Статті в журналах: "Cancer Radiotherapy Planning"

1

Khan, Yasmin. "Radiotherapy planning for breast cancer." South Asian Journal of Cancer 03, no. 01 (January 2014): 096. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-330x.126581.

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2

KILIC, Diclehan. "Radiotherapy planning at rectal cancer." Turkish Journal of Oncology 28, no. 2 (2013): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/tjoncol.2013.950.

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3

Shirai, Katsuyuki, Akiko Nakagawa, Takanori Abe, Masahiro Kawahara, Jun-ichi Saitoh, Tatsuya Ohno, and Takashi Nakano. "Use of FDG-PET in Radiation Treatment Planning for Thoracic Cancers." International Journal of Molecular Imaging 2012 (May 14, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/609545.

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Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment for thoracic cancers. Accurate diagnosis is essential to correctly perform curative radiotherapy. Tumor delineation is also important to prevent geographic misses in radiotherapy planning. Currently, planning is based on computed tomography (CT) imaging when radiation oncologists manually contour the tumor, and this practice often induces interobserver variability. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been reported to enable accurate staging and detect tumor extension in several thoracic cancers, such as lung cancer and esophageal cancer. FDG-PET imaging has many potential advantages in radiotherapy planning for these cancers, because it can add biological information to conventional anatomical images and decrease the inter-observer variability. FDG-PET improves radiotherapy volume and enables dose escalation without causing severe side effects, especially in lung cancer patients. The main advantage of FDG-PET for esophageal cancer patients is the detection of unrecognized lymph node or distal metastases. However, automatic delineation by FDG-PET is still controversial in these tumors, despite the initial expectations. We will review the role of FDG-PET in radiotherapy for thoracic cancers, including lung cancer and esophageal cancer.

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4

Harmer, C., M. Bidmead, S. Shepherd, A. Sharpe, and L. Vini. "Radiotherapy planning techniques for thyroid cancer." British Journal of Radiology 71, no. 850 (October 1998): 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.71.850.10211068.

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5

Windisch, Paul, Daniel R. Zwahlen, Stefan A. Koerber, Frederik L. Giesel, Jürgen Debus, Uwe Haberkorn, and Sebastian Adeberg. "Clinical Results of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) Specific PET and Implications for Radiotherapy Planning: Systematic Review." Cancers 12, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092629.

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Small molecules targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) have emerged as a new group of tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) in 2018. The purpose of this systematic review is therefore to summarize the evidence that has been gathered to date in patients and to discuss its possible implications for radiotherapy planning. The MEDLINE database was searched for the use of FAP-specific PET in cancer patients and the records were screened according to PRISMA guidelines. Nineteen studies were included. While dedicated analyses of FAP-specific PET for radiotherapy planning were available for glioblastoma, head and neck cancers, lung cancer, and tumors of the lower gastrointestinal tract, there is still very limited data for several epidemiologically significant cancers. In conclusion, FAP-specific PET represents a promising imaging modality for radiotherapy planning that warrants further research.

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6

Moore, Kevin L. "Automated Radiotherapy Treatment Planning." Seminars in Radiation Oncology 29, no. 3 (July 2019): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2019.02.003.

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7

Keall, P. J., S. Joshi, G. Tracton, V. Kini, S. Vedam, and R. Mohan. "4-Dimensional radiotherapy planning." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 57, no. 2 (October 2003): S233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(03)01056-3.

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8

Filice, Angelina, Massimiliano Casali, Patrizia Ciammella, Marco Galaverni, Federica Fioroni, Cinzia Iotti, and Annibale Versari. "Radiotherapy Planning and Molecular Imaging in Lung Cancer." Current Radiopharmaceuticals 13, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874471013666200318144154.

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Introduction: In patients suitable for radical chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer, 18F-FDGPET/ CT is a proposed management to improve the accuracy of high dose radiotherapy. However, there is a high rate of locoregional failure in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), probably due to the fact that standard dosing may not be effective in all patients. The aim of the present review was to address some criticisms associated with the radiotherapy image-guided in NSCLC. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted. Only published articles that met the following criteria were included: articles, only original papers, radiopharmaceutical ([18F]FDG and any tracer other than [18F]FDG), target, only specific for lung cancer radiotherapy planning, and experimental design (eventually “in vitro” studies were excluded). Peer-reviewed indexed journals, regardless of publication status (published, ahead of print, in press, etc.) were included. Reviews, case reports, abstracts, editorials, poster presentations, and publications in languages other than English were excluded. The decision to include or exclude an article was made by consensus and any disagreement was resolved through discussion. Results: Hundred eligible full-text articles were assessed. Diverse information is now available in the literature about the role of FDG and new alternative radiopharmaceuticals for the planning of radiotherapy in NSCLC. In particular, the role of alternative technologies for the segmentation of FDG uptake is essential, although indeterminate for RT planning. The pros and cons of the available techniques have been extensively reported. : Conclusion: PET/CT has a central place in the planning of radiotherapy for lung cancer and, in particular, for NSCLC assuming a substantial role in the delineation of tumor volume. The development of new radiopharmaceuticals can help overcome the problems related to the disadvantage of FDG to accumulate also in activated inflammatory cells, thus improving tumor characterization and providing new prognostic biomarkers.

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9

Barley, Victor. "Treatment of cancer." Clinical Risk 13, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135626207781572756.

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The second in a series of three articles. This article describes the management of cancer by surgery, radiotherapy and drugs. The beneficial and harmful effects of radiation are described, and the planning and delivery of radiotherapy are outlined. Potential errors such as incorrect or delayed diagnosis, failure to obtain informed consent, errors in planning, identification, or dose of radiation given are discussed. Chemotherapy and its side effects are explained and the potential harm from error in prescription or delivery is described.

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10

Benayun, M., Z. Symon, S. L. Galper, D. Ilinsky, I. Indikt, S. Sasson-Naimi, J. Kraitman, and O. Kaidar-Person. "Implementation of an Automatic-Planning System for Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Planning." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 108, no. 3 (November 2020): e316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.755.

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11

Eslick, Enid M., Mark J. Stevens, and Dale L. Bailey. "SPECT V/Q in Lung Cancer Radiotherapy Planning." Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 49, no. 1 (January 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.10.009.

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12

De Ruysscher, Dirk, Ursula Nestle, Robert Jeraj, and Michael MacManus. "PET scans in radiotherapy planning of lung cancer." Lung Cancer 75, no. 2 (February 2012): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.07.018.

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13

De Ruysscher, Dirk, and Carl-Martin Kirsch. "PET scans in radiotherapy planning of lung cancer." Radiotherapy and Oncology 96, no. 3 (September 2010): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2010.07.002.

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14

Keshwani, K., V. Spyris, L. Melcher, Z. Jani, and M. Singhera. "Re-planning Bladder Cancer Radiotherapy: Should we be Moving to Adaptive Radiotherapy?" Clinical Oncology 31, no. 2 (February 2019): e26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2018.11.022.

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15

Glatstein, Eli, Julian Rosenman, Edward L. Chaney, Scott Sailer, George W. Sherouse, and Joel E. Tepper. "Recent Advances in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning." Cancer Investigation 9, no. 4 (January 1991): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07357909109084645.

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16

Jones, Douglas, Laurence Hanelin, Donald Christopherson, Mark D. Hafermann, R. Garratt Richardson, and Willis J. Taylor. "Radiotherapy treatment planning using lymphoscintigraphy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 12, no. 9 (September 1986): 1707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(86)90300-7.

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17

Kalet, Ira J., and Witold Paluszynski. "Knowledge-Based Computer Systems for Radiotherapy Planning." American Journal of Clinical Oncology 13, no. 4 (August 1990): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000421-199008000-00015.

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18

Hombrink, J., N. M. Blumstein, and H. H. Warnecke. "Optimized radiotherapy planning in inoperable uterus carcinoma." European Journal of Cancer 29 (January 1993): S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(93)91331-e.

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19

Kraus, Kim Melanie, Johanna Winter, Yating Zhang, Mabroor Ahmed, Stephanie Elisabeth Combs, Jan Jakob Wilkens, and Stefan Bartzsch. "Treatment Planning Study for Microbeam Radiotherapy Using Clinical Patient Data." Cancers 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14030685.

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Microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) is a novel, still preclinical dose delivery technique. MRT has shown reduced normal tissue effects at equal tumor control rates compared to conventional radiotherapy. Treatment planning studies are required to permit clinical application. The aim of this study was to establish a dose comparison between MRT and conventional radiotherapy and to identify suitable clinical scenarios for future applications of MRT. We simulated MRT treatment scenarios for clinical patient data using an inhouse developed planning algorithm based on a hybrid Monte Carlo dose calculation and implemented the concept of equivalent uniform dose (EUD) for MRT dose evaluation. The investigated clinical scenarios comprised fractionated radiotherapy of a glioblastoma resection cavity, a lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), palliative bone metastasis irradiation, brain metastasis radiosurgery and hypofractionated breast cancer radiotherapy. Clinically acceptable treatment plans were achieved for most analyzed parameters. Lung SBRT seemed the most challenging treatment scenario. Major limitations comprised treatment plan optimization and dose calculation considering the tissue microstructure. This study presents an important step of the development towards clinical MRT. For clinical treatment scenarios using a sophisticated dose comparison concept based on EUD and EQD2, we demonstrated the capability of MRT to achieve clinically acceptable dose distributions.

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20

Latinovic, Miroslav, Milana Mitric-Askovic, Olivera Ivanov, Mico Novakovic, and Jelena Licina. "Oral complications in irradiated head and neck cancer patients - 3D conformal radiotherapy planning vs. 3D conformal radiotherapy planning with magnetic resonance fusion." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 145, no. 5-6 (2017): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh160601054l.

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Introduction/Objective. The incidence of radiation-induced side effects in patients with head and neck (H&N) cancer depends on the planning technique and the irradiation dose, as well as primary tumor location within the H&N region. The aim of our research is to establish the incidence of side effects in patients with H&N cancer treated with conformal radiotherapy planning with computed tomography (CT) or computed tomography fusion with magnetic resonance imaging (CT-MRI fusion). Methods. Prospective analysis was performed on 40 patients with oropharynx carcinoma and on 40 patients with larynx carcinoma prospectively followed after radiotherapy. Forty patients with H&N cancer were irradiated by using 3D conformal radiotherapy planning with CT, while other 40 patients were treated using 3D conformal radiotherapy planning with CT-MRI fusion. In all cases standard fractionation was used at 2 Gy per day, five days a week. Results. Of the total of 80 patients treated, 52 patients (52/80; 65%) reported a side effect and the incidence of complications was higher in patients irradiated with 3D technique planning with CT (31/52; 60% for 3D CT vs. 21/52; 40% for 3D CT-MRI; p = 0.02). There were more complications in chemoradiotherapy group of patients than observed when only radiotherapy was used ? 35/52 RT + HT vs. 17/52 RT (67%: 33% and p = 0.004). Conclusion. 3D radiotherapy technique planned solely on the basis of CT is related to high incidence of toxicity, which significantly affects the quality of life of irradiated patients. 3D conformal radiotherapy planned with CT-MRI fusion reduces the incidence of oral complications. Following the example of developed countries, this technique should be considered as a standard method for irradiating patients with H&N cancer. Planning technique with fusion technique using MR imaging is more suitable for delivering higher doses to the tumor with fewer side effects.

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21

VLAJ, Filip, Valerija ŽAGER MARCIUŠ, and Katja ŠKALIČ. "COMPARISON OF DIAGNOSTIC AND RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING PROTOCOLS IN LUNG CANCER TREATMENT." Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy journal 37, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47724/mirtj.2020.i02.a002.

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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare a standard diagnostic protocol for computed tomography imaging on a positron emission tomography scanner at the Department of Nuclear Medicine, and a radiotherapy imaging protocol for pre-planning needs in radiotherapy for lung cancer treatment, to determine the differences between these two protocols and to propose possible improvements in the dose optimisation for computed tomography imaging in a radiotherapy protocol. Methods: In this retrospective study, data were collected via the SyngoVia program and statistically analysed according to the patient dose load in computed tomography imaging in standard and radiotherapy protocols. The analysis encompassed data on a total of 56 patients in the period from 1 January 2017 to 1 December 2018. We compared data on patient dose load in computed tomography imaging in a standard protocol before and after the introduction of the improved sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction method (SAFIRE). Results and discussion: It was established that there are statistically significant differences in dose per patient (p<) in computed tomography imaging in standard and radiotherapy protocols. Statistically significant differences were also established in computed tomography imaging in the standard protocol before and after the introduction of the improved iterative reconstruction method (p=0,001). Dose load on the lung in computed tomography imaging was 67.5% lower in the standard protocol with the iterative reconstruction in image space (IRIS) method than in the radiotherapy protocol. The introduction of the improved SAFIRE method additionally lowered the dose per patient by 34.2% compared to the IRIS method. Conclusion: In the future, the introduction of the improved iterative reconstruction method is possible for the reconstruction of tomographic images, including for radiotherapy imaging protocol that takes into account the impact of the indirect reduction in the dose on the accuracy of the identification of tumour target volumes when planning radiation treatment for the patient. Key words: positron emission tomography with computed tomography, iterative reconstruction, dose optimization, lung cancer, radiation treatment planning

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22

Ðan, Igor, Borislava Petrovic, Marko Erak, Silvija Lucic, Ivan Nikolic, Milovan Petrovic, and Vladimir Ðan. "Influence of FDG/PET CT image registration and fusion on the anal canal carcinoma target volume delineation." Archive of Oncology 21, no. 3-4 (2013): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1304143d.

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The best option for treatment of anal cancer is chemoirradiation. FDG-PET detects the primary tumor and metastatic involved lymph nodes better and more frequently than CT only. During last decade, fusion of different imaging modalities became important factor in radiotherapy treatment planning. Patient was diagnosed for squamous cell carcinoma by colonoscopy and FDG/PET followed by histopathological confirmation. A precise determination of target volume is very important in radiotherapy. In recent years higher utilization of FDG-PET CT fusion in radiotherapy treatment planning of anal cancer is recorded. Image registration and fusion between CT for radiotherapy treatment planning and FDG PET can help better visualization and especially in the determination of boost target volume. We observed much better detection of affected lymphatics by the data obtained by image co-registration of PET and CT data. This fact allowed us to increase dose prescribed to tumor and affected lymph nodes. PET is very important imaging modality for patients with anal canal cancer. FDG-PET has proved to be important tool for the radiotherapy treatment planning of anal canal carcinoma

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23

Hajj, Carla, and Karyn A. Goodman. "Role of Radiotherapy and Newer Techniques in the Treatment of GI Cancers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 16 (June 1, 2015): 1737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.59.9787.

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The role of radiotherapy in multidisciplinary treatment of GI malignancies is well established. Recent advances in imaging as well as radiotherapy planning and delivery techniques have made it possible to target tumors more accurately while sparing normal tissues. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy is an advanced method of delivering radiation using cutting-edge technology to manipulate beams of radiation. The role of intensity-modulated radiotherapy is growing for many GI malignancies, such as cancers of the stomach, pancreas, esophagus, liver, and anus. Stereotactic body radiotherapy is an emerging treatment option for some GI tumors such as locally advanced pancreatic cancer and primary or metastatic tumors of the liver. Stereotactic body radiotherapy requires a high degree of confidence in tumor location and subcentimeter accuracy of the delivered dose. New image-guided techniques have been developed to overcome setup uncertainties at the time of treatment, including real-time imaging on the linear accelerator. Modern imaging techniques have also allowed for more accurate pretreatment staging and delineation of the primary tumor and involved sites. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography scans can be particularly useful in radiotherapy planning and assessing treatment response. Molecular biomarkers are being investigated as predictors of response to radiotherapy with the intent of ultimately moving toward using genomic and proteomic determinants of therapeutic strategies. The role of all of these new approaches in the radiotherapeutic management of GI cancers and the evolving role of radiotherapy in these tumor sites will be highlighted in this review.

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24

Zarepisheh, Masoud, Linda Hong, Ying Zhou, Qijie Huang, Jie Yang, Gourav Jhanwar, Hai D. Pham, et al. "Automated and Clinically Optimal Treatment Planning for Cancer Radiotherapy." INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 52, no. 1 (January 2022): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2021.1095.

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Each year, approximately 18 million new cancer cases are diagnosed worldwide, and about half must be treated with radiotherapy. A successful treatment requires treatment planning with the customization of penetrating radiation beams to sterilize cancerous cells without harming nearby normal organs and tissues. This process currently involves extensive manual tuning of parameters by an expert planner, making it a time-consuming and labor-intensive process, with quality and immediacy of critical care dependent on the planner’s expertise. To improve the speed, quality, and availability of this highly specialized care, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center developed and applied advanced optimization tools to this problem (e.g., using hierarchical constrained optimization, convex approximations, and Lagrangian methods). This resulted in both a greatly improved radiotherapy treatment planning process and the generation of reliable and consistent high-quality plans that reflect clinical priorities. These improved techniques have been the foundation of high-quality treatments and have positively impacted over 5,000 patients to date, including numerous patients in severe pain and in urgent need of treatment who might have otherwise required longer hospital stays or undergone unnecessary surgery to control the progression of their disease. We expect that the wide distribution of the system we developed will ultimately impact patient care more broadly, including in resource-constrained countries.

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25

Lebedenko, I. M., L. M. Kosenkova, E. O. Sannicova, and O. S. Zaichenko. "Independent Dose Calculation when External Radiotherapy Cancer Patient Planning." Meditsinskaya Fizika 92, no. 4 (January 31, 2022): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52775/1810-200x-2021-92-4-32-38.

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Purpose: Independent dose calculation (IDC) and quantitative processing of the calculating the 3D CRT, IMRT, RapidArc results of patients irradiation plans was conducted. Criteria for passing the exposure plans for the implementation of radiation therapy was developed. Materials and methods: An independent manual dose calculation of patient exposure plans was performed using 3D CRT, IMRT and RapidArc techniques. Discrepancies were obtained for three groups of patients: 3D CRT group contained 1584 patients, the group of patients who received IMRT included 647 patients. The patient group, in which rotary mode RapidArc was performed, included 364 patients. Results: As the analysis result of the IDC for 3D CRT, IMRT, RapidArc technologies, the quantitative indicators were ranked. The allowable discrepancies between the dose IDC and the dose calculated by the TPS were proposed for consideration: for 3D CRT technology from –5 to +10 %, for IMRT from 1.5 to 6 times, for RapidArc from 1, 5 to 2.5 times. Outside the specified intervals, it is necessary to check and reschedule plans or conduct verification.

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Metwaly, Mohamed, Awaad Mousa Awaad, El-Sayed Mahmoud El-Sayed, and Abdel Sattar Mohamed Sallam. "Forward-planning intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique for prostate cancer." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 8, no. 4 (September 2007): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v8i4.2488.

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Kara, F. Gulsen, Ayfer Haydaroglu, Hakan Eren, and Gul Kitapcıoglu. "Comparison of Different Techniques in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Planning." Journal of Breast Health 10, no. 2 (May 3, 2014): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tjbh.2014.1772.

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ATKINSON, C. H., C. S. HAMILTON, and C. J. WYNNE. "Radiotherapy planning for lung cancer: Can we do better?" Australasian Radiology 38, no. 4 (November 1994): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1673.1994.tb00204.x.

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Johnson, S., and I. Musa. "Preparation of the breast cancer patient for radiotherapy planning." Physiotherapy 90, no. 4 (December 2004): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2004.05.002.

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Tejera Hernández, Ana Alicia, Víctor Manuel Vega Benítez, Juan Carlos Rocca Cardenas, Neith Ortega Pérez, Nieves Rodríguez Ibarria, María Isabel Gutiérrez Giner, Pedro Pérez Correa, Juan Carlos Díaz Chico, and Juan Ramón Hernández Hernández. "Inverse radiotherapy planning in reconstructive surgery for breast cancer." International Journal of Surgery 63 (March 2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.01.017.

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Kusima, Takeyuki, Kazufumi Imanaka, and Michio Kono. "Radiotherapy planning of lung cancer using CT simulation system." Lung Cancer 7 (January 1991): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5002(91)91696-9.

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32

Simcock, Bryony, Kailash Narayan, Elizabeth Drummond, David Bernshaw, Elizabeth Wells, and Rodney J. Hicks. "The Role of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Planning Radiotherapy in Endometrial Cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 25, no. 4 (May 2015): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000000393.

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ObjectiveThe optimal method of assessing disease distribution in endometrial cancer is widely debated. Knowledge of disease distribution assists in planning adjuvant radiotherapy; in this study we used positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to assess disease distribution before radiotherapy.MethodsSeventy-three consecutive patients referred to the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre for adjuvant radiotherapy for endometrial cancer, with either high-risk disease after a hysterectomy or recurrent disease, had a PET/CT before treatment. The findings on PET/CT and clinical course were recorded.ResultsPET/CT found additional disease in 35% of postoperative patients, changing planned treatment in 31%. In the group with known recurrence, additional disease was found in 72%, changing management in 36%.ConclusionsPET/CT is a valuable tool for planning radiotherapy in endometrial cancer.

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Castellano, Antonella, Michele Bailo, Francesco Cicone, Luciano Carideo, Natale Quartuccio, Pietro Mortini, Andrea Falini, Giuseppe Lucio Cascini, and Giuseppe Minniti. "Advanced Imaging Techniques for Radiotherapy Planning of Gliomas." Cancers 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13051063.

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The accuracy of target delineation in radiation treatment (RT) planning of cerebral gliomas is crucial to achieve high tumor control, while minimizing treatment-related toxicity. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, represents the current standard imaging modality for target volume delineation of gliomas. However, conventional sequences have limited capability to discriminate treatment-related changes from viable tumors, owing to the low specificity of increased blood-brain barrier permeability and peritumoral edema. Advanced physiology-based MRI techniques, such as MR spectroscopy, diffusion MRI and perfusion MRI, have been developed for the biological characterization of gliomas and may circumvent these limitations, providing additional metabolic, structural, and hemodynamic information for treatment planning and monitoring. Radionuclide imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) with amino acid radiopharmaceuticals, are also increasingly used in the workup of primary brain tumors, and their integration in RT planning is being evaluated in specialized centers. This review focuses on the basic principles and clinical results of advanced MRI and PET imaging techniques that have promise as a complement to RT planning of gliomas.

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Wang, Chunhao, Xiaofeng Zhu, Julian C. Hong, and Dandan Zheng. "Artificial Intelligence in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning: Present and Future." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 18 (January 1, 2019): 153303381987392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533033819873922.

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Treatment planning is an essential step of the radiotherapy workflow. It has become more sophisticated over the past couple of decades with the help of computer science, enabling planners to design highly complex radiotherapy plans to minimize the normal tissue damage while persevering sufficient tumor control. As a result, treatment planning has become more labor intensive, requiring hours or even days of planner effort to optimize an individual patient case in a trial-and-error fashion. More recently, artificial intelligence has been utilized to automate and improve various aspects of medical science. For radiotherapy treatment planning, many algorithms have been developed to better support planners. These algorithms focus on automating the planning process and/or optimizing dosimetric trade-offs, and they have already made great impact on improving treatment planning efficiency and plan quality consistency. In this review, the smart planning tools in current clinical use are summarized in 3 main categories: automated rule implementation and reasoning, modeling of prior knowledge in clinical practice, and multicriteria optimization. Novel artificial intelligence–based treatment planning applications, such as deep learning–based algorithms and emerging research directions, are also reviewed. Finally, the challenges of artificial intelligence–based treatment planning are discussed for future works.

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Novario, Raffaele, Paola Stucchi, Lucia Perna, and Leopoldo Conte. "Radiotherapy Treatment Verification." Tumori Journal 84, no. 2 (March 1998): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169808400209.

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During a radiotherapy treatment, a dosimetric verification or a geometric localization can be done, in order to assess the quality of the treatment. The dosimetric verification is generally performed measuring the dose at some points inside (natural cavities) or outside the patient, and comparing it to the dose at the same points calculated and predicted by the treatment planning system. This can be done either with thermoluminescent or diodes dosimeters or with ionization chambers. The geometric localization can be done acquiring a portal image of the patient. Portal imaging can be performed either with films placed between metallic screens, or with an electronic portal imaging device such as fluoroscopic systems, solid state devices or matrix ionization chamber systems. In order to assess possible field placement errors, the portal images have to be compared with images obtained with the simulator in the same geometric conditions and/or with the digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) obtained with the treatment planning system. In particular, when using matrix ionization chamber systems, the portal images contain also information regarding the exit dose. This means that this kind of imaging device can be used both for geometric localization and for dosimetric verification. In this case, the exit dose measured by the portal image can be compared with the exit dose calculated and predicted by the treatment planning system. Some “in-vivo” applications of this methodology are presented.

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36

Cho, L. Chinsoo, Robert Timmerman, and Brian Kavanagh. "Hypofractionated External-Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer." Prostate Cancer 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/103547.

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There are radiobiological rationales supporting hypofractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The recent advancements in treatment planning and delivery allow sophisticated radiation treatments to take advantage of the differences in radiobiology of prostate cancer and the surrounding normal tissues. The preliminary results from clinical studies indicate that abbreviated fractionation programs can result in successful treatment of localized prostate cancer without escalation of late toxicity.

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Hissourou, M., C. Deig, T. Dziuk, R. Boopathy, and N. Nabavizadeh. "Innovative Diagnostic CT Based Radiotherapy Planning." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 114, no. 3 (November 2022): e566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.2214.

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38

Lee, Ding-Jen, Mario Duhon, Catherine North, and Wing-Chee Lam. "Radiotherapy treatment planning for parotid carcinomas." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 19 (January 1990): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(90)90880-s.

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39

Wang, Shuo, Dandan Zheng, Chi Lin, Yu Lei, Vivek Verma, April Smith, Rongtao Ma, Charles A. Enke, and Sumin Zhou. "Technical Assessment of an Automated Treatment Planning on Dose Escalation of Pancreas Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 18 (January 1, 2019): 153303381985152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533033819851520.

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Background: Stereotactic body radiotherapy has been suggested to provide high rates of local control for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. However, the close proximity of highly radiosensitive normal tissues usually causes the labor-intensive planning process and may impede further escalation of the prescription dose. Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate the consistency and efficiency of Pinnacle Auto-Planning for pancreas stereotactic body radiotherapy with original prescription and escalated prescription. Methods: Twenty-four patients with pancreatic cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy were studied retrospectively. The prescription is 40 Gy over 5 consecutive fractions. Most of patients (n = 21) also had 3 other different dose-level targets (6 Gy/fraction, 5 Gy/fraction, and 4 Gy/fraction). Two types of plans were generated by Pinnacle Auto-Planning with the original prescription (8 Gy/fraction, 6 Gy/fraction, 5 Gy/fraction, and 4 Gy/fraction) and escalated prescription (9 Gy/fraction, 7 Gy/fraction, 6 Gy/fraction, and 5 Gy/fraction), respectively. The same Auto-Planning template, including beam geometry, intensity-modulated radiotherapy objectives and intensity-modulated radiotherapy optimization parameters, were utilized for all the auto-plans in each prescription group. The intensity-modulated radiotherapy objectives do not include any manually created structures. Dosimetric parameters including percentage volume of PTV receiving 100% of the prescription dose, percentage volume of PTV receiving 93% of the prescription dose, and consistency of the dose-volume histograms of the target volumes were assessed. Dmax and D1 cc of highly radiosensitive organs were also evaluated. Results: For all the pancreas stereotactic body radiotherapy plans with the original or escalated prescriptions, auto-plans met institutional dose constraints for critical organs, such as the duodenum, small intestine, and stomach. Furthermore, auto-plans resulted in acceptable planning target volume coverage for all targets with different prescription levels. All the plans were generated in a one-attempt manner, and very little human intervention is necessary to achieve such plan quality. Conclusions: Pinnacle3 Auto-Planning consistently and efficiently generate acceptable treatment plans for multitarget pancreas stereotactic body radiotherapy with or without dose escalation and may play a more important role in treatment planning in the future.

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40

Nath, Sameer K., Daniel R. Simpson, Brent S. Rose, and Ajay P. Sandhu. "Recent Advances in Image-Guided Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Carcinoma." Journal of Oncology 2009 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/752135.

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Radiotherapy has a well-established role in the management of head and neck cancers. Over the past decade, a variety of new imaging modalities have been incorporated into the radiotherapy planning and delivery process. These technologies are collectively referred to as image-guided radiotherapy and may lead to significant gains in tumor control and radiation side effect profiles. In the following review, these techniques as they are applied to head and neck cancer patients are described, and clinical studies analyzing their use in target delineation, patient positioning, and adaptive radiotherapy are highlighted. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of potential areas of further radiotherapy advancement.

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Anacleto, Ana, and Joana Dias. "Data Analysis in Radiotherapy Treatments." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 9, no. 3 (July 2018): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijehmc.2018070103.

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Radiotherapy is one of the main cancer treatments available today, together with chemotherapy and surgery. Radiotherapy treatments have to be planned for each patient in an individualized manner. The knowledge acquired from one single treatment can be used to improve the treatment planning and outcome of several other patients. In the last years, attention has been drawn to the added value of using data analysis for radiotherapy treatment planning, prediction of treatment outcomes, survival analysis and quality assurance. In this article, existing literature is reviewed.

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Joyce, Ronan, Jake Murphy, Eoin O'Neill, and Ciara A. Lyons. "Bladder volume variation in hypofractionated prostate radiotherapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2022): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.6_suppl.234.

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234 Background: A full bladder for prostate radiotherapy treatment limits overall dose to the bladder and displaces bowel from high dose regions. There is currently no clear consensus on optimum bladder volume for prostate radiotherapy. Inconsistent bladder volumes can cause dosimetric uncertainty, distress, treatment delay and negative toxicity outcomes for patients. To identify potential ways to improve bladder filling consistency we retrospectively analysed bladder volume variation over the course of patients’ treatment and its relationship to various patient and treatment factors. Methods: We included all patients treated with 60gy in 20 fractions to the prostate only over a 1-year period. Standard fractionation, palliative, post-operative, and whole pelvis treatment regimens were excluded from our study. Patient, tumour, and treatment characteristics were collected retrospectively. We recorded patient reported IPSS scores that were completed pre and post treatment. Daily bladder volumes were recorded from cone beam CT (CBCT) retrospectively for a subset of 34 patients and included in correlative analyses with various treatment and patient factors. Results: 69 men were included in this study with a mean planning CT bladder volume of 272ml (79-574). Patients were divided into large ( > 180ml) and small subgroups (N = 46 vs 23). Smaller bladders resulted in a greater post treatment IPSS score (10.2 vs 7.7 (p = 0.2)) and greater change in IPSS (+3.3 vs +1.4 (p = 0.23). The variation of daily bladder volumes as measured by the standard deviation was positively associated with planning CT volume (p < 0.05), variation in daily treatment time (p < 0.05) and urinary symptoms (p = 0.29). Greater discordances between planning CT time and mean radiotherapy time resulted in a greater average difference between CBCT bladder volume and planning CT volume (p = 0.16). There were no appreciable seasonal or diurnal associations for all recorded bladder volumes. Conclusions: Smaller bladder volumes at planning CT are associated with increased urinary symptoms whereas larger volumes undergo more daily variation. This data suggests an optimal planning bladder volume of 200-400ml to minimise on treatment variation. This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between variation in daily treatment times and daily bladder variation. Synchronisation of planning CT time with patient treatment time preference will enable patients to better replicate planning CT bladder volumes. This, along with several other areas for improvement highlighted by this study have formed the basis for a prospective single centre pilot study.

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Jelercic, Stasa, and Mirjana Rajer. "The role of PET-CT in radiotherapy planning of solid tumours." Radiology and Oncology 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raon-2013-0071.

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AbstractBackground. PET-CT is becoming more and more important in various aspects of oncology. Until recently it was used mainly as part of diagnostic procedures and for evaluation of treatment results. With development of personalized radiotherapy, volumetric and radiobiological characteristics of individual tumour have become integrated in the multistep radiotherapy (RT) planning process. Standard anatomical imaging used to select and delineate RT target volumes can be enriched by the information on tumour biology gained by PET-CT. In this review we explore the current and possible future role of PET-CT in radiotherapy treatment planning. After general explanation, we assess its role in radiotherapy of those solid tumours for which PET-CT is being used most.Conclusions. In the nearby future PET-CT will be an integral part of the most radiotherapy treatment planning procedures in an every-day clinical practice. Apart from a clear role in radiation planning of lung cancer, with forthcoming clinical trials, we will get more evidence of the optimal use of PET-CT in radiotherapy planning of other solid tumours

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Hurkmans, Coen, Cindy Duisters, Mieke Peters-Verhoeven, Liesbeth Boersma, Karolien Verhoeven, Nina Bijker, Koen Crama, Tonnis Nuver, and Maurice van der Sangen. "Harmonization of breast cancer radiotherapy treatment planning in the Netherlands." Technical Innovations & Patient Support in Radiation Oncology 19 (September 2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tipsro.2021.06.004.

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Pierce, Lori. "E17. Modern radiotherapy planning in the treatment of breast cancer." European Journal of Cancer Supplements 8, no. 3 (March 2010): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6349(10)70021-5.

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Koukourakis, Michael I., Haralambos A. Varveris, Emmanuel S. Helidonis, Emmanuel S. Helidonis, and Nikolaos H. Gourtsogiannis. "CT-based radiotherapy treatment planning for cancer of the nasopharynx." Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 17, no. 2 (March 1993): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-6111(93)90049-s.

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Pinkawa, M., C. Bornemann, N. Escobar-Corral, M. D. Piroth, R. Holy, and M. J. Eble. "Treatment planning after hydrogel injection during radiotherapy of prostate cancer." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 189, no. 9 (July 10, 2013): 796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-013-0388-0.

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Vorbeck, Christina Steen, Anuja Jhingran, Revathy B. Iyer, Annika Loft, Ann Klopp, Mansoor Raza Mirza, Angela Sobremonte, Sastry Vedam, and Ivan Richter Vogelius. "Patterns of treatment failure in patients undergoing adjuvant or definitive radiotherapy for vulvar cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 29, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-000223.

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ObjectivesKnowledge of the detailed pattern of failure can be useful background knowledge in clinical decision making and potentially drive the development of new treatment strategies by increasing radiotherapy dose prescription to high-risk sub-regions of the target. Here, we analyze patterns of recurrence in patients with vulvar cancer treated with radiotherapy according to original planning target volumes and radiation dose delivered.MethodsWe analyzed dose-planning and post-treatment recurrence scans from patients with vulvar cancer treated at two institutions from January 2009 through October 2014. We delineated the recurrences and merged the dose-planning and recurrence scans for each patient by using deformable co-registration. We estimated the center of each recurrence on the merged scans with the goal of relating them to the original dose plan.ResultsWe evaluated 157 patients who received radiotherapy for vulvar cancer. Median age was 68 years (range 29–91). Patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IA-IVB were included. Twenty-nine patients had recurrent disease; 156 patients had squamous cell carcinoma and one patient had adenosquamous carcinoma of the vulva. Among the 157 patients, 37 patients with recurrent disease had recurrence scans available for review, for a total of 80 recurrence sites; 53% of the recurrences were located in the region to which the highest dose (60–70 Gy) had been prescribed. Patients who received definitive radiotherapy developed failure primarily in the high-dose region (80.5%), whereas patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy had a more scattered failure pattern (p<0.0001). Among the latter group, 29.5% failed in the high-dose region.ConclusionsPatients who received definitive versus adjuvant radiotherapy had different failure patterns, indicating that separate approaches are needed to improve both adjuvant and definitive radiotherapy for vulvar cancer.

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Aisyah, Siti, Aditya Prayugo Hariyanto, Endarko Endarko, Agus Rubiyanto, Nasori Nasori, Mohammad Haekal, and Andreas Nainggolan. "Evaluation Treatment Planning for Breast Cancer Based on Dose-Response Model." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 22, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v22i1.19732.

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The delivery of radiation therapy to patients requires prior planning made by medical physicists to achieve radiotherapy goals. Radiotherapy has a plan to eradicate the growth of cancer cells by giving high doses and minimizing the radiation dose to normal tissue. Evaluation of planning is generally done based on dosimetric parameters, such as minimum dose, maximum dose, and means dose obtained from the DVHs data. Based on the same DVHs, data were evaluate dinterms of biological effects to determine the highest possible toxicity in normal tissue after the tumor had been treated with radiation using the NTCP model. The evaluation was conducted by selecting three DICOM-RT data of post-mastectomy right breast cancer patients who had been prescribed a dose of 50 Gy obtained from the Hospital MRCCC Siloam Semanggi database. All data were processed using open-source software DICOManTX to get the DVH and isodose information. Matlab-based CERR software was used to calculate the NTCP model. The results show that the three patients' DVH and isodose treatment planning result in a homogeneous dose distribution result because the PTV area obtains adose limit of ≥ 95%. Moreover, normalt issue still gets adose below the tolerance limit based on the standard from RTOG 1005 and ICRU 83. Analysis of NTCP shows a complication probability below 1% for each organ, suggesting that any organ which has been irradiated has a low likelihood of complications. Therefore, it can be concluded that the treatment planning which has been made in the three patients using the IMRT technique has achieved the objectives of radiotherapy, which is to minimize toxicity to healthy organs. |Keywords: DVH, isodose, NTCP, radiotherapy.

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Grosu, Anca-Ligia, Ursula Nestle, and Wolfgang A. Weber. "How to use functional imaging information for radiotherapy planning." European Journal of Cancer 45 (September 2009): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(09)70090-5.

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