Статті в журналах: "Calcium chloride"

1

Koishina, G. M., E. E. Zholdasbay, M. B. Kurmanseitov, E. B. Tazhiev, and A. A. Argyn. "Study on the behavior of zinc and associated metal-impurities in the process of chlorinating roasting of dross." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 318, no. 3 (September 12, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.30.

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In this work the issue of processing of dross with preliminary separation of the metal part from the oxide one is reviewed. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of known works it is shown that this approach can be quite effective if a technology is developed for the separate processing of the oxide part to obtain a commercial product. The authors of this work proposed carrying out chlorinating roasting under oxidizing conditions with various chlorine-containing reagents as one of the effective ways of processing the oxide part of the dross. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of interaction between the components of the oxide part of the dross and calcium and ammonium chlorides, the principal possibility of obtaining pure zinc oxide, suitable for use as mineral additives in animal feed has been shown. As a result of thermodynamic calculations of the reactions of interaction of impurity metals with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, the values of Gibbs free energy and reaction rate constants were determined in the temperature range 973 and 1373 K. It has been established that under the conditions of roasting the oxide part of the dross with both calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, a high degree of sublimation of impurity metals from the dross in the form of their chlorides into dust is achieved. It has been shown that roasting the oxide part of the dross using ammonium chloride is more efficient than with calcium chloride.

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2

&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1171 (September 2007): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711710-00022.

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3

&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 540 (March 1995): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199505400-00012.

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4

&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 546 (April 1995): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199505460-00013.

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5

&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1264 (August 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912640-00032.

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6

&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 358 (July 1991): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199103580-00020.

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7

Khamrakulov, Zohidjon. "Study of filtration processes in obtaining a chlorate-containing defoliant from dolomite." BIO Web of Conferences 84 (2024): 05041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248405041.

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This article considers the separation of an insoluble residue from a suspension of calcium and magnesium chlorides obtained as a result of the decomposition of a dolomite mineral with hydrochloric acid of various concentrations was studied by methods of filtration, settling and the use of centrifugal force. For each method, the optimal deposition rate is set depending on the time. The filterability of pulp with sediments of calcium and magnesium chlorates, chloride and sodium chlorate, formed in the process of obtaining calcium-magnesium chlorate defoliant was studied in it.

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8

Kim, Gwangmok, and Sangwon Park. "Chloride Removal of Calcium Aluminate-Layered Double Hydroxide Phases: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 2797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062797.

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Chlorine is a critical element with respect to the use of fossil fuel, recycling of industrial wastes, and water purification. Chlorine could form toxic chemical compounds, corrode pipe systems and boilers, and contaminate surface and ground waters. Calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides are one of the most promising materials to remove chlorides due to the chemisorption mechanism, since the phases have positively charged interlayers. Many studies on the synthesis and the characterization of calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides have been extensively conducted, whereas few studies have been conducted on the chloride removal characteristics of the phases. The state-of-the-art studies on the synthesis methods and the structural characteristics of CaAl-LDH phases, the underlying mechanism on the removal of chlorides, and the potential removal rate and the capacity in the present study were thoroughly reviewed.

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9

Saeed, Haitham. "A REVIEW STUDY OF THE USE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE IN CONCRETE." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 27, no. 3 (May 1, 2023): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.3.4.

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For several decades, calcium chloride has been widely used as a cheap and effective accelerator. Calcium chloride is remarkably decreasing the initial and final setting times of concrete. It is mainly used at low-temperature concreting because it allows for earlier finishing and reduces the effects of water freezing inside fresh concrete. The use of calcium chloride in reinforced concrete has been decreased after identifying its effect on reinforcement corrosion. However, calcium chloride is still widely used in ordinary concrete and some reinforced concrete in specific proportions. This paper reviews the most important mechanical and chemical effects of calcium chloride on concrete mixtures, its effects on reinforcement corrosion, the conditions of its use, and its mechanism of action. This review study highlights the need for a detailed study to verify calcium chloride’s exact role in reinforcement corrosion and the maximum permissible limits for its use in reinforced concrete. In addition, there is a need to study the compatibility of calcium chloride with other concrete admixtures.

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10

Adli, Soumia, and Abdeljabbar Attaoui. "QUANTITATIVE DISCERNMENTS OF THE DIFFERENT CALCIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE TARFAYA OIL SHALE (MOROCCO)." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 02 (February 28, 2023): 981–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16334.

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Calcium exists in several compounds, calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2), calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium chloride dihydrated (CaCl2, 2H2O). All of these calcium compounds occur in oil shale. This work consists of using some physical and reaction analytical methods to try to discernthese calcium constituents quantitatively. By the methods of this work, which are the complexometry reaction using dimethyl tetra acetic acid (EDTA), the hydrochloric acid etching reaction and dispersive X-ray diffraction, we have tracked these calcium qualities. Pure calcite and pure hydrated calcium chloride were the references used. By combining the three analytical methods and making calculations, we were able to identify calcium chlorides and free chloride in the Tarfaya oil shale. The material account of the calcium compounds mentioned in addition to calcite and dolomite was established.

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11

Cote', Charles J., Lambertus J. Drop, Alfred L. Daniels, and David C. Hoaglin. "Calcium Chloride Versus Calcium Gluconate." Anesthesiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198704000-00003.

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12

&NA;. "Calcium chloride/digoxin." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 673 (October 1997): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199706730-00012.

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13

Tordoff, M. G. "Voluntary intake of calcium and other minerals by rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): R470—R475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.2.r470.

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The voluntary intake by male Sprague-Dawley rats of five calcium salts and eight mineral chlorides was assessed. Groups of 12-25 rats received a series of 48-h two-bottle tests with a choice between water and ascending concentrations of a mineral solution. Similar inverted U-shaped concentration-intake functions were obtained with each of the five calcium salts tested (hydroxide, gluconate, phosphate, lactate, and chloride): rats drank more calcium solution than water at concentrations between approximately 0.2 and 5 mM, showed indifference between 5 and 12 mM, and avoided higher concentrations. Inverted U-shaped concentration-intake functions were also obtained for ammonium chloride (peak at 100 mM), magnesium chloride (peak at 10 microM), potassium chloride (peak at 10 mM), ferrous chloride (peak at 4.64 microM), and rubidium chloride (peak at 2.15 mM). Rats drank slightly and nonsignificantly more 2.15 microM aluminum chloride than water and never drank more zinc chloride than water (range tested, 1 microM to 464 mM). These results illustrate that, as is the case for sodium, rats spontaneously ingest low concentrations of calcium and several other mineral solutions in preference to water. In general, the lower the cation's ionic charge, the greater the intake and higher the most accepted concentration.

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14

Matta Machado Paixão, J. M. "Calcium Solubility in Molten Calcium Chloride." ECS Proceedings Volumes 1994-13, no. 1 (January 1994): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/199413.0156pv.

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15

Jadhav, Shivaji, and Mrunalini Jadhav. "Study of chloride concentration of Nira River, Pune, Maharashtra, India." International Journal of Chemical and Life Sciences 6, no. 4 (August 2, 2017): 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijcls.2017.6.4.1.

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The present work deals with the study of Chloride concentration of Nira River in the year 2016. Fresh water is essential to existence of life. Acceptable quality water is essential not only for drinking and domestic purposes but also for agriculture, industrial and commercial uses. Chloride occurs naturally in all types of water. In natural fresh water, the concentration is quite low. The important source of chloride in the water is the discharge of domestic sewage. Chlorides are highly soluble in water so they do not get precipitate and cannot be removed by biological treatment of water. If the amount of chloride is beyond the permissible limit then it can corrode by extracting calcium in the form of calcide. Here in the present work the amount of chloride observed is within the permissible limit for Nira river.

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16

S.,, J. Baabor, M. A. Gilchrist,, and E. J. Delgado. "Isopiestic study of (calcium chloride + water) and (calcium chloride+ magnesium chloride + water) atT= 313.15 K." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 33, no. 4 (April 2001): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcht.2000.0730.

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17

Schvaneveldt, Mark, Devin Rappleye, and Ranon G. Fuller. "Electroanalytical Measurements of Lanthanum (III) Chloride in Molten Calcium Chloride and Molten Eutectic Calcium Chloride and Lithium Chloride." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 21 (October 19, 2021): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02211909mtgabs.

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18

Yuan, Yezhen, Kaimin Niu, Bo Tian, Lijuan Kong, and Lihui Li. "Effect of Metakaolin on the Diffusion Properties of Chloride Ions in Cement Mortar under the Coupling Effect of Multiple Factors in Marine Environment." Advances in Civil Engineering 2023 (May 25, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6961234.

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To address the problem of chloride ion transport in cement concrete in marine environment, this study investigates the effect of metakaolin dosage on the chloride ion diffusion resistance of mortar and its mechanism by testing the chloride ion binding capacity and microstructure of mortar under the coupling effect of chlorine salt-sulfate-carbonation multiple factors. The results show that the coupling of sulfate or carbonation reduces chloride ion transport to some extent compared with single chlorine salt attack, while the three-factor coupled environment promotes free chloride ion diffusion. This is because the products of calcium alumina, gypsum, and calcium carbonate grow together and compete with each other to form more large capillaries; thus, accelerating the diffusion of chloride ions in cement mortar. Metakaolin, due to its higher pozzolanic activity, increases the monocarbon aluminate content in the erosion products, promotes F-salt generation, and increases the Al/Si ratio, which strengthens the binding ability of C-S-H gel to chloride ions, so the free chloride ion concentration inside the specimens doped with metakaolin is lower. In particular, the three-factor coupled environment has less 0.05–10 μm capillary pore content and higher F-salt stability in the specimens, which has the strongest effect on chloride ion curing, and the free chloride ion concentration integral in M-SCCl is reduced by nearly 30% compared with MF-SCCl and F-SCCl.

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19

Sako, Takeshi, Toshikatsu Hakuta, and Hiroshi Yoshitome. "Vapor pressures of binary (water-hydrogen chloride, -magnesium chloride, and -calcium chloride) and ternary (water-magnesium chloride-calcium chloride) aqueous solutions." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 30, no. 2 (April 1985): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00040a030.

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20

Semple, P., and C. Both. "Calcium chloride; a reminder." Anaesthesia 51, no. 1 (January 1996): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07673.x.

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21

Hartzell, Criss, Ilva Putzier, and Jorge Arreola. "CALCIUM-ACTIVATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS." Annual Review of Physiology 67, no. 1 (March 17, 2005): 719–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.032003.154341.

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22

Neminebor Gift Pepe, Adewole Steve, and Akpoturi Peters. "Feasibility of Water Hyacinth Ash as an Accelerator in Cement Slurry Formulation." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 13, no. 4 (August 26, 2023): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.13.4.17.

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Cement is primarily used in drilling operations to protect the casing against the corrosive tendency of formation fluid and to support the casing with the external load on and around it. Cement slurry is formed by mixing water with Portland cement or with cement containing various essential additives as the case may be and pumping it down through to critical points in the annulus around the casing using various techniques. Class G cement is widely used in cementing jobs because it allows the use of accelerators and retarders for wide range of well depths and temperatures. Due to wait-on-cement time before commencement of drilling of the next section of the well, it is necessary to reduce the waiting time and it ripple effects on cost of drilling by introducing accelerator to the cement slurry. The chlorides of calcium, potassium and sodium are the commonly used accelerators. Water hyacinth ash have been known to contain high percentage of calcium, potassium and chlorine, these elements readily combine with water to form potassium chloride and calcium chloride of which both are used as accelerator additives in cement slurry formulation. The utilization of these compounds in water hyacinth ash as accelerator additives would be a major breakthrough in cementing jobs especially in shallow section of the wells. Locally sourced water hyacinth plants were dried and combusted in air, the ash was then activated with water and filtered. The filtrate was used to determine the thickening time of class G cement slurry and the results obtained was compared with that of inorganic calcium chloride. The thickening times at the various set temperatures for this experiment were close to the inorganic calcium chloride used. Though, the thickening time of cement slurry is dependent on temperature, the concentration of the accelerator in the slurry also affect it.. It was found out that water hyacinth ash reduces the thickening time of class G cement slurry comparatively and therefore, should be considered as accelerator additive in the formulation of oil well cement slurry for accelerating the cement setting time.

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23

Gui, Jingjing, Xin Cai, Lingyun Chen, Yuxin Zhou, Wenjing Zhu, Yuanrui Jiang, Min Hu, Xiaobei Chen, Yanwei Hu, and Shilei Zhang. "Facile and practical hydrodehalogenations of organic halides enabled by calcium hydride and palladium chloride." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 17 (2021): 4685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qo00758k.

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For the first time, calcium hydride and palladium chloride were used to reduce a wide range of organic halides including aromatic bromides, aromatic chlorides, aromatic triflates, aliphatic bromides, aliphatic chlorides and trihalomethyl compounds.

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24

Huh, Man Kyu. "The Influence of Calcium Chloride on Soil Animals, Microorganisms, and Phytoplankton." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 4, no. 3 (June 22, 2023): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2023.4.3.408.

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Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is an inorganic chemical from the chloride group, and it is widely used as one of snow removal agents on the road in winter. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the road salt (NaCl) on soil organisms (a soil animal, microorganisms, and plankton). The soil dwelling Armadillidium vulgare died from high concentration of calcium chloride treatment. The longer the processing time of A. vulgare at the high concentration of calcium chloride, the lower the survival rate. A. vulgare died 16% at a calcium chloride concentration of 1 mM. In the disc diffusion test, the diameter of the inhibition zone proportionally increased with the concentration of calcium chloride. Micrococcus sp. was slightly higher in calcium chloride inhibitory activity than those of three soil microorganisms (Bacillus subtillus, Pseudomonas flurescens, and Xanthomonas maltophilia). About 90% of microorganisms (phytoplanktons) died when the 15.0 mM calcium chloride solution was used. In this study, high concentrations of calcium chloride affected the survival of soil animals, soil microorganisms, and water microorganisms. If chloride dissolves in water and flows into rivers or lakes, it can cause destruction of soil or aquatic ecosystems and threat to the survival of small organisms.

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25

Kukurová, K., Z. Ciesarová, A. Bednáriková, and L. Marková. "Effect of Inorganic Salts on Acrylamide Formation in Cereal Matrices." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S425—S428. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/956-cjfs.

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The aim of the work was to compare the impact of different salts such as monovalent and divalent chlorides, hydrogencarbonates, phosphates and lactate on acrylamide formation in cereal model system during baking at 190°C for 9 min. Ammonium hydrogencarbonate promoted acrylamide production significantly. On the other hand, other inorganic salts lowered acrylamide content. Calcium chloride was the most effective with near to 90% acrylamide elimination ability. Sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium as well as potassium dihydrogen phosphate were also very effective and brought about 75% acrylamide content decrease, followed by calcium lactate, sodium chloride and potassium chloride causing 40–45% of acrylamide elimination and finally sodium and potassium hydrogen carbonates that achieved 30% reduction of acrylamide.

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26

ALKaisy, Qausar, Ali Alrikabi, and Jasim Al-Saadi. "Production and characterization of flavored goat milk gels using zinc and calcium salts Producing functional foods." Bionatura 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.04.80.

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Goat milk gels were prepared using calcium and zinc salts. The viscosity of gel prepared by adding zinc chloride and flavored with banana and orange was higher than that of gel prepared using calcium chloride. WHC of gels prepared using zinc chloride and calcium chloride was high on the first day and then gradually decreased during storage time at 7 °C. The hardness of the sweetened, flavored goat milk gel prepared with calcium chloride was lower than that of the gel prepared with zinc chloride. The Sensory evaluation study showed that, in general, flavoring gels prepared from goat milk using zinc and calcium salts had a high degree of acceptability. Keywords: flavored gel; Zinc chloride; Goat milk; Rheological properties

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27

Fedorov, Anatolii, Yurii Chekryshkin, and Aleksei Gorbunov. "Studies of Recycling of Poly(vinyl chloride) in Molten Na, Ca ‖ NO3, OH Systems." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2012 (May 22, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/768134.

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The interaction of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with components of molten inorganic systems at the temperature range 200–500°C was studied by a combination of thermogravimetric and differential-thermal methods. The results of this study show that the melts of alkali and alkaline-earth metal nitrates can be used for utilization of wastes of halogen-containing polymeric materials. It was established that unique solid products of interaction of PVC with components of the Ca(NO3)2–Ca(OH)2 mixes are ecologically safe calcium chloride and carbonate. Their formation proceeds in three stages including reactions of PVC dehydrochlorination, interactions of formed hydrocarbon residue and hydrogen chloride with calcium hydroxide and calcium nitrate, oxidation of the hydrocarbon residue, and carbonation of calcium hydroxide. A scheme for the oxidative degradation of PVC and for the binding of chlorine and carbon from the polymer in the reactions with components of Ca(NO3)2–NaNO3 and Ca(NO3)2–Ca(OH)2 mixtures was suggested, involving a series of consecutive and parallel reactions.

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28

Sun, Yan Li, Jian Wei Lin, Hong Huang, Wei Ying Zhang, and Dan Dan Ma. "Simultaneous Removal of Ammonium and Phosphate from Aqueous Solution by Calcium Chloride-Modified Zeolite." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1581.

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Abstract. In this study, the simultaneous adsorption characteristics of ammonium and phosphate from aqueous solution by calcium chloride-modified zeolite were investigated. Results showed that the adsorption kinetic data of ammonium and phosphate onto the calcium chloride-modified zeolite could be well described by a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium data of ammonium onto the calcium chloride-modified zeolite fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model better than the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The phosphate removal efficiency of calcium chloride-modified zeolite increased with the initial concentration of ammonium in aqueous solution. The ammonium removal efficiency of calcium chloride-modified zeolite increased with increasing solution pH from 7.0 to 9.0, but decreased with increasing solution pH from 9.0 to 10.0. The phosphate removal efficiency of calcium chloride-modified zeolite increased dramatically with increasing solution pH from 7.0 to 9.0, but decreased with increasing solution pH from 9.0 to 10.0. The mechanism for the adsorption of ammonium onto the calcium chloride-modified zeolite was ions exchange, and the mechanism for the removal of phosphate by the calcium chloride-modified zeolite was chemical precipitation.

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29

Li, Xiaogang, Ling Jin, Jing Ling, and Zhongchun Jiang. "(326) Foliar Applications of 6-BA, Potassium Phosphate, and Calcium Chloride Affect Pear Fruit Quality." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1065B—1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1065b.

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Foliar application of hormones and nutrients can improve fruit quality, but specific conditions for applying hormones and nutrients may vary among fruit species. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 6-BA, potassium phosphate (monobasic), and calcium chloride on fruit weight, palatability, and storage quality of 8-year-old pear trees, cv. Hosui. Foliar applications of 1 mg·L-1 6-BA, 0.3% potassium phosphate, 0.3% calcium chloride, or 0.3% potassium phosphate + 0.3% calcium chloride were made at 20-day intervals from June until maturity. All foliar applications increased average fruit weight over the control (distilled water). 6-BA or the combination of potassium phosphate and calcium chloride increased fruit weight more than did potassium phosphate or calcium chloride alone. Fruit palatability, measured as the ratio of sugar content to acid content, was significantly lower in 6-BA, potassium phosphate, and calcium chloride treatments than in the control. All treatments increased vitamin C content over the control. Fruit storage quality in calcium chloride or calcium chloride + potassium phosphate treatments was superior to that in the control. Potassium phosphate alone and 6-BA treatments had no effects on fruit storage quality. We conclude that foliar applications of 0.3% potassium phosphate + 0.3% calcium chloride or 1 mg·L-1 6-BA can increase average fruit weight and improve fruit palatability.

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30

Homayoonmehr, Reza, Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour, Faramarz Moodi, Amir Mohammad Ramezanianpour, and Juan Pablo Gevaudan. "A Review on the Effect of Metakaolin on the Chloride Binding of Concrete, Mortar, and Paste Specimens." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 15022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215022.

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Chloride binding is a complex phenomenon in which the chloride ions bind with hydrated Portland cement (PC) phases via physical and chemical mechanisms. However, the current utilization of clays as (Al)-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as metakaolin (MK), can affect the chloride-binding capacity of these concrete materials. This state-of-the-art review discusses the effect of clay-based SCMs on physical and chemical chloride binding with an emphasis on MK as a high-reactivity clay-based SCM. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms playing a role in physical and chemical binding and the MK effect on the hydrated cement products before and after exposure to chloride ions are discussed. Recent findings have portrayed competing properties of how MK limits the physical chloride-binding capacity of MK-supplemented concrete. The use of MK has been found to increase the calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) content and its aluminum to silicon (Al/Si) ratio, but to reduce the calcium to silicon (Ca/Si) ratio, which reduces the physical chloride-binding capacity of PC-clay blended cements, such as limestone calcined clay cements (LC3). By contrast, the influence of MK on the chemical chloride capacity is significant since it increases the formation of Friedel’s salt due to an increased concentration of Al during the hydration of Portland cement grains. Recent research has found an optimum aluminum to calcium (Al/Ca) ratio range, of approximately 3 to 7, for maximizing the chemical binding of chlorides. This literature review highlights the optimal Al content for maximizing chloride binding, which reveals a theoretical limit for calcined clay addition to supplementary cementitious materials and LC3 formulations. Results show that 5–25% of replacements increase bound chloride; however, with a higher percentage of replacements, fresh and hardened state properties play a more pivotal role. Lastly, the practical application of four binding isotherms is discussed with the Freundlich isotherm found to be the most accurate in predicting the correlation between free and bound chlorides. This review discusses the effects of important cement chemistry parameters, such as cation type, sulfate presence, carbonation, chloride concentration, temperature, and applied electrical fields on the chloride binding of MK-containing concretes—important for the durable formulation of LC3.

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31

Coldwell, S. E., and M. G. Tordoff. "Acceptance of minerals and other compounds by calcium-deprived rats: 24-h tests." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): R1—R10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.1.r1.

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We measured 24-h spontaneous intake of four to eight concentrations of 31 different solutions by groups of rats fed control or low-calcium diets. Relative to controls, those fed low-calcium diet had increased acceptance of one or more concentrations of sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium bicarbonate, but not sodium gluconate. Differences in palatability between these sodium salts were unimportant because the rats fed low-calcium diet consumed more sodium chloride even if this was made less acceptable by adulteration with citric acid. The possibility that calcium-deprived rats have an enhanced general cation or mineral appetite was supported by findings of increased acceptance of one or more concentrations of nine of ten chloride minerals tested (aluminum chloride, ammonium chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, strontium chloride, zinc chloride). However, there were no differences in acceptance of any concentration of cesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, or lead acetate. Moreover, calcium-deprived rats drank more hydrochloric acid and malic acid than did controls. Thus the effect of calcium deficiency on intake was not confined to minerals. Acidity or bitterness did not appear important because there was no difference between the groups in intake of sulfuric acid, citric acid, or quinine hydrochloride. Consistent with the exacerbating effects of phosphates on calcium deprivation, deprived rats had decreased intakes of phosphates (sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate). However, they also had decreased intakes of sucrose and saccharin. It is clear that calcium deprivation does not induce a general increase in acceptance of all taste solutions, but there appears to be no simple explanation for what these animals consume.

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32

Kobayashi, Hidekazu, Setsuro Sato, and Yoshikuni Masaoka. "Tolerance of Grasses to Calcium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and Sodium Chloride." Plant Production Science 7, no. 1 (January 2004): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/pps.7.30.

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33

Sasithorn, Nongnut, Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit, and Lenka Martinová. "Preparation of Silk Fibroin Nanofibres by Needleless Electrospinning Using Formic Acid-Calcium Chloride as the Solvent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 848 (July 2016): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.848.203.

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In this study, silk nanofibre sheets were prepared by a needleless electrospinning from silk fibroin in a mixture of formic acid and calcium chloride. The influences of the concentration of calcium chloride on the properties of spinning solution, morphology of the silk electrospun fibres and the spinning performance of the spinning process were examined. The results show that calcium chloride can improve the solubility of silk fibroin in formic acid. The morphology of electrospun fibres was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which indicates that the morphology of obtained fibres was influenced by the weight ratio of silk fibre to calcium chloride in the spinning solution. It was observed that the concentration of calcium chloride in the spinning solution influenced the diameter of the silk electrospun fibres, with an increase in the concentration of calcium chloride increasing the diameters of the electrospun fibres. The silk nanofibres had diameters ranging from 440 to 1900 nm. However, increasing the concentration of calcium chloride in the spinning solution had a less influence on the spinning performance of electrospinning process.

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34

Oetzel, Garrett R. "Effect of calcium chloride gel treatment in dairy cows on incidence of periparturient diseases." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1996.209.05.958.

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Objective To determine effect of prophylactic treatment of dairy cattle with a calcium chloride gel on serum calcium concentration in the immediate postpartum period and incidence of parturient paresis, retained fetal membranes, and displacement of the abomasum. Design Randomized controlled trial. Animals 204 Holstein cows. Procedure Cows were paired according to parity, whether they had previously had parturient paresis, and expected calving date. Cows in the treatment group received doses of calcium chloride gel 12 hours before expected calving, at calving, and 12 and 24 hours after calving. Cows in the control group did not receive calcium chloride gel. Results Compared with concentration in the control cows, mean serum calcium concentration in cows treated with calcium chloride gel was significantly increased on postcalving days 1 and 2. The increase was significant only in cows that were third parity or greater. Calcium chloride gel treatment also resulted in significantly reduced incidence of parturient paresis, parturient hypocalcemia, and displaced abomasum. The incidence of parturient paresis was lower in cows that received the precalving dose of calcium chloride gel (0/39) than in cows that did not receive the precalving dose (6/63). Clinical Implications Results suggest that periparturient prophylactic treatment of dairy cattle with an oral calcium chloride gel may be beneficial and that treatment would be most effective for cows of third parity or greater. Administration of a precalving dose of calcium chloride gel is necessary to reduce the incidence of parturient paresis, but postcalving treatment alone has other beneficial effects. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:958-961)

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35

Anger, Kevin E., Caryn Belisle, Megan B. Colwell, Robert Dannemiller, Burhan Alawadhi, Alex Wilkocki, and Paul M. Szumita. "Safety of Compounded Calcium Chloride Admixtures for Peripheral Intravenous Administration in the Setting of a Calcium Gluconate Shortage." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 27, no. 5 (December 10, 2013): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190013513617.

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Calcium gluconate is preferred over calcium chloride for intravenous (IV) repletion of calcium deficiencies in the inpatient setting. In the setting of a national shortage of IV calcium gluconate, our institution implemented a compounded calcium chloride admixture for IV administration. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the peripheral infusion site safety of compounded IV calcium chloride admixtures in adult inpatients. A total of 222 patients, encompassing 224 inpatient admissions, from April to June 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Sterile preparations of calcium chloride in 5% dextrose (600 mg/250 mL and 300 mg/100 mL) were used during the study time period. Adverse infusion site reactions were assessed using an institutional infiltration and phlebitis grading system. A total of 333 doses were administered peripherally. In all, 4 (1.8%) patients experienced a moderate to severe infusion site reaction, with 3 due to phlebitis and 1 due to infiltration. Naranjo Nomogram for Adverse Drug Reaction Assessment classified all 4 reactions to have a possible link to calcium chloride administration. Peripheral administration of compounded calcium chloride admixtures in 5% dextrose is associated with a low incidence of IV infusion site reactions and can be considered as an alternative in the event of a calcium gluconate shortage.

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36

Betoni-Junior, Walter, Paula Dechichi, Jônatas Caldeira Esteves, Darceny Zanetta-Barbosa, and Aparecido Eurípedes Onório Magalhães. "Evaluation of the Bone Healing Process Utilizing Platelet-Rich Plasma Activated by Thrombin and Calcium Chloride: A Histologic Study in Rabbit Calvaria." Journal of Oral Implantology 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-10-00043.

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To evaluate the bone healing of defects filled with particulate bone graft in combination with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), added with a mixture of calcium chloride and thrombin or just calcium chloride. Two 5-mm bone defects were created in the calvaria of 24 rabbits. Each defect was filled with particulate bone graft and PRP. In one defect the PRP was activated by a mixture of calcium chloride and thrombin; in the other, PRP was activated by calcium chloride only. The animals were euthanized 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the surgeries, and the calvaria was submitted to histologic processing for histomorphometric analysis. The qualitative analysis has shown that both defects presented the same histologic characteristics so that a better organized, more mature, and well-vascularized bone tissue was noticed in the eighth week. A good bone repair was achieved using either the mixture of calcium chloride and thrombin or the calcium chloride alone as a restarting agent of the coagulation process.

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37

Jankovic, Dragan, Sladjana Jankovic, Svetlana Paunovic, Bratislav Cirkovic, and Zoran Jovanovic. "Pollen germination of the walnut cultivar ‛Geisenheim 286’ on different culture media." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 59, no. 1 (2014): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1401053j.

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Pollen of the walnut cultivar ?Geisenheim 286(27.8%) when the germination medium contained 0.8% of agar, 15% of sucrose, 600 ppm of ? was cultured on germination media containing all possible combinations of sucrose (10, 15 and 20%); agar (0.6 and 0.8%); boric acid (0, 300 and 600 ppm) and calcium chloride (0, 50 and 100 ppm). A total of 54 different combinations of germination media were tested in an attempt to establish a suitable culture in vitro pollen germinability The interactions of the concentrations of agar and calcium chloride, boric acid and sucrose, calcium chloride and sucrose, as well as those of boric acid, calcium chloride and sucrose were significant. Pollen germination was maximized media for studying of the walnut. Significant differences in pollen germination were observed in response to changing concentrations of sucrose, boric acid and calcium chloride, but germination was not affected by changes in agar concentration. boric acid and 50 ppm of calcium chloride.

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38

Wong, Dominic W. S., John M. Randall, Wayne M. Camirand, and Richard H. Edwards. "Sucrose in methanolic calcium chloride." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 34, no. 1 (January 1986): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00067a034.

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39

MCCOY, MICHAEL. "Road Clears For Calcium Chloride." Chemical & Engineering News 78, no. 28 (July 10, 2000): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v078n028.p022.

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40

Grim, PS. "Calcium chloride for refractory EMD." Annals of Emergency Medicine 15, no. 4 (April 1986): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(86)80253-0.

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41

Jarek, Urszula, Małgorzata Hołyńska, Katarzyna Ślepokura, and Tadeusz Lis. "Calcium chloride rhenate(VII) dihydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 63, no. 9 (August 17, 2007): i77—i79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270107037456.

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42

Neilsen, Gerry, Denise Neilsen, Shufu Dong, Peter Toivonen, and Frank Peryea. "Application of CaCl2 Sprays Earlier in the Season May Reduce Bitter Pit Incidence in 'Braeburn' Apple." HortScience 40, no. 6 (October 2005): 1850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1850.

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Calcium application trials were undertaken in a 'Braeburn' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) orchard with a history of bitter pit development at harvest. In 2000, an early season calcium chloride application strategy was compared with the unsprayed control and a late season application strategy. From 2001–03, the assessment of timing of calcium chloride sprays was extended by comparing effects of five weekly sprays applied during the growing season either early, middle, or late season. Other Ca application strategies tested included sprays of acidified calcium carbonate suspensions and soil application of calcium thiosulphate. In the first experiment, early application of calcium chloride reduced the occurrence of bitter pit at harvest and after 3 months cold air storage, despite having low harvest fruit Ca concentrations. Late sprayed fruit had a higher incidence of bitter pit. In the second experiment, the later calcium chloride was sprayed in the growing season, the higher the fruit Ca concentration at harvest. Despite this, no bitter pit was measured at harvest for 2 years for early and midseason calcium chloride spray regimes. In 2003, when Ca disorders were severe and fruit large, bitter pit was observed despite early season calcium chloride sprays. Soil calcium thiosulphate application and foliar sprays of acidified calcium carbonate suspensions failed to meaningfully augment harvest fruit Ca concentrations and affect bitter pit incidence.

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43

Wachira, Jackson Muthengia, and Joseph Mwiti Marangu. "Chloride Diffusivity in Blended Cement Made from Selected Industrial and Agrowastes." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (June 16, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2814320.

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This paper reports study findings on the diffusivity of chloride ions in potential blended cement. The cement, abbreviated as PCDC, was made from blending ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with dried calcium carbide residue and an incinerated mix of rice husks, spent bleaching earth, and broken bricks. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of PCDC to withstand aggressive chloride environment. 10 cm × 10 cm mortar cubes were prepared using PCDC and cured for 28 days in saturated calcium hydroxide solution. The cured mortar cubes were subjected to aggressive chloride media in a laboratory set up. The test cement was subjected to chloride profile analysis with depth of cover as a function of w/c ratio and curing period in alternate dry and wet environments of 3.5 percent sodium chloride solution. The experiments were carried alongside neat OPC and OPC + 25% pulverised fuel ash (OPC + 25% PFA). Results showed that PCDC exhibited lower chloride ingress as the depth of cover increased. In conclusion, the study showed that PCDC was a potential cementitious material with high ability to withstand aggressive environment of chlorides.

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44

Fatheen, Intan Nurfarzana Mohd Razib, Che Husain Syuhani, Hamzah Fazlena, Najwa Mohd Rodhi Miradatul, and Veny Harumi. "Effect of Temperature on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Biomimetic Calcium Chloride Solution." Advances in Science and Technology 107 (June 28, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.107.76.

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In the present work, the effect of temperature on calcium carbonate precipitation in the biomimetic calcium chloride solution was investigated. A spontaneous calcium carbonate precipitate was formed in the biomimetic calcium chloride solution as a result of the carbon dioxide hydration process. The reaction was conducted at different temperature range vary from 30°C to 100°C. The mass of the calcium carbonate precipitate and the pH solution was measured in the study. The finding indicated that an increment of the temperature has led to the fast pH reduction of the solutions to 7.0. However, the process has retarded the calcium carbonate precipitation process. The optimum temperature for higher calcium carbonate precipitation has occurred at the temperature range of 47.5°C – 65°C which gave the highest calcium carbonate precipitate at 0.121g. The addition of Tris buffer into the calcium chloride solution in this study did not gave an inhibition effect on the calcium carbonate precipitate. Based on the results, an operating condition at 47.5°C – 65°C was recommended to be used in mineral carbonization of CO2 using the biomimetic calcium chloride solution.

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45

Whiting, Susan J., and David E. C. Cole. "The comparative effects of feeding ammonium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium chloride on urinary calcium excretion in the rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 2202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-348.

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When either sulfate or chloride is added to the diet, the resulting acid load causes a rise in urinary calcium excretion. There is, however, the possibility that sulfate, which has been shown to complex renal tubular calcium, will further decrease renal calcium reabsorption and thus produce a greater calciuria than chloride. Because addition of a fixed cation (e.g., sodium) to the diet may also stimulate calciuresis, experiments were conducted using metabolizable ammonium to minimize cation effects. Ammonium salts of sulfate, chloride, and carbonate (control) were added to the diets of male rats at 0.3 mequiv./g weight of diet. Twenty-four hour excretion rates of calcium, sulfate, chloride, and net acid were measured at various intervals up to 1 month. As expected, the chloride and sulfate diets were both associated with significantly elevated urine calcium and net acid excretion as compared with controls. However, those fed sulfate exhibited significantly less calcium and acid excretion and absorbed a smaller proportion of the anion load than those given chloride. In a second experiment, the amounts of supplemental sulfate and chloride were adjusted so that total absorptions were similar. At 2 weeks, both calcium and acid excretions in the fixed anion groups were no longer significantly different. Thus, in chronic feeding trials, there appears to be no measurable difference in the calciuretic properties of sulfate and chloride anions.

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46

Al Safi, Hassan. "Effect of polyoxal and Seaweed Extract on some ions in soil, leaves and the early yield of eggplant Solanum melongena L. under protected cultivation." Muthanna Journal for Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52113/mjas04/9.2/12.

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This experiment was carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate in one of the unheated greenhouses dimensions (9 x 54 m) affiliated to experiment station of agricultural research in Al-Bandar area on the side of the Euphrates River, affiliated to the College of Agriculture / University of Al-Muthanna for the winter agricultural season (2021-2022), to study the effect of adding polixal 20-8 at four concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12 ml L-1 ) and spraying seaweed extract (Algaren) at four concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 ml L-1 ) on some ions in soil, leaves and the early yield of eggplant cv. Barcelona, The treatments were assigned to experimental following a randomized completely block design (R.C.B.D.). The results showed the significant superiority of adding a polixal (12 ml L -1 ) on the concentration of calcium, sodium and chloride ions in soil and plant, the calcium ion concentration in the soil was 431.8 PPM, the sodium ion concentration was 150.37 PPM, and the chlorine ion concentration was 1869 PPM, while the calcium ion concentration in the leave was 966.1 PPM, the sodium ion concentration was 443.2 PPM, and the chlorine ion concentration was 241.92 PPM, and the early yield is 1.38 kg house -1 Significant differences were also recorded for the results of spraying seaweed extract with a concentration of 4.5 ml L-1 on all studied traits, increasing the calcium concentration, and decreasing the sodium and chloride ions in the soil and plant as the calcium ion concentration in the soil was 395.3 PPM, the sodium ion concentration was 149.29 PPM and the chlorine ion concentration was PPM 2961, while the calcium ion concentration in the plant was PPM 948.4 and the calcium ion concentration in the plant was PPM 948.4. Sodium 431.9 PPM and chlorine ion concentration 241.92 PPM, and the early yield is 1.05 kg house

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47

Onyia, D. C., E. C. Onyeneke, T. Okunwaye, E. O. Okogbenin, N. U. Asiriuwa, J. U. Obibuzor, and H. Anemene. "The Influence Of Metal Ions On Cellulolytic Activities Of Fungal Isolates From Palm Biomass." Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology 38, no. 2 (March 3, 2022): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i2.7.

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Numerous metal ions and chemical compounds can influence the activity of some fungi. Some have inhibitory effects whereas others have enhancing effects. In this study, the effect of metallic chlorides; lead II chloride (PbCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), copper II chloride (CuCl2), calcium II chloride (CaCl2), manganese II chloride (MnCl2), iron III chloride (FeCl3) and mercury II chloride (HgCl2) were evaluated for their influence on the cellulolytic activity of seven (7) fungal isolates at a concentration of 0.005M at 30°C for four (4) days using 3, 5-dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNS) method. CaCl2 had the highest influence on the cellulolytic activity for all the fungal isolates as compared to the control. In the presence of CaCl2, Trichoderma species (C) showed a high cellulolytic activity of 2.28x10-5 mmol/min/ml, Rhizopus, Trichoderma and Aspergillus species (A, B and E) had activities of 1.72 x10-5 ,1.65 x10-5 and 1.68 x10-5 mmol/min/ml respectively. HgCl2 and CuCl2 had the least influenced on the cellulolytic activity of all the fungal isolates. This, therefore, suggests that calcium ion activates the cellulase activity of the fungal species while HgCl2, PbCl2, KCl, CuCl2, MnCl2 and FeCl3 had a retarding effect on the cellulolytic activity.

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48

Hasselbach, Wilhelm, and Andrea Migala. "Modulation by Monovalent Anions of Calcium and Caffeine Induced Calcium Release from Heavy Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 47, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1992): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1992-0619.

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Both calcium and caffeine induced calcium release from actively loaded heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were studied to analyze the dependence of both activities on the composition of the release medium with respect to monovalent anions. Calcium is unable to induce net calcium release while caffeine remains effective as releasing agent when the experimental media contain neither chloride nor nitrate ions. Caffeine induced calcium release is not suppressed by chelating residual medium calcium (approximately 0 .5 -1 μᴍ) with 2 mᴍ EGTA added 15 s prior to 10 mᴍ caffeine. Calcium release from vesicles loaded in media containing 0.2 ᴍ gluconate as monovalent anion is induced when the medium is supplemented with chloride or nitrate. The release amplitude increases linearly when K-gluconate is replaced by KCl. At constant ionic strength the release amplitude becomes maximal at a chloride concentration of 0.2 ᴍ. The chloride effect completely disappears when 2 mᴍ EGTA are added simultaneously. When chloride is replaced by nitrate, as releasing agent, maximal release is achieved already by addition of 0.1 ᴍ K-nitrate. The releasing effect of nitrate can only partially be suppressed by EGTA. The different effectiveness of gluconate, chloride and nitrate as calcium release supporting ions corresponds to their activating effect on the binding of ryanodine to the calcium release channel in the vesicular membranes.

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49

Shevchuk, V. V., T. N. Potkina, A. I. Vaitenka, and O. V. Smetanina. "Obtaining artificial carnallites from magnesium chloride brines." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 56, no. 2 (June 7, 2020): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2020-56-2-229-234.

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The excess of magnesium chloride brines is formed during the polymineral ores processing in order to obtain potassium sulfate. One way to regenerate such brines is to produce artificial carnallite. It is necessary to purify these brines from sulfates for their further use as raw materials for the artificial carnallite production. In this work, the process of desulfurization of magnesium chloride brines with a solution of calcium chloride is studied. The temperature and the processing time, the magnesium chloride solutions concentration and the consumption of desulfurizing agent (calcium chloride) influence on the degree of magnesium chloride solutions purification from sulfate ions was determined. It has been established that almost all sulfate ions interact with calcium ion in 15 minutes and the desulfurization degree reaches 98,08 %. The increase in duration of the suspension mixing is necessary in order to establish equilibrium in the system and relieve the supersaturation in the solution. It has been shown that with increasing solutions saturation with MgCl2, the degree of the magnesium chloride brines purification from SO4 2– ion increases. Complete precipitation of calcium sulfate requires a certain excess concentration of calcium chloride.

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50

Monlux, Stephen. "Stabilizing Unpaved Roads with Calcium Chloride." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-07.

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The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service has stabilized unpaved road surfacing materials with relatively high concentrations of calcium chloride salt. The percentage of calcium chloride is higher than that traditionally used for dust abatement or aggregate base stabilization. Up to 2% pure salt by weight of aggregate was mixed into the top 2 in. (50 mm) of both aggregate and native road surfaces. The results were monitored for 2 to 4 years. The stabilized road surfaces resisted raveling and washboarding for several seasons and significantly reduced road blading and aggregate loss. As a result, calcium chloride stabilization may be a cost-effective treatment for roads with daily traffic volumes less than 200. Other benefits include reduced surface erosion and sedimentation; improved safety from reduced dust, raveling, and washboarding; and less frost penetration. Encouraged by these results, the Forest Service is conducting additional evaluations to determine the cost-effectiveness of surface stabilization with both magnesium chloride and calcium chloride in different environments and with different aggregate materials.

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