Дисертації з теми "Calotte Antarctique"
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Partouty, S. "Interprétation des séries temporelles altimétriques sur la calotte polaire Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018319.
Повний текст джерелаGential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10092.
Повний текст джерелаThe Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB, snow accumulation minus ablation) is sensitive to climate parameters and directly contributes to global mean sea level variations. Therefore, in the perspective of climate change, it is useful to develop tools that can simulate the physical processes involved in the Antarctic surface mass balance. The approach developed in this thesis consists in using a cascade of atmospheric models from large scale to local scale. Thus, a regional climate model (Modèle atmosphérique régional, hereinafter referred to as MAR), forced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis, provides a diagnostic physical-based rain- and snowfall disaggregation model with meteorological fields at the regional scale (typically 40-km resolution). In a first part, it is shown that the SMB calculated by MAR is in good agreement with observations in most regions. Nonetheless, runoff appears to be overestimated; the problem vanishes when introducing a dependency of albedo with solar zenithal distance. In a second part, it is shown that although the parameterizations invoked in the disaggregation model are fairly simple, the knowledge of small-scale topography (5-km resolution) is efficiently used to improve the spatial variability of precipitation - and therefore SMB - over coastal regions of Antarctica. Model validation is carried out with the help of snow height measurements provided by automatic weather stations. Over the coastal place of Law Dome, the net accumulation gradient is mostly due to orographic forcing of precipitation (rather than blowing snow). The disaggregation model dramatically underestimates precipitation over the Antarctic Plateau, where polar stratospheric clouds associated with radiative cooling could play a role in the formation of precipitation during the polar night
Gential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189139.
Повний текст джерелаBrisset, Laurence. "La calotte est Antarctique observée par l'altimètre ERS-1 : aspects stationnaire et dynamique." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA077178.
Повний текст джерелаMichel, Aurélie. "Valorisation des données altimétriques de SARAL/AltiKa pour l'étude de la calotte Antarctique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30091/document.
Повний текст джерелаAntarctica still remains a fascinating place to be explored. With ice corings, the past Earth climate can be retraced. Studying its surface, its climate variability and its dynamic are better known : ice velocity, iceberg calvings. . . Through the height variations monitoring, ice gains and losses are estimated, leading to the contribution to the sea-level rise, from which is deduced the impact over coastal areas or the oceans. To explore this continent, we use the sensor called altimeter : a radar or laser wave is sent from the satellite to the surface and the reflected signal is recorded. From this signal we extract relevant parameters and the height. The satellites have observed this area, notably since the altimetric mission ERS-1 launching, until 82æ S in 1991, following the still famous explorations from the beginning of the twentieth century. SARAL, launched in February 2013, innovates because of the major change in the frequency used, the Ka-band (36.75 Ghz) instead of the Ku-band (13.6Ghz) and the S-band (3.2 Ghz) implying a different interaction between the radar wave and the snowpack that needs to be investigated. Using almost three years of observations, we focus on the altimetric signal processing and its validation. The geographic and the technical aspects are introduced and we show the limitations in the altimetric data processing. Using the crossover method (explained in greater detail later), we compare two simultaneous missions, ENVISAT and ICESat in order to better constrain the penetration effect of the radar-wave into the snowpack and correct it. The method that is used will be of great interest to compare SARAL with the future mission ICESat- 2. A new calibration and validation tool has been implemented, allowing a long-term survey of the Antarctic area, providing statistics, diagnostics and temporal series. The slope effect is the major limitation in the precision assessment of the mission. Thanks to a new way of selecting the data and the oceanic tide correction, we quantify with metrics computed at crossover points the accuracy of altimetric data over the Antarctic ice sheet. We describe in the last part the SARAL observations to give a preliminary analysis in agreement with the former mission ENVISAT. Other ways of improvement are presented, like future altimetric missions, modifications in the so-called retracking algorithm that extracts the relevant parameters or even the use of models. SARAL raises perspectives to estimate with a growing precision the evolution of the Antarctic continent, and this thesis is a state of the art about the different possible processings needed to do so
Parouty, Soazig. "Interprétation des séries temporelles altimétriques sur la calotte polaire Antartique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/900/.
Повний текст джерелаThis work aims at improving our understanding of the altimetric time series acquired over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dual frequency data (S Band - 3. 2GHz and Ku Band - 13. 6GHz) from thealtimeter onboard the ENVISAT satellite are used, during a five year time period from january2003 until december 2007. These data cover around 80% of the surface of the Antarctic continent,up to 82°S. Having data in two different frequencies is valuable when it comes to better estimatethe altimeter sensitivity regarding snow surface property changes. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, snow surface changes with respect to space and time, beingaffected by meteorological conditions close to the surface, and especially winds. The altimetricwave penetrates more or less deeply beneath the surface, depending on snow surface and subsurfaceproperties. As a result, when the wave comes back to the satellite, the recorded signal, namedwaveform, is more or less distorted. The accuracy of the ice sheet topographic changes computedthanks to satellite altimetric techniques depends on our knowledge of the processes inducing thisdistortion. The purpose of the present work is to better understand the effect of changing windconditions on altimetric data. Winds in Antarctica are indeed famous for their strength and theirimpact on the snow surface state. First, spatial and temporal variability of the altimetric data on the one hand, and of wind speedreanalysis fields (from ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE projects) on the other handare studied. We estimate spatial and temporal typical length scales for all datasets. As a result, weare able to smooth the data, so that all datasets have the same spatial and temporal caractericticlength scales. Furthermore, we note that our time series are well described by an annual signal. This annual cycle shows that whereas wind speed would always be maximum in austral winter,altimetric seasonal cycles have very different behaviors depending on the location. .
Flament, Thomas. "Variations de hauteur de la calotte antarctique par altimétrie radar par satellite : amincissement dynamique, vidanges de lacs sous-glaciaires et autres curiosités." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2592/.
Повний текст джерелаThe Antarctic Ice Sheet is a vast and remote hostile land. It is nonetheless an important part of the planetary climate system. Space-borne instruments are among the best tools to study the evolution of the ice sheet. In this work, we use data from one of these space sensors: the Envisat radar altimeter. This instrument provided us repeated measurements of the ice sheet surface elevation every 35 days during 8 years. From this dataset, we investigated volume change of the ice sheet between 2002 and 2010. This period is relatively short compared to the typical duration of ice sheet response (thousands of years after an ice age) but the data show some evolution, either extreme precipitation events or accelerated flow and associated thinning. The high space and time resolution also allowed us to observe rapid and local events such as subglacial lake drainages. These were only recently discovered in Antarctica and altimetry is one of the best suited tools to study them. The reflection and backscatter of the radar wave by the snowpack is still a complex problem that has to be further investigated. The own behavior of the snowpack must be better understood. We present the state of the art of the understanding of the radar/snowpack interaction. We conclude with an outlook on future techniques that will enhance our understanding of the ice sheet process and ice sheet evolution: new altimeters, longer time series, multi-sensor studies and additional in situ calibration
Lacroix, Pascal. "Apport de l'altimétrie radar spatiale à l'étude de la neige de la calotte polaire Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00216105.
Повний текст джерелаDepuis 2002 et le lancement de ENVISAT, on dispose d'un altimètre radar qui couvre 80 \% de la calotte polaire Antarctique, dont la particularité est d'acquérir des signaux à deux fréquences différentes (bande S à 3.2 GHz et bande Ku à 13.6 GHz). Ces deux ondes pénètrent dans le manteau neigeux sur plusieurs mètres et ont des sensibilités aux propriétés de la neige différentes. Ainsi, l'idée de cette thèse est d'utiliser cette double information pour retrouver les propriétés du manteau neigeux.
On se propose de résoudre cette problématique par une analyse et une modélisation des signaux altimétriques bi-fréquences sur la calotte polaire, puis par leur inversion. On se penche tout d'abord sur quelques études de cas pour estimer la sensibilité des signaux aux différentes propriétés de la neige: i/ On montre tout d'abord que le signal altimétrique est sensible à la rugosité de la surface à différentes échelles, puis ii/ que le signal altimétrique est sujet à des variations saisonnières causées par la densification de la neige en surface, et enfin iii/ que les ondes radars sont réfléchies par des strates en profondeur.
Un modèle de l'interaction de l'onde avec le manteau neigeux est réalisé simultanément aux deux fréquences, afin de permettre une comparaison de ces signaux entre eux. Les résultats du modèle sont utilisés pour expliquer les variations saisonnières précédemment observées. Finalement, les paramètres du manteau neigeux sont estimés à l'échelle de la calotte polaire antarctique. Les tailles de grains retrouvées présentent un grossissement vers l'intérieur du continent. La densité montre des variations saisonnières de plusieurs g.cm3 notamment sur les côtes antarctiques. Certaines régions présentent un état de surface de la neige particulièrement lisse (Dronning Maud Land, par exemple).
La donnée in situ de l'état de surface de la neige étant quasi inexistante sur les calottes polaires, on développe finalement un protocole de mesure de la rugosité de la neige, qui est testé sur un glacier du Spitzberg.
Adodo, Fifi Ibrahime. "Altimétrie et radiométrie en Antarctique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30135/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of global climate changes, the Antarctic ice sheet contribution to sea-level rise is one of the main uncertainty sources. The extent and extreme meteorological conditions of this continent render remote sensing a useful tool for long term monitoring. Altimetry and radiometry observations in the microwave range reveal variations of the volume of the ice sheet and surface properties of the snowpack. Radar altimeters, provide repeated observations of the surface topography elevation, which allow the quantification of volume variations of the ice sheet. However, the penetration of radar waves in dry and cold snowpack adversely affects the estimated surface elevation. Approaches to minimize the penetration error are all based on a relationship with the backscattering coefficient. Understanding the annual and interannual variations of the backscattering coefficient is thus a key issue in order to improve the estimation accuracy of the surface elevation and to refine the ice-sheet volume trend. This thesis aims at studying the backscattering coefficients acquired by radar altimeters, which until now have received little attention. Radar altimeters on board ENVISAT (S and Ku bands) and SARAL/AltiKa (Ka band) have different sensitivities to the snowpack properties. The annual and interannual variations of the backscattering coefficient at the three bands is investigated. Sensitivity tests are carried out with an electromagnetic model to determine the prevailing snowpack properties that drive the signal. The seasonal signal is sensitive to surface density and roughness at S band, to snow temperature at Ka band and to either snow surface density and roughness or temperature depending on the location on the continent at Ku band. The seasonal signal of the backscattering coefficient is then compared with that of the brightness temperature measured by radiometers on SARAL and SSM/I. The results show a significant influence of surface roughness on brightness temperatures at Ka band, which has often been neglected in brightness temperature modeling studies. This thesis provides a better understanding of the seasonal dynamics of the near surface properties of the Antarctic ice sheet. It also provides new clues to build a more robust corrections of the penetration errors in the future. It highlights the importance of multi-frequency altimetry missions and the potential of the S band to study the seasonal variability in surface roughness. In summary, surface roughness is an important property which should be taken into account for a better modeling of backscattering coefficient and brightness temperature
Philippon, Gwenaëlle. "Rôle des calottes glaciaires dans le système climatique : Analyse des interactions entre un modèle de calotte de glace Antarctique et un modèle de climat." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00328184.
Повний текст джерелаNavas, Giuliat. "Amélioration de la modélisation de la calotte de glace Antarctique à partir de la topographie de la surface." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648409.
Повний текст джерелаCaillet, Justine. "Contribution de la calotte Antarctique au niveau des mers du 19ème au 21ème siècle et liens avec le forçage anthropique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU024.
Повний текст джерелаThe Antarctic Ice Sheet has contributed to global sea level rise over the last few decades, which was historically unexpected. Satellites indicate that the ice sheet is losing mass through massive ocean-induced melting beneath the floating ice shelves, particularly in the Amundsen and Aurora sectors. Nevertheless, the role of anthropogenic forcing remains largely unclear due to the natural climate variability, which is particularly strong in this region, as well as the relatively short duration of observations.The intrusion of relatively warm circumpolar deep waters beneath the ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea has been observed since the first records in 1994, and the analysis of sediments suggests that several glaciers have experienced a retreat of their grounding line since the 1940s. However, these data do not allow any assessment of whether pre-industrial conditions were compatible with cold or warm oceanic conditions in the Amundsen Sea, or whether the Amundsen Sea switched into a warm state later due to changes triggered by anthropogenic forcing. Using a set of ocean simulations of the Amundsen Sea with various idealised perturbations of atmospheric fluxes, we show that pre-industrial conditions may be associated, at least intermittently, with cold conditions and low melt rates. On multi-decadal timescales, transitions between warm and cold states are primarily driven by changes in surface buoyancy fluxes, which modify thermohaline stratification through the modulation of net sea-ice production.Although these first results suggest a possible anthropogenic influence, they do not rule out the influence of the strong low-frequency internal climate variability. Hence, the second part of the project focuses on the impact of this variability on future Antarctic mass loss. This work is based on a set of simulations of the ice-sheet contribution to sea level rise, by 2100 under the SSP2-4.5 mid-range scenario, generated from an ice-sheet model forced with several members of three climate models. Our experiments show that internal variability affects the Antarctic contribution to sea level rise by the end of the century by more than 45% to 93% depending on the climate model, even though both oceanic and atmospheric internal variability are probably underestimated. The influence of atmospheric variability prevails and the Amundsen and Aurora sectors, which are currently experiencing the largest losses, are the most affected. Our results suggest that the impact of internal variability on the ice-sheet changes should be systematically explored using several climate members.Finally, we attempt to identify the relative roles of anthropogenic and natural influences in the observed mass losses in the Amundsen and Aurora regions. For this purpose, we use an original initialisation method to reconstruct sets of ice-sheet changes since 1850, with and without anthropogenic forcing, for seven members of a single climate model. As expected from the first two study phases, the historical trajectories are sensitive to internal variability, and some climate model members enable intermittent cold pre-industrial states in the Amundsen Sea. The detection of the anthropogenic signal is then evaluated through the comparison of trajectories with and without anthropogenic forcing.This work paves the way for (i) the detection/attribution of ice-sheet mass changes and (ii) for integrating ice-sheet models into climate models, by providing an initialisation method to initialise the ice sheet from the pre-industrial era
Merino, Nacho. "Interactions calotte polaire/océan : vers la mise en place d'une modélisation couplée." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU051/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe next generation of climate models will include an ice-sheet model in order to improve the ice sheet mass balance projections by accounting for the ice dynamics and ice-oceans interactions. On the one hand, the Southern Ocean (SO) is indeed driving the acceleration of the Antarctic outlet glaciers via an increase in the basal melting of the ice shelves. On the other hand, the increasing ice discharge from Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) contributes to the current sea level rise and is likely to become the largest cryospheric contributor to sea level rise by the end of the current century. In addition, the related freshening may have significant implications on future sea-ice cover and on bottom water formation. However, it is not clear yet how the ocean and ice-sheet components of future coupled systems will account for the ice-ocean interactions, which are both causes and consequences of the AIS mass imbalance. Here in this work, different aspects of the standalone ocean and ice-sheet components have been investigated. A first step of this thesis has been focused in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes in current ocean models. Based on recent glaciological estimates, the ice shelf basal melting fluxes have been spatially distributed in an ORCA025 grid, and the calving rates have been applied into an improved version of the NEMO-ICB iceberg model. This preliminary study has been used to produce a monthly iceberg meltwater climatology, to be used to force current ocean models. This work shows the importance of representing the iceberg meltwater fluxes when modeling sea ice, which can be inexpensively achieve by using our climatology. The improvements in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes have been considered in the study of the ocean model response to the Antarctic mass imbalance. This study considers a realistic perturbation in the glacial freshwater forcing as close as possible as it will be represented in future ice-sheet/ocean models. According to our results, up to 50% of the recent Antarctic sea ice volume changes might be caused by the observed decadal AIS mass imbalance rate. Glacial freshwater forcing appears to be crucial to correctly represent the ice-ocean interactions and projecting sea ice cover of future coupled systems. However, the estimation of the glacial freshwater input in future climate models will be strongly dependent upon the capacity of ice-sheet models to reproduce the grounding line migrations of marine ice sheet glaciers. Current ice-sheet models present large uncertainties related to different parametrizations. In the context of the future climate models, we have studied the sensitivity of ocean-driven grounding line retreats to the application of two different friction laws and two different englacial stress approximations. The model responses almost indistinctively to either the SSA or the SSA* englacial stress approximations. However, differences in the contribution of the glacier to the sea level rise can be up to 50% depending on the friction law considered. The more physically constrained Schoof friction law is significantly more reactive to the ocean perturbations than Weertman law and should be considered in future coupled systems. This work underlines that uncertainties related to the ice sheet model estimates of grounding line migrations may not only contribute to uncertainties in sea level projections, but also the sea ice cover through the ice-ocean interaction in future ocean models.This conclusion suggests the need for improving the representation of both the ice shelf basal melting and the glacier interaction with the bedrock, in order to improve the climate projections of future climate models, in which the spatial and seasonal distribution of the glacial freshwater fluxes may play an important role in setting the sea ice cover
Surdyk, Sylviane. "Etudes des signatures spectrales micro-ondes obtenues par télédétection sur la calotte polaire antarctique : comparaison avec des données de terrain et modélisation de l'émissivité de la neige." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765202.
Повний текст джерелаKaitheri, Athul. "Caractérisation des variations de masse en Antarctique en réponse aux fluctuations climatiques à partir des données de gravimétrie spatiale et d'altimétrie radar." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4100.
Повний текст джерелаQuantifying the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), and the resulting sea level rise, requires an understanding of inter-annual variability and associated causal mechanisms. This has become more complex and challenging in the backdrop of global climate change. Very few studies have been exploring the influence of climate anomalies on the AIS and only a vague estimate of its impact is available. Usually changes to the ice sheet are quantified using observations from space-borne altimetry and gravimetry missions. In this study, we use data from Envisat (2002 to 2010) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) (2002 to 2016) missions to estimate monthly elevation changes and mass changes, respectively. Similar estimates of the changes are made using weather variables (surface mass balance (SMB) and temperature) from a regional climate model (RACMO2.3p2) as inputs to a firn compaction (FC) model. Using the firn compaction model we were able to model the transformation of snow into glacial ice and hence estimate changes in the elevation of the ice sheet using climate parameters.Elevation changes estimated from different techniques are in good agreement with each other across the AIS especially in West Antarctica, Antarctic Peninsula, and along the coasts of East Antarctica. Inter-annual height change patterns are then extracted using for the first time an empirical mode decomposition followed by a reconstruction of modes. These signal on applying least square method revealed a sub-4-year periodic signal in the all the three distinct height change patterns. This was indicative of the influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a climate anomaly that alters, among other parameters, moisture transport, sea surface temperature, precipitation, in and around the AIS at similar frequency by alternating between warm and cold conditions. But there existed altering periodic behavior among inter annual height change patterns in the Antarctic Pacific (AP) sector which was found possibly by the influence of multiple climate drivers, like the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). A combined analysis of the three distinct estimates using a PCA (principal component analysis) along the coast revealed similar findings. Height change anomaly also appears to traverse eastwards from Coats Land to Pine Island Glacier (PIG) regions passing through Dronning Maud Land (DML) and Wilkes Land (WL) in 6 to 8 years. This is indicative of climate anomaly traversal due to the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) which propagates anomalies through the Southern Ocean in 8 to 10 years. Altogether, inter-annual variability in the SMB of the AIS is found to be modulated by multiple competing climate anomalies
Mondet, Jean. "Etude des paramètres de surface de la calotte polaire antarctique, dans les domaines spectraux du visible et du proche infrarouge, à partir des données de l'instrument de télédétection POLDER." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766029.
Повний текст джерелаBouhier, Nicolas. "Etude de l'impact des icebergs Antarctiques sur l'Océan Austral." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0143/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Antarctic polar ice cap constrains a freshwater flaux into the Austral Ocean through two equally important pathways : a localized and immediate injection through the melting of ice-shelves bases, and a delayed offshore injection through the calving and subsequent melt of icebergs. Some studies reckon that melting icebergs have the capacity to alter the hydrological and biogeo-chemical characteristics of the water column. The numerical models trying to evaluate this impact have shown contrasting results. Yet, they might suffer from a poor representation of the icebergs, namely due to our limited knowledge on both the spatial and size distributions of the icebergs, or even the processes involved in their mass loss. A new method using satellite altimetry measurements has lead to the creation of a database mapping Antarctic icebergs distribution with an unprecedented spatial and temporal coverage. Our joint analysis between these data and sea ice concentration fields highlights a possible transport of the freshwater injected by an iceberg and its impacts on sea ice.We also analyze the links between icebergs of different sizes : the large ones can be seen as ice buffers that diffuse across the whole ocean when breaking into small fragments of various sizes. We finally study the evolution of two giant icebergs, suggest the first parametrization of the fragmentation process and analyze the subsequent size distribution of the fragments. These results can be valuable to account in a more realistic way the fresh water flux constrained by icebergs in models
Donat-Magnin, Marion. "Variabilité atmosphérique en Antarctique de l'Ouest : Impact sur la circulation océanique et sur le bilan de masse de surface de la calotte Interannual Variability of Summer Surface Mass Balance and Surface Melting in the Amundsen Sector, West Antarctica." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU032.
Повний текст джерелаWest Antarctica, and particularly the Amundsen sector, has shown since the 1990s a large increase of mass loss related to coastal glacier acceleration in response to an increase of oceanic melt underneath ice shelves. Ice shelves play a buttressing role for ice-stream and increased oceanic melt therefore lead to ice shelves thinning and glacier acceleration, which contributes to sea level rise. West Antarctica is of particular concern because its configuration is prone to marine ice-sheet instability. It has been suggested that ice shelves weaken under large surface melt in a warmer climate (hydrofracturing), possibly leading to another kind of instability. Instabilities could be slowed down or compensated by future Surface Mass Balance (SMB) that consists mainly of snowfall, sporadic rainfall, and is slightly reduced by sublimation and runoff. The main objective of this PhD work is to model the atmospheric and oceanic processes that will most likely affect the future West Antarctic contribution to sea level rise.First, oceanic projections have been developed using the NEMO ocean model. The ocean circulation induced by ice-shelf basal melting affects the ocean response to future changes in surface winds. Therefore, models that do not represent ice-shelf cavities produce wrong warming patterns around Antarctica. A positive feedback between oceanic melting and grounding-line retreat has been identified and can increase melt rates by a factor of 2.5. These results are strong incentive to couple ocean and ice sheet models, although the projections proposed here are relatively idealized.To run SMB and surface melting projections, an atmospheric model with a fine representation of polar processes, including those related to the snowpack, is needed. MAR is found to be an appropriate tool to simulate the present-day surface climate in the Amundsen region. We find that none of the large climate modes of variability (ASL, SAM, ENSO) explains more than 50% of surface melt and SMB summer variance at the interannual timescale. The use of climate mode variability projections to estimate the future surface climate of West Antarctica is therefore not trivial.Forced by the CMIP5 multi-model mean under the RCP8.5 scenario, MAR predicts an increase of SMB by 30-40% for the end of the 21st century. This increase corresponds to 0.33 mm yr-1 of sea level drop down, which is higher than the current West Antarctic contribution of ~0.26 mm yr-1 from ice dynamics. Surface melt is also projected to increase by a factor of 5 to 15 over the Amundsen ice shelves, but most of it is projected to refreeze in the annual snow layer, so future melting should not have a strong contribution to SMB or hydrofracturing.To conclude we show that coupled ocean and ice sheet climate models are essential to simulate the future of Antarctica and Southern Ocean. A fine representation of surface melt and refreezing processes within the snowpack is also crucial as possible hydrofracturing is threatening in a warmer climate and it comes within a delicate equilibrium between snowfall, air temperature, and feedback related to albedo and humidity
Crotti, Ilaria. "Datation et étude de la variabilité climatique à partir de la carotte de glace antarctique de TALDICE." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ003.
Повний текст джерелаIce cores are long cylinders extracted from ice sheets containing information about past environmental and climatic conditions. The TALDICE ice core is a 1620 m depth core drilled at Talos Dome, in East Antarctica. Several previous studies focused on dating this core and an age scale has been defined only until 1438 m depth at an age of about 150,000 years ago, limiting the past climate reconstructions to the last climatic cycle. This thesis focuses on the poorly explored deep portion of the core below 1438 m depth. In the first part of the thesis, the new TALDICE isotopic measurements in both ice and gas matrixes below 1438 m are used to build the final TALDICE deep1 ice/gas age-depth relationship with the application of the IceChrono1 model. The chronology for the deeper part of the core is here defined until 1548 m depth and extends the climatic record back to 343,0000 years ago. The second part of this thesis is centred on the interpretation of the unique TALDICE isotopic signal during past interglacial periods. The proposed interpretation indicates that the interglacial anomalies in the isotopic record have been produced by the lowering of the Talos Dome site elevation due to ice loss and inland retreat of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin grounding line. The third and last part of this work focuses on the development of the argon dating technique called “copper method”, with the aim of reducing the amount of ice employed. The novel methodology has been tested on 11 TALDICE samples. The “copper method” results are validated by comparing them with the published TALDICE chronologies (AICC2012 and TALDICE deep1) and with 8 neighbouring samples dated with the well-established argon dating “getter method”
Krinner, Gerhard. "Simulations du climat des calottes de glace." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716408.
Повний текст джерелаMourad, Firas. "Estimation par méthodes inverses des paramètres de glissement et de diffusion des calottes glaciaires d'Antarctique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT021.
Повний текст джерелаModels describing natural phenomena can depend on parameters that cannot be directly measured, hence the necessity to develop inverse techniques to determine them. Our goal is to utilize such techniques to enable better initialization of ice sheet models for Antarctica. This will help such models to produce better forecasts as part of climate studies. The parameters of interest are the basal sliding coefficient, which characterizes the contact of the ice sheet with the bed underneath, and the diffusion coefficient which dictates the dynamics within the mass-continuity partial differential equation describing the movement of ice sheets. A Lyapunov based approach is proposed to control the convergence of the 1D and 2D inhomogeneous transport models toward a feasible equilibrium matching the measurements of surface topography of the Antarctic ice sheet. Our work offers a new 1D update law for the basal sliding coefficient inversion. We also use adaptive distributed parameter inversion to retrieve basal sliding from diffusion in 1D and 2D models. These two methods are tested on study cases and real data. Our results show that the methods proposed are successful in inverting for sliding and diffusion while replicating the available data
Verfaillie, Deborah. "Suivi et modélisation du bilan de masse de la calotte Cook aux iles Kerguelen. Lien avec le changement climatique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU035/document.
Повний текст джерелаGlaciers of the southern hemisphere sub-polar regions between 45 and 60°S have declined dramatically over the last century. The islands of Kerguelen archipelago (49°S, 69°E) represent a unique location in regions where few data are available to understand glacier retreat. Situated at low altitudes and close to the ocean, their glaciers have shown particular sensitivity to atmospheric and oceanic variations. Thus, since the 1960s, the Cook Ice Cap (~400km2) has retreated spectacularly, losing 20% of its area in 40 years. The aim of my thesis was to assess the present and future state of the ice cap, and to understand the causes of this decline while putting them in a global context. To do so, a meteorological and glaciological network was set up in 2010 on Kerguelen archipelago and field campaigns have been carried out annually since then. Analysis of these measurements confirms the negative mass balance of Cook Ice Cap. In parallel, the study of the albedo over the whole ice cap from MODIS satellite images (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) gives us access to the evolution of the snow line since 2000, highlighting an important reduction of Cook Ice Cap accumulation area over the last decade. Mass balance modelling of the Cook Ice Cap using a degree-day model coupled to a simple ice motion routine further reveals that its retreat is mainly due to a strong decrease in precipitation over the Kerguelen Islands since the 1960s. In order to put the decline of the cryosphere on Kerguelen in a global context, climatic trends over the whole sub-polar regions are studied, revealing that the sub-Antarctic area is currently the one where glacier retreat is the strongest. To understand these variations, we analyse a complete set of field and satellite observations and modelling results : reanalyses, models from the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) experiment, atmospheric and oceanic temperature and precipitation observations, etc. The latter show warming and quasigeneralised drying of the whole 40-60°S area, linked to the southward shift of storm tracks in response to the more frequent positive phases of the Southern Annual Mode (SAM). Recent glacier retreat on Kerguelen archipelago, and for other glaciers and ice caps located at similar latitudes, is thus mainly due to a deficit of accumulation caused by the SAM, and amplified by atmospheric warming. The future evolution of Cook Ice Cap mass balance is evaluated using the MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) model, forced at its boundaries by CMIP5 models. Recent mass balance simulations are first carried out using ERA-Interim and NCEP1 reanalyses, and compared to in situ observations. In parallel, one-year simulations are produced with the precipitation desagregation scheme SMHiL (Surface Mass balance High resolution downscaLing) on MAR outputs, at various scales, in order to evaluate the impact of downscaling on precipitation. An evaluation of CMIP5 models over the recent period against ERA-Interim is then carried out, considering certain key climatic variables. The model closest to ERA-Interim as well as the two most extreme models are then used to force the MAR model over the next century, and surface mass balance outputs are critically analysed. The analysis of the decline of the Kerguelen ice cap using different tools and techniques brought new insights on the link between glaciers and climate, highlighting the major role of the SAM, but also raised new questions
Morlighem, Mathieu. "Détermination de propriétés des glaciers polaires par modélisation numérique et télédétection." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697004.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Meur Emmanuel. "Spécificité de l'isostasie en contexte glaciaire : présentation et application d'un modèle de réponse terrestre." Phd thesis, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693960.
Повний текст джерелаLhomme, Nicolas. "Modélisation des isotopes de l'eau dans les calottes de glace." Phd thesis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009253.
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