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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 16 вересня 2023

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1

Ryabov, A. V. "New Medium-Carbon Free-Machining Steels Containing Bismuth and Calcium." Materials Science Forum 843 (February 2016): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.843.101.

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The paper describes the properties of two new medium-carbon free-machining alloy structural steels. These steels are environmentally friendly since lead in them is replaced with much less harmful elements bismuth and calcium. Bismuth and calcium are rather uniformly distributed in the ingot, though there are two zones of bismuth heterogeneity in the bottom and in the head part of the ingot. Mechanical properties of steels are at the same level as for steels without bismuth and calcium. Non-metallic inclusion content is typical for structural steels melted in open electric arc furnaces with basic lining and is not changed by the presence of bismuth and calcium. Machinability of the steels with bismuth and calcium is at the same or higher level than that of lead-bearing steels. Melting, casting, forging and rolling of steel containing bismuth and calcium is not associated with working area air-pollution with harmful substances in amounts exceeding maximum permissible concentrations. During rolling of the lead-free steels harmful emissions are almost absent, unlike the lead-bearing steels.

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2

Ryabov, A. V., Aleksandr A. Dyakonov, and M. G. Vakhitov. "A New Free-Machining Steel Containing Bismuth and Calcium." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.251.

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The paper presents a new environmentally friendly lead-free free-machining structural steel AVTs19KhGN containing bismuth and calcium. The following quality characteristics of the new steel (in as-cast and forged condition) are determined: mechanical properties; austenite grain size; amount of non-metallic inclusions; surface quality. In forged rods (square 20 mm) a tendency towards an increase of bismuth content is observed from bottom to top of the ingot. Calcium distribution along the billet is uniform. Surface quality of billets in heats following the test heats is comparable to that of analog steels. Austenite grain size does not exceed ASTM number 6. Austenite grain is refined with increasing bismuth content. Mechanical properties are at the same level as for the steel without bismuth and calcium.

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3

Luo, Feng Chao, Jin Liang He, Jun Hu, and Yuan Hua Lin. "Influence of Slight Bismuth Additive on the Properties of Calcium Copper Titanate Ceramic." Advanced Materials Research 105-106 (April 2010): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.105-106.274.

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The CaCu3Ti4O12 samples with slight amount of doped bismuth were prepared and tested in this research. No second phase with bismuth was found in the doped samples. It was inferred that the bismuth ions has entered the lattice and take the place of the calcium ions. The grain size was diminished with the increase of the bismuth content. The bismuth atoms can inhibit the grains from growing large, and it could be used to modify the microstructure of CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramic. The reduction of the grain size resulted in the decrease of the relative dielectric constant, according to the “internal barrier layer capacitance (IBLC)” theory. The impedance measurements showed that the doped samples have less conductivity and lower potential barrier at the grain boundaries, and the substitution of the bismuth ions on the calcium cites might be the reason for it. As a result of the lowered potential barrier, the non-ohmic I-V property of the CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramic almost disappears in the doped ones.

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4

Pei, Z., A. van Dijken, A. Vink, and G. Blasse. "Luminescence of calcium bismuth vanadate (CaBiVO5)." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 204, no. 1-2 (February 1994): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(94)90098-1.

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5

Ryabov, A. V. "Environmental Aspects of Lead-Free Free-Machining Steels Production." Materials Science Forum 843 (February 2016): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.843.231.

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The paper presents the results of comparative studies of working area air pollution during the production of three alloy steels containing bismuth and calcium as machinability-enhancing additives: AVTs40Kh13 (0.4 %C + 13 %Cr + Bi + Ca), AVTs14Kh17N2 (0.14 %C + 17 %Cr + 2 %Ni + Bi + Ca) and AVTs19KhGN (0.19 %C + 0.9 %Mn + 0.9 %Cr + 0.9 %Ni + Bi + Ca). Experimental studies were performed in industrial conditions at Zlatoust Electrometallurgical Plant, Ltd. According to the technology developed and used at the enterprise, bismuth was introduced in the form of shot to the steel stream during casting of 0.5 t ingots at a special casting site. Air samples (of statistically reliable volume) were taken using standard techniques in the working areas at principal moments of technological processes. Bismuth content in air samples was then determined by polarography method. The results demonstrate that bismuth introduction to the steel stream during top casting results in bismuth concentration in the air of the working areas exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of 0.5 mg/m3 only in the first 10 min after casting start. Bottom casting and hot forming of free-machining steels containing bismuth and calcium is not accompanied by pollution of the air in the working area with harmful substances in amounts exceeding maximum permissible concentration, unlike leaded free-machining steels.

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6

Ryabov, A. V. "Comparative Characteristics of Free-Machining Steels of Cr-Mo Type." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.670.

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The work investigates the properties of lead-free free-machining steel grade A30KhMAR, containing BN inclusions, in comparison with the base Cr-Mo steel 30KhM, lead-bearing AS30KhM, lead-calcium-bearing ASTs30KhM, calcium-bearing ATs30KhM, bismuth-calcium-bearing AVTs30KhM and tin-bearing AО30KhM. Effect of bismuth, calcium, lead, tin and boron nitride inclusions on steel susceptibility to temper brittleness and cold brittleness is studied. Contamination of steels with non-metallic inclusions is estimated. End-quench hardenability curves of the test steel A30KhMAR are obtained. Free-machining Cr-Mo structural steel, containing low-melting elements, has ASTM grain size of the number of 7–8. Hardenability and austenite grain size are satisfactory compared to the base steel 30KhM. Mechanical properties of the test steel in longitudinal direction (ultimate and proof stress, specific elongation, reduction in area, impact toughness, hardness) were also determined. It was found that bismuth, calcium, lead, tin, boron and nitrogen (in the form of boron nitride inclusions) within the studied limits do not have negative effect on mechanical properties of heat-treated ASTs30KhM, ATs30KhM, AVTs30KhM, A30KhMAR and AО30KhM steels, and the values of strength, plasticity and toughness characteristics satisfy the requirements of GOST standards for the base steel 30KhM and lead-bearing steel AS30KhM.

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7

Trokiner, A., L. Le Noc, A. Yakubovskii, K. N. Mykhalyov, and S. V. Verkhovskii. "43Ca NMR Study of Bismuth-Based High-Tc Superconductors." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 49, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1994): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1994-1-255.

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Abstract As a first step of a study of the electronic properties of CuO2 planes by probing calcium nuclei in the bismuth-based high-Tc materials we report here the structural assignment of Ca NMR lines measured in 43Ca-enriched samples of n = 2 ((Bi,Pb)2Sr2CaCu2O8+x) and n = 3 ((Bi,Pb)2Sr2-Ca2Cu3O10+x) bismuth compounds. Powdered samples were investigated as well as oriented pow ders, achieved by uniaxial alignment of the grains in a 7T magnetic field. For the main calcium site (Ca between two CuO2 planes), we could determine the quadrupolar as well as the shift tensors. The results indicate that, in the same way as yttrium nuclei in YBaCuO, calcium nuclei are sensitive to the magnetic susceptibility of the metallic CuO2 planes.

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8

Szalbot, Diana, Małgorzata Adamczyk, Beata Wodecka-Duś, Jolanta Dzik, Michał Rerak, and Kamil Feliksik. "Influence of calcium doping on microstructure, dielectric and electric properties of BaBi2Nb2O9 ceramics." Processing and Application of Ceramics 12, no. 2 (2018): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1802171s.

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Barium bismuth niobiate (BaBi2Nb2O9) ceramics modified by calcium were prepared by solid state synthesis and two-step sintering process. An impact of calcium substitution on the A site of perovskite block is presented. The investigations are focused on dielectric as well as electric aspects of the modification. The presented results reveal that the concentration of a space charge is not preserved, what is surprising due to the homovalent nature of the dopant and no reason for creating additional lattice defects and charges connected. However, not only the valence of ions, but also the calcium-oxygen and barium-oxygen bond strength should be taken into consideration. Since the calcium-oxygen bond is probably weaker the loss of the bismuth oxide is expected to increase with an increase in the calcium content. Such a scenario results in appearance of a large number of negative charge carriers connected with unsaturated oxygen ions.

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9

Mubeen, M., and M. Anis-ur-Rehman. "Cerium Doped Bismuth Based High T_c Superconductor: Synthesis and Study of Superconducting Properties." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.75.

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High-Tcsuperconductivity has been an emerging field for researchers since its discovery. Bismith based superconductors commonly called BSCCO have great importance among the superconducting family. It is divided into three phases among them 2223 phase is highly studied in order to investigate its superconducting properties by substitution of different elements. We have studied the substitution of cerium (Ce) on calcium site of bismuth based Bi (Pb)Sr (Ba)-2223 high-Tcsuperconductor. The nominal compositions of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr1.6Ba0.4(Ca1-xCex)2Cu3Oxceramic superconductor were prepared by wet chemical method. Stoichiometric amounts of Bi2O3, PbO, Sr (NO3)2, BaCO3, CaCO3, CuO and CeO2were used as starting materials. Structural analysis was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at room temperature and different parameters were calculated. DC resistivity measurements for the transition temperature of synthesized superconducting samples were taken by the standard four-probe method, apparatus for which was developed in our laboratory. It is observed that with the substitution of cerium on calcium site the single high-Tc2223 phase is obtained.

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10

Konkol, Izabela, Jan Cebula, Jolanta Bohdziewicz, Krzysztof Piotrowski, Piotr Sakiewicz, Magdalena Piechaczek-Wereszczyńska, and Adam Cenian. "Mineral Deposit Formation in Gas Engines During Combustion of Biogas from Landfills and Municipal WWTP." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2020-0022.

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AbstractThe biogas produced in municipal wastewater-treatment plants (WWTP) should be cleaned before it can be used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Efficient running of such engines is possible only subject to using high quality biogas and lubricating oil. Otherwise, biogas impurities in course of complex chemical reactions may form deposits on various engine parts as well as seriously contaminate the lubricating oil. In this paper, mineral deposits containing high concentration of bismuth, silicon, sulphur, calcium and zinc are studied. Silicon deposits demonstrating strong friction properties are formed during combustion of volatile silica compounds. As these deposits build up, abrasion problems, ignition failure and even engine failure result. The bismuth containing deposits comes from bearings degradation, zinc and calcium were derived from the additives present in commercially available lubricating oil, while lead, aluminium, copper, nickel, iron and chromium were introduced by engine wear phenomena. The highest bismuth content was located at the engine cylinder heads and the lowest at the exhaust elements, whereas highest calcium content was registered on the pistons. Silicon containing deposits are highest in the exhaust and lowest at the engine head. Zinc deposits are highest at the piston.

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11

Berry, A. D., R. T. Holm, M. Fatemi, and D. K. Gaskill. "OMCVD of thin films from metal diketonates and triphenylbismuth." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 6 (June 1990): 1169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.1169.

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Films containing the metals copper, yttrium, calcium, strontium, barium, and bismuth were grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD). Depositions were carried out at atmospheric pressure in an oxygen-rich environment using metal beta-diketonates and triphenylbismuth. The films were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy, Nomarski and scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The results show that films containing yttrium consisted of Y2O3 with a small amount of carbidic carbon, those with copper and bismuth were mixtures of oxides with no detectable carbon, and those with calcium, strontium, and barium contained carbonates. Use of a partially fluorinated barium beta-diketonate gave films of BaF2 with small amounts of BaCO3.

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12

Sim, M. H., J. M. Xue, and J. Wang. "Layer Structured Calcium Bismuth Titanate by Mechanical Activation." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 23 (January 2005): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.23.47.

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Nanocrystalline calcium bismuth titanate (CaBi4Ti4O15), which exhibits a layer structure, has been successfully synthesized by mechanical activation of constituent oxides of CaO, Bi2O3 and TiO2 in a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The phase-forming calcination at elevated temperatures that is always required is skipped. CaBi4Ti4O15 derived from mechanical activation consists of nanocrystallites, which occur as aggregates of ~50 nm in sizes. It demonstrates an improved sinterability and was sintered to a density of 93.4% theoretical density at 1175oC for 2 hours. Ferroelectric properties of sintered CaBi4Ti4O15 derived from mechanical activation have been studied. A peak dielectric constant of 1049 at the Curie temperature of 774oC was measured at 1MHz for CaBi4Ti4O15 sintered at 1175oC.

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13

Hamdi, Besma, Jean-Michel Savariault, Hafed El Feki, and Abdelhamid Ben Salah. "Lead bismuth calcium sodium phosphate: Pb4.6Bi0.4Ca2.6Na2.4(PO4)6." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 60, no. 1 (December 6, 2003): i1—i2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270103024971.

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14

Sim, M. H., J. M. Xue, and J. Wang. "Layer structured calcium bismuth titanate by mechanical activation." Materials Letters 58, no. 14 (May 2004): 2032–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2003.12.031.

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15

PEI, Z., A. VAN DIJKEN, A. VINK, and G. BLASSE. "ChemInform Abstract: Luminescence of Calcium Bismuth Vanadate (CaBiVO5)." ChemInform 25, no. 25 (August 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199425015.

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16

Simon, M., F. Mersch, C. Kuper, S. Mendricks, S. Wevering, J. Imbrock, and E. Krätzig. "Refractive Indices of Photorefractive Bismuth Titanate, Barium-Calcium Titanate, Bismuth Germanium Oxide, and Lead Germanate." physica status solidi (a) 159, no. 2 (February 1997): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-396x(199702)159:2<559::aid-pssa559>3.0.co;2-0.

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17

Kumar, Vinay, Nafa Singh, Ravi Kumar, and S. P. Lochab. "Synthesis and characterization of bismuth doped calcium sulfide nanocrystallites." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 18, no. 22 (May 16, 2006): 5029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/18/22/003.

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18

Hancock, P., and R. Harris. "Solubility of Calcium–Magnesium–Bismuth Intermetallic in Molten Lead." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 30, no. 4 (October 1991): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1991.30.4.275.

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19

Hallstedt, Bengt, Daniel Risold, and Ludwig J. Gauckler. "Thermodynamic Assessment of the Bismuth-Calcium-Oxygen Oxide System." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80, no. 10 (January 21, 2005): 2629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03165.x.

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20

Egorysheva, A. V., V. D. Volodin, and V. M. Skorikov. "Calcium bismuth borates in the CaO-Bi2O3-B2O3 system." Inorganic Materials 44, no. 1 (January 2008): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168508010123.

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21

Sousa, P. M., M. D. Carvalho, M. E. Melo Jorge, F. M. Costa, M. M. Cruz, and M. Godinho. "Bismuth for calcium substitution in Ca4Mn3O10: preparation and study." Solid State Sciences 5, no. 7 (July 2003): 943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1293-2558(03)00028-1.

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22

Vstavskaya, E. Yu, A. Yu Zuev, and V. A. Cherepanov. "The phase diagram of the bismuth-calcium oxide system." Materials Research Bulletin 29, no. 12 (December 1994): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(94)90146-5.

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23

Mikhaylovskaya, Zoya A., Elena S. Buyanova, Sofia A. Petrova, Elizaveta A. Pankrushina, Alexander I. Malkin, Alexey N. Korotkov, and Nikolay S. Knyazev. "Structure and microwave dielectric properties of Bi- and Ge-doped calcium molybdate." Chimica Techno Acta 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2022): 20229411. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2022.9.4.11.

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The powders of Ca1–2xBi2xMo1–xGexO4 solid solutions weresynthesized by the conventional solid state method and investigated by X–ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The Ca1–2xBi2xMo1–xGexO4 compositions crystallize in scheelite structure (sp. gr. I41/a) at 0 x 0.4, but traces of bismuth germanates are detected by scanning electron microscopy. The x = 0.5 composition contains several phases with BiVO4- type structures. Raman spectroscopy detected the deformation of [BO4]2– polyhedra and changes in B–O bond length (B = Mo, Ge). The energy gaps were calculated from the diffuse scattering spectra by the Kubelka-Munk method. Energy gap (Eg) values decrease with x from 3.29 eV to 2.91 eV, probably due to 6s2 electrons of bismuth in the valence band and changes of the conductivity band by electrons of germanium. Such values of Eg can provide photocatalytical activity of powders under UV and visible light. The electrodynamic parameters of the ceramic sample of Ca1–2xBi2xMo1–xGexO4 were measured by the transmission line method. The average permittivity increases with x from ~10 to ~18 which correlates with theoretical ε, Vmol and total polarizability of samples. An increase in the concentration of bismuth and germanium leads to the additional resonant peaks in the spectra of ε, S11 and S21. These resonant peaks can be probably caused by the appearance of irregular structural domains of Bi atoms or induced by the increased size of grains in the ceramic samples.

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24

CAPOEN, E., G. NOWOGROCKI, R. CHATER, S. SKINNER, J. KILNER, M. MALYS, J. BOIVIN, G. MAIRESSE, and R. VANNIER. "Oxygen permeation in bismuth-based materials. Part II: Characterisation of oxygen transfer in bismuth erbium oxide and bismuth calcium oxide ceramic." Solid State Ionics 177, no. 5-6 (February 2006): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2005.12.034.

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25

Shtarev, Dmitry Sergeevich, and Anna Vladimirovna Shtareva. "Photocatalytic Degradation of the Diesel Fuel by Using the Calcium Bismuthate - Bismuth Oxide Photocatalyst Composition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 377 (August 2013): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.377.204.

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This paper provides new data on the visible light catalytic degradation of aqueous solution of diesel fuel on the calcium bismuthate - bismuth oxide catalyst compositions. It also investigated the toxicity of the catalyst composition and the products of the catalytic decomposition of diesel fuel.

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26

Sayyed, Mohammed I., Gandham Lakshminarayana, Mustafa R. Kaçal, and Ferdi Akman. "Radiation protective characteristics of some selected tungstates." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 4 (March 26, 2019): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2018-3062.

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Abstract The mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) of calcium tungstate, ammonium tungsten oxide, bismuth tungsten oxide, lithium tungstate, cadmium tungstate, magnesium tungstate, strontium tungsten oxide and sodium dodecatungstophosphate hydrate were measured at 14 photon energies in the energy range of 81–1333 keV using 22Na, 54Mn, 57Co, 60Co, 133Ba and 137Cs radioactive sources. The measured μ/ρ values were compared with those obtained from WinXCOM program and the differences between the experimental and theoretical values were very small. The bismuth tungsten oxide has the highest μ/ρ among the present samples in the studied energy region. From the μ/ρ values, we calculated the half value layer, tenth value layer and mean free path, and the results showed that ammonium tungsten oxide (which has the lowest density) and bismuth tungsten oxide (which has the highest density) possess the highest and lowest values of these three parameters, respectively. Additionally, from the incident and transmitted photon intensities, we calculated the radiation protection efficiency (RPE). The bismuth tungsten oxide was found to have RPE 98.53 % at 81 keV, which has the maximum value among the present samples and this suggested that bismuth tungsten oxide is the best to be chosen as the γ radiation shielding material candidate among the selected samples.

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27

Liang, Yunhao, Xu Zhou, Yang Fu, Hailan Hou, Fuping Zou, Chengang Wu, and Libin Xia. "Crystallization resistance behavior of Al2O3-doped calcium bismuth borate glasses." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 578 (February 2022): 121339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.121339.

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28

Sanghi, S., S. Sindhu, A. Agarwal, and V. P. Seth. "Physical, optical and electrical properties of calcium bismuth borate glasses." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 159, no. 6 (June 2004): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1042015042000272866.

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29

Srivastava, A., V. G. Gunjikar, and A. P. B. Sinha. "Thermoanalytical studies of zinc citrate, bismuth citrate and calcium citrate." Thermochimica Acta 117 (July 1987): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(87)88115-7.

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30

Kim, Hojong, Dane A. Boysen, David J. Bradwell, Brice Chung, Kai Jiang, Alina A. Tomaszowska, Kangli Wang, Weifeng Wei, and Donald R. Sadoway. "Thermodynamic properties of calcium–bismuth alloys determined by emf measurements." Electrochimica Acta 60 (January 2012): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.023.

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31

Geller, S., and K. ‐Y Wu. "IncreasedTcof bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide superconductor by praseodymium substitution." Applied Physics Letters 54, no. 7 (February 13, 1989): 669–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.101467.

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32

Ji, Lang, Junsheng Liu, Chongya Liu, and Xiancheng Chen. "Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over lithium-bismuth-calcium oxide catalysts." Applied Catalysis A: General 114, no. 2 (July 1994): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(94)80174-6.

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33

Park, Jung-Sik, Chang-Eun Cho, Young-Bong Ko, Kwang-Soon Park, and Kyeung-Chae Park. "Joining Characteristics of Plasma Sprayed BSCCO Superconducting Coatings." Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering 46, no. 5 (October 30, 2013): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5695/jkise.2013.46.5.181.

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34

Żołędziewska, Magdalena, Stanisław Gronkiewicz, and Tadeusz Dobosz. "Comparison of various decalcificators in preparation of DNA from human rib bones." Anthropological Review 65 (June 30, 2002): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.65.07.

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Анотація:

Various calcium-binding buffers and agents in DNA preparation from fresh human rib bones were compared. We showed that the buffer described by Kuntze et al. [1996] yielded the highest quantities of DNA, but the obtained DNA was strongly degraded. The best quality DNA was obtained using two buffers: of Hänni et al. [1994] and of Ivanov et al. [1995]. Among the new calcium-binding agents that were not examined before, the most efficient were Bismuth III Oxide and Na/FeEDTA, and – in two-step decalcification – sodium citrate.

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35

Laudato, Massimiliano, Luigi Pescitelli, and Raffaele Capasso. "Natural Products of Mineral Origin." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 3 (March 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800336.

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Анотація:

Natural products of mineral origin (alum, bismuth, calcium, magnesium, silicates and zinc compounds) have maintained their popularity as drugs over the course of time. Some evidence still suggests potential benefit of these substances. Therefore, this paper reviews the characteristic features of the respective minerals and their salts along the course of studies on these products.

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36

Klimova, Alexandra V., Zoya A. Mikhailovskaya, Elena S. Buyanova, and Sofia A. Petrova. "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SCHEELITE-TYPE SYSTEMS BASED ON CALCIUM AND STRONTIUM MOLYBDATES." Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre of RAS. Series: Engineering Sciences 3, no. 3/2023 (April 14, 2023): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1215.2023.14.3.032.

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Strontium and calcium molybdates doped with bismuth and vanadium were synthesised by a conventional solid state method. The total electrical conductivity of the compositions was studied by impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range of 300–650 °С. The highest electrical conductivity is shown by solid solutions based on strontium molybdate. To estimate the contribution of electronic conductivity, measurements of the total electrical conductivity were made at various partial pressures of oxygen.

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37

Yeo, Wei Hong, Ramesh Singh, Chou Yong Tan, K. L. Aw, R. Tolouei, H. Kelvin, Iis Sopyan, Wan Dung Teng, and E. Hoque. "Effects of Bismuth Oxide on the Properties of Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1839.

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The aim of this work is to study the phase stability and sinterability of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) doped HA ranging from 0.05 wt% to 1 wt%. The green samples were sintered in air at temperature ranging from 1000oC to 1400oC. In this experiment, the results from XRD analysis revealed that the stability of HA phase was disrupted when addition of 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% Bi2O3 were used and when samples sintered above 1100oC, 1000oC and 950oC, respectively. In general, HA containing 0.5 wt% of Bi2O3 and when sintered at 1000oC was found to be beneficial in enhancing densification, Young’s modulus, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness. Throughout the sintering regime, the highest value of relative bulk density of 98.7% was obtained for 0.5 wt% Bi2O3-doped HA when sintered at 1000oC. A maximum Young’s modulus of 119.2 GPa was observed for 0.1 wt% Bi2O3-doped HA when sintered at 1150oC. Additionally, 0.5 wt% Bi2O3-doped HA was able to achieve highest hardness of 6.04 GPa and fracture toughness of 1.21 MPam1/2 at sintering temperature of 1000oC. Furthermore, the Young’s modulus of HA was found to vary linearly with bulk density.

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38

Uvarov, Vladimir, Sanaa Shenawi-Khalil, and Inna Popov. "New bismuth calcium oxysilicate with apatite structure: Synthesis and structural characterization." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 183, no. 7 (July 2010): 1484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2010.04.028.

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39

Kim, Hojong, Dane A. Boysen, Takanari Ouchi, and Donald R. Sadoway. "Calcium–bismuth electrodes for large-scale energy storage (liquid metal batteries)." Journal of Power Sources 241 (November 2013): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.052.

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40

Wang, Chun-Ming, Shujun Zhang, Jin-Feng Wang, Ming-Lei Zhao, and Chun-Lei Wang. "Electromechanical properties of calcium bismuth niobate (CaBi2Nb2O9) ceramics at elevated temperature." Materials Chemistry and Physics 118, no. 1 (November 2009): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.06.022.

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41

He, Xijia, Jianbei Qiu, Yong Yang, Dacheng Zhou, Xuhui Xu, and Shengxian Wei. "Abnormal near-infrared luminescence property of bismuth doped calcium germanate glasses." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 402 (October 2014): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2014.05.031.

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42

Yun, Sining, Xiaoli Wang, Jing Shi, Jianhui Zhu, and Delong Xu. "Ferroelectric properties of barium calcium titanate ceramics doped with bismuth oxide." Materials Letters 63, no. 21 (August 2009): 1883–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.06.004.

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43

Wendusu, Tetsuro Yoshida, Toshiyuki Masui, and Nobuhito Imanaka. "Novel environmentally friendly inorganic red pigments based on calcium bismuth oxides." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-015-0129-1.

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44

Rama Sastry, P. S., G. S. Kumar, T. Bhimasankaram, and G. Prasad. "Pyroelectricity in calcium substituted sodium bismuth titanate layer structured ferroelectric ceramics." Bulletin of Materials Science 22, no. 1 (February 1999): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02745676.

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45

Pradhan, A. K., P. C. Jana, and B. K. Roul. "Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide high-TC superconductors from nitrate solutions." Physica Status Solidi (a) 110, no. 2 (December 16, 1988): K93—K96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211100250.

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46

HALLSTEDT, B., D. RISOLD, and L. J. GAUCKLER. "ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic Assessment of the Bismuth-Calcium-Oxygen Oxide System." ChemInform 29, no. 2 (June 24, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199802256.

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47

Bosso-Martelo, Roberta, Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru, Raqueli Viapiana, Fábio Luis Camargo Vilella Berbert, Maria Inês Basso Bernardi, and Mario Tanomaru-Filho. "Calcium Silicate-Based Cements Associated with Micro- and Nanoparticle Radiopacifiers: Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivity." International Scholarly Research Notices 2015 (February 23, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/874283.

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Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of two formulations of calcium silicate-based cements containing additives (CSCM) or resin (CSCR), associated with radiopacifying agents zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and niobium oxide (Nb2O5) as micro- and nanoparticles; calcium tungstate (CaWO4); and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3). MTA Angelus was used as control. Methods. Surface features and bioactivity were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and the chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS-X). Results. CSCM and CSCR presented larger particle sizes than MTA. Hydroxyapatite deposits were found on the surface of some materials, especially when associated with the radiopacifier with ZrO2 nanoparticles. All the cements presented calcium, silicon, and aluminum in their composition. Conclusion. Both calcium silicate-based cements presented composition and bioactivity similar to MTA when associated with the radiopacifiers evaluated.

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48

Guerreiro-Tanomaru, Juliane Maria, Ana Lívia G. Cornélio, Carolina Andolfatto, Loise P. Salles, and Mário Tanomaru-Filho. "pH and Antimicrobial Activity of Portland Cement Associated with Different Radiopacifying Agents." ISRN Dentistry 2012 (October 16, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/469019.

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Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and pH changes induced by Portland cement (PC) alone and in association with radiopacifiers. Methods. The materials tested were pure PC, PC + bismuth oxide, PC + zirconium oxide, PC + calcium tungstate, and zinc oxide and eugenol cement (ZOE). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion test using the following strains: Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. After 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, inhibition of bacterial growth was observed and measured. For pH analysis, material samples () were placed in polyethylene tubes and immersed in 10 mL of distilled water. After 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, the pH of the solutions was determined using a pH meter. Results. All microbial species were inhibited by the cements evaluated. All materials composed of PC with radiopacifying agents promoted pH increase similar to pure Portland cement. ZOE had the lowest pH values throughout all experimental periods. Conclusions. All Portland cement-based materials with the addition of different radiopacifiers (bismuth oxide, calcium tungstate, and zirconium oxide) presented antimicrobial activity and pH similar to pure Portland cement.

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49

Ryabov, A. V. "Mastering of production of lead-free ecologically clean free-machining steels." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-3-337-343.

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Both in the domestic and world steel industry alternative ecologically clean free-cutting steels, having cutting machinability characteristics and mechanicalproperties, comparable with lead-containing steels, but voided of their drawbacks,are actively searched. First ofall the alternative steels should not be not so ecologically harmful. Scientific and technological aspects of lead-free free-machining steels production, alloyed by bismuth, calcium, tin, boron and nitrogen presented. Solubility of bismuth in iron and iron alloys with chromium, manganese, nickel, tungsten, vanadium, cobalt,phosphor, sulphur, aluminum, carbon and other elements at the temperature of 1550–1650 ºСdetermined. Parameters of interaction of the first and second order calculated. Study of bismuth behavior and tin spherical samples in 40X steel melt accomplished. The study done at the high temperature facility with controlled atmosphere and X-ray TV observation system. Simulation of phase compositions multicomponent alloys of steel АВЦ40ХГНМaccomplished by application of a program package FactSage. Within the study,a production technology of lead-free, ecologically clean free-machining, steels elaborated and masteredat OJSC “Zlatoust electro-metallurgical works”. Free-machining corrosion-resistant steels (АВЦ19ХГН, АВЦ40Х, АВЦ40ХГНМ, АВЦ12Х18Н10, АВЦ40Х13, АВЦ14Х17Н2) alloyed by bismuth and calcium, steels (АО40Х, АО30ХМ) alloyed by tin, and steels (А38ХГМАРand А30ХМАР) containing BN were the objects of the study. The steels samples were in the form of forged billet of 10, 20 and 80 mm diameter and ingots of 18 and 500 kg (round 345 mm). Steel quality characteristics determined such as mechanicalproperties in longitudinal and cross directions of ingots, uniformity of distribution of fusible elements, carbon and Sulphur along the axis zone and in billet transverse sections. Pictures of ingots macrostructure by height and section obtained. Estimation of hardenability and steel contamination by non-metallic inclusions, austenitic grain size, steel machinability by cutting, surfacequality of re-worked billet and steel macrostructure accomplished. Comparable ecological studies of atmosphere contamination during the steel alloying also accomplished.

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Farias, Italo de Lima, Eduardo Dias Ribeiro, Polyana Tarciana Araújo dos Santos, Rayane de Oliveira Gomes, Ana Cristina FIgueiredo de Melo Costa, and Criseuda Maria Benício Barros. "Obtaining bioceramic cements for dental repair procedures based on hydroxyapatite and bismuth oxide." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 4 (March 19, 2022): e30411427315. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i4.27315.

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Introduction: The use of hydroxyapatite-based cements in dental and bone tissue regeneration procedures has shown favorable results. However, structural fragility and lower levels of radiopacity at clinical evaluation make it difficult to use in direct clinical procedures. Objective: This study aimed to synthesize a new cement with properties to be considered for use in dental repair procedures using hydroxyapatite and a hydrogel, with the addition of bismuth oxide as a radiopacifying agent. Methodology: The materials were obtained by a mixture of hydroxyapatite produced by the precipitation method, a hydrogel with carboxymethylcellulose and calcium silicate and bismuth oxide. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourrier transform X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, setting time, pH and radiographic appearance. Data were analyzed using Jamovi® software version 1.6 to calculate absolute frequencies, as well as measures of central tendency and variability. Results: The proposed cements obtained presented phase compositions without alterations in the composites, with a nanometric porous structure. Basic pH contributes to its bioactivity and antimicrobial action. The drying time of the proposed cements was prolonged. From the radiographs, the cement containing bismuth oxide was radiopaque when compared to the cement without this component. Conclusion: A new dental cement based on hydroxyapatite and bismuth oxide was obtained, homogeneous, with satisfactory radiopacity property, enabling its analysis through radiographic examinations.

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