Статті в журналах: "Calibration standard"

1

Harris, Richard W., and Robert C. Chanaud. "A Simplified Method for Calibrating a Sound-Level Meter for Use With a Brüel & Kjær Artificial Mastoid." American Journal of Audiology 7, no. 2 (October 1998): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(1998/011).

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The standard method for calibrating a sound-level meter for use with the Brüel & Kjær Artificial Mastoid for bone vibrator tests entails the use of a signal generator, a precision voltmeter, and possibly a frequency counter. This equipment should be certified annually and traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and its use generally restricts calibration to a laboratory environment and requires a considerable amount of time. We have developed a simplified method for calibrating the sound-level meter by using a sound-level calibrator and microphone. Using the known sensitivities of the microphone and the artificial mastoid, the sound-level calibrator used for calibration of the microphone may also be used for calibration of the sound-level meter to measure force levels with the artificial mastoid.

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2

Bateman, Vesta I., William B. Leisher, Fred A. Brown, and Neil T. Davie. "Calibration of a Hopkinson Bar with a Transfer Standard." Shock and Vibration 1, no. 2 (1993): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/354290.

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A program requirement for field test temperatures that are beyond the test accelerometer operational limits of −30° F and +150° F required the calibration of accelerometers at high shock levels and at the temperature extremes of −50° F and +160° F. The purposes of these calibrations were to insure that the accelerometers operated at the field test temperatures and to provide an accelerometer sensitivity at each test temperature. Because there is no National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable calibration capability at shock levels of 5,000–15,000 g for the temperature extremes of −50° F and +160° F, a method for calibrating and certifying the Hopkinson bar with a transfer standard was developed. Time domain and frequency domain results are given that characterize the Hopkinson bar. The National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable accuracy for the standard accelerometer in shock is ±5%. The Hopkinson bar has been certified with an uncertainty of 6%.

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3

Steharnik, Mirjana, Marija Todorovic, Dragan Manojlovic, Dalibor Stankovic, Jelena Mutic, and Vlastimir Trujic. "Determination of trace elements in refined gold samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 78, no. 4 (2013): 565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc120505135s.

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This paper presents a method for determination the trace contents of silver, copper, iron, palladium, zinc and platinum in refined gold samples. Simultaneous inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer with radial torch position and cross flow nebulizer was used for determination. In order to compare the different calibration strategies, two sets of calibration standards were prepared. The first set was based on matrix matched calibration standards and the second was prepared without the addition of matrix material. Detection limits for matrix matching calibrations were higher for some elements than those without matrix matching. In addition, the internal standardization method was applied and experiments indicated that indium was the best option as internal standard. The obtained results for gold sample by matrix matching and matrix free calibrations were compared with the obtained results by standard addition method. The accuracy of the methods was tested performing recovery test. Recoveries for spiked sample were in the range of 90-115 %. The accuracy of the methods was also tested by analysis of certified reference material of high pure goldAuGHP1. The best results were achieved by matrix free calibration and standard addition method using indium as internal standard at wavelength of 230 nm.

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4

ZHANG Jian, 张健, 张国玉 ZHANG Guo-yu, 孙高飞 SUN Gao-fei, 苏拾 SU Shi, and 张建良 ZHANG Jian-liang. "Calibration Method for Standard Scattering Plate Calibration System Used in Calibrating Visibility Meter." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 46, no. 3 (2017): 312003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20174603.0312003.

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5

Wong-Ng, W., and C. R. Hubbard. "Standard Reference Materials For X-Ray Diffraction Part II. Calibration Using d-Spacing Standards." Powder Diffraction 2, no. 4 (December 1987): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600012884.

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AbstractExternal standard and internal standard calibrations are important procedures for achieving high accuracy in X-ray powder diffraction studies. The theoretical basis as well as procedures for obtaining calibration curves are given. Methods and examples of selecting Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) which are produced and issued by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and procedures of sample preparation with these standards are also described. Three examples are presented to indicate the value of using SRMs.

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6

Van De Voort, Frederick R., Abdel Aziz Elkashef, and Jean-Simon Blais. "Interlaboratory Assessment of Dry Calibration Milk Powders for Calibrating Infrared Milk Analyzers." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.5.772.

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Abstract An interlaboratory study was carried out to assess the performance of preformulated, preanalyzed, dry calibration milk powders designed for calibrating infrared milk analyzers. The calibration powders can be reconstituted to produce consistent calibrations within laboratories. The powders met AOAC specifications In terms of accuracy and repeatability, and provide calibrations with performance characteristics comparable to those produced with conventional calibration milks. The reconstituted solutions were shown to be stable for up to 6 h at 40°C, and can be stored under refrigerated conditions and used for repeated analyses for up to 21 days without apparent deterioration In calibration performance. In general, the calibration powders perform as well as, or better than, the conventional calibrants used by the laboratories participating in the study, and the calibrations could be switched without significantly changing the analytical results. Simulation and cross-calibration analyses indicated that the powdered calibrants produced more consistent results overall than fluid calibration milks. The powdered calibrants, as formulated, are shown to be suitable for any application requiring calibrations that meet AOAC specifications, Including payment applications. The calibration powders have the stability and performance characteristics to serve as a consistent, stable reference standard for monitoring instrument performance, and would be a useful tool for Interlaboratory standardization or accrediting payment and dairy herd analysis laboratories.

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7

Yang, Liuqing, Yi Chen, and Jun Zhang. "Calibration of echosounder using standard target method." MATEC Web of Conferences 283 (2019): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928305005.

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In this work, we develop an underwater echosounder and use the standard target method to calibrate the performance of the device. In the calibration experiments, a solid tungsten carbide sphere of 38mm diameter is used as a standard target for calibrating a HPCTB-200-35 echosounder (manufactured by Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute) with a working frequency of 220 kHz. Further, the measurement data and uncertainty are presented and analyzed; these results demonstrate that the standard target method can calibrate the combined transmitting-receiving response of echosounders effectively. In our calibration experiment, the combined transmitting-receiving response of HPCTB-200-35 is about 33.8 dB, and the measurement uncertainty is about 1.0 dB (k = 2).

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8

Misture, S. T., L. R. Chatfield, and R. L. Snyder. "Accurate fully automated powder diffraction data using zero-background sample holders." Powder Diffraction 9, no. 3 (September 1994): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600019175.

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An increasingly frequent used sample holder, the zero-background holder (ZBH), is evaluated for use in external standard calibration of powder patterns. The effectiveness of the ZBH calibration method is determined by comparison to the conventional internal- and external-standard calibration techniques. The three calibration methods are compared using the results of lattice parameter refinements of test powders, using Si as the standard. Several test materials were used in the evaluation which cover a wide range of absorption coefficients so sample transparency effects can be distinguished from sample displacement effects. Results of the calibrations clearly indicate that the ZBH method gives precision and accuracy comparable to the internal-standard method, and significantly better than the external-standard technique. In addition, the ZBH method yields substantially better results than the internal-standard method for materials with low absorption coefficients. Low-angle calibrations are also made on a ZBH using a proposed standard, silver behenate, which has peaks from 1.5° to 20° 2θ. These calibrations have shown that if care is not taken to establish a monolayer of powder on the ZBH crystal, significant errors in refined lattice parameters will result.

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9

Samoylenko, O. M., O. V. Adamenko, and B. P. Kukareka. "Investigation of the Accuracy of Reference Instruments for Measuring Vertical Angles by Reference Method of Their Calibration." Metrology and instruments, no. 6 (January 11, 2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(6)2019.3-14.

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Reference method for simultaneous calibration of the three and more measurement standards for vertical angle measurement is developed. This method can to use for obtaining the systematic biases of the vertical angles measurements for each of the measuring standards relative of the horizontal plain was averaged from measurement results in time their calibration or comparison. For realization of the reference method was developed the autocollimationel electronic measurement standard for the automatization measurement of the vertical angles SeaLineZero_Standard™ (SLZ_S™). Summary standard deviation (k=1) of the vertical angle measurement relative the horizontal plane, from the results of their calibration by reference method, is not more 0,07ʺ…0,15ʺ. This result was obtained without the use the systematic biases, for each measurement standards, as measurements corrections (with opposite sign). The measuring standards, that were developed and researched, are necessary for obtaining the systematic biases of the vertical angle measurement for total stations and theodolites, that have the normed standard error 0,5ʺ and 1ʺ, when these instruments are calibrating.

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10

Birks, John W., Andrew A. Turnipseed, Peter C. Andersen, Craig J. Williford, Stanley Strunk, Brian Carpenter, and Christine A. Ennis. "Portable calibrator for NO based on the photolysis of N2O and a combined NO2∕NO∕O3 source for field calibrations of air pollution monitors." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 2 (March 3, 2020): 1001–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1001-2020.

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Abstract. A highly portable calibration source of nitric oxide (NO) based on the photolysis of nitrous oxide (N2O) supplied by 8 or 16 g disposable cartridges is demonstrated to serve as an accurate and reliable transfer standard for the calibration of NO monitors in the field. The instrument provides output mixing ratios in the range 0–1000 ppb with a precision and accuracy better than the greater of 3 ppb or 3 % of the target NO mixing ratio over a wide range of environmental conditions of ambient temperature (8.5–35.0 ∘C), pressure (745–1015 mbar corresponding to 2.7–0.0 km of elevation), and relative humidity (0 %–100 % RH). The combination of the NO calibration source with a previously described ozone calibration source based on the photolysis of oxygen in air provides a new instrument capable of outputting calibrated mixing ratios of NO, ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), where the NO2 is produced by the stoichiometric gas-phase reaction of NO with O3. The portable NO2/NO/O3 calibration source requires no external gas cylinders and can be used for calibrations of NO, NO2, and O3 instruments for mixing ratios up to 1000, 500, and 1000 ppb, respectively. This portable calibrator may serve as a convenient transfer standard for field calibrations of ozone and NOx air pollution monitors.

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11

Nakamura, Yasuhiro, Akihiko Yonenaga, Norihiko Sakamoto, and Akihiko Shimoyama. "Remote Calibration of Standard Inductors." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 126, no. 11 (2006): 1183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.126.1183.

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12

Workman, Rick. "Cleaning a Calibration Standard Grid." Microscopy Today 9, no. 3 (April 2001): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500056984.

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13

Beltz, N., W. Jaeschke, and F. X. Meixner. "Gravimetric calibration of standard gases." Thermochimica Acta 103, no. 1 (July 1986): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(86)80012-0.

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14

Andor, Gy rgy. "Gonioreflectometer-based gloss standard calibration." Metrologia 40, no. 1 (February 2003): S97—S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/322.

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15

Foster, Katie, Rudra Pokhrel, Matthew Burkhart, and Shane Murphy. "A novel approach to calibrating a photoacoustic absorption spectrometer using polydisperse absorbing aerosol." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 6 (June 26, 2019): 3351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3351-2019.

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Abstract. A new technique for calibrating photoacoustic aerosol absorption spectrometers with multiple laser passes in the acoustic cavity (multi-pass PAS) has been developed utilizing polydisperse and highly absorbing aerosol. This is the first calibration technique for multi-pass PAS instruments that utilizes particles instead of reactive gases and does not require knowledge of the exact size or refractive index of the absorbing aerosol. In this new method, highly absorbing materials are aerosolized into a polydisperse distribution and measured simultaneously with a multi-pass PAS and a cavity-attenuated phase shift particulate matter single-scattering albedo (CAPS PMSSA, Aerodyne Inc.) instrument. The CAPS PMSSA measures the bulk absorption coefficient through the subtraction of the scattering coefficient from the extinction coefficient. While this approach can have significant errors in ambient aerosol, the accuracy and precision of the CAPS PMSSA are high when the measured aerosol has a low single-scattering albedo (SSA) and particles are less than 300 nm in size, in which case truncation errors are small. To confirm the precision and accuracy of the new calibration approach, a range of aerosol concentrations were sent to the multi-pass PAS and CAPS PMSSA instruments using three different absorbing substances: Aquadag, Regal Black, and Nigrosin. Six repetitions with each of the three substances produced stable calibrations, with the standard deviation of the calibration slopes being less than 2 % at 660 nm and less than 5 % at 405 nm for a given calibration substance. Calibrations were also consistent across the different calibration substances (standard deviation of 2 % at 660 nm and 10 % at 405 nm) except for Nigrosin at 405 nm. The accuracy of the calibration approach is dependent on the SSA of the calibration substance but is roughly 6 % for the calibration substances used here, which all have an SSA near 0.4 at 405 nm. This calibration technique is easily deployed in the field as it involves no toxic or reactive gases and it does not require generation of a monodisperse aerosol. Advantages to this particle-based calibration technique versus techniques based on ozone or nitrogen dioxide absorption include no reactive losses or impact from carrier gases and the broad absorption characteristics of the particles, which eliminate potentially significant errors in calibration that come with small errors in the peak wavelength of the laser light when utilizing gas-phase standards.

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16

Velychko, Oleh, Valentyn Gaman, and Serhii Kursin. "Calibration features for power meters of high and microwave frequencies." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.2.2022.263724.

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Microwave frequency power measurement is one of the main types of the measurement for measuring instruments and systems in the radio frequency range. Therefore, improving the accuracy of measuring the microwave frequency power requires the establishment of more precise standards, and the development of calibration methods for meters of microwave frequency power is an urgent task. Microwave frequency power standards that are used to calibrate the relevant measuring instruments must ensure high accuracy of the unit size reproduction over a wide measurement and frequency range. The study allowed determining typical calibration schemes for meters of microwave frequency power. For measurements, the calibration scheme for meters of microwave frequency power by the method of a direct comparison with the help of a calibrator when measuring the absorbed power of microwave frequencies is substantiated and suggested. The proposed methodology for evaluating the uncertainty of absorbed power measurements can be used when calibrating power meters in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 18 GHz. It allows determining the most significant components of the combined standard uncertainty of the absorbed power measurements of ultrahigh frequencies, as well as to receive the result of the corresponding calibration. This methodology can also be used to evaluate the uncertainty of microwave frequency directional measurements.

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17

Christensen, Donald W., and Yusuf A. Mehta. "Reference Standards for Use with Indirect Tension Test." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1630, no. 1 (January 1998): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1630-05.

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The purpose of this paper is to describe the fabrication, calibration, and use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reference standards for the indirect tension (IDT) creep test, which was developed during the Strategic Highway Research Program and is one of the standard Superpave mixture tests now under further development and implementation. The use of reference standards in conjunction with the IDT test will help to achieve rapid and effective implementation of this promising test method. An IDT reference standard is useful in three ways: as a final step in a thorough calibration of the IDT system, for rapid verification of the IDT test system between calibrations, and as a tool for training engineers and technicians in proper execution of the test. In this study, HDPE specimens were calibrated using the IDT creep test. During this calibration, statistical methods were used to verify that the HDPE was homogenous, linear, and isotropic. The calibration was then confirmed using companion specimens of the HDPE machined for testing by using the bending beam rheometer (BBR). It was concluded that useful IDT reference standards can be machined of HDPE and that these specimens can be calibrated using repeated testing on the IDT, with further confidence provided through verification of the calibration using BBR specimens. Companion BBR specimens are also potentially useful for detecting any long-term changes in the properties of the HDPE reference standards.

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18

Yap, C. T., P. Kump, S. M. Tang, and L. Wijesinghe. "Calibration of the Radioisotope-Excited X-Ray Spectrometer with Thick Standards." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 1 (January 1987): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874868142.

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Calibration of the energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer with Cd-109 annular excitation source is discussed. Experiments were performed to calibrate such a spectrometer using both thick standards and one type of commercially available, thin, single-element standard. It was found that the use of thick standards in such calibrations is reliable and accurate, in addition to being inexpensive and readily available.

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19

Redondas, Alberto, Saulius Nevas, Alberto Berjón, Meelis-Mait Sildoja, Sergio Fabian León-Luis, Virgilio Carreño, and Daniel Santana-Díaz. "Wavelength calibration of Brewer spectrophotometer using a tunable pulsed laser and implications to the Brewer ozone retrieval." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 6 (June 27, 2018): 3759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3759-2018.

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Abstract. In this contribution we present the wavelength calibration of the travelling reference Brewer spectrometer of the Regional Brewer Calibration Center for Europe (RBCC-E) at PTB in Braunschweig, Germany. The wavelength calibration is needed for the calculation of the ozone absorption coefficients used by the Brewer ozone algorithm. In order to validate the standard procedure for determining Brewer's wavelength scale, a calibration has been performed by using a tunable laser source at PTB in the framework of the EMRP project ENV59 ATMOZ “Traceability for the total column ozone”. Here we compare these results to those of the standard procedure for the wavelength calibration of the Brewer instrument. Such a comparison allows validating the standard methodology used for measuring the ozone absorption coefficient with respect to several assumptions. The results of the laser-based calibrations reproduces those obtained by the standard operational methodology and shows that there is an underestimation of 0.8 % of the ozone absorption coefficients due to the use of the parametrized slit functions.

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20

Sanders, Kate L., and Michael S. Y. Lee. "Evaluating molecular clock calibrations using Bayesian analyses with soft and hard bounds." Biology Letters 3, no. 3 (March 15, 2007): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0063.

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A limiting factor in many molecular dating studies is shortage of reliable calibrations. Current methods for choosing calibrations (e.g. cross-validation) treat them as either correct or incorrect, whereas calibrations probably lie on a continuum from highly accurate to very poor. Bayesian relaxed clock analysis permits inclusion of numerous candidate calibrations as priors: provided most calibrations are reliable, the model appropriate and the data informative, the accuracy of each calibration prior can be evaluated. If a calibration is accurate, then the analysis will support the prior so that the posterior estimate reflects the prior; if a calibration is poor, the posterior will be forced away from the prior. We use this approach to test two fossil dates recently proposed as standard calibrations within vertebrates. The proposed bird–crocodile calibration (approx. 247 Myr ago) appears to be accurate, but the proposed bird–lizard calibration (approx. 255 Myr ago) is substantially too recent.

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21

Sudarno, Divo D. Silalahi, Tauvik Risman, Baiq L. Widyastuti, F. Davrieux, Yong Yit Yuan, and Jean P. Caliman. "Rapid determination of oil content in dried-ground oil palm mesocarp and kernel using near infrared spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 25, no. 5 (September 20, 2017): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033517732679.

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Near infrared spectroscopy calibrations for rapid oil content determination of dried-ground oil palm mesocarp and kernel were developed. Samples were analyzed, one set using the Soxhlet extraction method for reference analysis and the other set scanned by near infrared spectroscopy instrument for calibration. Successful calibrations were obtained with good accuracy and precision for mesocarp and kernel, based on statistical models. Math treatment and scatter correction had significant effects on the fitting of the calibration model. The best obtained calibration models were demonstrated by multiple correlation coefficient (R2), standard error of calibration, standard error of cross validation, coefficient of determination in cross validation (1-VR) and relative predictive deviation of calibration, which respectively were 0.997, 1.21%, 1.23%, 0.997 and 17.89 for mesocarp and 0.952, 0.47%, 0.53%, 0.94 and 4.00 for kernel. The correlations between reference and predicted values for samples in the validation sets were in agreement with high linearity, high ratio performance to deviation of prediction (≥4.00) and low standard error of prediction samples for both samples. The results demonstrated that near infrared spectroscopy can be used as an alternative and reliable technique to estimate the mesocarp and kernel oil contents in dry matter basis accurately and rapidly.

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22

Piedehierro, A. A., M. L. Cancillo, J. M. Vilaplana, and A. Serrano. "Long-Term Global Irradiance Calibration of Multifilter UV Radiometers." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 12 (December 2019): 2415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0132.1.

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AbstractMultifilter instruments such as the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)-UV Irradiance Meter (NILU-UV) are suitable for long-term monitoring of UV radiation, as long as their irradiance scale is maintained. The sensitivity of these instruments varies with time; thus, periodic standard absolute calibrations are required. However, standard calibrations may be insufficient to characterize the short-term variations of channels sensitivity. Therefore, results from standard calibrations have to be combined with the information derived from frequent relative calibrations, leading to a stable irradiance scale. This paper focuses on the long-term application of three calibration methods, hereinafter referred to as CC, CC2, and CC2(ϕ), as applied to the NILU-UV 119 multifilter radiometer. Here a generalization is proposed, consisting of using empirical functions in order to guarantee the accurate calibration of multifilter instruments over long time periods. These function-based methods need to be updated regularly to account for changes on instrument sensitivity. The changes in sensitivity of the NILU-UV 119 were found to be channel dependent. The detected drifts range from 23% to 42% for a 4-yr period of study. Time series of calibrated irradiance are obtained by applying the proposed methods. Results suggest that calibration methods using empirical functions perform better than classic calibration approaches that use constant calibration factors. When methods CC2 and CC2(ϕ) are applied, calibrated irradiances agree with the measurements of reference within ±5% for channel 305 and within ±3% for channels 312, 320, and 340.

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23

Ou, Jia, Tingfa Xu, Xiaochuan Gan, Xuejun He, Yan Li, Jiansu Qu, Wei Zhang, and Cunliang Cai. "Comparative Analysis on the Effect of Surface Reflectance for Laser 3D Scanner Calibrator." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101607.

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The calibrator is one of the most important factors in the calibration of various laser 3D scanning instruments. The requirements for the diffuse reflection surface are emphasized in many national standards. In this study, spherical calibrator and plane calibrator comparative measurement experiments were carried out. The black ceramic standard sphere, white ceramic standard sphere, metal standard sphere, metal standard plane, and white ceramic standard plane were used to test the laser 3D scanner. In the spherical calibrator comparative measurement experiments, the results indicate that the RMS of the white ceramic spherical calibrator with a reflectance of approximately 60% is 10 times that of the metal spherical calibrator with the reflectance of approximately 15%, and the RMS of the black ceramic spherical calibrator with reflectance of approximately 11% is of the same order as the metal spherical calibrator. In the plane calibrators comparative measurement experiments, the RMS of the flatness measurement is 0.077 mm for the metal plane calibrator with a reflectance of 15%, and 2.915 mm for ceramic plane calibrator with a reflectance of 60%. The results show that when the optimal measurement distance and incident angle are selected, the reflectance of the calibrator has a great effect on the measurement results, regardless of the outlines or profiles. Based on the experiments, it is recommended to use the spherical calibrator or the standard plane with a reflectance of around 18% as the standard, which can obtain reasonable results. In addition, it is necessary to clearly provide the material category and surface reflectance information of the standard when calibrating the scanner according to the measurement standard.

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24

Mlcek, Jiri, Lukas Dvorak, Kvetoslava Sustova, and Katarzyna Szwedziak. "Accuracy of the FT-NIR Method in Evaluating the Fat Content of Milk Using Calibration Models Developed for the Reference Methods According to Röse-Gottlieb and Gerber." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0107.

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Abstract The study examined the effect of the choice of reference method on the functionality and reliability of calibrations in near-IR (NIR) spectroscopy intended for measuring the fat content in raw cow's milk. The fat content in the milk samples was evaluated using methods according to either Röse-Gottlieb or Gerber. The same samples were then subjected to analysis on an Antaris FT-NIR spectrometer. Using a partial least-squares algorithm, calibration models were created for both methods from the values measured. The calibration models show very good values of standard error of calibration: 0.133 for the Gerber method and 0.095 for the Röse-Gottlieb method. These calibrations were subsequently used to analyze 30 new samples of cow's milk of undefined fat content, and the differences in the values were evaluated using statistical paired t-test to a median value at a probability level of α = 0.05. No statistically significant differences were found. It was revealed that the reference method used for calibrating the device evaluating the fat content in raw cow's milk has no effect on the functionality and reliability of the calibration model.

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25

Postek, M. T., and R. C. Tiberio. "Low-Voltage Accelerating-Voltage SEM Magnification Standard Prototype." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103073.

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The National Bureau of Standards has had a continuing effort for almost a decade to develop feature-size measurement techniques and the associated linewidth standards for the semiconductor industry. Recently, work began on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based feature-size measurement program specifically aimed at the development and certification of SEM linewidth standards and the associated techniques for their calibration and use.Primary to the development and use of SEM linewidth measurement standards is the calibration of the magnification of the SEM. The only standard reference material presently available from NBS for calibrating the magnification of the SEM is the NBS SRM 484.1 This standard provides a known pitch between gold lines in a nickel matrix that is traceable to NBS primary standards. This standard has proven useful for many SEM applications and should continue to be useful for some time to come. However, since SRM 484 was developed prior to the recent interest in low accelerating voltage operation for integrated circuit wafer inspection and measurement, this SRM, in its present form, is unsuitable for use in many of the newly introduced SEM measurement instruments.

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26

Allen, Andrew J., Fan Zhang, R. Joseph Kline, William F. Guthrie, and Jan Ilavsky. "NIST Standard Reference Material 3600: Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 2 (March 7, 2017): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717001972.

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The certification of a new standard reference material for small-angle scattering [NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3600: Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)], based on glassy carbon, is presented. Creation of this SRM relies on the intrinsic primary calibration capabilities of the ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering technique. This article describes how the intensity calibration has been achieved and validated in the certifiedQrange,Q= 0.008–0.25 Å−1, together with the purpose, use and availability of the SRM. The intensity calibration afforded by this robust and stable SRM should be applicable universally to all SAXS instruments that employ a transmission measurement geometry, working with a wide range of X-ray energies or wavelengths. The validation of the SRM SAXS intensity calibration using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is discussed, together with the prospects for including SANS in a future renewal certification.

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27

Vignati, G., and L. Giovanelli. "Standardization of PSA Measures: A Reappraisal and an Experience with WHO Calibration of Beckman Coulter Access Hybritech Total and Free PSA." International Journal of Biological Markers 22, no. 4 (October 2007): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460080702200409.

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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the serum biomarker most widely used in prostate diseases. Since there is significant variation in PSA results among non-equimolar assays, the 90:10 ratio of complexed PSA to free PSA (the Stanford standard) was proposed as standardization; this became the basis for the PSA mass standards WHO 96/670 for tPSA and 96/668 for fPSA. Nevertheless, recent publications underlined the lack of interchangeability between different commercial assays, all claimed to be equimolar and calibrated to the WHO standard. Importantly, the WHO calibration yields about 16–20% lower PSA results. Manufacturers that have chosen to calibrate existing assays to the mass value of WHO 96/760 have introduced a significant negative bias compared to the Hybritech assay calibration; this bias is transferred to clinical evaluation if the cutoff of 4 ng/mL, clinically validated for the Hybritech assay, is maintained with the WHO calibration. Beckman Coulter recently provided the option of calibrating the Access Hybritech PSA and free PSA assays to the WHO standard introducing a different clinical cutoff. Using two different reagent lots, we tested about 200 routine patients for tPSA and fPSA with both calibrations; we also calculated the f/tPSA ratio with both calibrated methods. Moreover, we verified the analytical sensitivity and inter- and intra-assay variability. In accordance with the claim of the manufacturer, the results obtained with the WHO calibration showed a negative bias of about 25% and, as expected, no significant difference was found for % f/tPSA. The same bias was found when retesting samples of the External Quality Assessment Scheme of the Institute of Clinical Physiology of the National Research Council in Pisa. Based on this experience we decided for the moment to keep the Hybritech calibration, in order to avoid cutoff changes during patient follow-up. Moreover, we have started to provide information to clinicians aimed at the alignment of our results with the WHO standardization.

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28

Sephton, J. P., M. J. Woods, M. J. Rossiter, T. T. Williams, J. C. J. Dean, G. A. Bass, and S. E. M. Lucas. "Calibration of the NPL secondary standard radionuclide calibrator for192Ir brachytherapy sources." Physics in Medicine and Biology 38, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/38/8/014.

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29

Woods, M. J., M. J. Rossiter, J. P. Sephton, T. T. Williams, S. E. M. Lucas, D. F. G. Reher, B. Denecke, A. Aalbers, and H. Thierens. "192Ir brachytherapy sources: Calibration of the NPL secondary standard radionuclide calibrator." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 312, no. 1-2 (February 1992): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90165-z.

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30

Hegeduš, Hrvoje, Marko Jurcevic, and Roman Malaric. "Internet-Enabled Calibration." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 2011): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2011010103.

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Calibration of measuring instruments provides the confidence in measurements. It is the obligation of every laboratory to have its measuring equipment calibrated in regular intervals. This obligation means that the laboratory must send its equipment to the calibration laboratory every year or two depending on the calibration intervals. During this time the equipment is not available and this presents a financial burden to the laboratory of the customer. Since many of the modern instruments include some communication interfaces, it was made possible to create an Internet-enabled calibration system. This term encompasses a wide range of possible applications and services. The Internet-enabled calibrations must address several problems not present in standard calibrations, including security issues, since the equipment is not always under direct control of the calibration laboratory personnel who will sign the calibration certificate. As the traceability and integrity of the calibration process directly depends on the measured data, the reliable and secure remote control and monitoring of instruments must be a crucial aspect of Internet-enabled calibration technologies.

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31

Foote, Kenneth G. "Standard‐target calibration of broadband sonars." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108, no. 5 (November 2000): 2484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4743169.

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32

Osazuwa, I. B. "THE NIGERIAN STANDARD GRAVIMETER CALIBRATION LINE." Survey Review 31, no. 245 (July 1992): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sre.1992.31.245.397.

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33

Vecchia, Dominic F., Hari K. Iyer, and Phillip L. Chapman. "Calibration With Randomly Changing Standard Curves." Technometrics 31, no. 1 (February 1989): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1989.10488478.

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34

Khaled, K. M., and M. Abdulhakim. "Proposal for torque multiplier calibration standard." Measurement 151 (February 2020): 107239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107239.

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35

Kramar, J. A., G. W. Witzgall, V. P. Scheuerman, and M. T. Postek. "Accurate Calibration of Microscope Magnification Standard." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (August 2003): 718–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603443596.

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36

Lu, Ying, Keying Ye, Ashwini K. Mathur, Siu Hui, Thomas P. Fuerst, and Harry K. Genant. "Comparative calibration without a gold standard." Statistics in Medicine 16, no. 16 (August 30, 1997): 1889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19970830)16:16<1889::aid-sim607>3.0.co;2-v.

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37

Wang, Yibang, Xingchang Fu, Aihua Wu, Chen Liu, Peng Luan, Faguo Liang, Wei Zhao, and Xiaobang Shang. "Development of gallium-arsenide-based GCPW calibration kits for on-wafer measurements in the W-band." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 5 (December 12, 2019): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719001521.

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AbstractWe present details of on-wafer-level 16-term error model calibration kits used for the characterization of W-band circuits based on a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW). These circuits were fabricated on a thin gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate, and via holes, were utilized to ensure single mode propagation (i.e., eliminating the parallel-plate mode or surface mode). To ensure the accuracy of the definition for the calibration kits, multi-line thru-reflect-line (MTRL) assistant standards were also fabricated on the same wafer and measured. The same wafer also contained passive and active devices, which were measured subject to both 16-term and conventional line-reflect-reflect-match calibrations. Measurement results show that 16-term calibration kits are capable of determining the cross-talk more accurately. Other typical calibration techniques were also implemented using the standards on the GCPW calibration kits, and were compared with the MTRL calibration using a passive device under test. This revealed that the proposed GCPW GaAs calibration substrate could be a feasible alternative to conventional CPW impedance standard substrates, for on-wafer measurements at W-band and above.

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38

Rollins, A. W., T. D. Thornberry, R. S. Gao, B. D. Hall, and D. W. Fahey. "Catalytic oxidation of H2 on platinum: a method for in situ calibration of hygrometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 3 (May 24, 2011): 3083–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-3083-2011.

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Abstract. Standard reference samples of water vapor suitable for in situ calibration of atmospheric hygrometers are not currently widespread, leading to difficulties in unifying the calibrations of these hygrometers and potentially contributing to measurement discrepancies. We describe and evaluate a system for reliably and quantitatively converting mixtures of H2 in air to H2O on a heated platinum (Pt) surface, providing a compact, portable, adjustable source of water vapor. The technique is shown to be accurate and can be used to easily and predictably produce a wide range of water vapor concentrations (≈1 ppm−2 %) on demand. The result is a H2O standard that is suitable for in situ calibration of hygrometers, with an accuracy nearly that of the available H2 standards (≈±2 %).

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39

Rollins, A. W., T. D. Thornberry, R. S. Gao, B. D. Hall, and D. W. Fahey. "Catalytic oxidation of H2 on platinum: a robust method for generating low mixing ratio H2O standards." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 10 (October 4, 2011): 2059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2059-2011.

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Abstract. Standard reference samples of water vapor suitable for in situ calibration of atmospheric hygrometers are not currently widespread, leading to difficulties in unifying the calibrations of these hygrometers and potentially contributing to observed measurement discrepancies. We describe and evaluate a system for reliably and quantitatively converting mixtures of H2 in air to H2O on a heated platinum surface, providing a compact, portable, adjustable source of water vapor. The technique is shown to be accurate and can be used to easily and reliably produce a wide range of water vapor concentrations (≈1 ppm −2%) on demand. The result is a H2O standard that is expected to be suitable for in situ calibration of aircraft hygrometers, with an accuracy nearly that of the available H2 standards (≈±2%).

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40

Miller, W. G., P. D. Crane, and C. Cryer. "Interlaboratory standardization of enzyme results: the Richmond project." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.8.1525.

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Abstract Three concentrations of proficiency monitoring material and two concentrations of secondary standard calibrating material were prepared and stored frozen. The materials were prepared in buffer containing amylase from human saliva, aspartate aminotransferase from human liver, creatine kinase from human muscle, human serum albumin (20 g/L), and cofactors. The proficiency monitoring material was assayed by 10 methods in nine laboratories for 15 days to establish baseline performance. Each laboratory then used the secondary standard calibrating material to calibrate their instruments' responses to that of a standardization method, and repeated the assay of the proficiency monitoring material for 15 days. For amylase before calibration, between-laboratory mean values for the three concentrations of proficiency monitoring material were 29% lower than the standardization method, and the between-laboratory CV was 28%. After calibration the mean amylase values were 4% lower and the CV was 6%. For aspartate aminotransferase, the pre-calibration between-laboratory mean values were 24% higher than the standardization method (CV 14%) but only 3% higher (CV 6%) after calibration. CK activity deteriorated at storage temperatures above -70 degrees C. This study demonstrates that, by using a common secondary standard, laboratories can improve calibration of enzyme results.

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41

Huang, Feng Shan, and Li Chen. "CCD Camera Calibration Technology Based on the Translation of Coordinate Measuring Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.320.

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A new CCD camera calibration method based on the translation of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is proposed. The CMM brings the CCD camera to produce the relative translation with respect to the center of the white ceramic standard sphere along the X, Y, Z axis, and the coordinates of the different positions of the calibration characteristic point in the probe coordinate system can be generated. Meanwhile, the camera captures the image of the white ceramic standard sphere at every position, and the coordinates of the calibration characteristic point in the computer frame coordinate system can be registered. The calibration mathematic model was established, and the calibration steps were given and the calibration system was set up. The comparing calibration result shows that precision of this method is equivalent to that of the special calibration method, and the difference between the calibrating data of these two methods is within ±1μm.

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42

Au, Andrew C. H., Brenda H. S. Lam, Y. C. Kwan, and Angus K. K. Tung. "Pressure Calibration of Quarter-Inch Working Standard Microphones by Comparison." NCSLI Measure 14, no. 1 (2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/measure.14.1.7.

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The Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) in Hong Kong has developed a system for calibration of quar-ter-inch working standard (WS3) microphones which automates the measurement process and generates digital calibration certificates (DCCs) to meet the growing demand for microphone calibration services in Hong Kong. This paper describes (i) the method of determining the pressure sensitivity of a microphone combination unit from 20 Hz to 20 kHz by the comparison technique in accordance with the International Standard IEC 61094-5, (ii) the measurement model and uncertainty evaluation, and (iii) the automatic system which facilitates the calibration process and generation of a digital calibration certificate.

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43

Brown, Richard J. C., and Chantal L. Mustoe. "Demonstration of a standard dilution technique for standard addition calibration." Talanta 122 (May 2014): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.014.

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44

Husain, Rahat. "Precise calibration of a standard resistor with one reference standard." Measurement 11, no. 2 (April 1993): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-2241(93)90016-b.

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45

Nabi Iskandarov, Elmin Baghishov, Nabi Iskandarov, Elmin Baghishov. "EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF INFRARED THERMOMETERS WHEN MEASURING BODY TEMPERATURE." PIRETC-Proceeding of The International Research Education & Training Centre 19, no. 02 (May 18, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/piretc19022022-21.

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As we know from biophysics, infrared tympanic thermometers are easy to use and have a fast response time. They are widely used to measure human body temperature. Measurement accuracy and uncertainty are the most important performance indicators for these measuring instruments. This study evaluated the performance of two infrared tympanic thermometers, the Brown THT-3020 and the OMRON MC-510. The temperature of the temperature calibrator was changed to serve as the standard temperature of the "black body". The measurement errors for the two measuring instruments were reduced by the calibration equation. The predicted values meet the requirements of the ASTM standard. Sources of uncertainty include standard deviations of repetition at constant temperature or predicted values of the calibration equation, reference standard values, and resolution. Uncertainty analysis shows that the uncertainty of the calibration equation is the main source of combined uncertainty. The ambient temperature did not significantly affect the measured performance. The accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometers can be increased by the specified calibration equations. Keywords: infrared tympanic thermometer, metrological support, calibration equation, uncertainty, metrology

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46

Yang, Hua Yun. "Research on Three-Phase Calibration Method of HV Three-Phase Combined Transformer and its Implementation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1191.

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In this paper, a three-phase calibration method which is that the three-phase voltage transformer or current transformer of HV three-phase combined transformer is calibrated in the same time with simulating real running state is proposed. And a standard calibrating apparatus which is used to implementation three-phase calibration method is designed. The structure, working principle, technical characteristics, test circuit and test results of standard calibrating apparatus are given out. The large test results show that the error performance in real running state of 10kV-35kV HV three-phase combined transformer can be calibrated accurately and the error caused by the mutual influence between the voltage transformer or current transformer can be detected out with the proposed three-phase calibration method and apparatus.

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47

Klaus, Leonard, M. Florian Beug, and Thomas Bruns. "Setup for the dynamic calibration of bridge amplifiers from DC up to 10 kHz." ACTA IMEKO 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v8i1.657.

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Measurements of mechanical quantities are often carried out with transducers with a bridge output. The output signals are conditioned using bridge amplifiers. If dynamically changing quantities are going to be measured traceably, the bridge amplifier must be calibrated dynamically.This paper describes a dynamic bridge amplifier calibration setup based on the new PTB dynamic bridge standard. The calibration is carried out by the synchronous sampling of the bridge amplifier output voltage and a reference signal provided by the calibrated dynamic bridge standard. The dynamic bridge standard enables calibrations in a frequency range from DC (static calibration) up to 10 kHz. An overview of the different measurement uncertainty contributions is given, and the first measurement results show good agreement with a previously established measurement setup.

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48

Klaus, L. "Static and dynamic bridge amplifier calibration according to ISO 4965-2." ACTA IMEKO 9, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.969.

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Dynamic measurements to correctly adjust the magnitude in fatigue testing require a dynamic calibration of force transducers and conditioning electronics if the dynamic loads are to be measured correctly. International standard ISO 4965 describes a calibration method for these components. At PTB, such a calibration of bridge amplifiers has now been performed for the first time. The calibration includes tests with static and dynamic signals. The reference for the calibration is the dynamic bridge standard of PTB. It is particularly suitable for this application as it can generate static and dynamic signals, and thus all investigations can be performed with one reference and in a reasonably short time. The signal creation and the data analysis were carried out using the open source program GNU Octave. For the data analysis, a semi-automatic procedure was developed to simplify the process. Calibrations of two digital bridge amplifiers were carried out.

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49

Piróg, Przemysław, and Mariusz Górecki. "AC/DC transfer standards calibration in Central Military Calibration Laboratory." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 66, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8333.

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The article discusses the method used in the Central Military Calibration Laboratory to calibrate Fluke 5790 AC/DC transfer standard with reference transfer standard Fluke 792A. It presents the measurement equation and the uncertainty budget. The contribution of uncertainty components in the measurement uncertainty has been presented. The metrological traceability has been evaluated by comparing calibration results with the results in the last Fluke certificate of calibration. Keywords: AC/DC converters, AC/DC difference, thermal voltage converters (TVCs), AC voltage measurement.

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50

Schrader, H., K. Kossert, and J. Mintcheva. "Calibration of a radionuclide calibrator system as a Bulgarian standard for activity." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 66, no. 6-7 (June 2008): 965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.02.042.

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