data based on the current fractal model are compared with the experimental measurement data and the permeability model predictions for other porous media with smooth capillary channels. A good agreement was found between the predicted values of the new permeability fractal model and the experimental data.

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41

Yum, Seoung-Mok, In-Keun Baek, Dongpyo Hong, Juhan Kim, Kyunghoon Jung, Seontae Kim, Kihoon Eom, et al. "Fingerprint ridges allow primates to regulate grip." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 50 (November 30, 2020): 31665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001055117.

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Fingerprints are unique to primates and koalas but what advantages do these features of our hands and feet provide us compared with the smooth pads of carnivorans, e.g., feline or ursine species? It has been argued that the epidermal ridges on finger pads decrease friction when in contact with smooth surfaces, promote interlocking with rough surfaces, channel excess water, prevent blistering, and enhance tactile sensitivity. Here, we found that they were at the origin of a moisture-regulating mechanism, which ensures an optimal hydration of the keratin layer of the skin for maximizing the friction and reducing the probability of catastrophic slip due to the hydrodynamic formation of a fluid layer. When in contact with impermeable surfaces, the occlusion of the sweat from the pores in the ridges promotes plasticization of the skin, dramatically increasing friction. Occlusion and external moisture could cause an excess of water that would defeat the natural hydration balance. However, we have demonstrated using femtosecond laser-based polarization-tunable terahertz wave spectroscopic imaging and infrared optical coherence tomography that the moisture regulation may be explained by a combination of a microfluidic capillary evaporation mechanism and a sweat pore blocking mechanism. This results in maintaining an optimal amount of moisture in the furrows that maximizes the friction irrespective of whether a finger pad is initially wet or dry. Thus, abundant low-flow sweat glands and epidermal furrows have provided primates with the evolutionary advantage in dry and wet conditions of manipulative and locomotive abilities not available to other animals.

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42

BRABAZON, J. W., E. PERFECT, C. H. GATES, L. J. SANTODONATO, I. DHIMAN, H. Z. BILHEUX, J. C. BILHEUX, and L. D. MCKAY. "SPONTANEOUS IMBIBITION OF A WETTING FLUID INTO A FRACTURE WITH OPPOSING FRACTAL SURFACES: THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION." Fractals 27, no. 01 (February 2019): 1940001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x19400012.

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Spontaneous imbibition (SI) is a capillary-driven flow process, in which a wetting fluid moves into a porous medium displacing an existing non-wetting fluid. This process likely contributes to the loss of fracking fluids during hydraulic fracturing operations. It has also been proposed as a method for an enhanced recovery of hydrocarbons from fractured unconventional reservoirs. Numerous analytical and numerical approaches have been employed to model SI. Invariably, these idealize a fracture as the gap formed between parallel flat surfaces. In reality, rock fracture surfaces are rough over multiple scales, and this roughness will influence the contact angle and rate of fluid uptake. We derived an analytical model for the early-time SI behavior within a fracture bounded by parallel impermeable surfaces with fractal roughness assuming laminar flow. The model was tested by fitting it to experimental data for the SI of deionized water into air-filled rock fractures. Twenty cores from two rock types were investigated: a tight sandstone (Crossville) and a gas shale (Mancos). A simple Mode I longitudinal fracture was produced in each core by compressive loading between parallel flat plates using the Brazilian method. Half of the Mancos cores were fractured perpendicular to bedding, while the other half were fractured parallel to bedding. The two main parameters in the SI model are the mean separation distance between the fracture surfaces, [Formula: see text], and the fracture surface fractal dimension [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text] was estimated for each core by measuring the geometric mean fracture aperture width through image analysis of the top and bottom faces, while [Formula: see text] was estimated inversely by fitting the SI model to measurements of water uptake obtained using dynamic neutron radiography. The [Formula: see text] values ranged from 45[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m to 190[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m, with a median of 93[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. The SI model fitted the height of uptake versus time data very well for all of the rock cores investigated; medians of the resulting root mean squared errors and coefficients of determination were 0.99[Formula: see text]mm and 0.963, respectively. Estimates of [Formula: see text] ranged from 2.04 to 2.45, with a median of 2.24. Statistically, all of the [Formula: see text] values were significantly greater than two, confirming the fractal nature of the fracture surfaces. Future research should focus on forward prediction through independent measurements of [Formula: see text] and extension of the existing SI model to late times (through the inclusion of gravity) and fractures with permeable surfaces.

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43

DelRio, Frank W., Martin L. Dunn, Leslie M. Phinney, Chris J. Bourdon, and Maarten P. de Boer. "Rough surface adhesion in the presence of capillary condensation." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 16 (April 16, 2007): 163104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2723658.

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44

Rezvani, A., M. Mayer, I. Qin, J. Brunner, and Bob Chylak. "Stitch Bond Process of Pd-Coated Cu Wire: Experimental and Numerical Studies of Process Parameters and Materials." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-tp42.

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Cost reduction is the main driver in the recent transition to Cu wire bonding from predominate Au wire bonding. Other cost reduction in packaging comes from new developments in substrates and lead frames, for example, Pre-Plated Frames (PPF) and uPPF for QFP and QFN reduce the plating and material cost. However, 2nd bonds (stitch bonds) can be more challenging on some of the new leadframe types due to the rough surface finish and thin plating thickness. Pd-coated Cu (PCC) wire has been recently introduced to improve the wire bonding process with bare Cu wire, mainly to improve reliability and enhance the stitch bond process. More fundamental studies are required to understand the influences of bonding parameters and bonding tools to improve stitch bondability. The stitch bond process of 0.7 mil diameter PCC wire on Au/Ni/Pd-plated quad flat-no lead (QFN) PPF substrate is investigated in this study. Two capillaries with the same geometry but different surface finishes are used to investigate the effect of capillary surface finish on the stitch bond process. The two capillary types are a polished finish type which is commonly used for Au wire bonding, and a granular finish capillary that has a much rougher surface finish. Process window between no stick on lead (NSOL) and short tail is compared. The effect of process parameters including bond force and table scrub amplitude is studied. The process window test results revealed that the granular capillary has larger process window and a lower chance of short tail occurrence. It has been shown that a higher scrub amplitude increases the chance of successful stitch bond formation. To further compare the capillary surface finishes, 3 sets of parameter settings with different bond force and scrub amplitude are tested. For all three parameter sets tested, the granular capillary showed better quality in bond strength. The granular capillary resulted in higher stitch pull strength compared to the polished type. A finite element model (FEM) of the process was developed to better understand the experimental observations. The amount of surface expansion (plastic deformation) of the wire at the wire and substrate interface was extracted from the model and attributed to the degree of adhesion (bonding). The model was used to confirm the experimental observation of adhesion (bonding) with different surface finish.

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45

Sharma, Satish C., and Prashant B. Kushare. "Nonlinear transient response of rough symmetric two lobe hole entry hybrid journal bearing system." Journal of Vibration and Control 23, no. 2 (August 9, 2016): 190–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546315575831.

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The present paper describes the effect of surface roughness orientation pattern on the nonlinear transient response of symmetric two lobe capillary compensated hole entry hybrid journal bearing. Nonlinear equations of motion have been solved with the Runge-Kutta method. The stability of the journal bearing system has been studied by obtaining the journal center motion trajectories. The results of the study reveal that the surface roughness pattern significantly changes the stability of capillary compensated two lobe hole entry hybrid journal bearing. Hence, from the bearing stability point of view, a proper selection of the surface roughness pattern and bearing geometry is essential.

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46

Liu, Xiang-Yang, P. Bennema, and J. P. van der Eerden. "Rough–flat–rough transition of crystal surfaces." Nature 356, no. 6372 (April 1992): 778–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/356778a0.

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47

PRIVMAN, VLADIMIR. "FLUCTUATING INTERFACES, SURFACE TENSION, AND CAPILLARY WAVES: AN INTRODUCTION." International Journal of Modern Physics C 03, no. 05 (October 1992): 857–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183192000531.

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We present an introduction to modern theories of interfacial fluctuations and the associated interfacial parameters: surface tension and surface stiffness, as well as their interpretation within the capillary wave model. Transfer matrix spectrum properties due to fluctuation of an interface in a long-cylinder geometry are reviewed. The roughening transition and properties of rigid interfaces below the roughening temperature in 3d lattice models are surveyed with emphasis on differences in fluctuations and transfer matrix spectral properties of rigid vs. rough interfaces.

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48

Barker, G. C., and Anita Mehta. "Avalanches at rough surfaces." Physical Review E 61, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 6765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.61.6765.

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49

Wong, Po-zen, and Alan J. Bray. "Scattering by rough surfaces." Physical Review B 37, no. 13 (May 1, 1988): 7751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.37.7751.

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50

Chow, T. S. "Wetting of rough surfaces." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 10, no. 27 (July 13, 1998): L445—L451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/10/27/001.

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