Статті в журналах: "Canal de transmission"

1

Swamee, Prabhata K., Govinda C. Mishra, and Bhagu R. Chahar. "Optimal Design of Transmission Canal." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 128, no. 4 (August 2002): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2002)128:4(234).

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2

WHITTEMORE, KENNETH R., SAUMIL N. MERCHANT, and JOHN J. ROSOWSKI. "Acoustic Mechanisms." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 118, no. 6 (June 1998): 751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70264-5.

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The contribution of the middle ear air spaces to sound transmission through the middle ear in canal wall-up and canal wall-down mastoidectomy was studied in human temporal bones by measurements of middle ear input impedance and sound pressure difference across the tympanic membrane for the frequency range 50 Hz to 5 kHz. These measurements indicate that, relative to canal wall-up procedures, canal wall-down mastoidectomy results in a 1 to 5 dB decrease in middle ear sound transmission below 1 kHz, a 0 to 10 dB increase between 1 and 3 kHz, and no change above 3 kHz. These results are consistent with those reported by Gyo et al. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;112:1262-8), in which umbo displacement was used as a measure of sound transmission. A model analysis suggests that the reduction in sound transmission below 1 kHz can be explained by the smaller middle ear air space volume associated with the canal wall-down procedure. We conclude that as long as the middle ear air space is aerated and has a volume greater than 0.7 ml, canal wall-down mastoidectomy should generally cause less than 10 dB changes in middle ear sound transmission relative to the canal wall-up procedure. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:751-61.)

3

Bakhramdjanovich, Gulyamov Sherzod. "CONGENITAL MALFORMATION EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 05, no. 06 (June 1, 2023): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume05issue06-10.

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In contrast to anatomical variants, congenital malformations - synonymous with anomalies or dysplasia - are characterized by deviations not only from normal anatomical development but also from regular function. They can result from delayed development, abnormal embryogenesis or both due to spontaneous genetic mutations - this occurs in most congenital malformations of the outer and middle ear - genetic transmission and exogenous factors in about 10% of cases.

4

Xia, Yuanxin, Zhihan Guo, Elisabet Tiana-Roig, Vicente Cutanda Henriquez, and Frieder Lucklum. "Effect of curvature on sound propagation in the ear canal." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 695–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0024495.

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In this paper, we investigate the effect of the curvature and torsion of the ear canal on its resonance through a comparison between several ear canal models. Utilizing Stinson's ear canal geometries as a reference, we build and analyze several ear canal models using both transmission matrix and numerical methods for the purpose of comparative assessment. A conical transmission unit, which considers visco-thermal effects, is employed for the modeling of the human ear canal. While the transfer matrix and numerical method agree well for a straight axis model, this simplification results in up to 20% deviation from a curved canal. We propose the curve twist ratio as a metric to quantify the influence of curvature on the ear canal and find that our proposed metric can effectively express the error introduced by the simplified straight axis model. Upon this metric, an empirical equation is proposed for incorporating the curvature effect in the transmission matrix method, enabling it to generate comparable results to those of the numerical method, which considers the effect of the curvature and torsion, thus dramatically accelerating computation.

5

Nørgaard, Kren Monrad, Hamid Motallebzadeh, and Sunil Puria. "The influence of tympanic-membrane orientation on acoustic ear-canal quantities: A finite-element analysis." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 2769–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0025768.

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Assuming plane waves, ear-canal acoustic quantities, collectively known as wideband acoustic immittance (WAI), are frequently used in research and in the clinic to assess the conductive status of the middle ear. Secondary applications include compensating for the ear-canal acoustics when delivering stimuli to the ear and measuring otoacoustic emissions. However, the ear canal is inherently non-uniform and terminated at an oblique angle by the conical-shaped tympanic membrane (TM), thus potentially confounding the ability of WAI quantities in characterizing the middle-ear status. This paper studies the isolated possible confounding effects of TM orientation and shape on characterizing the middle ear using WAI in human ears. That is, the non-uniform geometry of the ear canal is not considered except for that resulting from the TM orientation and shape. This is achieved using finite-element models of uniform ear canals terminated by both lumped-element and finite-element middle-ear models. In addition, the effects on stimulation and reverse-transmission quantities are investigated, including the physical significance of quantities seeking to approximate the sound pressure at the TM. The results show a relatively small effect of the TM orientation on WAI quantities, except for a distinct delay above 10 kHz, further affecting some stimulation and reverse-transmission quantities.

6

Paulin, Michael G., and Larry F. Hoffman. "Models of vestibular semicircular canal afferent neuron firing activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 2548–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00087.2019.

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Semicircular canal afferent neurons transmit information about head rotation to the brain. Mathematical models of how they do this have coevolved with concepts of how brains perceive the world. A 19th-century “camera” metaphor, in which sensory neurons project an image of the world captured by sense organs into the brain, gave way to a 20th-century view of sensory nerves as communication channels providing inputs to dynamical control systems. Now, in the 21st century, brains are being modeled as Bayesian observers who infer what is happening in the world given noisy, incomplete, and distorted sense data. The semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus provide an experimentally accessible, low-dimensional system for developing and testing dynamical Bayesian generative models of sense data. In this review, we summarize advances in mathematical modeling of information transmission by semicircular canal afferent sensory neurons since the first such model was proposed nearly a century ago. Models of information transmission by vestibular afferent neurons may provide a foundation for developing realistic models of how brains perceive the world by inferring the causes of sense data.

7

Surendran, Sudeep, Srdan Prodanovic, and Stefan Stenfelt. "Hearing Through Bone Conduction Headsets." Trends in Hearing 27 (January 2023): 233121652311687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165231168741.

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Bone conduction (BC) stimulation has mainly been used for clinical hearing assessment and hearing aids where stimulation is applied at the mastoid behind the ear. Recently, BC has become popular for communication headsets where the stimulation position often is close to the anterior part of the ear canal opening. The BC sound transmission for this stimulation position is here investigated in 21 participants by ear canal sound pressure measurements and hearing threshold assessment as well as simulations in the LiUHead. The results indicated that a stimulation position close to the ear canal opening improves the sensitivity for BC sound by around 20 dB but by up to 40 dB at some frequencies. The transcranial transmission ranges typically between −40 and −25 dB. This decreased transcranial transmission facilitates saliency of binaural cues and implies that BC headsets are suitable for virtual and augmented reality applications. The findings suggest that with BC stimulation close to the ear canal opening, the sound pressure in the ear canal dominates the perception of BC sound. With this stimulation, the ear canal pathway was estimated to be around 25 dB greater than other contributors, like skull bone vibrations, for hearing BC sound in a healthy ear. This increased contribution from the ear canal sound pressure to BC hearing means that a position close to the ear canal is not appropriate for clinical use since, in such case, a conductive hearing loss affects BC and air conduction thresholds by a similar amount.

8

Sugiyama, Kiyoshi, Mitsugu Nishimoto, and Machiko Satoh. "Transmission characteristics of ear canal of artificial head." Acoustical Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (2005): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.26.67.

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9

Dong, Wei, and Elizabeth S. Olson. "Middle Ear Forward and Reverse Transmission in Gerbil." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 5 (May 2006): 2951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01214.2005.

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The middle ear transmits environmental sound to the inner ear. It also transmits acoustic energy sourced within the inner ear out to the ear canal, where it can be detected with a sensitive microphone as an otoacoustic emission. Otoacoustic emissions are an important noninvasive measure of the condition of sensory hair cells and to use them most effectively one must know how they are shaped by the middle ear. In this contribution, forward and reverse transmissions through the middle ear were studied by simultaneously measuring intracochlear pressure in scala vestibuli near the stapes and ear canal pressure. Measurements were made in gerbil, in vivo, with acoustic two-tone stimuli. The forward transmission pressure gain was about 20–25 dB, with a phase–frequency relationship that could be fit by a straight line, and was thus characteristic of a delay, over a wide frequency range. The forward delay was about 32 μs. The reverse transmission pressure loss was on average about 35 dB, and the phase–frequency relationship was again delaylike with a delay of about 38 μs. Therefore to a first approximation the middle ear operates similarly in the forward and reverse directions. The observation that the amount of pressure reduction in reverse transmission was greater than the amount of pressure gain in forward transmission suggests that complex motions of the tympanic membrane and ossicles affect reverse more than forward transmission.

10

HENRIQUE FRANÇA LEITE, SAMUEL, DALTON MATSUO TAVARES, STELLA JACYSZYN BACHEGA, and OLÁVIO GONÇALVES DE ALMEIDA. "IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE CANAL SEGURO PARA TRANSMISSÃO DE DADOS MÉDICOS." Revista SODEBRAS 14, no. 161 (May 2019): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29367/issn.1809-3957.14.2019.161.38.

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11

Restrepo, María Isabel, and Diana Constanza Restrepo. "El canal del crédito bancario en Colombia: 1995-2005. Una aproximación mediante modelos de umbral." Lecturas de Economía, no. 67 (July 31, 2009): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.le.n67a2022.

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El canal del crédito bancario, que amplifica los efectos del canal tradicional de la política monetaria, hace énfasis en la estructura y las fricciones del mercado financiero como determinantes del gasto agregado. Este artículo analiza y verifica la existencia del canal del crédito bancario en Colombia estimando un modelo propuesto por Michael Gibson en 19971997, quien utiliza regresiones de umbral para determinar el impacto de la política monetaria sobre la demanda agregada. Los resultados obtenidos no permiten descartar la existencia de este mecanismo de transmisión en Colombia durante el periodo analizado, aunque éste parece operar solo a través de la política monetaria contraccionista. Palabras clave: política monetaria, mecanismos de transmisión, canal de crédito bancario, modelos de umbral. Clasificación JEL: C12, C52, E44, E52, G11. Abstract: The Bank Credit Channel, which amplifies the effects of the traditional channel of monetary policy, emphasizes on the structure and frictions of financial markets as determinants of aggregate spending. This paper aims at analyze and verify the existence of the bank credit channel in Colombia estimating a model proposed by Gibson (1997) which uses threshold regressions as a way to determine the impact of monetary policy on aggregate demand. Results do not allow dismissing the existence of this transmission mechanism in Colombia during the analyzed period, although it seems to operate only through contractionary monetary policy. Keywords: monetary policy, transmission mechanisms, bank lending channel, threshold regressions. JEL classification: C12, C52, E44, E52, G11. Résumé: Le canal du crédit bancaire amplifie les effets du canal traditionnel de la politique monétaire et met l.accent sur la structure et sur les frictions du marché financier, lesquels constituent les éléments qui déterminent de la dépense agrégée. L.objectif de cet article est d.analyser et de vérifier l.existence du canal du crédit bancaire en Colombie en estimant le modèle proposé par Michael Gibson en 1997, lequel utilise des régressions à seuil pour déterminer l.impact de la politique monétaire sur la demande agrégée. Les résultats obtenus ne permettent pas d.écarter l.existence d.un mécanisme de transmission pendant la période analysée, malgré le fait qu.il ne paraisse agir qu.à travers une politique monétaire restrictive. Mots clef: politique monétaire, mécanismes de transmission, canal du crédit bancaire, modèles à seuil. Classification JEL: C12, C52, E44, E52, G11.

12

Tian, Jia Bin, Na Ta, Zhu Shi Rao, Li Fu Xu, and Xin Sheng Huang. "Finite Element Modeling of Sound Transmission Based on Micro-Computer Tomography for Human Ear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.593.

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An accurate finite element (FE) model of the human ear can help in understanding the physiological mechanismof human ear and facilitate the design of implantable hearing devices. In this paper,a FE modelof the human ear consisting of the external ear canal, middle ear, and cochlea was developed. The geometry of the external ear canal and middle ear model was based on a fresh specimen of human temporal boneviamicro-computer tomography imaging. A harmonic sound pressure of 90 dB SPL was applied in the ear canal and the multi-field coupled FE analysis was conductedamong the ear canal air, cochlea fluid, and middle ear and cochlea structures. The results were compared with the established physiological data. The satisfactory agreements between the model and published experimental measurementsindicate the middle ear and cochlea functions can be well simulated and further application in terms of human ear can be achieved by the model.

13

Hammersho/i, Dorte, and Henrik Mo/ller. "Sound transmission to and within the human ear canal." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 1 (July 1996): 408–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.415856.

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14

Gan, Rong Z., Brian P. Reeves, and Xuelin Wang. "Modeling of Sound Transmission from Ear Canal to Cochlea." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 35, no. 12 (September 18, 2007): 2180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-007-9366-y.

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15

LOUBET, G., and F. VIAL. "CARACTÉRISATION DU MILIEU MARIN COMME CANAL DE TRANSMISSION HORIZONTALE." Le Journal de Physique IV 02, no. C1 (April 1992): C1–937—C1–940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19921204.

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16

Hutchinson, Karen L., Pierre E. Rollin, Wun-Ju Shieh, Sherif Zaki, Patricia W. Greer, and C. J. Peters. "Transmission of Black Creek Canal virus between cotton rats." Journal of Medical Virology 60, no. 1 (January 2000): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200001)60:1<70::aid-jmv12>3.0.co;2-1.

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17

Blondé-Weinmann, Cyril, Thomas Joubaud, Véronique Zimpfer, Pascal Hamery, Sébastien De Mezzo, and Sébastien Roth. "Experimental evaluation of earplug behavior in front of high-level impulse noise using laser Doppler vibrometer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0020585.

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Hearing protection devices facing high-level impulse noises provide an attenuation, generally, between 20 and 40 dB. One reason for this limitation is the direct interactions between the protection device and the impulse waves. In the case of earplugs, direct transmissions through the earplug occur. These direct transmissions combine with the already well-studied indirect transmissions arising from wave propagation in the external ear's tissues (skin, cartilage, and bone). To evaluate the transmission induced directly by the earplug, an experimental protocol using a laser Doppler vibrometer was developed. Thus, the earplug's outer lateral face (OLF) displacements and acoustic pressure at the eardrum were measured simultaneously. Two earplugs (polyurethane foam and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) inserted in an acoustic test fixture were stimulated with impulses ranging from 137 to 180 dB-peak. A slight earplug OLF movement in the ear canal varying from 1 μm to 0.1 mm could be observed, which is likely related to ear canal longitudinal compression. The earplug's OLF displacement and acoustic pressure variation at the eardrum strongly depended on the earplug type. These direct transmissions and underlying consequences considerably alter the protection efficiency.

18

Iza Benítez, Hugo Wladimir, and Diego Javier Reinoso Chisaguano. "Análisis de la técnica UFMC en un canal multitrayecto y usando estimación de canal." Revista de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información 9, no. 17 (January 2021): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36825/riti.09.17.004.

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UFMC (Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier) is a novel multi-carrier transmission technique that aims to replace the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation technique for fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems. UFMC, being a generalization of OFDM and FBMC (Filter Bank Multicarrier), combines the advantages of these systems and at the same time avoids their main disadvantages. Using a Matlab simulation, this article presents an analysis of the robustness of UFMC against fading effects of multipath channels without using a CP (cyclic prefix). The behavior of the UFMC system is analyzed in terms of the PSD (Power Spectral Density), BER (Bit Error Rate) and MSE (Mean Square Error). The results show that UFMC reduces the out-band side lobes produced in the PSD of the processed signal. Also, it is shown that the pilot-assisted channel estimation method applied in OFDM systems can also be applied in UFMC systems.

19

Highstein, Stephen M., Richard D. Rabbitt, Gay R. Holstein, and Richard D. Boyle. "Determinants of Spatial and Temporal Coding by Semicircular Canal Afferents." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 5 (May 2005): 2359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00533.2004.

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The vestibular semicircular canals are internal sensors that signal the magnitude, direction, and temporal properties of angular head motion. Fluid mechanics within the 3-canal labyrinth code the direction of movement and integrate angular acceleration stimuli over time. Directional coding is accomplished by decomposition of complex angular accelerations into 3 biomechanical components—one component exciting each of the 3 ampullary organs and associated afferent nerve bundles separately. For low-frequency angular motion stimuli, fluid displacement within each canal is proportional to angular acceleration. At higher frequencies, above the lower corner frequency, real-time integration is accomplished by viscous forces arising from the movement of fluid within the slender lumen of each canal. This results in angular velocity sensitive fluid displacements. Reflecting this, a subset of afferent fibers indeed report angular acceleration to the brain for low frequencies of head movement and report angular velocity for higher frequencies. However, a substantial number of afferent fibers also report angular acceleration, or a signal between acceleration and velocity, even at frequencies where the endolymph displacement is known to follow angular head velocity. These non-velocity-sensitive afferent signals cannot be attributed to canal biomechanics alone. The responses of non-velocity-sensitive cells include a mathematical differentiation (first-order or fractional) imparted by hair-cell and/or afferent complexes. This mathematical differentiation from velocity to acceleration cannot be attributed to hair cell ionic currents, but occurs as a result of the dynamics of synaptic transmission between hair cells and their primary afferent fibers. The evidence for this conclusion is reviewed below.

20

Peach, Meredith B., and Gregory W. Rouse. "The morphology of the pit organs and lateral line canal neuromasts of Mustelus antarcticus (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 1 (February 2000): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315499001678.

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The pit organs (free neuromasts) of sharks are part of the lateral line sensory system, but there is still confusion about their exact morphology and function(s). This is partly because of reported physiological differences between the pit organs and the lateral line canal neuromasts, and partly because the morphology of pit organs has not been adequately documented. To compare their morphology, the pit organs and canal neuromasts of the gummy shark Mustelus antarcticus (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae) were examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Both pit organs and canal neuromasts had hair cells with the `staircase' arrangement of sensory hairs (stereovilli) characteristic of vertebrate mechanoreceptors. Stereovilli bundles of different sizes were distributed haphazardly throughout the pit organs and canal neuromasts. The density of hair cells was similar in the pit organs and canal neuromasts, but differences in the overall size and/or shape of the sensory epithelia might account for some of the reported differences in mechanosensitivity.

21

Miura, Hiroki, Shinji Yoshii, Masataka Fujimoto, Ayako Washio, Takahiko Morotomi, Hiroshi Ikeda, and Chiaki Kitamura. "Effects of Both Fiber Post/Core Resin Construction System and Root Canal Sealer on the Material Interface in Deep Areas of Root Canal." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040982.

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This study aimed to examine the resin polymerization of a fiber post/core resin construction system and the interface between resin and root canal sealers, which are important for root canal sealing. We used the i-TFC Luminus fiber post and i-TFC Luminus LC flow (i-TFC-L), the GC fiber post and Unifil Core EM (GCF), and the FiberKor post and Build-It FR (FKP) as core construction systems, and Nishika Canal Sealer BG (CS-BG), Metaseal Soft (META), and Nishika Canal Sealer EN (CS-EN) as sealers. The light transmission of fiber posts (n = 5), the polymerization of core resin (n = 5), and the adhesion between the sealer and core resin (n = 10) were evaluated. The i-TFC Luminus fiber post light transmission was significantly higher than that of other posts. Without shielding, i-TFC-L showed a significantly greater amount of polymerized resin than the other systems. With shielding, although i-TFC-L showed a significantly greater amount of polymerized resin immediately after light irradiation, polymerized resin was significantly greater in GCF and FKP after 10 min. All systems adhered to CS-BG and META but not to CS-EN. These results indicate that resin polymerization in the cavity differs among fiber post/core resin construction systems and that the adhesion of the resin and sealer depends on the property of the sealer.

22

Thapar, Rajendra. "The Study on Impact of Ujina Irrigation Canal on Malaria Transmission in District Nuh (Erstwhile Mewat), Haryana." Journal of Communicable Diseases 51, no. 03 (October 22, 2019): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.201926.

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23

Nishimura, Tadashi, Hiroshi Hosoi, Ryota Shimokura, Chihiro Morimoto, and Tadashi Kitahara. "Cartilage Conduction Hearing and Its Clinical Application." Audiology Research 11, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11020023.

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Cartilage conduction (CC) is a form of conduction that allows a relatively loud sound to be audible when a transducer is placed on the aural cartilage. The CC transmission mechanism has gradually been elucidated, allowing for the development of CC hearing aids (CC-HAs), which are clinically available in Japan. However, CC is still not fully understood. This review summarizes previous CC reports to facilitate its understanding. Concerning the transmission mechanism, the sound pressure level in the ear canal was found to increase when the transducer was attached to the aural cartilage, compared to an unattached condition. Further, inserting an earplug and injecting water into the ear canal shifted the CC threshold, indicating the considerable influence of cartilage–air conduction on the transmission. In CC, the aural cartilage resembles the movable plate of a vibration speaker. This unique transduction mechanism is responsible for the CC characteristics. In terms of clinical applications, CC-HAs are a good option for patients with aural atresia, despite inferior signal transmission compared to bone conduction in bony atretic ears. The advantages of CC, namely comfort, stable fixation, esthetics, and non-invasiveness, facilitate its clinical use.

24

MELNITSKY, STANISLAV I., VLADIMIR D. IVANOV, and LYDIA V. ZUEVA. "Pheromone gland musculature in Phryganeidae: Structural features, postcopulatory modification and taxonomic significance." Zoosymposia 5, no. 1 (June 10, 2011): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.5.1.24.

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Ultrastructure of the cells forming the sternal glands in males and both fertilized and virgin females of Phryganea bipunctata Retzius and Phryganea grandis L. has been studied by optical and transmission electron microscopy. The structures involved in the synthesis and excretion of pheromone mixtures consist of 4 types of cells: secretory, canal, muscle and epidermal. The secretory and canal cells form a compound structure where the secretory cells produce the secretion, while the canal cells form the conducting and receiving cuticular canals, which participate in conducting the secretion to the cavity of a cuticular reservoir. The cuticle of the reservoir is rough and has numerous folds. Muscle fibers are situated between the epidermal cells and the secretory cells in several layers, which are perpendicular to each other. The presence of muscle fibers in pheromone glands is in agreement with the eliciting of the droplets from the gland orifice in this family. The structure of muscle fibers changes in inseminated females: they become more loose and apparently non-functional. The ultrastructure of secretory cells of the pheromone glands evidences also the greater functional activity of these glands in females as compared to the cells of males. The presence of muscle fibers in the examined pheromone glands in Trichoptera suggests these structures to be a putative apomorphy of Phryganeidae.

25

Stavreva, Galya, and Radomir Radomirov. "Region-related modular nerve-dependent motor activity in anorectum - cholinergic and nitrergic contribution to rat model." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2012-1891.

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Disturbances of enteric nerve-mediated anorectal evacuation mechanisms have medical and social impact. The study aimed at further eliciting the contribution of cholinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission systems to modular nerve networks in different regions of Wistar rat anorectum. Electrical field stimulation (EFS, 0.8 ms, 40 V, 2, 5 or 10 Hz, 20 s), computerized mechanographic on-line setup and drugs were used to evaluate the motor responses of isolated rings from circular muscle of rectum (proximal, middle, and distal part), internal anal sphincter, and anal canal. Twitch-like frequency-dependent contractions, more pronounced in rectal preparations, characterized the modular motor responses of rectal circular muscle rings and anal canal. Depending on the frequency of stimulation, the motor activity of internal anal sphincter varied from deep long-lasting relaxation to initial short-lasting relaxation, followed by a contraction. Electrically-evoked responses of anorectal preparations were tetrodotoxin (0.1 microM)-sensitive. In the presence of atropine (0.3 microM) the contractions of rectal rings decreased, relaxation of internal anal sphincter increased and inhibition of the contractions of the anal canal occurred, followed by relaxation. During atropine treatment, NG-nitro-L-arginine (0.5 microM) increased the contractile responses and suppressed internal anal sphincter relaxations. L-arginine (0.5 microM) decreased the contractions and extended the relaxations of internal anal sphincter and anal canal. Our results suggest that cholinergic and nitrergic systems are not equally involved in modular nerve networks of various regions of anorectum. Cholinergic transmission is more expressed in distal rectum, underlying its contractile potency, while nitric oxide-dependent transmission(s) control the relaxation ability of the internal anal sphincter and anal canal.

26

Rioux, Danny, and G. B. Ouellette. "Barrier zone formation in host and nonhost trees inoculated with Ophiostoma ulmi. II. Ultrastructure." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 2074–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-259.

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Barrier zone formation was studied in annual shoots and small branches of Ulmus americana L., Prunus pensylvanica L.f., and Populus balsamifera L. following inoculation with Ophiostoma ulmi (Buism.) Nannf. Ultrastructural observations showed that electron-opaque compounds, which usually were identified as containing phenolics by previous histochemical tests, were often present within cells of this tissue. Many lipidic globules were also observed within some barrier zone cells of Populus balsamifera. Additional wall layers, suberized or not, were frequently observed in these barrier zone cells. When histochemical tests for suberin at the light microscope level were strongly positive, the lamellation typical of suberin was evident in transmission electron microscopy. Gum canal formation in Prunus pensylvanica was found to be initiated and the canals widened predominantly by a lysogenous process. Key words: Dutch elm disease, nonhost plants, Ophiostoma ulmi, Ulmus americana, ultrastructure, gum canals, suberized layers.

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Mobarak, M. S., and M. F. Ryan. "Ultrastructure of the buccal capsule of the equine nematode Strongylus vulgaris with special reference to the dorsal gutter." Journal of Helminthology 72, no. 2 (June 1998): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00016369.

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AbstractEarly studies by light microscopy provided preliminary data on the fine structure of Strongylus vulgaris (Looss 1900). The present study employed transmission electron microscopy to investigate particular structures in the buccal capsule especially the dorsal gutter (DG) and teeth. The DG is a tube containing the terminal duct of the dorsal oesophageal gland (DOG) surrounded by two concentric canals. Putative pores indicated in the wall of the DG seen in other studies are revealed as honey-combed, fibrous, structures on each side of the ventral lamella. This lamella is formed by the wall of the DG internal canal running the length of the DG. Secretions of the DG canals are released through the dorsal gutter duct (DGD) which passes through the teeth bases at the base of the buccal capsule. Teeth have a vesicular cytoplasmic core containing various organelles.

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Ryzhova, I. V., and G. N. Andrianov. "Opioid peptides may modulate afferent synaptic transmission in the frog semicircular canal." Primary Sensory Neuron 2, no. 3 (1997): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092996397750131955.

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Abbood, Rea’am T., Ayad S. Mustafa, and Jumaa A. Al-Somaydaii. "Investigations of Groundwater and Soil Specification at AL-Warrar Canal Reach, Ramadi City-Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1222, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1222/1/012013.

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Abstract The study area is located in Anbar Governorate, western Iraq, within the city of Ramadi, in the area adjacent to Al-Warrar Canal. The study area suffers from a lack of previous hydraulically studies, hydrological, the geological, and topographical characteristic and the soil characteristics, also suffers from a significant increasing in levels of groundwater. Three wells were drilled in area adjacent of the Al-Warrar canal with a diameter of 0.1524m, 10m in depth and 100 m the distance between each well, to observe water level of the groundwater with the change in the levels in Al-Warrar canal. The physical properties of soil, as well as their chemical properties, were studied in order to straighten. According to these tests, the soil of the study area was found to have a high concentration of sulfite, gypsum, salts and moisture content in the upper layers of clayey sand and clay, with low plasticity. As well as the increase of level in Al Warrar Canal water leading to an increase the hydraulic heads in the groundwater level in the area of study. Depending on the two possibilities were taken for the movement and transmission of groundwater, one of which is the movement of groundwater from the study area to Al Warrar Canal and the other is groundwater movement from the canal to the study area depending on the increase and decrease in the water level of Al Warrar Canal.

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Sharma, Sarang, Shibani Grover, Vivek Sharma, Dhirendra Srivastava, and Meenu Mittal. "Endodontic and Esthetic Management of a Dilacerated Maxillary Central Incisor Having Two Root Canals Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography as a Diagnostic Aid." Case Reports in Dentistry 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/861942.

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Traumatic injuries to the primary dentition are quite common. When primary teeth are subjected to trauma, force transmission and/or invasion of the underlying tooth germs lying in close proximity can result in a variety of disturbances in the permanent successors. Few of these disturbances include hypoplasia, dilaceration, or alteration in the eruption sequence and pattern. Dilaceration is defined as an angulation or sharp bend or curve in the linear relationship of the crown of a tooth to its root. A rare case of maxillary left central incisor having crown dilaceration and Vertucci’s type II canal configuration with symptomatic periapical periodontitis is reported. Cone beam computed tomography was used for better understanding of the anomaly and complicated root canal morphology. The tooth was successfully managed by nonsurgical root canal therapy and restoration with resin composite to restore esthetics.

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Oliveira, Fernando Nascimento de, and Renato Da Motta Andrade Neto. "A relevância do canal de empréstimos bancários no Brasil." Brazilian Review of Finance 6, no. 3 (January 2, 2008): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v6n3.2008.1345.

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This paper evaluates the existence of an active bank-lending channel of monetary policy. The empirical analysis is based on a two-step regression that tests how the liquidity of commercial banks reacted to monetary shocks. We use balance sheet information of 293 commercial banks from July 1994 to December 2005. Our main conclusion is that the banklending channel is relevant for our understanding of the monetary transmission mechanism in Brazil. This result is found when monetary shocks are identified by the SELIC rate endogenously or exogenously or by required reserves over demand deposits.

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Wang, Shouhua, Rose C. Gergerich, Sandra L. Wickizer, and Kyung S. Kim. "Localization of Transmissible and Nontransmissible Viruses in the Vector Nematode Xiphinema americanum." Phytopathology® 92, no. 6 (June 2002): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.6.646.

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The inner lining of the food canal of nematodes that transmit plantinfecting viruses is regarded as the retention region of viruses. To characterize the location of transmissible and nontransmissible viruses in the vector nematode Xiphinema americanum, three nepoviruses, Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato ringspot virus(TomRSV), and Cherry leaf roll virus(CLRV), and one non-nematode-transmissible virus, Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), were evaluated for transmission efficiency and localization sites in the nematode. Transmission trials showed highest transmission efficiency for TomRSV (38% with 1 and 100% with 10 nematodes, respectively), intermediate efficiency for TRSV (27% with 1 and 65% with 10 nematodes, respectively), and no transmission for CLRV and SqMV. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescent labeling revealed that TRSV was primarily localized to the lining of the lumen of the stylet extension and the anterior esophagus, but only rarely in the triradiate lumen. Within a nematode population, particles of TRSV were no longer observed in these three regions 10 weeks after acquisition, and it is assumed that there was gradual and random loss of the virus from these areas. The percentage of nematodes that were labeled by virus-specific immunofluorescent labeling in a population of viruliferous nematodes decreased gradually after TRSV acquisition when the nematodes were placed on a nonhost of the virus, and the loss of immunofluorescent labeling paralleled the decrease in the ability of the nematode population to transmit the virus. TomRSV was localized only in the triradiate lumen based on thin-section electron microscopy. No virus-like particles were observed in any part of the food canal of nematodes that had fed on CLRV-infected plants. Virus-like particles that appeared to be partially degraded were observed only in the triradiate lumen of nematodes that had fed on SqMV-infected plants. These results clarified the status of localization of two nontransmissible viruses in X. americanum and presented evidence that two nematode-transmissible viruses, TRSV and TomRSV, are localized in different regions of the food canal of X. americanum.

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Onwuka, Ikechukwu S., Leonard J. Scinto, and David C. Fugate. "High-Resolution Estimation of Suspended Solids and Particulate Phosphorus Using Acoustic Devices in a Hydrologically Managed Canal in South Florida, USA." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042281.

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Conventional methods of measuring total suspended sediments (TSS) and total particulate phosphorus (TPP) are typically low-resolution and miss critical processes that impact their exports in aquatic environments. To create high-resolution TSS and TPP estimates, echo intensity (EI), a biproduct of velocity measurements from acoustic devices, was utilized. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) were deployed in three locations in the L-29 Canal in South Florida, USA, to obtain estimates near the canal bed and in the water column, respectively. Corrections for transmission losses from the ADCP proved unnecessary due to the low vertical variability in the measured EI. EI calibrations were performed using artificially created TSS obtained from bed sediments (ADV) and gravimetrically measured TSS from water samples that matched the depths and times of the ADCP deployments. The measured TSS values were then analyzed for total phosphorus and converted to TPP estimates. The results showed that high TSS and TPP were caused by the rapid discharge releases typical of managed canals. This work demonstrates that high-resolution estimates are imperative for assessing the effects of such swift hydrologic changes on the potential export of sediments and nutrients to delicate ecosystems downstream.

34

Hu, S. Y., S. Wang, R. T. Zuo, K. L. Wang, and L. Qin. "Meniscus and Synovial Membrane: An Electronmicroscopic Study on Rabbits." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 26, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h01-016.

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Seven healthy mature rabbits were used to study both the surface morphology of the meniscus using both transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) and scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and articular cartilage of the femoral condyle using SEM. Results showed that the membrane covering the meniscus was structurally the extension of synovial membrane of the knee joint capsule. Additionally, the presence of canal-like openings over the membranous surface to the meniscus was noted, which were absent over the articular cartilage surface. Key words: transmission and scanning electronmicroscopy, meniscus, articular cartilage, rabbits

35

Shanks, Janet E., and Richard H. Wilson. "Effects of Direction and Rate of Ear-Canal Pressure Changes on Tympanometric Measures." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 29, no. 1 (March 1986): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2901.11.

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The effects of the direction (ascending and descending) and rate (12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 daPa/s) of ear-canal pressure changes on three tympanometric measures (peak static admittance, shape, and typanometric peak pressure) were studied in 24 adults with normal middle-ear transmission systems. Susceptance, conductance, admittance, and phase angle data for the six conditions both at 226 and 678 Hz were obtained using a general purpose computer. Peak static admittance was significantly affected by both the rate and direction of pressure change as evidenced by a decrease in phase angle for ascending and for fast rates of ear-canal pressure change. Tympanometric shape was broader for descending pressure changes with less frequent notching both for descending and for slow rates of pressure change. Finally, the difference in peak pressure for the two directions of pressure change increased with the rate of ear-canal pressure change.

36

Alkholy, Mohamed, and Mohamed Ayad. "LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH POSTS TO SIMULATED REGIONAL ROOT CANAL USING DIFFERENT CURING SOURCES." Egyptian Dental Journal 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/edj.2016.92728.

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37

Pierre, Joëlle. "La presse française de Turquie, canal de transmission des idées de la Révolution." Le Temps des médias 5, no. 2 (2005): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/tdm.005.0168.

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38

Rennane, Abdelali, Christophe Konaté, Mohamed Machmoum, and Djamel Guezgouz. "Modélisation et caractérisation du canal de transmission CPL sur le réseau électrique domestique." Revue internationale de génie électrique 12, no. 5-6 (October 27, 2009): 811–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ejee.12.811-838.

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39

Gonzalez-Herrera, Antonio, Kapil Wattamwar, Christopher Bergevin, and Elizabeth S. Olson. "Sound transmission in a simple model of the ear canal and tympanic membrane." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4806409.

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40

-Terré, M. "Caractérisation d'un canal de propagation indoor en vue directe pour une transmission ULB." Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique -, no. 04 (2004): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3845/ree.2004.042.

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41

Zheng, Qiuli, Chunfang Yue, Shengjiang Zhang, Chengbao Yao, and Qin Zhang. "Optimal Allocation of Water Resources in Canal Systems Based on the Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm." Sustainability 16, no. 9 (April 26, 2024): 3635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16093635.

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Xinjiang is located in the arid region of northwestern China, and agriculture accounts for an absolute share of total water use. Resource-based, engineering, structural, and managed water shortages coexist. Therefore, it is of great significance to vigorously develop water conservation technology and improve the efficiency of water transmission and distribution in canal systems. This research aims at addressing the problems of difficult manual regulation and the overall optimization of the final canal system, low-water-resource utilization efficiency, and management efficiency. Taking the branch-double two-stage canal system of Dongfeng branch canal in Mangxiang, Jinghe irrigation district, as a case study, and the rotation irrigation group and irrigation duration as decision variables, canal distribution is modeled with the goal of minimizing seepage losses. The improved grey wolf algorithm combined with particle swarm optimization is used for the first time and compared with the traditional grey wolf algorithm, genetic particle swarm optimization fusion algorithm, and northern goshawk algorithm. The results show that (1) on the basis of meeting the water discharge capacity and water demand requirements of the canal system, the diversion time of the water distribution scheme obtained by using the improved grey wolf algorithm is shortened from 11 d to 8.91 d compared with the traditional empirical water distribution scheme. (2) The improved grey wolf algorithm converges to the optimal value within 10 generations compared to the remaining methods, and the total water leakage is reduced from 16.15 × 104 m3 to 11.75 × 104 m3. (3) The number of gate adjustments is reduced, and the canal gates are opened and closed at the same time within each rotational irrigation group. The grey wolf algorithm improved by its combination with particle swarm has stronger optimization ability and convergence, which can better meet the requirements of efficient water resource allocation in irrigation canal systems, as well as a high application value.

42

Gamoletti, Roberto, Paola Poggi, Mario Sanna, and Carlo Zini. "Regenerated Middle Ear Mucosa after Tympanoplasty. Part I. Transmission Electron Microscopy." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 94, no. 3 (March 1986): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988609400314.

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The ultrastructural appearance of the regenerated middle ear mucosa—found at the second operation of staged intact canal wall tympanoplasty (ICWT) with mastoidectomy—has been evaluated with the transmission electron microscope. The regenerated epithelium showed all the morphologic characteristics of the normal middle ear mucosa: ciliated cells, noncillated cells, and secretory cells. All of these (Including goblet cells) have been found in the specimens. It is concluded that a normal middle ear mucosa regenerates to cover all denuded bone surfaces after the first operation of staged ICWT with mastoidectomy, when silicone rubber sheeting has been used to prevent adhesions and maintain an air-containing middle ear space.

43

El-Sayed, Hesham, Sohair Mehanna, Adel Hassan, Mahmoud Sheded, Somaya E. Abu Abdou, Hanan Abbas, Samar Elfiky, Nermine Elmaraghy, and Zeinab Khedr. "Nursing Knowledge Level, Are There Room for Improvement in Hepatitis Prevention at Suez Canal Area?" Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51429/ejmm30314.

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Background: Healthcare workers are at increased risk of contracting and spreading hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HBV to others. Objective: The aim of study is to evaluate nursing staff and paramedics knowledge, concerning HCV, HBV and its relationship to institutional infection control facilities. Methodology: A self- administered questionnaire was distributed at fever hospital, infectious diseases hospital, Suez Canal university hospital, blood center, primary health care centers and hospitals affiliated to ministry of health, with a convenient sample of 479 nursing staff and paramedics in Suez Canal region. A knowledge score was developed about hepatitis B, C source of infections and different domains of infection control facilities and procedures, with a maximum of 17. Results: The mean age of the participating nursing staff and paramedics was 29.55 + 8. 31. Knowledge score about mode of transmission of hepatitis, reveals that the highest level was among the student nurse which was 17.07. Concerning exposure including blood contact, blood spills and needle stick, the nurse was 61 %, while mainly head nurse to be 83% stated receiving training about infection control and care of sharp. Conclusion: We can prevent the transmission of infection at the occupational level through standard precautions.

44

Islam Kediha, Mohamed, Meriem Tazir, Damien Sternberg, Bruno Eymard, and Lamia Ali Pacha. "Les syndromes myasthéniques congénitaux avec anomalies cinétiques du récepteur à l’acétylcholine." médecine/sciences 39 (November 2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2023135.

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Les syndromes myasthéniques congénitaux (SMC) sont des affections génétiquement et phénotypiquement très hétérogènes responsables d’un déficit de la transmission neuromusculaire. Les formes dites post-synaptiques sont les plus fréquentes des SMC, et parmi elles, le déficit en récepteur à l’acétylcholine (low expressor) est le mécanisme physiopathologique le plus souvent en cause. Les SMC avec anomalies cinétiques du récepteur à l’acétylcholine sont beaucoup plus rares et à l’origine de tableaux cliniques à l’issue parfois dramatique. On en dénombre deux types : le syndrome du canal lent et le syndrome du canal rapide. Leur diagnostic et leur prise en charge thérapeutique sont spécifiques à chaque type. Dans ce travail, nous détaillerons leurs aspects phénotypiques respectifs en les illustrant par les observations de trois familles algériennes.

45

Nagare, Dipak, Nayan Jadhav, Dayanand Jadhav, Yash Shinde, and S. R. Suryawanshi. "A Review on Microhydel Canal Based Hydroelectrical Energy Generation Plant." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42338.

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Abstract: Energy generated by the force of water in hydropower can provide a more sustainable, nonpolluting alternative to fossil fuels, along with other renewable sources of energy, such as wind, solar and tidal power and geothermal energy. Among all the renewable energy sources, small hydropower is considered to be one of the most promising. Much of small hydro potential is in the hilly and remote, inaccessible areas of India, where generation from other sources or transmission of power over long distance would not be feasible. In the present paper, a brief description of small hydro potential and the methodology for developing small hydropower project has been discussed Based on the literature survey various environmental problems has been discussed

46

Kravchenko, S. S., T. N. Zakharenkova, and O. A. Teslova. "THE FEATURES OF THE COURSE OF PREGNANCY, DELIVERY, POSTPARTUM PERIOD AND STATE OF NEW-BORNS IN WOMEN WITH GENITAL HPV INFECTION." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2016-13-3-13.

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Objective : to define the features of the course of pregnancy, delivery, postpartum period and state of newborns in female patients with genital HPV infection, depending on its form and viral load; to assess the factors of the course of gestation and delivery in the vertical transmission of neonatal persistence of HPV infection. Material and methods. The study involved 132 pregnant women with genital HPV infection, their babies immediately after birth (n = 107) and at the age of 6 months (n = 106). The comparison group included pregnant patients, women in delivery and postpartum period who were under supervision and who gave childbirth in Gomel region over 2011-2012 (30087 pregnancies, 33477 births). Results. Pregnancy in women with HPV infection is frequently complicated by the threat of miscarriage (p = 0.0016). The clinical manifestations of HPV infection showed no effect on the gestation. Patients with high HPV load (5 lg GE per 100,000 cells) had birth canal injuries (p = 0.029) 3 times more often. Pregnancy complicated by gestosis and anemia, as well as vaginal childbirth were risk factors for perinatal transmission of HPV. The course of pregnancy and delivery were not determining factors in the persistence of HPV in the baby`s upper airways. Conclusion. We have defined the features of the course of pregnancy and delivery in women with genital HPV infection (the threat of miscarriage, birth canal injury with high viral load of HPV), the factors of perinatal transmission (gestosis and anemia during pregnancy, vaginal delivery).

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Madahana, Milka C. I., John E. D. Ekoru, and Otis O. T. Nyandoro. "Energy based model of the human Ear canal and tympanic membrane for sound transmission." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 16406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.704.

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48

Reinfeldt, Sabine, Stefan Stenfelt, and Bo Håkansson. "Estimation of bone conduction skull transmission by hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure." Hearing Research 299 (May 2013): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2013.01.023.

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49

JOURDAIN, D. "Caractérisation de la réponse impulsionnelle du canal de transmission acoustique horizontale par petits fonds." Le Journal de Physique IV 04, no. C5 (May 1994): C5–1051—C5–1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19945230.

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50

Shamsiev, Azamat, Sukhrob Zainiev, and N. Alieva. "CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRONIC RECURRENT HEMATOGENOUS OSTEOMYELITIS." Doctor's Herald/ Доктор ахборотномаси /Вестник врача 93, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.38095/2181-466x-2020931-93-99.

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The studied material of scanning and transmission electron microscopy were bone fragments of 40 patients obtained during surgery from various pathologically altered sections of the affected tubular bones. Morphological studies revealed microscopic foci of necrosis, leukocyte infiltrates and microabscesses both in the main focus and in other parts of the bone marrow canal. Microabscesses detected by microscopy represent the morphological basis of chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis, can be located at a considerable distance from the main necrotic purulent focus and, under appropriate conditions, cause a relapse of the disease. Morphological studies have shown that surgical debridement of the lesion with ultrasonic cavitation of the lesion and the medullary canal contributes to a significant reduction in the degree of microbial contamination, followed by a decrease in pathological changes in bone tissue.

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