Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Camonica, Val (Italie)"

Nine excavation seasons at Ossimo Anvòia in the Val Camonica (Central Alps, Italy) have brought to light a Copper Age ceremonial area with symbolic monoliths (statue menhirs) in their original position. Hundreds of artifacts and ecofacts indicate ideological activity during the 3rd millennium BC. A large pit (F18) was discovered that was unusual for its great size and the abundance of well-preserved charcoal. The pit housed a fallen monolith (M9) showing complicated reshaping. A detailed spatial study based on 6 radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements combined with charcoal analysis has untangled key information to define the history of feature F18-M9.14C data show that the burning event occurred most probably in the 4th century AD, not in prehistory. We infer a unique episode of “reconsecration” during the very latest phases of pagan cult activity in the Val Camonica. Further studies are needed to resolve the relationships with other features of the site. In addition, charcoal analysis has produced paleobotanical information for a scarcely known period in the environmental history of the area. A sparse forest withPicea abies, Larix decidua,andFagus sylvaticaexisted, associated with areas likely devoted to grazing. There is a remarkable absence of chestnut.

Nine excavation seasons at Ossimo Anvòia in the Val Camonica (Central Alps, Italy) have brought to light a Copper Age ceremonial area with symbolic monoliths (statue menhirs) in their original position. Hundreds of artifacts and ecofacts indicate ideological activity during the 3rd millennium BC. A large pit (F18) was discovered that was unusual for its great size and the abundance of well-preserved charcoal. The pit housed a fallen monolith (M9) showing complicated reshaping. A detailed spatial study based on 6 radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements combined with charcoal analysis has untangled key information to define the history of feature F18-M9. 14C data show that the burning event occurred most probably in the 4th century AD, not in prehistory. We infer a unique episode of “reconsecration” during the very latest phases of pagan cult activity in the Val Camonica. Further studies are needed to resolve the relationships with other features of the site. In addition, charcoal analysis has produced paleobotanical information for a scarcely known period in the environmental history of the area. A sparse forest with Picea abies, Larix decidua, and Fagus sylvatica existed, associated with areas likely devoted to grazing. There is a remarkable absence of chestnut.

Since the earliest manifestations of symbolic activity in modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) in the Upper Palaeolithic, there is evidence for two independent cognitive procedures, for the production of representational images (naturalistic pictures or sculptures) and of abstract signs. The use of signs and symbols is attested for archaic humans (Homo neanderthalensis) and for Homo erectus while art in naturalistic style is an innovation among modern humans. The symbiotic interaction of the two symbolic capacities is illustrated for the visual heritage of Palaeolithic cave paintings in Southwestern Europe, for rock engravings in the Italian Alps (Val Camonica) and for the vivid use of signs and symbols in Southeastern Europe during the Neolithic. Around 5500 BC, sign use in Southeastern Europe reached a sophisticated stage of organization as to produce the earliest writing system of mankind. Since abstractness is the main theme in the visual heritage of the region, this script, not surprisingly, is composed of predominantly abstract signs.

AbstractThis article uses rock art to explore potential bonds between Scandinavia and Italy, starting in the second half of the third millennium BCE with the enigmatic Mjeltehaugen burial monument in coastal western Norway and its striking rock art images, and ending in the first millennium BCE with ship motifs in inland Val Camonica, Italy. While the carved dagger on the Mjeltehaugen slab is unique in its Nordic setting, such weapon depictions are frequently seen on the Continent, e.g. in South Tyrol, and more often in later Nordic rock art. Strong evidence of trade relations between the Italian Alps and Scandinavia is found c. 1500–1100 BCE when the importation of copper from South Tyrol coincided with two-way transmission of luxury items, and again in a different form, c. 1000–700 BCE when strong similarities in burial traditions between the two areas may be seen as evidence of direct cultural connections or a shared cultural koiné. In order to understand the social fabric of these relations and how they unfolded through time, the authors discuss several different models of interaction. It is hypothesised that rock art practices played a role in establishing and maintaining durable social relations, through what we consider to be a two-way transmission of symbolic concepts and iconography during seasonal meetings related to trade and travel.

Erosion is one of the major threats listed in the Soil Thematic Strategy of the European Commission and the Alps are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems, with one of the highest erosion rates of the whole European Union. This is the first study investigating the future scenarios of soil erosion in Val Camonica and Lake Iseo, which is one of the largest valleys of the central Italian Alps, considering both climate change and land cover transformations. Simulations were done with the Dynamic Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (D-RUSLE) model, which is able to account also for snow cover and land cover dynamics simulated with automatic machine learning. Results confirm that land cover projections, usually ignored in these studies, might have a significant impact on the estimates of future soil erosion. Our scenario analysis for 2100 shows that if the mean annual precipitation does not change significantly and temperature increases no more than 1.5–2.0 °C, then the erosion rate will decrease by 67% for about half of the study area. At the other extreme, if the mean annual precipitation increases by more than 8% and the temperature increases by more than 4.0 °C, then about three-quarters of the study area increases the erosion rate by 92%. What clearly emerges from the study is that regions with higher erosion anomalies (positive and negative) are expected to expand in the future, and their patterns will be modulated by future land transformations.

La Romanisation du Valcamonica focalise l’attention sur la cité alpine des Kamuni ou Camunni qui habitaient la vallée alpine italienne au nord de Brescia et Bergame, entre le Lac d’Isée et le col du Tonal. L’objectif a été la compréhension du contexte de 193 témoignages épigraphiques latines, qui vont de la première époque impériale au VIIème siècle apr. J. C. , incluant l’analyse des sources historiques-littéraires, des gravures rupestres et du matériau provenant de fouilles archéologiques, au cas où la documentation existerait. Après les campagnes de conquête des Alpes sous Auguste, le Valcamonica est annexée à l’empire avec d’autres gentes alpinae devictae. Ensuite, le Valcamonica devient une zone tampon de l’Empire romain et reçoit précocement la citoyenneté et une certaine autonomie. Notre étude s’intéresse plus particulièrement à la nouvelle organisation civique et à l’impact de Rome sur la population indigène préexistante, non seulement du point de vue du rapport entre les Romains et la peuplade autochtone, mais aussi du point de vue du processus de transformation du substrat camunien sous la poussée de la romanisation
The Romanisation of Camonica Valley concerns the impact of Rome on the life of a community in the middle of the Italian Alps north of Brescia and Bergamo, between Iseo Lake and Tonal Pass: the ancient Camunian people (Kamuni or Camunni). This is a systematic study of the context of 193 Latin Inscriptions that cover a period of time from the first Roman Imperial Age to the VII century A. D. , as well as an analysis of historic literary sources, rock carving art and all archaeological remains. After the campaigns of Druses and Tiberius, in fact, Augustus conquered the dominion of Alps and the Camonica Valley was annexed to Rome with other gentes alpinae devictae. The valley became then a buffer state in the Roman Empire, received soon the Roman citizenship and a certain degree of autonomy. The study examines especially the new social organisation of the native people, not only regarding the relationship between Roman and local people but also about the transformation process of Camonica Valley due the effects of Romanisation

During the third millennium BC a widespread Copper Age ideology manifested itself within and around the Alps in ceremonial sites prominently marked by standing monoliths or orthostats (‘statuemenhirs’). The twin valleys of Valtellina and Val Camonica in Alpine Lombardy provide some of the richest inventories of this ideology. The apparent avoidance of anthropomorphism in the Central Alpine monoliths makes them distinct from those of other areas in the Alps and beyond. Combined with an ignorance or neglect of archaeological context (Fedele 2012), this was a reason why the age of the monoliths long remained problematic. From this shared trait and other inter-valley similarities one can envisage a particular ‘Camunian’ province, this adjective being derived from the Augustan name for the Val Camonica polity, the Camunni. In this province the first statue-menhirs were discovered between 1940 and 1953 and in the adjacent Adige Basin to the east similar monuments had already been known since the late 1800s, although only published from 1925 (Menghin 1925; Pedrotti 1996). However, not until the finding and excavation in 1988 of the site discussed in this article, Anvòia, did anyone think that statue-menhirs and associated sites could have a ‘life’ beyond their original time frame: this latter being the Iron Age, as it was initially thought, or the Copper Age as we know now. The occurrence of whole or partial prehistoric monoliths in re-employed conditions—as roadside blocks; in vineyard walls—was considered banal and thus unimportant in archaeological or historical terms. Anvòia initially, and by the late 1990s two other monolith sites in the Val Camonica, Cemmo and Ossimo Pat, suggested instead that an appraisal of the vicissitudes of statue-menhirs after the Copper Age would be of great interest. The case-study presented here provides a demonstration of such possibilities. To avoid the plethora of designations, the general term ‘monolith’ will be used to indicate any kind of individually placed stone of relatively large size, often upright.