Статті в журналах з теми "Callana Group"

A version of the Exact Renormalization Group Equation consistent with gauge symmetry is presented. A discussion of its regularization and renormalization is given. The relation with the Callan–Symanzik equation is clarified.

We present some simple arguments to indicate that the XY model defined on a space of constant negative curvature is disordered at all non-zero finite temperatures. This corroborates a result which Wilczek and Callan arrived at recently.

The nonextensive statistics proposed by Tsallis has found wide applicability, being present even in the description of experimental data from high energy collisions. A system with a fractal structure in its energy-momentum space, named thermofractal, was shown to be described thermodynamically by the nonextensive statistics. Due to the many common features between thermofractals and Hagedorn’s fireballs, this system offers the possibility of investigating the origins of nonextensivity in hadronic physics and in QCD. In this regard, the investigation of the scaling properties of thermofractals through the renormalization group equation, known as Callan–Symanzik equation, can be an interesting approach.

Critical exponents of the O(m)-symmetric model are calculated in the case when dimension of space is noninteger. Calculations are performed in the frames of the field-theoretical approach using the three-loop approximation. Renormalization group functions in the Callan-Symanzik scheme are considered directly in noninteger dimensions. Perturbation theory expansions are resummed with the use of Padé-Borel transformation.

We study the existence of solutions of the string equations which are pole-free on the positive real axis and exhibit such a solution following the work of Boutroux. We further study, using perturbation theory, the flows among different models and we find that there is no flow between the k=2 and k=3 theories. Moreover, we develop a nonperturbative renormalization-group scheme to extract the scaling behavior of the partition function of the k=2 model under perturbations. The key idea is to reinterpret the recent formulation, as Virasoro constraints, of the string-loop equations as generalized Callan-Symanzik renormalization-group equations.

We describe a technically very simple analytical approach to the deep infrared regime of Yang–Mills theory in the Landau gauge via Callan–Symanzik renormalization group equations in an epsilon expansion. This approach recovers all the solutions for the infrared gluon and ghost propagators previously found by solving the Dyson–Schwinger equations of the theory and singles out the solution with decoupling behavior, confirmed by lattice calculations, as the only one corresponding to an infrared attractive fixed point (for space-time dimensions above two). For the case of four dimensions, we describe the crossover of the system from the ultraviolet to the infrared fixed point and determine the complete momentum dependence of the propagators. The results for different renormalization schemes are compared to the lattice data.

We study the fixed-point interactions and the renormalization group invariance for an effective nucleon–nucleon (NN) interaction in the leading-order (LO) chiral effective field theory (ChEFT) renormalized within the framework of the subtracted kernel method (SKM) approach. By solving a nonrelativistic Callan–Symanzik (NRCS) equation we show how the driving term evolves with the subtraction scale to keep the T-matrix invariant. We calculate the fixed-point interaction from the driving term and compare the results obtained with and without its evolution through the NRCS equation.

The longitudinal susceptibility χL of the O(N) theory in the broken phase is analyzed by means of three different approaches, namely the leading contribution of the 1/N expansion, the Functional Renormalization Group flow in the Local Potential approximation and the improved effective potential via the Callan–Symanzik equations, properly extended to d = 4 dimensions through the expansion in powers of ϵ = 4-d. The findings of the three approaches are compared and their agreement in the large N limit is shown. The numerical analysis of the Functional Renormalization Group flow equations at small N supports the vanishing of [Formula: see text] in d = 3 and d = 3.5 but is not conclusive in d = 4, where we have to resort to the Callan–Smanzik approach. At finite N as well as in the limit N→∞, we find that [Formula: see text] vanishes with J as Jϵ/2 for ϵ> 0 and as ( ln (J))-1 in d = 4.

We consider [Formula: see text] gauge theory coupled to matter field in adjoints and study RG group flow. We constructed Callan–Symanzik equation and subsequent [Formula: see text] functions and study the fixed points. We find there are two fixed points, showing metallic and antiferromagnetic behavior. We have shown that metallic phase develops an instability if certain parametric conditions are satisfied.

A taxonomic revision and a key to the Chthonius C.L. Koch, 1843 species of the ischnocheles group from Italy, with records from neighbouring countries, are provided. The following new species are described: Chthonius gallettii n. sp. (♂, locus typicus: Sicily, Ragusa Province, Ragusa, Grotta delle Lame 6009 Si/RG), Chthonius gentianae n. sp. (♂, Veneto, Treviso Province, Fregona, Pian del Cansiglio, Bus della Genziana 1000 V/TV), Chthonius herminii n. sp. (♂♀, Veneto, Treviso Province, Cavaso del Tomba, Costalunga, Speoncia del Diaol 1811 V/TV); Chthonius inguscioi n. sp. (♂♀, Apulia, Lecce Province, Presicce, Grotta Madonna della Rutta 533 Pu/LE), Chthonius lanai n. sp. (♂♀, Piedmont, Cuneo Province, Bernezzo, Pertus d’la Kassetta 1323 Pi/CN), Chthonius marciai n. sp. (♂, Sardinia, Nuoro Province, Dorgali, Grotta del Bue Marino 12 Sa/NU) and Chthonius nicolosii n. sp. (♂♀, Sicily, Catania Province, Nicolosi, Grotta Lunga 1029 Si/CT). The following new subjective synonymies are proposed: Chthonius malatestai Callaini, 1980 n. syn. of C. agazzii Beier, 1966; Chthonius ruffoi Caporiacco, 1951 n. syn. of C. densedentatus Beier, 1938; Chthonius mingazzinii Callaini, 1991 n. syn. of C. euganeus Gardini, 1991; Obisium megachelum Amary, 1840 n. syn. of C. ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804); Chthonius dalmatinus Hadži, 1930 n. syn. of C. ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804); Chthonius litoralis Hadži, 1933 n. syn. of C. ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804); Chthonius rhodochelatus Hadži, 1937 of C. ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804) (rest. syn.). Chthonius horridus Beier, 1934 (n. stat.) is upgraded from subspecies of C. doderoi Beier, 1930 and Chthonius reductus Beier, 1939 (n. stat.) from subspecies of C. ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804). A lectotype is designated for Chthonius rayi L. Koch, 1873. Twenty-eight species of Chthonius of the ischnocheles group are known at present from Italy, of which three are endemic to Sicily and two to Sardinia. New country records are established for Chthonius alpicola Beier, 1951 (Croatia and Slovenia); Chthonius guglielmii Callaini, 1986 (mainland France), Chthonius halberti Kew, 1916 and Chthonius ilvensis Beier, 1963 (Corsica); Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, 1934 (Switzerland), and Chthonius densedentatus Beier, 1938 (France, Italy, Switzerland, Slovenia, Croatia, Albania and Greece).

DOI 10.24917/20837275.9.4.6W artykule analizowane są sposoby reprezentacji miejskiego krajobrazu w fotografii. Stawiam tezę, że chociaż przestrzeń zasadniczo jest nieruchoma, to można mówić o postrzeżeniu jej jako ruchomej w czasie oraz środkami fotografii można podzielić się z innymi doświadczeniem mobilności. Tekst składa się z pięciu części: z wprowadzenia, w którym analizuję znaczenia terminu „mobilny pejzaż”, oraz z czterech interpretacji, zainspirowanych fotografiami reprezentatywnymi dla przemian zachodzących w obszarze fotograficznego medium. Są to kolejno: widoki miast Charlesa Marville’a i Karola Beyera, fotomontaże Edwarda Steichena i Harry’ego Callahana, fotografie mobilne (portal Grupamobilni.pl), oraz projekt oparty na aplikacji mobilnych (Amsterdam REALTIME). Proponowane tu refleksje nie dostarczą wyczerpującej wiedzy o mobilnym pejzażu miasta, lecz, mam nadzieję, mogą stać się początkiem takiej analizy.Mobile landscapes. City in motion or motion in a city?An article is an analysis of modes of representation of urban landscape in photography. I state that though a city space formally is still we perceive it as movable in time. We can also share the mobile experience with others. The article is parted into five sections: the introduction reflects briefly on the meaning of the term „mobile landscape” and four short interpretations inspired by four photographs, representative for shifts in history of photography are presented in subsequent parts. These are: city views by Charles Marville and by Polish photographer Karol Beyer, photomontages by Edward Steichen and by Harry Callahan, mobile photography by Polish group „mobilni” and finally – a project based on mobile app (Amsterdam REALTIME). Brief reflection proposed in the article is not a comprehensive survey on mobile landscape, but rather – can suggest a direction of such study.

In this paper we reformulate the dilaton-gravity theory of Callan et al. as a new effective conformal field theory which turns out to be a generalization of the so-called SL 2-conformal affine Toda (CAT) theory studied some time ago by Babelon and Bonora. We quantize this model, thus keeping in account the dilaton-gravity quantum effects. We then implement a Renormalization Group analysis to study the black hole thermodynamics and the final state of the Hawking evaporation.

The thermal conductivity of group-IV semiconductors (silicon, germanium, diamond and grey tin) with several isotopic compositions has been calculated from a kinetic-collective model. From this approach, significantly different to Callaway-like models in its physical interpretation, the thermal conductivity expression accounts for a transition from a kinetic (individual phonon transport) to a collective (hydrodynamic phonon transport) behaviour of the phonon field. Within the model, we confirm the theoretical proportionality between the phonon–phonon relaxation times of the group-IV semiconductors. This proportionality depends on some materials properties and it allows us to predict the thermal conductivity of the whole group of materials without the need to fit each material individually. The predictions on thermal conductivities are in good agreement with experimental data over a wide temperature range.

Sclerogibbid wasps conform a small group of chrysidoids and parasitoids of embiopterans especially found in arid and semiarid habitats. Although its distribution in America is fairly well known, information about sclerogibbid wasps from Argentina is scarce. The first record of a species belonging to the family Sclerogibbidae (Hymenoptera) for the province of San Juan, Argentina is reported. It is a female individual collected by pitfall trap in the Multiple Use Reserve of Valle Fértil and identified as Probethylus callani Richards, 1939. This new and atypical record encourages to expand the taxonomic research in the region, given that Valle Fértil was characterized as an area of high prevalence of endemisms.

The Shetland Islands lie between latitudes of approximately 60° and 61° North, over 100 miles north of the Scottish mainland. They are influenced by the North Atlantic Drift so that the climatic conditions are much less severe than for other land masses, for example in Southern Greenland where the mean temperature for five months of the year is below freezing. The environment in all its considerable heterogeneity is well described in The Natural Environment of Shetland (Goodier 1974) and in The Natural History of Shetland (Berry & Johnston 1980). Briefly the islands lie on the western oceanic fringe of Europe, have approximately 1450 kilometres of coastline and an area of 1468 square kilometres. The geology is varied and geomorphologically the islands constitute a drowned range of glaciated hills situated on the continental shelf. The coast consists of extensive areas of cliffs and voes with relatively few beaches. In general, the ‘outer’ coasts, especially on the west, are exposed high energy environments. In contrast, the inner coasts, often voes, are deep sheltered inlets. The land itself tends to be hilly and, where it has not been stripped for agricultural use, is blanketed with peat, with the main vegetation heather (Calluna vulgaris) and cotton sedge (Eriophorum angustifolium). Approximately 10% of the land is covered by rushy vegetation and there is very little relict scrub though there are one or two planted woodland plots. The original scrub was largely eradicated by man who arrived in Shetland from Iberia about 3500 BC. Colonisers from Scandinavia arrived in the eighth century and have had a lasting influence on the culture of the islands. In 1971 the human population was about 17327 and in 1989 was 23 214 (SIC 1992).

This case is based on the 2020 merger between Callaway Golf Company, a leader in the golf equipment and apparel industry, and Topgolf Entertainment Group, the top entertainment brand in the golf industry. Mergers have been known to provide greater efficiency and profitability, but they can also initiate a clash of corporate cultures, creating conflict which may result in a loss of employee satisfaction and brand equity. Along with reviewing the industry and potential outcomes, students will analyze the viability of this merger by conducting a value chain analysis of both companies to look for product alignment. This decision-based case asks students to play the role of Callaway Golf board member Sophia Berckman, who is preparing to make a statement on the prospective merger of the two companies at an emergency board meeting. As such, students will be expected to formulate a recommendation to the board of directors on whether this is a wise business decision using the information provided.

The authors have previously isolated and purified ursolic acid from heather flowers (Calluna vulgarts). This terpene was found to inhibit HL-60 leukaemic cell proliferation and arachidonic acid oxidative metabolism in various cell species. The effects of ursolic acid and its analogues on soybean 15-lipoxygenase activity and on the proliferation of a human gastric tumour cell line (HGT), have been assessed. These triterpenes inhibited soybean 15-lipoxygenase at its optimal activity (pH 9). The proliferation ofHGT was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. At 20 μM the rank order is: ursolic acid > uvaol > oleanolic acid > methyl ursolate. The carboxylic group at the C28position of ursolic acid appears to be implicated in the inhibition of both lipoxygenase activity and cell proliferation. Thus methylation of this group decreases these two inhibitory properties. Oleanolic acid, which differs by the position of one methyl group (C20instead of C19) is less inhibitory than ursolic acid. The lipophilicity of the terpene is also implicated since uvaol appears to be more inhibitory than methyl ursolate.

The one-loop effective action corresponding to the general model of dilaton gravity given by the Lagrangian [Formula: see text], where Z (Φ), C (Φ) and V (Φ) are arbitrary functions of the dilaton field, is found. The question of the quantum equivalence of classically equivalent dilaton gravities is studied. By specific calculation of explicit examples, it is shown that classically equivalent quantum gravities are also perturbatively equivalent at the quantum level, but only on-shell. The renormalization group equations for the generalized effective couplings Z (Φ), C (Φ) and V (Φ) are written. An analysis of the equations shows, in particular, that the gravitational sector of the Callan–Giddings–Harvey–Strominger model is not a fixed point of these equations.

Kenneth Wilson's Nobel Prize winning breakthrough in the renormalization group theory of phase transition and critical phenomena almost overlapped with the violent "cultural revolution" years (1966–1976) in China. An unexpected chance in 1972 brought the author of these lines close to the Wilson–Fisher ϵ-expansion of critical exponents and eventually led to a joint paper with Lu Yu published entirely in Chinese without any English title and abstract. Even the original acknowledgment was deleted because of mentioning foreign names like Kenneth Wilson and Kerson Huang. In this article I will tell the 40-year old story as a much belated tribute to Kenneth Wilson and to reproduce the essence of our work in English. At the end, I give an elementary derivation of the Callan–Symanzik equation without referring to field theory.

Abstract This pilot project was conducted by the ASHA Special Interest Group (SIG) 16 Ad Hoc Committee on Literacy Assessment: Trici Schraeder (Chair), Cornelia Cave, Barbara Decker, SallyAnn Giess, and Martha Testa. Christine Freiberg, SIG 16 coordinator and SIG 16 coordinating committee members Ruth Callahan and Judy Rudebusch served as the monitors. The project was approved by ASHA Staff. The ASHA SIG 16 Ad Hoc Committee on Literacy Assessment acknowledges the work of the Council of Chief State School Officers and National Governors Association Center for Best Practice for creating the Common Core State Standards.

Background: Accurate positioning of the acetabular component is key in performing total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, reconstruction of the acetabulum in the setting of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a challenge. Robotic assisted THA has the potential to improve the accuracy of implantation of the acetabular cup in cases with DDH. The purpose of this study was to assess whether robotic technology improves the accuracy of acetabular component positioning in patients with DDH. Material and methods: We included 59 THAs using robotic assisted technology from June 2019 to January 2020 as the study group. These were compared to conventional THAs without robotic technology after control for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Crowe type and operation date. Radiographic measurements were taken by 2 blinded orthopaedic residents. The percentage of hips within the Lewinnek and Collanan safe zones were calculated, along with acetabular rotation centers for the “target zone.” Surgical time and perioperative bleeding were also compared between both groups. Results: One patient suffered dislocation in conventional group while no dislocation occurred in robotic group. The acetabular components of the robotic assisted group had more cases located within the Lewinnek ( p = 0.013) and Collanan ( p = 0.008) safe zones than conventional group (94.9% vs 79.7% and 74.6% vs 50.8%). There were 7 cases in conventional group and 4 cases in robotic group that had more lateral or more superior rotational centers of THA, but did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.342). No statistical difference was detected between groups with regards to blood loss ( p = 0.098) and surgical time ( p = 0.602). Conclusion: Robot assisted technology can assist surgeons with implanting acetabular cups more in Lewinnek and Callanan safe zone than conventional techniques without additional blood loss and surgical time. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level Ⅲ.

The oeuvre of the sculptor Paolo Callalo (Venice 1655-1725) is a paradigmatic example of how the oeuvres of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Venetian sculptors have been expanded, supplemented and revised during the last twenty years. Until Simone Guerriero’s ground-breaking article of 1997, Paolo Callalo was almost completely unknown. In his search for Callalo’s earliest preserved work, Simone Guerriero suggested that Callalo was responsible for the stipes of the altar of St Joseph, featuring the relief of the Flight into Egypt flanked by two putti which are almost free standing, which was made between 1679 and 1685 for San Giovanni Crisostomo at Venice. However, another significant sculpture can now be added to the catalogue of Callalo’s early works: a memorial monument to the Bishop of Nin Francesco Grassi (Chioggia, 3 October 1667 – Zadar, 29 January 1677) which is located on the left presbytery wall in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta at Chioggia. As we learn from its commemorative inscription, the monument was commissioned by Paolo Grassi, the nephew of the deceased who was a prominent member of this aristocratic family from Chioggia. The Grassi (de Grassi) family produced as many as three bishops of Chioggia: Pasquale (1618-1639), Francesco (1639 -1669) and Antonio (1696-1715) who was a brother of Francesco, the Bishop of Nin, and a great-nephew of the first two. The monumental memorial to the Bishop of Nin Francesco Grassi in the presbytery of Chioggia Cathedral consists of a rectangular marble plaque topped with a semi-circular pediment with two reclining putti. Immediately below, two more putti are depicted flying and drawing a curtain in front of an oval niche containing the bishop’s bust, the commemorative inscription and the bishop’s coat of arms set in a wreath. All the elements of this excellent work point to Paolo Callalo’s hand. The bishop’s bust was most probably created posthumously by relying on one of the portraits of the bishop as a source model. It depicts him as having a somewhat square face with a lively mouth opened in a melodramatic way and as having probing eyes with emphasized pupils, all of which characterize Callalo’s sculpting technique. A direct parallel for such a physiognomy can be found in the 1686 sculpture of St Michael in San Michele in Isola at Venice. Two remarkably beautiful and skilfully modelled putti which are drawing the curtain can be connected to the putti on the stipes of the altar of St Joseph in San Giovanni Crisostomo at Venice, but also with a putto on the keystone of a niche on the 1684 altar of St Teresa in the Church of the Scalzi. The richly draped marble curtain being drawn by the two flying putti is an example of Callalo’s thorough knowledge of contemporary sculptural innovations and trends in Venice. He could have seen a similar curtain on the 1677 monument to Giorgio Morosini in San Clemente in Isola at Venice, which belongs to the oeuvre of Giusto Le Court, the most important Venetian sculptor of the second half of the seventeenth century. That Callalo was no stranger to this type of decoration is also demonstrated by one of his later works, now sadly lost, the contract for which set out the terms for the sculptural decoration of the high altar in the old Venetian church of La Pietà. In 1692 Callalo agreed to make for this high altar ‘a curtain out of yellow marble of Verona being held by putti’.The stylistic analysis of the memorial to the Bishop of Nin Francesco Grassi indicates that it was erected in a relatively short period of time after the bishop’s death in 1677. It seems highly likely that it was made in the early 1680s or around 1686 at the latest because in that year Callalo made the statue of St Michael in San Michele in Isola. The memorial to the Bishop of Nin Francesco Grassi in Chioggia Cathedral is the first monument on the left-hand side of presbytery wall which would in time become a ‘mausoleum’ of the Grassi family. Around the same time or perhaps somewhat later, the Bishop of Chioggia by the name Francesco Grassi was honoured posthumously with a memorial containing a bust portrait that can be attributed to Giuseppe Torretti (Pagnano, 1664 – Venice, 1743). This group of episcopal memorials in the presbytery of Chioggia Cathedral ends with 1715 when Alvise Tagliapietra (Venice, 1680 – 1747) made the tomb for Bishop Antonio Grassi while he was still alive.Callalo’s Dalmatian oeuvre is relatively modest and consists of the following works so far identified as his: two marble angels set next to the high altar in the Parish Church at Vodice and four music-making putti at the sides of the high altar as well as those on a side altar in the Parish Church at Sutivan on the island of Brač. However, Callalo’s hand can also be recognized in a statue from a large-scale sculptural group which adorned the altar of the Blessed Sacrament in Zadar Cathedral. The altar structure was built by Antonio Viviani in 1719 while Francesco Cabianca (Venice, 1666-1737) carved the majority of the altar’s rich sculptural decoration. At the centre of the altar is a niche with a relatively small marble statue of Our Lady of Sorrows with the dead Christ in her lap. It is difficult to find a place for this marble Pietà from Zadar in Francesco Cabianca’s catalogue especially with regard to his Pietà above a door in the cloister of the Frari Church at Venice in 1714. Compared to the Zadar Pietà, Cabianca’s Venetian Pietà displays a number of differences: a crisper chiselling technique, a certain roughness of workmanship, robust bodies as well as a different treatment of the figures’ physiognomies and drapery. However, the Pietà from Zadar can be added to the catalogue of Paolo Callalo’s works. The carefully modelled figure of Our Lady of Sorrows and the soft drapery which spreads outwards in a radial fashion around her feet can be compared to the statues of Faith and Hope on the altar of the Blessed Sacrament in Udine Cathedral, which was made after 1720. The statue of the Risen Christ on the tabernacle of the aforementioned altar from Udine provides a parallel for the modelling of Christ’s body and, in particular, his face with a restrained expression. The same can be said for the Risen Christ on the tabernacle of the Parish Church at Clauzetto, which I also attribute to Callalo, as well as for earlier, more monumental, examples such as the Christ from the 1708 altar of the Transfiguration in the Parish Church at Labin.Callalo’s memorial to the Bishop of Nin Francesco Grassi in Chioggia is an important indicator of his personal stylistic development. He transformed his stylistic expression from the robust energy of this ‘youthful work’ at Chioggia to the lyrical poetics characterized by softness which can be seen in his late work, the Pietà on the altar of the Blessed Sacrament in the Cathedral of St Anastasia at Zadar. It is likely that future research in Venice, Dalmatia and the rest of the Adriatic coast will expand Paolo Callalo’s already rich oeuvre and confirm the important place he holds in Venetian sculpture as one of its protagonists during the late Seicento and early Settecento.

In 1975, Isnard and Zeeman proposed a cusp catastrophe model for the polarization of a social group, such as the population of a democratic nation. Ten years later, Kadyrov combined two of these cusps into a model for the opinion dynamics of two "nonsocialist" nations. This is a nongradient dynamical system, more general than the double-cusp catastrophe studied by Callahan and Sashin [1987]. Here, we present a computational study of the nongradient double cusp, in which the degeneracy of Kadyrov's model is unfolded in codimension eight. Also, we develop a discrete-time cusp model, study the corresponding double cusp, establish its equivalence to the continuous-time double cusp, and discuss some potential applications. We find bifurcations for multiple critical-point attractors, periodic attractors, and (for the discrete case) bifurcations to quasiperiodic and chaotic attractors.

Abstract Żylińska, A. 2013. The oldest Cambrian trilobites from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland: taxonomic, stratigraphic and biogeographic reappraisal. Acta Geologica Polonica, 63 (1), 57-87. Warszawa. Authorship issues are clarified, new photographic documentation is provided and emended systematic descriptions are presented for the oldest Cambrian trilobite taxa from the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). Biostratigraphic analysis of the fauna allows correlation with the traditional Holmia kjerulfi-group Zone of Scandinavia, the Callavia Zone of Britain and Newfoundland, the lower and middle part of the Sectigena Zone of Morocco and the Marianian Stage of Spain. The trilobites display a strong biogeographic signal linked with West Gondwana and Avalonia and a suggestion is made that the TESZ margin of Baltica with the Małopolska Massif was liable to currents from those areas that distributed planktonic trilobite larvae.

The absence of the quadratic divergence in the Higgs sector of the Standard Model in the dimensional regularization is usually regarded to be an exceptional property of a specific regularization. To understand what is going on in the dimensional regularization, we illustrate how to reproduce the results of the dimensional regularization for the [Formula: see text] theory in the more conventional regularization such as the higher derivative regularization; the basic postulate involved is that the quadratically divergent induced mass, which is independent of the scale change of the physical mass, is kinematical and unphysical. This is consistent with the derivation of the Callan–Symanzik equation, which is a comparison of two theories with slightly different masses, for the [Formula: see text] theory without encountering the quadratic divergence. In this sense the dimensional regularization may be said to be generic in a bottom-up approach starting with a successful low energy theory. We also define a modified version of the mass independent renormalization for a scalar field which leads to the homogeneous renormalization group equation. Implications of the present analysis on the Standard Model at high energies and the presence or absence of SUSY at LHC energies are briefly discussed.

Aims The primary aim of this study was to compare the hip-specific functional outcome of robotic assisted total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) with manual total hip arthroplasty (mTHA) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Secondary aims were to compare general health improvement, patient satisfaction, and radiological component position and restoration of leg length between rTHA and mTHA. Methods A total of 40 patients undergoing rTHA were propensity score matched to 80 patients undergoing mTHA for OA. Patients were matched for age, sex, and preoperative function. The Oxford Hip Score (OHS), Forgotten Joint Score (FJS), and EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) were collected pre- and postoperatively (mean 10 months (SD 2.2) in rTHA group and 12 months (SD 0.3) in mTHA group). In addition, patient satisfaction was collected postoperatively. Component accuracy was assessed using Lewinnek and Callanan safe zones, and restoration of leg length were assessed radiologically. Results There were no significant differences in the preoperative demographics (p ≥ 0.781) or function (p ≥ 0.383) between the groups. The postoperative OHS (difference 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1 to 4.8; p = 0.038) and FJS (difference 21.1, 95% CI 10.7 to 31.5; p < 0.001) were significantly greater in the rTHA group when compared with the mTHA group. However, only the FJS was clinically significantly greater. There was no difference in the postoperative EQ-5D (difference 0.017, 95% CI -0.042 to 0.077; p = 0.562) between the two groups. No patients were dissatisfied in the rTHA group whereas six were dissatisfied in the mTHA group, but this was not significant (p = 0.176). rTHA was associated with an overall greater rate of component positioning in a safe zone (p ≤ 0.003) and restoration of leg length (p < 0.001). Conclusion Patients undergoing rTHA had a greater hip-specific functional outcome when compared to mTHA, which may be related to improved component positioning and restoration of leg length. However, there was no difference in their postoperative generic health or rate of satisfaction. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(1):22–30.

Heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.) is noted for a diverse chemical composition and a broad range of biological activity. The current study was aimed at monitoring changes in the accumulation of certain groups of phenolic compounds in various organs of heather (leaves, stems, roots, rhizomes, flowers, and seeds) at different growth stages (vegetative, floral budding, flowering, and seed ripening) as well as studying antioxidant (employing the DPPH and FRAP assays) and antibacterial activity of its extracts. The highest total amount of phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins was detected in leaves and roots at all growth stages, except for the flowering stage. At the flowering stage, the highest content of some groups of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins) was observed in flowers. Highest antioxidant activity was recorded for the flower extracts (about 500 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram according to the DPPH assay) and for the leaf extract at the ripening stage (about 350 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram according to the FRAP assay). Strong correlation was noted between antioxidant activity (DPPH) and the content of anthocyanins (r = 0.75, p ≤ 0.01) as well as between antioxidant activity (FRAP) and the total content of phenolic compounds (r = 0.77, p ≤ 0.01). Leaf extracts and stem extracts turned out to perform antibacterial action against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, whereas root extracts appeared to be active only against B. subtilis, and rhizome extracts against E. coli.

Moorlands provide several key ecosystem services, as well as supporting shooting of red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scotica Latham). Prescribed burning of heather is an integral aspect of grouse-moor management but is sometimes presented as ecologically damaging. However, a long-term burning experiment at Moor House National Nature Reserve, North Pennines, northern England, showed that more frequent burning actually increased the cover of peat-building species such as Sphagnum mosses and cotton grass (Eriophorum vaginatum L.). Here we compare those findings with data from another deep-peat site in the North Pennines, but one that is actively managed as a grouse moor. We describe post-fire vegetation change using aerial images to construct a time-series of burns. Comparable with the Moor House study, we found highest levels of Sphagnum and Eriophorum cover on fires last burned within 3–10 years, whereas heather (Calluna vulgaris L.) cover, that of other mosses, and overall vegetation height all increased in a linear manner over time since burning. These results from an actively managed grouse moor subject to prescribed burning demonstrate that the cover and species richness of Sphagnum, a key peat-forming group, correlated with reduced dominance of tall heather, can benefit from a post-burn period of up to 10 years.

The goal of the study was to see if using authentic material helped students enhance their vocabulary. With a one-group pretest and posttest design, the researcher used the pre-experimental approach. The study's participants were students in their first year of MA Nurul As'adiyah Callaccu's academic year 2019/2020. The study included a total of 35 students as a sample. Cluster random sampling was used to collect the data. The information was gathered through vocabulary exams (pretest and posttest). The researcher utilized t-test analysis to see if using authentic material helped students improve their vocabulary. The data analysis revealed that the difference between the pretest and posttest was considerable. The value of sig (2-tailed) was smaller than the value of (a) = 0.05 (0.00<0.05), as shown by the statistical calculation. Based on the outcomes of the study, the researcher concludes that using authentic material in the first year of MA Nurul As'adiyah Callacu can help students improve their vocabulary.

The present study aimed to test the effect of applying different sets of n-alkane faecal recoveries and different plant species grouping approaches on the estimates of the diet selected by goats and sheep when grazing/browsing complex vegetation communities composed of mosaics of heather-gorse vegetation interspersed with patches of perennial ryegrass. The use of different sets of n-alkane faecal recoveries significantly affected the estimated proportions of most vegetation components in both animal species. The diet estimates were also significantly affected by the calculation approach: A1 (using all individual plant species); A2 (grouping plant species with similar n-alkane profile, with equal weighting within the group); and A3 (grouping plant species with similar n-alkane profile, with different weighting according to the botanical composition of the plot). There was a significant interaction between calculation approach (A) and faecal recovery sets (FR) on the resulting estimates of the Ericaceae species in the diet of goats and of all diet components in sheep. When using A1 approach, the estimated proportion of Agrostis capillaris in the diets was high and seemed to be overestimated, compared with its low availability (1.1% of total cover) in the field. However, the application of calculation approaches A2 and A3 gave lower dietary proportions of component D2 (Agrostis capillaris and Ulex gallii) and higher proportions of components D1 (Lolium perenne and Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium), D3 (Erica umbellata, Erica cinerea, Erica australis, Calluna vulgaris) and Erica arborea. These results indicate that the application of the n-alkane technique for estimation of the diet composition in field with complex vegetation conditions is sensitive to the use of faecal recovery corrections and to the grouping of possible dietary components.

The nuclear symmetry energy figures crucially in the structure of asymmetric nuclei and, more importantly, in the equation of state (EoS) of compact stars. At present it is almost totally unknown, both experimentally and theoretically, in the density regime appropriate for the interior of neutron stars. Basing on a strong-coupled structure of dense baryonic matter encoded in the skyrmion crystal approach with a topology change and resorting to the notion of generalized hidden local symmetry in hadronic interactions, we address a variety of hitherto unexplored issues of nuclear interactions associated with the symmetry energy, i.e., kaon condensation and hyperons, possible topology change in dense matter, nuclear tensor forces, conformal symmetry, chiral symmetry, etc., in the EoS of dense compact-star matter. One of the surprising results coming from HLS structure that is distinct from what is given by standard phenomenological approaches is that at high density, baryonic matter is driven by renormalization group flow to the "dilaton-limit fixed point" constrained by "mended symmetries". We further propose how to formulate kaon condensation and hyperons in compact-star matter in a framework anchored on a single effective Lagrangian by treating hyperons as the Callan–Klebanov kaon-skyrmion bound states simulated on crystal lattice. This formulation suggests that hyperons can figure in the stellar matter — if at all — when or after kaons condense, in contrast to the standard phenomenological approaches where the hyperons appear as the first strangeness degree of freedom in matter, thereby suppressing or delaying kaon condensation. In our simplified description of the stellar structure in terms of symmetry energies, which is compatible with that of the 1.97 solar mass star, kaon condensation plays a role of "doorway state" to strange quark matter.

Urgency of the research. Every day, scientists solve problems in economics. To find, which action leads to the expected result with the smallest losses and risks, it’s necessary to predict the further development of events. Target setting. The most widespread problem is the allocation of resources. To make proper calculations and right decisions of distribution, the science of economic theory exists. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The studies of Khaikin S. and Callan R. are the most famous among the studies of foreign authors. Yakhyaeva G. E. investigated the theory of neural networks. Matviychuk A. V. suggested a methodical approach to forecasting financial time series with the use of neural networks. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. At the moment about 200 methods of estimation are being used, but in practice only a few of them are used. The research objective. The study of each criterion takes a lot of time on preparation of data for the study and careful verification of the original data. For this, it is necessary to choose the correct methodology for developing a forecast to identify the problems to be solved. The statement of basic materials. In this article, the stages of research and prediction are considered of wholesale prices for petroleum products, a methodological approach is proposed in order to evaluate the accuracy of forecasting using neural networks, based on an algorithm with linear partial descriptions of the method of group accounting of the argument. Conclusions. The proposed methodological approach to estimating the accuracy of forecasting using neural networks shows that neural networks allow us to obtain reliable predictions. However, the data on which the training took place had a high degree of similarity among itself, therefore the proposed methodological approach on the one hand does not pretend to be "universal" in forecasting for different sectors of the Ukrainian economy, since different industries have their own characteristics. On the other hand, it can become universal and will allow us to obtain reliable forecasts when taking into account modern features of the development of the Ukrainian economy.

AbstractA large number of naked, fossil spore tetrads assignable to the dispersed microspore genera Indotriradites, Microbaculispora and Microfoveolatispora are reported for the first time from an early Permian stratum (Lower Barakar Formation) of Singrauli Coalfield, Son-Mahanadi Basin, Central India. This is also the first record of tetrads from any Artinskian strata in the world. There is no evidence of any kind of sporangia or related plant parts in the present investigation that could ascertain the affinity of these tetrads; however, the presence of a trilete mark in the spores of the tetrads demonstrates their alliance at least with the pteridophyte group. The present study suggests possible factors affecting the sporogenesis process in the past, considering other available global records pertaining to fossil spore tetrads. The results of significant physiological and biochemical analyses performed on the anthers of modern plants related to reproductive biology, in order to understand the conditions and changes responsible for the formation of tetrads, are also considered. We analysed the globally occurring fossil tetrads and the palaeoclimates prevailing during their deposition. A correlation between extreme climatic conditions, specific pH values inside microsporangium and the formation of tetrad is envisaged. It is deduced that extreme climatic conditions (extreme cold/extreme hot) might have triggered some sort of malfunctioning in the sporogenesis process that altered the specific pH values inside the microsporangium. Any restraint of the activity of the callase enzyme, responsible for dissolution of callose walls laid between the individual spores, may therefore have apprehended the dissociation of tetrads into individual spores.

AbstractThe Caledonides of Britain and Ireland include terranes attributed to both Laurentian and Gondwanan sources, separated along the Solway line. Gondwanan elements to the south have been variably assigned to the domains Ganderia and East Avalonia. The Midland Platform forms the core of East Avalonia but its provenance is poorly known. Laser ablation split-stream analysis yields information about detrital zircon provenance by providing simultaneous U–Pb and Lu–Hf data from the same ablated volume. A sample of Red Callavia Sandstone from uppermost Cambrian Stage 3 of the Midland Platform yields a U–Pb age spectrum dominated by Neoproterozoic and Palaeoproterozoic sources, resembling those in the Welsh Basin, the Meguma Terrane of Nova Scotia and NW Africa. Initial εHf values suggest that the Neoproterozoic zircon component was derived mainly from crustal sources &lt; 2 Ga, and imply that the more evolved Palaeoproterozoic grains were transported into the basin from an older source terrane, probably the Eburnean Orogen of West Africa. A sample from Cambrian Stage 4 in the Bray Group of the Leinster–Lakesman Terrane shows, in contrast, a distribution of both U–Pb ages and εHf values closely similar to those of the Gander Terrane in Newfoundland and other terranes attributed to Ganderia, interpreted to be derived from the margin of Amazonia. East Avalonia is clearly distinct from Ganderia, but shows evidence for older crustal components not present in West Avalonia of Newfoundland. These three components of the Appalachian–Caledonide Orogen came from distinct sources on the margin of Cambrian Gondwana.

New shumardiid trilobites from Arenig to Early Caradoc deposits of the Argentine Precordillera include species of a revised Kweichowilla (K. salasae, K. sterrenae, and K. piojensis) and the new genus Changchowilla (C. sanjuanina and C. gracielae, and C.? carrerai). Conophrys fabiani new species occurs in the Early Tremadoc of the western Puna region, northwestern Argentina. Leoforteyia new genus is based on L. hintzei new species from the Ibexian of Utah. Published taxa recognized as new species are Conophrys rushtoni, Conophrys wrighti, Leoforteyia ludvigseni and Shumardia whittingtoni. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the differentiation of Shumardia Billings, 1862; Kweichowilla Chang, 1964; Changchowilla new genus; and Leoforteyia new genus as separate taxa and indicates that Conophrys Callaway, 1877, is a grade group. Silicified material provides a nearly complete growth series for Kweichowilla salasae, including the first protaspides known with confidence for the Shumardiidae. Additionally, ontogenetic material for K. sterrenae, C. sanjuanina, C. riojana (Benedetto and Cañas) and C.? carrerai is described.Leoforteyia is restricted to the Ibexian-Whiterockian of western Laurentia; species of Shumardia are widespread in the Arenig to Early Ashgill of western Europe, Australia, Laurentia, China and Russia. Changchowilla is recorded in the mid-Late Arenig-Llanvirn of the Precordillera and in the Llanvirn-middle Caradoc of China. Argentine species of Kweichowilla are closely allied to Australian species, suggesting biogeographic affinities of the Precordillera to the eastern margin of Gondwana by the Llanvirn and Caradoc.Functional morphology, occurrence in fine grained sediments, and association mainly with atheloptic and pelagic trilobites suggest that shumardiids were deposit-feeders that inhabited low light levels in low energy settings, with a limited ability to burrow in soft sediments.

Abstract Background There is no standard treatment for R/R MCL that fail first line treatment. Non cross resistant regimens are usually used, which provided sometimes good overall response rate (until 93%) but with a minor disease control (PFS<2years). [1] The main objective of these salvage regimens is to bypass disease resistance, to obtain more profound ( deep or durable) response and to ensure, in younger patients, the option of performing autologous or allogenic stem cell transplantation. For older patients prolonging disease free survival is the aim. The new combination RiVBD (Rituximab-Bendamustine-Bortezomib-Dexametasone) has recently shown to be an effective regimen in frontline for eldery patients with a good tolerability profile (NCT 01457144). [2] Many French centers have also used this association for the R/R patients. Aim To explore the efficacy of the RiBVD regimen in the salvage therapy setting following failure of one, two or more prior treatments. Methods We proposed to all French LYSA partner centers a survey to retrospectively evaluate the efficacy of the RiBVD regimen in R/R MCL patients, regardless of prior treatments used. The RiBVD regimen comprises : Rituximab 375mg/sqm D1, Bendamustine 90mg/sqm D1 and D2, bortezomib 1,3mg/sqm D1, D4, D8, D11 and dexamethasone 40 mg D2. Analysis was performed in June 2016. Results From January 2012 to December 2015, 49 patients from 17 French hematological centers were recruited to the study. The median age was 72 years (50-91y) with 14 young (<65y) and 35 older patients (> 65y). Thirty eight cases presented with classic MCL variant and 11 had a blastoid variant. All patients but one were CD20+, CD5+, CD10- and were positive CYCLIN D1 expression and/or the t(11;14)(q13;q32). Eighteen patients presented a t(11;14) (q13;q32).The CYCLIN D1 negative patient had a t(11;14). Treatment history: Twenty seven patients received RiBVD in second line, 12 in third line and 10 patients after the third lines. Twenty two patients were refractory to their previous line and 27 were in relapse. Before RiBVD 44/49 patients (90%) had received high dose cytarabine, 3 Ibrutinib and 14 patients were intensified (11 at diagnosis, 3 in relapse). Efficacy: The global overall response rate (ORR) was 75% (37/49, 23 CR and 14 PR). For patients treated in 2nd line, the ORR was 85% (23/27, 16 CR and 7 PR), in 3nd line 58% (7/12, 4 CR and 3 PR), and 70% (7/10) for the others (3 CR and 4 PR). Young patients had an ORR of 64% (9/14, 8 CR, 2 RP) and elderly pts 77% (27/35, 15 CR, 12 PR). For relapsed and refractory pts the ORR was respectively 85% (23/27, 15 CR and 8 PR) and 63% (14/22 with 8 CR and 6 PR). For Classic and blastoid variants the ORR was 81.5% (31/38, 20 CR and 11 PR) and 54% (6/11, 3 CR and 3 PR) respectively. Note that 2/3 pts receiving RiBVD regimen post Ibrutinib failure, reached PR (n=2) and showed stable disease (n=1). Major toxicities were seen in 31 pts (63%) with grade 3/4 hematological toxicity in 22 pts, grade 3 neurotoxicity in 3 pts, grade 3/4 cardiotoxicity in 3 pts, grade 3/4 infectious complications in 8 pts, grade 4 fatigue in 3 pts and grade 3 digestive-tract or cutaneous toxicity in one pt each. At the update point, 17 pts had died, 15 for lymphoma progression, 2 for TRM while experiencing a CR (infectious and leukemia). The follow-up of the 32 surviving pts was 14.5 month. The median PFS was 9 months for the 49 pts. The PFS was statistically affected by the pathologic type (classic vs Blastoid, p=0.03), the number of prior treatment (one vs >one, p=0.04) and response to RiBVD (CR vs PR vs no response, p<0.0001 with a median PFS not reached for CR pts, 6 months for PR and 2 months for no response. The age (<65 vs >65) or the state (relapse or refractory) at the time of RiBVD had no impact on PFS. Conclusion The RiBVD regimen which shows remarkable efficacy in frontline treatment of elderly MCL pts, shows potential as a salvage therapy for refractory or relapsed MCL following cytarabine based treatment. This is particularly true for the 47% of patients achieving CR for which 2 years PFS was 71% regardless of their age. 1. Cheah CY, Seymour JF, Wang ML. Mantle Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 1256-1269. 2. Gressin R, Callanan M, Daguindau N et al. Frontline therapy with the RiBVD regimen elicits high Clinical and Molecular Response Rates and long PFS in elderly patients Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL); Final Results of a Prospective Phase II trial by the LYSA group. Blood 2014. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract Introduction: Proteases in the cancer microenvironment have been studied for decades, with a general conclusion that such proteases facilitate the spread of cancer, although there is some controversy regrading that conclusion in later stages of cancer development. More recently, a very large collection of data regarding mutant amino acids in the potential substrates of the cancer microenvironment has become available. Methods: To better understand the potential impact of these mutant amino acids on protease function and cancer progression, we established a bioinformatics approach to assessing the impact of melanoma mutants, among a previously defined set of ECM structural proteins, on MMP2, a protease extensively associated with melanoma in terms of both protease sensitivity and MHC class I binding using original software. Additionally, T-cell receptor TRα and TRβ recombinations were bioinformatically obtained using whole-exome sequencing data from 479 melanoma tumor samples. Results: Tumor samples with mutant amino acids adjacent to ECM structural protein, MMP2-cleavage sites represented a better survival rate and a larger proportion of mutant peptides with high HLA class I binding affinities, particularly in comparison to melanoma samples lacking a T-cell infiltrate. Furthermore, even better MHC class I binders, as a group, were identified among the sample representing ECM structural proteins mutants not adjacent to MMP2 sensitive sites and evincing a relatively poor survival rate. Conclusion: Overall, this analysis suggested that MMP2 has the capacity of freeing mutant peptides that could facilitate an antitumor response and a better survival rate, and this analysis has the potential of resolving some of the controversy surrounding the role of cancer proteases in cancer progression. Citation Format: Saif Zaman, Boris I. Chobrutskiy, Jay S. Patel, Blake M. Callahan, Moody Mihyu, Andrea Diviney, Wei Lue Tong, George Blanck. Potential neoantigen release and increased lymphocyte activity is facilitated by matrix metalloproteinase-dependent cleavage of mutant matrisome peptides in cutaneous melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B12.

The birth of a high-risk infant such as an extremely premature infant can represent an important traumatic experience for mothers. Perinatal Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPTSDQ) explores retrospectively maternal post-traumatic stress reaction. This shelf-rating questionnaire explores the potential for experiencing posttraumatic symptoms related to childbirth and the ensuing post-natal period. The PTSD questionnaire was originally developed by DeMier and Hynan and their colleagues at the University of Wisconsin and has been widely used in research and in clinical practice for identifying mothers experiencing significant emotional distress during the post-natal period, so they may be referred for mental health services. The present study aims to introduce this tool in perinatal settings as an early intervention. It has been widely used with other measures of post-traumatic stress and depression, such as the Openness Scale from the NEO-PR, the self-report measure of depression BDI-II, the IES (Impact Event Scale) and the EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). Although already a useful clinical instrument the current study used the revised version. This modification refines the response options from dichotomous choices to a Likert scale format by Callahan Borja and Hynan. Numerous qualitative and quantitative studies state that premature delivery is a highly stressful event and document the full range of post-traumatic sequelae, such as intrusive recollections, behavioral avoidance, and hyperarousal, as well as attachment difficulties following childbirth. Furthermore, the severity of neonatal complications and gestational age have been found to be predictive of PTSD symptomatology in parents as measured by the PPQ. For this reason, the current study aims to give increased focus to mothers having a premature birth and often expecting their children to die. The sample comprises 25 mothers of prematurely born infants hospitalized in the NICU and 25 mothers of full-term infants born in the maternity ward of the same Greek hospital who responded to the Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire and equally the PERI a postnatal complication rating inventory and the clinical interview for parents CLIP. Mothers of high-risk infants present post-traumatic stress reactions related to prematurity. The Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire identifies postnatal maternal distress but should not substitute a clinical interview, yet findings indicate that equally identifies pre-existing distress symptoms associated with maternal personality traits that emerged with the traumatic event of the unexpected birth. Due to the consistency of the population of the experimental group, who come mostly from the provinces, the possibility of a follow- up of the cases is quite limited.

Background:Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic relapsing and remitting multi-system involving autoimmune condition mainly affecting females of reproductive years. As any other chronic disease needing long term treatment and follow up, proper patient education and high level of patients’ knowledge on their own diagnosis is mandatory for the optimum management. It is proven that poor patient awareness has led to poor compliance and catastrophic relapses. There were no Sri Lankan study to assess patients’ knowledge on SLE and its management.Objectives:To describe the demographic data, any exposure to patient education and to assess knowledge about their own diagnosis and its management among a group of already diagnosed patients with SLE attending rheumatology clinic in National Hospital of Sri Lanka.Methods:A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out with convenience sampling and data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. All already diagnosed patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus attending the Rheumatology clinic during the data collection period were invited to participate in the study and total of 45 were enrolled with 100% response rate.Results:Overall 45 participants were in the study and all were females. The mean age was 37 (±12.53) years and the average disease duration was 62 months. Considering the exposure to patient education 89.87% had at least one type of patient education and 10.1% had none. A significant proportion (84.4%) was aware about their own diagnosis and 82.2% was able to correctly mention their current medication. Overall knowledge about the disease and its management was moderate (68.7%) among this study population according to our scoring system. However, they had a poor knowledge (45%) relating to pregnancy and contraception.Conclusion:The above study describes important demographic data, exposure to patient education and patients’ knowledge about their own disease in population of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients attending National Hospital of Sri Lanka. Their overall knowledge regarding SLE, its management and complications were at a moderate level and awareness regarding pregnancy and contraception in a SLE patient was at a lower level. Therefore, clinicians should pay more attention in to patient education when managing conditions like SLE as it directly affect the patients’ compliance and overall disease outcome.References:[1]Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, et al. Hormonal, environmental, and infectious risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:1714.[2]Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Karlson EW. Reproductive and menopausal factors and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in women. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56:1251.[3]Lahita RG. The role of sex hormones in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1999; 11:352.[4]Hochberg MC. The incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Baltimore, Maryland, 1970-1977. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28:80.[5]Serdula MK, Rhoads GG. Frequency of systemic lupus erythematosus in different ethnic groups in Hawaii. Arthritis Rheum 1979; 22:328.[6]Fernández M, Alarcón GS, Calvo-Alén J, et al. A multiethnic, multicenter cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as a model for the study of ethnic disparities in SLE. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57:576.[7]Callahan LF, Pincus T. Associations between clinical status questionnaire scores and formal education level in persons with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33:407.[8]Petri M, Perez-Gutthann S, Longenecker JC, Hochberg M. Morbidity of systemic lupus erythematosus: role of race and socioeconomic status. Am J Med 1991; 91:345.[9]Soe YM, Thant WLY, Sara Z, Nann Z, Oo PP, Kyaw PP, Lin KS, Aung KLL, Soe C. knowledge about their own disease among systemic erythematosus patients. Researchgate doi: 10.1111/1756 – 185x.13361.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

In the Murmansk Region floodplain meadows of class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937 being there on the northern limit of distribution in Europe, rarely occur along the large rivers. The research with purpose of classification was conducted in lower stream of the Varzuga River, which is one of the largest (254 km long) river on Kola Peninsula. Few large islands are disposed in the lower course of the river. Riverbanks are formed mainly by sandstones and moraine deposits which prevent the formation of a vast floodplain formation; its the largest area is situated downstream the Varzuga village, that is one of the oldest settlements of Kola Peninsula, arisen in 15 century. The agriculture period on floodplains around the village has about 500 years of regular mowing and grazing. The river basin is located in the taiga zone. Adjacent spruce and pine forests belong to associations Empetro–Piceetum obovatae (Sambuk 1932) Morozova 2008 and Cladonio arbusculae–Pinetum sylvestris (Cajander 1921) K.-Lund 1967, bogs — to ass. Empetro–Sphagnetum fusci (Du Rietz (1921) 1926) Dierssen 1982. Ferns and tall herbs dominated birch forests occur on Varzuga River islands. Sandy beach vegetation of Ammophiletea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Westhoff et al. 1946 and halophytic marshes of Junceteamaritimi Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1952 were described in the river mouth (Koroleva, 1999; Koroleva et al., 2011). Floodplain meadows (Fig. 1) were studied on the river banks and on islands from the Varzuga village to river mouth, in July and August in 2013 and 2015. 46 relevés were performed on sample plots mainly 10×10 m on the base of Braun-Blanquet approach. The syntaxa of high level are in accordance with latest survey by L. Mucina et al. (2016). Floodplain meadows belong to the alliance Astragalo subpolaris–Festucion rubrae all. nov. hoc loco (holotypus — Anthoxantho alpini–Geranietum sylvatici ass. nov. hoc loco) (Table 1) with following diagnostic species: Sanguisorba polygama, Dianthus superbus, Astragalus subpolaris, Oxytropis sordida, Myosotis asiatica, Veratrum lobelianum, Hedysarum arcticum, Senecio nemorensis, Allium schoenoprasum, Potentilla crantzii. Plant communities include mesophytic herbs, diagnostic species of classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač et Klika in Klika et Hadač 1944, with group of species characteristic for tundra meadows (Dianthus superbus, Astragalus subpolaris, Oxytropis sordida, Bistorta vivipara and Potentilla crantzii). More than half of diagnostic species of alliance Astragalo subpolaris–Festucion rubrae have arctic, arctic-alpine and hypoarctic distribution. Two associations belong to this alliance: ass. Diantho superbi–Festucetum ovinae ass. nov. (Table 2; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 2 (186/13), Fig. 2) with diagnostic species Dianthus superbus, Thymus subarcticus, Campanula rotundifolia, Antennaria ­dioica, Calluna vulgaris, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Viola canina, Potentilla crantzii, P. erecta, Sonchus arvensis, Pilosella laticeps. Low-herb meadows, being used as a pasture, occur mainly on higher and dryer habitats, than the next association. Ass. Antho­xantho alpini–Geranietum sylvatici ass. nov. (Table 3; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 17 (136/13), Fig. 3) includes regularly mowed tall-herb meadows formed after deforestation. Diagnostic taxa are Anthoxanthum alpinum, Geranium sylvaticum, Angelica sylvestris, Phleum pratense, Trollius europaeus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cirsium heterophyllum, Vicia cracca. Ass. Filipendulo ulmariae–Deschampsietum cespitosae Shushpannikova et Yamalov 2013 of alliance Deschampsion cespitosae Horvatić 1930 (Table 4) was described in wet depressions near the village. Diagnostic taxa are Deschampsia cespitosa and Filipendula ulmaria. Community type Festuca rubra–Ligusticum scothicum of alliance Conioselinion tatarici Golub et al. 2003 (Table 5) occurs on the islands and in floodplain in the Varzuga river mouth. Diagnostic taxa are Ligusticum scothicum, Festuca rubra, Potentilla egedii, Primula finmarchica, Alopecurus arundinaceus, Calamagrostis neglecta, Lathyrus aleuticus, Carex lanceolata, Eleocharis palustris. Floodplain meadows of class Molinio-Arrhena­the­retea are rich of species, with about 140 vascular plants, 20 % of which occur with high constancy (more than 60 % of presence in at least one syntaxa), and 20 % with high cover (more than 5 % at least in one community). The composition of meadows reflects the habitats specific, with short spring flood, regular grazing and mowing, close neighboring of birch and pine forests, tundra zone and White Sea shore. These meadows are worth status of the special protected area «Floodplain meadows in the valley and islands of Varzuga River». If the idea of the National Park «Terskiy Bereg» is revived, the analyzed meadows are to be included in the protected area of natural and cultural heritage, with special regime of mowing and moderate grazing.

Abstract Background - Chemotherapy is the current backbone of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for approved indications in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). While it is expected that different chemotherapeutic agents might have distinct immunomodulatory effects, data in patients is scarce. Here we compared the early modulation of molecular pathways and immune-related features in TNBC patients receiving neoadjuvant doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) or nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin (nab/C). Methods - Two cohorts of TNBC patients with available RNA-seq for paired core biopsies obtained before (baseline) and after the first cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (day 21, D1C2) were selected: i) 84 patients treated with nab/C from the control arm of the NeoTRIPaPDL1 trial (Gianni L SABCS 2019, Bianchini G ESMO 2021); ii) 22 patients treated with AC from a publicly available dataset (Park Nat Comms 2020). Presence of immune cell populations was estimated by gene expression profile deconvolution using ConsensusTME R package (n=19). Hallmark gene set collection and custom signature activation status were estimated in each sample using singscore R package (n=63). We also assessed modulation of PD-L1 gene expression and selected immune-related genes. To minimize batch effects between the two cohorts, in each dataset, median score expression at baseline was subtracted from all samples. Continuous scores were compared by 2-sided t-test. Results - Thirty-nine pathways were significantly and similarly modulated in both cohorts (all p&lt;0.01) at D1C2 compared to baseline. They included upregulation of all immune cell related signatures (e.g. T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages, B cells and NK), immune function-related signatures and apoptosis, and downregulation of proliferation related signatures. PD-L1 gene expression was upregulated in both cohorts (p&lt;0.001). A comparison between D1C2 of the two cohorts was performed to evaluate whether chemotherapies differently modulated gene signatures. Nab/C more strongly downregulated signatures of G2M checkpoint, mitotic spindle, DNA repair, MYC targets and oxidative phosphorylation. AC more strongly upregulated some immune-related signatures (e.g. cytotoxic cells, CD4+ T-cells, regulatory T cells, IL2/STAT5 and JAK/STAT3) and apoptosis. PD-L1 was more upregulated in AC cohort (p=0.006). For each signature, we identified, in each cohort, patients ‘signature high’ and ‘signature low’ using the median value at baseline as a threshold. We then investigated whether signature modulation at D1C2 was different in the two groups. In ‘signature high’ patients, immune-related signatures were similarly upregulated, whereas nab/C showed downregulation of proliferation related markers. In ‘signature low’ patients, a more robust upregulation of all immune-related signatures was observed in both cohorts (all p&lt;0.0001), but it was quantitatively stronger in AC arm for several immune signatures (e.g. cytotoxic cells, gamma/delta T cells, CD4+ T-cells, regulatory T cells, NK) (p&lt;0.01). PD-L1 was significantly upregulated at D1C2 only in PD-L1 low group in both cohorts (p&lt;0.0001), but the effect was stronger in AC (p=0.014). Chemotherapy induced modulation of other individual genes will be presented at the meeting. Conclusions - The two investigated chemotherapy regimens had a strong early immunomodulatory and chemoattractant effect, which confirms the rationale for combination with ICIs. Anthracyclines elicit a quantitatively stronger immune modulatory effect compared to nab/C, which is particularly evident in. “immune low” tumors. These observations can have clinical implications for the selection of the ideal chemotherapy partner to ICIs in not-inflamed/PD-L1 negative tumors. Citation Format: Maurizio Callari, Marco Barreca, Matteo Dugo, Barbara Galbardi, Lucia Viganò, Alberta Locatelli, Luca Licata, Giulia Viale, Pinuccia Valagussa, Giuseppe Viale, Luca Gianni, Giampaolo Bianchini. Comparison of early modulation of biological pathways and immune microenvironment by anthracyclines- or taxane-based treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD10-09.

Abstract Background Immunecheckpoint inhibitors are effective in early and advanced TNBC, however only aminority of patients benefit making precision immune-oncology a major unmetneed. Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) enables high dimensional tissue imaging atsubcellular resolution for assessment of TNBC ecosystems, providing informationon cell type composition, functional status, and spatial organisation. Methods InNeoTRIP patients with TNBC were randomized to eight cycles ofnab-paclitaxel/carbo (CT) with/without atezolizumab (CTA). Forty-four proteinsspanning cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) were assessed onpre-treatment biopsies (n=243/280; 86.8% evaluable after QC). FFPE samples werelabelled with antibodies conjugated to isotopically pure rare earth metalreporters and profiled at one micron resolution by IMC. For each sample, wehave generated three high dimensional images that encompass the tumor,tumor-stroma interface and adjacent stroma. We investigated the association ofprotein expression assessed separately for epithelial and TME cells, cellphenotypes, and spatial architectures with PD-L1 status (Ventana SP142),stromal TILs, TNBC types and pathological complete response (pCR). 237 patients(84.6%) have both IMC and RNA-seq available allowing for comparison with genesignatures derived from HALLMARK,ConsensusTME immune cell types, and Nanostring. Results Across243 samples we identify just over one million single cells. By supervised clustering,we defined 37 robust cell phenotypes. PD-L1-positive tumors, high stromal TILsand TNBC type were characterized by extreme heterogeneity and unique cell-type andspatial TME composition. Severalbiomarkers demonstrated a significant test for interaction. Considering proteinexpression, GATA3 and CD20 on TME, HLA-DR in epithelial cells and Ki67 assessedboth in epithelial and TME, had a significant test for interaction (p &lt;0.05). For all these biomarkers, high expression (above median) was associatedwith an increase of pCR of &gt;10% in favour of atezolizumab, whereas lowerexpression group demonstrated a similar pCR rate among arms.Two cellphenotypes, PD-L1+IDO+ antigen presenting cells (APCs) and CD56+ neuroendocrine(NE) epithelial cells, had a significant test for interaction. Higherexpression of these biomarkers was associated with higher likelihood of pCR in CTAarm, but not in CT arm. For example, PD-L1+IDO+APCs in the CTA arm wereassociated with pCR proportions of 64.6% and 24.6% for above- and below-mediangroups respectively (OR4.5 [2.01-10.1], p&lt;0.001).Mostof these tests of interaction retained significance after adjustment by PD-L1status and stromal TILs. Notably, none among 61 gene-expression basedimmune-related pathways and 7 proliferation-related signatures demonstrated a significant test ofinteraction. Resultsof systematic multi-tiered image analysis at the levels of cell-cellinteractions and recurrent higher order multicellular complexes defining TNBC ecosystemsidentified by graph-based methods will be presented at the meeting. Conclusions Imaging mass cytometry provides a morecomprehensive overview of TNBC heterogeneity at a single-cell level withspatial resolution. Bulk protein or gene expression might deliver limitedpredictive information because it does not consider the cell compartment ofexpression. Precise cell phenotyping highlights the predictive role ofPD-L1+IDO+APCs and CD56+NE epithelial cells. Overall, we demonstrated that IMCis feasible in a large, randomized trial and provides independent predictiveinformation on immune checkpoint inhibitors benefit to PD-L1, TILs and gene-expressionprofiles. Citation Format: Giampaolo Bianchini, Xiao Qian Wang, Esther Danenberg, Chiun-Sheng Huang, Daniel Egle, Maurizio Callari, Begoña Bermejo, Claudio Zamagni, Marc Thill, Anton Anton, Matteo Dugo, Stefania Zambelli, Stefania Russo, Eva Maria Ciruelos, Richard Greil, Vladimir Semiglazov, Marco Colleoni, Catherine Kelly, Gabriella Mariani, Lucia Del Mastro, Balázs Győrffy, Olivia Biasi, Pinuccia Valagussa, Giuseppe Viale, Luca Gianni, H Raza Ali. Single-cell spatial analysis by imaging mass cytometry and immunotherapy response in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in the NeoTRIPaPDL1 trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS1-00.

Abstract Background The identification of biomarkers for optimization of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) treatment is an unmet clinical need. In the Phase III randomized trial, NeoTRIPaPDL1, a post-hoc analysis of whole transcriptome RNA-Seq data, previously showed that the 27-gene IO score is a potential predictive biomarker of increased pathological complete response with the addition of atezolizumab to carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel (Bianchini G ESMO 2021). However, the laboratory implementation of gene-expression signatures measured using RNA-seq is challenging. Therefore, we further assessed the predictive value of the IO score using a twenty-seven gene RT-qPCR assay on NeoTRIP samples, and compared to the previously reported RNA-Seq version of the assay. Methods The NeoTRIP study randomized patients to eight cycles of carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel (CT) with or without atezolizumab (CT/A). 258 patients were evaluable for pCR (breast and nodes) as Per-Protocol Population. We assessed the IO score as binary and continuous variables using the CAP/CLIA validated DetermaIO qPCR test (Saltman et al 2021) on pre-treatment core biopsies (n=220/258; 85.3%), all of which have RNA-Seq data available. We evaluated the association between IO score defined by RT-qPCR and RNA-Seq, and the association of the IO score defined by RT-qPCR test with PD-L1 IHC (Ventana SP142), stromal TILs (sTILs), and pCR. Results Comparison of continuous IO scores between the RT-qPCR assay and the RNA-Seq algorithm had a Pearson’s correlation of 0.94 (p &lt; 0.0001). High agreement between categorical IO scores was also observed (Cohens’ kappa = 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77-0.91; p &lt; 0.0001). RT-qPCR IO score was balanced in the two arms (p = 0.65) with 44% and 40% positive patients in the CT and CT/A arms, respectively. The RT-qPCR IO score was correlated with both PD-L1 (Pearson’s r = 0.64; p &lt; 0.0001) and sTILs (Pearson’s r = 0.67; p &lt; 0.0001). Continuous IO score was significantly predictive of pCR in CT/A (Odds ratio [OR] = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.20-8.10; p&lt;0.019), but not CT arm (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 0.54-3.01; p = 0.578). Considering the binary IO score, OR were 2.87 [1.27-6.47] (p = 0.011) and 0.91 [0.43-1.93] (p = 0.812), in CT/A and CT, respectively (interaction test p = 0.043). The pCR rate for CT/A vs CT was 69.8% vs 46.9% in IO score positive [+22.9%, p = 0.046, Chi-squared test] and 44.6% vs 49.2% [-4.6%, p = 0.73] in IO score negative. A significant interaction was found between continuous PD-L1 and continuous IO-score (p = 0.006). Among PD-L1-neg, 9 patients were IO score positive (10.1%). The pCR rate in this group was 3/4 (75%) in the CT/A arm and 1/5 (20%) in CT arm. The predictive value of IO score by RT-qPCR was similar to RNA-Seq. Conclusions We observed a high level of agreement and concordance between IO scores assessed by RT-qPCR and RNA-Seq, indicating that the 27-gene IO assay and algorithm is robust and the choice of platform has limited impact. This finding also demonstrates the high quality of NeoTRIP RNA-Seq data. In this post-hoc analysis, IO score assessment by this CLIA validated RT-qPCR test was confirmed to be predictive of atezolizumab benefit over CT alone in a randomized trial. Citation Format: Matteo Dugo, Chiun-Sheng Huang, Daniel Egle, Begoña Bermejo, Claudio Zamagni, Robert S. Seitz, Tyler J. Nielsen, Marc Thill, Antonio Anton, Stefania Russo, Eva Maria Ciruelos, Brock L. Schweitzer, Douglas T. Ross, Barbara Galbardi, Richard Greil, Vladimir Semiglazov, Balázs Gyorffy, Marco Colleoni, Catherine Kelly, Gabriella Mariani, Lucia Del Mastro, Pinuccia Valagussa, Giuseppe Viale, Maurizio Callari, Luca Gianni, Giampaolo Bianchini. Predictive value of RT-qPCR 27-gene IO score and comparison with RNA-Seq IO score in the NeoTRIPaPDL1 trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD10-06.

Abstract Background: ctDNA analysis is emerging as an attractive non-invasive approach to characterize tumor biology, describe its evolution over time, and predict treatment benefit. Here, we assessed the prognostic and predictive role of baseline and dynamic ctDNA analysis in HR+/HER2- aBC patients (pts) treated with R+L. Methods: 287 postmenopausal pts were enrolled in the BioItaLEE trial (NCT03439046). Liquid biopsies were collected at baseline (D0; n=263), day 15 of cycle 1 (D15; n=238), day 1 of cycle 2 (C2D1; n=241) and at first imaging (FI, at approximately 12 weeks; n=206). ctDNA analysis was carried out using a 533-amplicon Custom AmpliSeq HD Panel, with amplicons covering the coding exons of 39 BC-related genes (limit of detection: 0.1%). Target mutations were defined as single-nucleotide variant (SNV) or Insertion/Deletion detected at D0. When multiple target mutations were detected, the one with the highest variant allele frequency (VAF) was considered. The association between pre-treatment and on-treatment ctDNA dynamics with progression-free survival (PFS) was assessed using Multivariate Cox models. VAF clearance was defined as 100% decrease in a target mutation. Results: Median follow-up was 26.9 months and median PFS was 23.39 (20.8-NE) months. At baseline, target mutations were detected in 113 pts (43.0%), whereas 150 pts were wild-type (wt). Mean (SD) pre-treatment VAF at D0 was 11.3% (14.4). The absence of a target mutation at D0 was associated with good prognosis (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.27–0.61; p&lt;0.0001). Considering early ctDNA dynamics, a significant VAF reduction was observed at D15 and C2D1 with a mean (SD) change of -64.3% (55.9) and -68.6% (52.2), respectively. In pts with a target mutation detected at baseline, early VAF clearance was observed in 47.1% of pts at D15 and in 52.4% of pts at C2D1. Clearance at D15 or C2D1 was associated with improved PFS (D15, HR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.28-0.91, p=0.0228; C2D1, HR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.25-0.78, p=0.0052). Pts achieving clearance at D15, which was maintained at C2D1 (39.4%) had the lowest risk of progression compared to those who had no clearance at any or both timepoints (HR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.20-0.79; p=0.084). Monitoring of the 150 pts without a detectable target mutation at baseline revealed a new, detectable mutation at later timepoints (D15, C2D1 and FI) in 34 pts (22.7%). The absence of new mutations was associated with a lower risk of progression (HR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24-0.85; p=0.0143). Considering all time points individually, D15 was the most informative of patient outcome. Indeed, pts without mutation at D15 (42.9%) had an extremely favorable outcome, either because they achieved early treatment-related clearance or maintained baseline absence of a target mutation (HR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.20-0.51; p&lt;0.0001). Notably, in pts with detectable target mutation at D15, a VAF below the median showed a trend for better prognosis versus high VAF (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.30-1.04; p=0.065). Conclusions: The presence of a detectable mutation in baseline liquid biopsies appears to be a negative prognostic factor. Within this high-risk group, early VAF clearance during the first R+L cycle was informative of treatment benefit and associated with a lower risk of progression. Monitoring of ctDNA in patients without baseline mutations demonstrated that the detection of new mutations by FI assessment was associated with worse outcome. Overall, pre-treatment and early dynamics of ctDNA (assessed by NGS) represent promising prognostic and predictive biomarkers in patients with HR+/HER2- aBC treated with ribociclib/letrozole in the first-line. Further studies are warranted to validate the clinical utility of these biomarkers. Citation Format: Giampaolo Bianchini, Luca Malorni, Grazia Arpino, Alberto Zambelli, Fabio Puglisi, Lucia Del Mastro, Marco Colleoni, Filippo Montemurro, Giulia Bianchi, Ida Paris, Giacomo Allegrini, Marina Elena Cazzaniga, Michele Orditura, Claudio Zamagni, Stefano Tamberi, Daniela Castelletti, Matteo Benelli, Maurizio Callari, Angela Santoro, Michelino De Laurentiis. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) dynamics in patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+)/HER2 negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer (aBC) treated in first line with ribociclib (R) and letrozole (L) in the BioItaLEE trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS3-07.

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The Status of Women in Leadership Tahani H. Alqahtani PhD student, Management at Aberdeen University – Lecturer, College of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Imam Mohamed Ibn Saud University. Abstract Even though females have indeed entered jobs previously closed to them, many occupations remain as gender-gapped now as they were half a century ago. Gender-segregated employment patterns are so tenacious because, they are built into the very organizational fabric of work and the workplace. Descriptive stereotyping describes what men and women are like and prescriptive stereotyping defines defining what women and men should be like. This literature review provides a broad understanding of the gender differences in leadership and the gender gap in organization. This literature review founds that gender-segregated employment patterns are so tenacious because they are built into the very organizational fabric of work and the workplace. Introduction The current literature concerning leadership from a variety of Eastern and Western countries highlights that, regardless of a recent global increase in the number of females entering the labour market, only a small number of professional women hold top management or leadership positions. In spite of the fact that the growth pattern of women in the labour force and their representation in leadership roles does differ across countries and regions, and although a number of women in leadership positions worldwide are making contributions both within and beyond their communities (Percupchick, 2011), the overarching observation can be made that a substantive gender gap exists in female’s representation in relation to leadership positions and decision-making across many sectors of society (Catalyst, 2016). Moreover, studies indicate that a large number of sometimes highly qualified women are choosing to step down from positions of authority and leave their careers (Rabas, 2013). This literature review provides a broad understanding of the gender differences in leadership and the gender gap in organization. Literature Review Research has identified the reasons for the persistence of women having a less expressive presence in management and leadership positions (Acker, 1991; Kolb et al., 1998; Simpson, 2004; Williams, 2001; England, 2010; Kellerman and Rhodes, 2014; Gipson, et al., 2017). Among these, the existence of a male-normed corporate culture and organizational structure is posited as a formidable obstacle to female progress in the workplace. The literature abounds with evidence of the way organizational norms, values and structures, disadvantage females in their career advancement at the institutional level (Morrison, 2012; Keohane, 2014). Looking specifically at the field of academia, for Nguyen (2012), “Policies and process in higher education can act as barriers against women assuming leadership and management positions” (p. 127). Acker (1990) suggests the existence of an organizational attitude behind these gender contrasts as a result of organizational structure, rather than any differences held to exist in the characters of males and females. Goveas and Aslam (2011, p. 236) state that a further important factor with the potential to hinder female's opportunities for development consists of “the unavailability of structured human resource policies and strategies addressing women workers, [which] has proven to be a major obstacle to women’s progress and development”. Referring specifically to the field of educational management, for Sui Chu Ho (2015), “Gender inequalities in staff recruitment, appointment and promotion exist in educational institutions, such as universities” (p. 87). She goes on to note how this evidence and claim to support it are actually routinely dismissed, both by those in authority and the general public. It is likely that hierarchal organizational structures create a setting in which women feel out of place due to gender variances (Morrison, 2012; Al-Shanfari, 2011; Keohane, 2014), resulting in many females stepping down or leaving from a post in a workplace at which their leadership abilities are being questioned. This conflict is further compounded by many jobs being designed around men’s objectives, and that many organizations are reluctant to support women within their workforce when potential career conflicts arise (Kellerman, and Rhode, 2012). Therefore, the ideal worker is male: “Images of men’s bodies and masculinity pervade organizational processes, marginalizing women and contributing to the maintenance of gendered segregation in organisations” (Acker 1990, p. 139). A key impact of organizational masculinity is the emotional labor expended by women in order to succeed. Connell (1987) states that gendered structures and practices operating within organizations result in very different career experiences and outcomes for women and men, and the most senior organizational positions are considered sites of hegemonic masculinity. Thus, organizational structure is not gender neutral and organizational culture reflects the wishes and needs of powerful men. In reviews of research into gender and leadership, limiting women’s progress in organizations is a well-documented phenomenon, including the persistence of gender stereotypes. Kanter (1977) identifies the ‘masculine ethic’ as part of the early image of leaders and managers. This masculine ethic elevates the traits assumed to be exclusive to men as requirements for effective management: a tough-minded approach to problems; analytical planning abilities; a capacity to set aside personal emotional considerations in the interests of task accomplishment; and cognitive superiority in problem-solving and decision-making (Kanter, 1977). Thus, even with regards to Kanter, (1977), although social construction presumes that these traits and characteristics supposedly belong to males only (or are at least more likely to be held by males), if practically all leaders and managers are men from the beginning, it should come as no surprise that when females attempt to enter leadership or management occupations the masculine ethic is invoked as an exclusionary principle Acker (1991) sees the ‘masculine ethic’ referred to earlier as the structural basis of organizations, in the sense that allegedly ‘masculine characteristics’ are built into the very fabric of organizations. As a result, the workplace itself is stacked against the equalization of opportunities for women. Acker (1991, p. 289) defines gendered organizations as occurring when “advantage and drawback, control and exploitation, emotion and action, identity and meaning, are patterned through and in terms of a distinction between female and male, feminine and masculine”. Thus, masculinity assumes control of the workplace environment or the business sphere in the subtlest of ways (Acker, 1991). Additionally, masculinity also appears to affect employees’ characters. The preferred employee presents her/himself as a masculine character in choice of clothes, language, and presentation (Acker, 1991). Furthermore, job opportunities and hierarchies are also filled in accordance with gender preferences, meaning that the positions should concur with what is deemed relevant and suitable for the gender that fills them (Kolb et al., 1998). In this way, gender implications have negatively influenced the progress of women in their working lives (Acker, 1991). Informal occupational segregation due to gender stereotypes as well as the gender biases commonly held by the wider society entail the trend of hiring women and men in different types of working areas and positions (Fitzsimmons, Callan, and Paulsen, 2014). Simpson (2004) argues that gender representation in social discourse and social perceptions of gender play a significant role in sustaining and promoting gendered employment. Consequently, these biased stereotypes, embedded in deep-rooted ideologies, automatically view job placement through the lens of gender (Simpson, 2004). Thus, work related to masculine organizations draws on the notion of a job requiring allegedly masculine qualities such as analytical skills, assertiveness and physical strength, in turn reinforcing more the idea of being ‘manliness’ being something distinct and unattainable for women. Unsurprisingly, as Britton and Logan (2008) note, these jobs, in turn, naturally attract more male applicants than females. At the same time, stereotypical assumptions that females pay more attention to detail, are more caring, and place value on physical attractiveness confine them to roles as teachers, nurses, administrators, and jobs in the beauty industry (Britton and Logan, 2008). Moreover, men are more likely to be selected for any ‘male-type’ position in a company even when women and men possess the same qualifications because of the implicit bias that, like for like, men perform better than women (Omar and Davidson, 2001). This leads individuals to believe that women do not have the necessary skills and so are unable to work effectively in male-type jobs. For example, because women are associated with activities that do not involve much in the way of physical strength (such as taking care of their children and families), they have traditionally been considered a second choice to men when it comes to jobs that involve working outdoors (Britton and Logan, 2008). England’s (2010) research has shown that in the twentieth century women have progressed at a sluggish pace in terms of workplace equality. Despite the fact that females have indeed entered jobs previously closed to them, many occupations remain as gender-gapped now as they were half a century ago. Moreover, she notes that at any level of the employment pyramid, females continue to lag behind males in terms of authority and pay, regardless of the closing gap between men and women in workplace seniority and educational attainment. Acker (1990) argues that such gender segregated employment patterns are so tenacious because, as noted, they are built into the very organizational fabric of work and the workplace. Stereotyping means generalizing behavioural characteristics of groups of individuals and then applying the generalization to people who are members of the group (Heilman, 2012). Recently, researchers have investigated gender stereotyping by dividing the generalizations into two properties, descriptive and prescriptive. Heilman (2012) concentrated on the importance of each of those properties. Descriptive stereotyping describes what men and women are like and prescriptive stereotyping defines defining what women and men should be like. For instance, descriptive stereotyping of women creates negative expectations about a woman’s performance as a leader owing to there is a lack of fit between the characteristics assigned to traditionally male leadership roles and the societal roles assigned to females. Prescriptive stereotypes, or ascribing behaviors women ought to emulate, and the agentic characteristics of leadership create an incongruity with expected women behavior (Wynen et al., 2014). Furthermore, Heilman argues that irrespective of whether gender stereotyping is prescriptive or descriptive, the practice impedes the progress of females into leadership roles. One source for gender inequalities in the work force is gender stereotyping in the form of occupational segregation (Wynen et al., 2014). Occupational segregation occurs because there is a separation of women or men in certain occupations or employment sectors (Wynen et al., 2014). This gender separation is seen in occupations such as doctors , nursing, lawyers and teaching. Often, teachers or nurses are portrayed as women, while, lawyers and doctors are portrayed as men. According to scholars in social role theory, such as Franke, Crown, and Spake (1997) and Eagly (1987) gender stereotyping in certain occupations is deeply inherent in societal roles for female and male. Although both women and men have been shown to exhibit biases toward women in high management positions (Eagly and Carli, 2007; Ellemers, Rink, Derks, and Ryan, 2012; Ryan et al., 2011), Ellemers et al. (2012) pointed out that most individuals prefer to believe in a just world where gender differentiation is rare and success is based on merit; thus, in most instances, they will treat allegations of unequal treatment unfavourably. This result lead to fewer reports for fear of negative repercussions, and consequently inequity is often not noticed, challenged, or addressed (Ellemers et al., 2012). Moreover, Ibarra et al (2013) believe that when organizations advise females to seek leadership positions without addressing the subtle biases that exist in practices and policies, the companies undermine the psychological development that should take place to become a leader. Conclusion In conclusion, this literature review has outlined how women face obstacles in different organizational context, limiting their ability to achieve empowerment by aspiring to and achieving leadership. Historically, certain factors have hindered women from being accepted as leaders, regardless of their achievements, which leads to an underestimation of their capabilities. This under-representation of qualified women in leadership roles is symbolic of the gender gap in the workplace.

Pentachlorophenol is used as an industrial wood preservative for utility poles, crossarms, fence posts, and other purposes (79%);for NaPCP (12%); and miscellaneous, including mill uses, consumer wood preserving formulations and herbicide intermediate (9%) (CMR, 1980). As a wood preservative, pentachlorophenol acts as both a fungicide and insecticide (Freiter, 1978). The miscellaneous mill uses primarily involve the application of pentachlorophenol as a slime reducer in paper and pulp milling and may constitute ∼6% of the total annual consumption of pentachlorophenol (Crosby et al., 1981). Sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP) is also used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent (Freiter, 1978). Pentachlorophenol also is used as a general herbicide (Martin and Worthing, 1977). Photolysis and microbial degradation are the important chemical removal mechanisms for pentachlorophenol in water. In surface waters, pentachlorophenol photolyzes rapidly (ECETOC, 1984; Wong and Crosby. 1981; Zepp et al., 1984); however, the photolytic rate decreases as the depth in water increases (Pignatello et al., 1983). Pentachlorophenol is readily biodegradable in the presence of accli-mated microorganisms; however, biodegradation in natural waters requires the presence of microbes that can become acclimated. A natural river water that had been receiving domestic and industrial effluents significantly biodegraded pentachlorophenol after a 15-day lag period, while an unpolluted natural river water was unable to biodegrade the compound (Banerjee et al., 1984). Even though pentachlorophenol is in ionized form in natural waters, sorption to organic particulate matter and sediments can occur (Schellenberg et al., 1984), with desorption contributing as a continuing source of pollution in a contaminated environment (Pierce and Victor, 1978). Experimentally determined BCFs have shown that pentachlorophenol can significantly accumulate in aquatic organisms (Gluth et al., 1985; Butte et al., 1985; Statham et al., 1976; Veith et al., 1979a,b; Ernst and Weber, 1978), which is consistent with its widespread detection in fish and other organisms. Direct photolysis may be an important environmental sink for pen tachlorophenol present in the atmosphere. The detection of pen tachlorophenol in snow and rain water (Paasivirta et al., 1985; Bevenue et al., 1972) suggests that removal from air by dissolution is possible. Soil degradation studies indicate that pentachlorophenol is biodegrad able; microbial decomposition is an important and potentially domin ant removal mechanism in soil (Baker et al., 1980; Baker and Mayfield, 1980; Edgehill and Finn, 1983; Kirsch and Etzel, 1973; Ahlborg and Thunberg, 1980). The degree to which pentachlorophenol leaches in soil is dependent on the type of soil. In soils of neutral pH, leaching may be significant, but in acidic soils, adsorption to soil generally increases (Callahan et al. , 1979; Sanborn et al. , 1977). The ionized form of pentachlorophenol may be susceptible to adsorption in some soils (Schellenberg et al., 1984). In laboratory soils, pen tachlorophenol decomposes faster in soils of high organic content as compared with low organic content, and faster when moisture content is high and the temperature is conducive to microbial activity. Half- lives are usually ∼2-4 weeks (Crosby et al., 1981). Monitoring studies have confirmed the widespread occurrence of pentachlorophenol in surface waters, groundwater, drinking water and industrial effluents (see Table 2). The U.S. EPA's National Urban Runoff Program and National Organic Monitoring Survey reported frequent detections in storm water runoff and public water supplies (Cole et al., 1984; Mello, 1978). Primary sources by which pen tachlorophenol may be emitted to environmental waters may be through its use in wood preservation and the associated effluents and its pesticidal applications. Pentachlorophenol can be emitted to the atmosphere by evaporation from treated wood or water surfaces, by releases from cooling towers using pentachlorophenol biocides or by incineration of treated wood (Skow et al., 1980; Crosby et al., 1981). Pentachlorophenol has been detected in ambient atmospheres (Caut reels et al., 1977), in snow and rain water (Paasivirta et al,. 1985; Bevenue et al., 1972) and in emissions from hazardous waste incinera tion (Oberg et al., 1985). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study (conducted between 1964 and 1977) found pen tachlorophenol residues in 91/4428 ready-to-eat food composites (See Tables 4 and 5). The average American dietary intake of pen tachlorophenol during 1965-1969 was estimated to range from <0.001-0.006 mg/day (Duggan and Corneliussen, 1972). The most likely source of pentachlorophenol contamination in many food prod ucts may be the exposure of the food to pentachlorophenol-treated wood materials such as storage containers (Dougherty, 1978). Acute toxicity data indicated that salmonids are more sensitive to the toxic effects of pentachlorophenol than other fish species, with LC50 values of 34-128 μ g/l for salmonids and 60-600 μ g/l for other species. More recent data showed that carp larvae, bluegills, channel catfish and knifefish also had LC50 values < 100 μ gl (see Table 10). The most sensitive marine fishes were pinfish larvae, the goby, Gobius minutus, and eggs and larvae of the flounder, Pleuronectes platessa, all with LC50 values <100 μ g/l (Adema and Vink, 1981). The most sensitive freshwater invertebrate species were the chironomid, Chironomus gr. thummi (Slooff, 1983) and the snail, Lymnaea luteola (Gupta et al., 1984). The most sensitive marine invertebrates were the Eastern oyster (Borthwick and Schimmel, 1978), larvae of the crusta ceans, Crangon crangon and Palaemon elegans (VanDijk et al. , 1977), and the copepod, Pseudodiaptomus coronatus (Hauch et al., 1980), all with LC50 values <200 μ g/l. In chronic toxicity tests, the lowest concentration reported to cause adverse effects was 1.8 μ g/l (NaPCP), which inhibited growth of sockeye salmon (Webb and Brett, 1973). The marine species tested displayed similar thresholds for chronic toxicity. Both acute and chronic toxicity increased at lower pH, probably because a lower pH favors the un-ionized form of pentachlorophenol, which is taken up more readily and is therefore more toxic than ionized pentachlorophenol (Kobayashi and Kishino, 1980; Spehar et al., 1985). Data concerning the effects of pentachlorophenol on aquatic plants were highly variable. Therefore, it was difficult to draw conclusions from these data. Pentachlorophenol did not appear to bioaccumulate in aquatic or ganisms to very high concentrations. BCFs for pentachlorophenol were <1000 for most species tested. The highest BCF was 3830 for the polychaete, Lanice conchilega (Ernst, 1979). Some species appear to have an inducible pentachlorophenol-detoxification mechanism, as evidenced in several experiments in which pentachlorophenol tissue levels peaked in 4-8 days and declined thereafter despite continued exposure (Pruitt et al., 1977; Trujillo et al., 1982). A study by Niimi and Cho (1983) indicated that uptake of waterborne pentachlorophenol from gills was much greater than uptake from food, indicating that bioconcentration of pentachlorophenol through the food chain is unlikely. Biomonitoring data of Lake Ontario fishes showed that similar pentachlorophenol levels were found in predators andforage species. Studies with experimental ecosystems have indicated that ecological effects may occur at pentachlorophenol levels as low as those causing chronic toxicity in sensitive species in single-species tests. The lowest concentration that caused adverse effects in these studies was 15.8 μ g/l, which caused a reduction in numbers of individuals and species in a marine benthic community (Tagatz et al., 1978). Pentachlorophenol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of rats, mice, monkeys and humans (Braun et al. , 1977, 1978; Ahlborg et al., 1974; Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976). Peak plasma concentrations are reached within 12-24 hours after oral administration to monkeys (Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976), but 4-6 hours after oral administration to rats (Braun et al., 1977). After oral administration, the highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the liver and gastrointesti nal tract of monkeys (Braun et al., 1977). In rats and mice, tet rachlorohydroquinone was identified in the urine (Jakobson and Yllner, 1971; Braun et al., 1977; Ahlborg et al., 1974) as well as unmetabolized pentachlorophenol and glucuronide-conjugated pen tachlorophenol. Although Ahlborg et al. (1974) reported that oxidative dechlorination of pentachlorophenol occurs in humans, as evidenced by the presence of tetrachlorohydroquinone in the urine of workers occupationally exposed (probably by inhalation), analysis of human urine after ingestion of pentachlorophenol revealed the presence of conjugated pentachlorophenol and unmetabolized pentachlorophenol (Braun et al., 1978). The primary route of excretion after oral administrtation of all species studied is in the urine (Braun et al. , 1977, 1978; Ahlborg et al., 1974; Larsen et al., 1972; Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976). Although urinary excretion followed second-order kinetics in rats (Larsen et al., 1972; Braun et al., 1977) except in females receiving a single high dose (100 mg/kg) of pentachlorophenol, urinary excretion of pentachlorophenol in humans and monkeys followed first-order kinetics (Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976; Braun et al., 1978). Enterohepatic circulation played an importation role in the pharmacokinetics of pen tachlorophenol. The half-life of pentachlorophenol in the plasma is longer in female rats and monkeys than it is in male rats and monkeys (Braun et al. , 1978; Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976). Because many preparations of pentachlorophenol are contaminated with small but measurable amounts of highly toxic substances, such as dibenzodioxins, special attention must be paid to the composition of the pentachlorophenol solution tested. In studies where technical and purified pentachlorophenol have been evaluated (Schwetz et al., 1974; Goldstein et al., 1977; Kimbrough and Linder, 1978; Knudsen et al., 1974; Johnson et al., 1973; Kerkvliet et al., 1982), only the results of the experiments using purified pentachlorophenol were reported in detail. Oral exposure to pentachlorophenol was not carcinogenic in mice (BRL, 1968; Innes et al., 1969) or rats (Schwetz et al., 1977), regardless of the composition of the pentachlorophenol solution tested. Although there are a few studies that suggest pentachlorophenol may be mutagenic in B. subtilis (Waters et al., 1982; Shirasu, 1976), in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Fahrig et al., 1977) and in mice, as evidenced by the coat-color spot test (Fahrig et al., 1977), no evidence of mutagenicity was reported in S. typhimurium (Anderson et al. , 1972; Simmon et al., 1977; Lemma and Ames, 1975; Moriya et al. , 1983; Waters et al., 1982; Buselmaier et al., 1973) or in E. coli (Simmon et al., 1977; Fahrig, 1974; Moriya et al., 1983; Waters et al., 1982) with or without metabolic activation. Three teratogenicitylreproductive toxicity studies (Schwetz et al., 1974, 1977; Courtney et al., 1976) indicate that pentachlorophenol is fetotoxic in rats at oral dose levels ≥5 mg/kg/day. At the highest dose tested (500 ppm) in a fourth teratogenicity/reproductive toxicity study (Exon and Koller, 1982), there was a statistically nonsignificant decrease in litter size. The lowest dose tested (5 mg/kg/day) by Schwetz et al. (1977) was the lowest dose at which any evidence offetotoxicity, as indicated by delayed ossification, was observed. No adverse fetal or reproductive effects were reported at ≤3 mg/kg/day (Schwetz et al., 1977; Exon and Koller, 1982). In subchronic and chronic toxicity studies, adverse effects occurred primarily in the liver (Kerkvliet et al., 1982; Johnson et al., 1973; Knudsen et al. , 1974; Goldstein et al. , 1977; Kimbrough and Linder, 1978; Schwetz et al., 1977), the kidney (Johnson et al., 1973; Kimbrough and Linder, 1978; Schwetz et al., 1977) and the immune system (Kerkvliet et al., 1982). Knudsen et al. (1974) reported increased liver weights in female rats and centrilobu lar vacuolization in male rats exposed to diets containing ≧50 ppm commercial pentachlorophenol, which contained 282 ppm dioxins. In the remaining studies, increased liver weight (Johnson et al., 1973) and increased pigmentation of hepatocytes (Schwetz et al., 1977) were observed at oral doses of≥10 mg/kg/day (∼90%), and SGPT levels significantly increased in rats ingesting 30 mg/kg/day pentachloro phenol (∼90%) for 2 years (Schwetz et al., 1977). Increased kidney weight unaccompanied by renal histopathology was reported in rats exposed to dietary concentration ≧20 ppm of pentachlorophenol (>99%) for 8 months (Kimbrough and Linder, 1978) and in rats ingesting 30 mg/kg/day (∼90%) for 90 days (Johnson et al., 1973). Increased pigmentation of the renal tubular epithelial cells was re ported in rats ingesting 10 or 30 mg/kg/day pentachlorophenol for 2 years (Schwetz et al., 1977). Although decreased immunocompetence was reported in mice exposed to dietary levels of 50 or 500 ppm of pentachlorophenol (>99%) for 34 weeks (Kerkvliet et al., 1982), the decrease was statistically significant only at the higher dose. An ADI of 0.03 mg/kg/day or 2.1 mg/day for a 70 kg human was derivedfrom the NOAEL of 3 mg/kg/day in rats in the chronic dietary study by Schwetz et al. (1977). An uncertainty factor of 100 was used. An RQ of 100 was derived based on the fetotoxic effects of pen tachlorophenol in rats in the study by Schwetz et al. (1974). Based on guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1984b) and inadequate evidence for animal carcinogenicity or absence of human cancer data, pentachlorophenol is classified as Group D, meaning that it is not classified as a human carcinogen.