Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Camptosomata"

The external female genitalia of 29 species belonging to three genera of Megalopodidae and 80 species belonging to 61 genera of another four families in Chrysomeloidea were studied. The external female genitalia within the superfamily Chrysomeloidea can be divided into a cerambycid type and a chrysomelid type. The comparative study of external female genitalia shows Megalopodidae is more closely related to the family Cerambycidae than to the family Chrysomelidae s.l. Among five subfamilies of Cerambycidae we studied, the subfamily Lamiinae is most closely allied to Megalopodidae. An evolutionary path is proposed for the spiculum gastrale in Chrysomeloidea: the characteristic state of the spiculum gastrale without a joint is primary, and that with a joint is secondary. The family Orsodacnidae has probably evolved in isolation from the early chrysomelids, due to their shared external female genitalia (cerambycid type). In the family Chrysomelidae, the structure of external female genitalia and ovipositing behavior show that the subfamily Synetinae is closer to the Camptosomata than the subfamily Eumolpinae. In general, the shape of the terminal ovipositor is palp-like in the Chrysomeloidea. Terminal ovipositors are generally palp-shaped in Chrysomeloidea except for those that are lamellate in the genus Callispa and the subfamily Cassidinae who produce egg-sheaths.

The morphology of the larvae, pupae and adults of Camptosomata (Cryptocephalinae and sister-group Lamprosomatinae) is reviewed, with special reference to the Australian fauna. Terminology for the larval structures is redefined and a special study is made of the adult female oviposition structures. The morphological data base is studied with the phylogenetic analysis program PAUP and the variation of characters and taxa examined further with the program MACCLADE. The morphological data and the phylogenetic analyses based on these data are applied to the redefinition of the Camptosomata and constituent taxa using a cladistic methodology. The Camptosomata are redefmed and their possible sister-groups discussed. The Camptosomata are shown to be a monophyletic group and to exclude both Megascelidini (a tribe ofEumolpinae) and Synetinae. The Camptosomata comprise two subfamilies, Lamprosomatinae and Cryptocephalinae. Four tribes of Cryptocephalinae are recognised and redefined. One of these, the Cryptocephalini, with a high proportion of Australian taxa, is divided into five subtribes of 1, 3, 3, 5 and 11 genera. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed (ignoring changes of rank): Platycolaspina subtribe nov., Coenobiina subtribe nov., Ditropidina subtribe nov. and synonymy of Monachina (a homonym) and Cryptocephalina. New genera or subgenera proposed are : Semelvillea (in Platycolaspina), Ditropidella (in Ditropidina)and M elatia (in Cryptocephalina), and the subgenera Aorocarpon and Cadnwides in Cadmus Erichson (Cryptocephalina). The following generic synonymy is proposed (senior synonym first) : Leasia Jacoby(= Agetinella Jacoby); Aprionota Maulik (= Cephalocryptus Gressitt, Pycnophthalma Maulik); Ditropidus Erichson (= Bucharis Baly, Elaphodes Suffrian, Euditropidus Lea, Pleonwrphus Chapuis, Polyachus Chapuis, Prasonotus Suffrian, Tappesia Baly); Scaphodius Chapuis (=Nyetra Baly); Cryptocephalus Geoffroy(= Jaxartiolus Jacobsen andBassareus Haldeman); Aporocera Saunders(= Chariderma Baly, Chloroplisma Saunders, Cyphodera Baly, Loxopleurus Suffrian, Melinobius Jacoby, Rhombosternus Suffrian, Schizosternus Chapuis). New combinations of genera in tribes and subtribes are Mylassa Stal reinstated as a valid genus in Pachybrachini, Platycolaspis Jacoby andLeasia Jacoby in Cryptocephalini (Platycolaspina) and Arnomus Sharp and Atenesus Weise in Platycolaspina. As a result of the above new generic synonymy, several new species combinations are made. The new genus Semelvillea ,with eight species, is mono graphed. Types of three-quarters of the described species of New Zealand and Australian Cryptocephalinae were examined and the following new species synonymy is made (senior synonym first): Chlamisus aterrimus (Lea)(= C. australis Bryant); Arnomus curtipes Broun (=A. impressus Broun, =A. viridicollis Broun); Arnomus signatus · Broun ( = A. fulvus Broun, =A. vicinus Broun); Ditropidus anthracinus Erichsen ( = D. punctivarius Lea); Ditropidus aurichalceus Suffiian (=D. oblongipennis Lea); Ditropidus carbonarius Baly (=D. subsimilis Lea); Ditropidus festivus (Suffrian) (=D. suffriani Chapuis); Ditropidus maculicollis Chapuis (=D. erythroderes (Lea), =D. niger (Lea), =D. maculicollis (Weise)); Ditropidus ornatus Baly (=D. alphabeticus Lea); Ditropidus pallidipennis Chapuis (=D. dolichognathus (Lea)); Ditropidus ruficollis Saunders (=D. elegantulus Baly, =D. rufipes Saunders); Ditropidus saundersi (Baly) (=D. multimaculatus (Lea)); Ditropidus variiceps Lea (=D. marginipennis Lea); Aporocera albogularis (Chapuis) (=A. coccineus (Chapuis), =A. delicatulus (Lea)); Aporocera apicalis Saunders(= A. bicolor Saunders); Aporocera argentata (Chapuis) (= A.fasciata (Weise)); Aporocera aurantiaca (Chapuis) (=A. monticola (Blackburn)); Aporocera australis (Saunders) (=A. erosa (Saunders), =A. larinus (Lea)); Aporocera cicatricosa (Chapuis) (=A. calomeloides (Lea)); Aporocera gibba (Chapuis) (=A.lugubris (Lea)); Aporocera iridipennis (Chapuis) (=A. decens (Weise)); Aporocera libertina (Suffrian) (=A. castor (Lea)); Aporocera nigrolineata (Chapuis) (=A. castigatus (Lea)); Aporocera parenthetica (Suffrian) (=A. melanopa (Lea)); Aporocera paupercula (Germar) (=A. rufescens (Boheman)); Aporocera ring ens (Chapuis) (=A. clypealis (Lea)); Aporocera tasmanica (Saunders) (=A. impressicollis (Boheman)); Aporocera viridipennis (Saunders)(= A. t-nigrum (Lea));Aporocera viridis (Saunders)(= A. aereus (Suffrian)); Aporocera analis (Chapuis) (= A.foveiventris (Lea)); Cadmus crucicollis (Boisduval) (=C. canaliculatus Chapuis, = C. rugosus Suffrian); Cadmus litigiosus Boheman (=C. vibrans Suffrian); Cadmus cariosus Chapuis (=C. minor (Blackburn)); Cadmus pauxillus Chapuis (=C. perlatus Lea); Cadmus braccatus (Klug) (=C. saundersi Baly); Cadmus breweri(Baly)(= C. duboulai Baly). Representation of Cryptocephalinae in Australia is shown to be as follows (number of genera in brackets) : Chlamisini (1), Clytrini (1), Pachybrachini (1, introduced), Platycolaspina (4), Coenobiina (1), Ditropidina (2) and Cryptocephalina (4). Larvae and adults of the genera and subgenera in Australia and the south-western Pacific are diagnosed and keys are provided for the identification of these taxa at both life stages. The entire Camptosomatan fauna of Australia and the south-western Pacific is catalogued.