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Статті в журналах з теми "Caffeoyl derivative"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 вересня 2022

Оновлено: 18 вересня 2022

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1

Andary, Claude, and Ragai K. Ibrahim. "Biosynthetic Capacity of Stachys Seedlings for Verbascoside and Related Caffeoyl Derivatives." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1986): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-1-204.

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Abstract The caffeoyl derivatives of Stachys leaves (Labiateae) were identified as chlorogenic acid, verbascoside and stachyoside. The latter compound, reported here for the fist time, was shown to be a verbascoside derivative containing an extra glucose residue attached to C-2, C-3 or C-4 of rhamnose. Cotyledonary leaves of Stachys accumulate high levels (8 -16 μmol/g dry tissue) of the three caffeoyl derivatives; all of which decrease significantly in amount during plant growth. Intact organs of the seedling were shown to efficiently incorporate the label from different precursors into caffeoyl derivatives. The biosynthesis of both verbascoside and stachyoside from labelled precursors revealed that the caffeoyl moiety was exclusively labelled from phenylalanine or cinnamic acid, whereas the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol moiety was labelled from tyrosine, and better from tyramine.

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2

Kawada, Toshinari, Yuko Yoneda, Ryuji Asano, Ippei Kan-no, and Walther Schmid. "Synthesis of plantamajoside, a bioactive dihydroxyphenylethyl glycoside from Plantago major L." Holzforschung 60, no. 5 (August 1, 2006): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.081.

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Abstract The first total synthesis of plantamajoside (1), 2-(3′,4′-dihydroxylphenyl)ethyl-4-O-caffeoyl-3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, which is one of the dihydroxyphenylethyl glycosides (caffeic acid sugar esters), is described. Key intermediate 2, 2-[3′,4′-bis(O-benzyl)phenyl]ethyl 2,6-di-O-acetyl-4-O-[3′,4′-bis(O-benzyl)caffeoyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside was glycosylated with trichloroacetoimidoyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glycopyranoside (3) to afford plantamajoside derivative 4a, 2-[3′,4′-bis(O-benzyl)phenyl]ethyl 2,6-di-O-acetyl-4-O-[3′,4′-bis(O-benzyl)caffeoyl]-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, in 39% yield. Plantamajoside derivative 4a was successfully converted into the target compound, plantamajoside (1), through a series of de-protective procedures. 1H- and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data of the synthesized plantamajoside (1) were identical to those of the natural compound.

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3

Vassallo, Antonio, Giuseppina Cioffi, Francesco De Simone, Alessandra Braca, Rokia Sanogo, Angelo Vanella, Alessandra Russo, and Nunziatina De Tommasi. "New Flavonoid Glycosides from Chrozophora senegalensis and Their Antioxidant Activity." Natural Product Communications 1, no. 12 (December 2006): 1934578X0600101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0600101204.

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Bioassay-directed fractionation of an antioxidant methanol extract of the leaves of Chrozophora senegalensis using DPPH assay led to the isolation of three new flavonoid glycosides, quercetin 3-O-(6″-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), quercetin 3-methyl ether-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-(2″-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), acacetin 7-O-(6″-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), along with five known flavonoids, one phenolic derivative, and three megastigmane glycosides. Their structures were established on the basis of detailed spectral analysis. All isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant activity on DPPH stable radical, superoxide anion, metal chelating activity, and DNA cleavage induced by the photolysis of H2O2. Quercetin 3-O-(6″-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), quercetin 3′-methyl ether-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4), and 4″'-methyl ether amenthoflavone (9) exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity being also able to modulate hydroxyl radical formation more efficiently than other compounds acting as direct hydroxyl radical scavengers and chelating iron.

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4

Dong, Hongjing, Yanling Geng, Xueyong Wang, Xiangyun Song, Xiao Wang, and Jinqian Yu. "Chemical Constituents from Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott. and Their Anti–Inflammatory Activities." Molecules 23, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 2577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102577.

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One new monoterpene glycoside (1), one new phenyl glycoside (2), one new caffeoyl derivative (3), were isolated from Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott., along with four known compounds (4–7). Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, especially 2D NMR data and comparison with literatures. All isolates were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in vitro. Compounds 3 and 7 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on NO production with IC50 values of 12.2 ± 0.8 and 18.9 ± 0.3 μM, respectively.

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5

Zhao, Xin, Huanli Xu, Yoshinori Inagaki, Norihiro Kokudo, Wenfang Xu, Jiahong Dong, and Wei Tang. "Caffeoyl pyrrolidine derivative LY52 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma invasion via suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-2." Hepatology International 5, no. 2 (December 21, 2010): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-010-9234-y.

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6

Zhu, Yan Jun, Chuan Hou Li, Shao Hua Yu, Hai Qiang Jiang, Zhen Hua Tian, Wen Qi Wang, Yan Fei Zhan, and Hong Lei Zhou. "Two new polyacetylene glucosides and a new caffeoyl derivative with angiogenic activity from Bidens parviflora Willd." Phytochemistry Letters 42 (April 2021): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2021.01.005.

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7

Kluska, Magdalena, Michał Juszczak, Jerzy Żuchowski, Anna Stochmal, and Katarzyna Woźniak. "Effect of Kaempferol and Its Glycoside Derivatives on Antioxidant Status of HL-60 Cells Treated with Etoposide." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020333.

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Kaempferol is a well-known antioxidant found in many plants and plant-based foods. In plants, kaempferol is present mainly in the form of glycoside derivatives. In this work, we focused on determining the effect of kaempferol and its glycoside derivatives on the expression level of genes related to the reduction of oxidative stress—NFE2L2, NQO1, SOD1, SOD2, and HO-1; the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutases; and the level of glutathione. We used HL-60 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells, which were incubated with the anticancer drug etoposide and kaempferol or one of its three glycoside derivatives isolated from the aerial parts of Lens culinaris Medik.—kaempferol 3-O-[(6-O-E-caffeoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-galactopyranoside-7-O-β-d-glucuropyranoside (P2), kaempferol 3-O-[(6-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-galactopyranoside-7-O-β-d-glucuropyranoside (P5), and kaempferol 3-O-[(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-galactopyranoside-7-O-β-d-glucuropyranoside (P7). We showed that none of the tested compounds affected NFE2L2 gene expression. Co-incubation with etoposide (1 µM) and kaempferol (10 and 50 µg/mL) leads to an increase in the expression of the HO-1 (9.49 and 9.33-fold at 10 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively), SOD1 (1.68-fold at 10 µg/mL), SOD2 (1.72-fold at 10–50 µg/mL), and NQO1 (1.84-fold at 50 µg/mL) genes in comparison to cells treated only with etoposide. The effect of kaempferol derivatives on gene expression differs depending on the derivative. All tested polyphenols increased the SOD activity in cells co-incubated with etoposide. We observed that the co-incubation of HL-60 cells with etoposide and kaempferol or derivative P7 increases the level of total glutathione in these cells. Taken together, our observations suggest that the antioxidant activity of kaempferol is related to the activation of antioxidant genes and proteins. Moreover, we observed that glycoside derivatives can have a different effect on the antioxidant cellular systems than kaempferol.

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8

Im, Yeong Ran, Inhwan Kim, and Jihyun Lee. "Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.): Varietal Comparisons and Physical Distribution." Antioxidants 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030462.

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The outer layer of purple sweet potato is removed during processing; however, this layer serves as a potential source of phenolics, especially anthocyanins. Herein, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity were determined for the inner and outer layers of five purple sweet potato cultivars (‘Sinjami’, ‘Jami’, ‘Danjami’, ‘Yeonjami’, and ‘Borami’) harvested in Korea. Anthocyanins were identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-(ESI)-qTOF-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Ion trap-MS), and their composition was quantified using HPLC-coupled with diode array detector (DAD). Non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonols) were quantified using UHPLC-(ESI)-triple quadrupole (QqQ). A total of 20 anthocyanins, including non-acylated or acylated peonidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin glycosides, were identified. Peonidin 3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside was the major anthocyanin, with the highest level in the ‘Sinjami’ cultivar (outer; 12,366 mg/kg DW, inner; 14,832 mg/kg DW). Additionally, 12 phenolic acids and 6 flavonols (quercetin derivatives) were identified, with the outer layers of all cultivars displaying higher total levels than the inner layers. ‘Sinjami’ and ‘Jami’ had higher phenolic acid and quercetin derivative content and antioxidant activities than the other three cultivars (p < 0.05). Thus, the outer layers of ‘Sinjami’ and ‘Jami’ cultivars could be potential sources of anthocyanins and other phenolics.

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9

Liu, Changhua, Atikanmu Wahefu, Xueying Lu, Rahima Abdulla, Jun Dou, Haiqing Zhao, Haji Akber Aisa, Xuelei Xin, and Yongqiang Liu. "Chemical Profiling of Kaliziri Injection and Quantification of Six Caffeoyl Quinic Acids in Beagle Plasma by LC-MS/MS." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15060663.

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Vitiligo is a stubborn multifactorial skin disease with a prevalence of approximately 1% in the global population. Kaliziri, the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd., is a well-known traditional Uyghur medicine for the treatment of vitiligo. Kaliziri injections is a Chinese-marketed treatment approved by the China Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of vitiligo. The significant effects of Kaliziri injection have been thoroughly studied. However, chemical components studies and plasma quantification studies are lacking for Kaliziri injection. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry was employed to comprehensively characterize the caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives present in Kaliziri injection. Based on accurate mass measurements, key fragmental ions and comparisons with reference standards, 60 caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives were identified in Kaliziri injections, including caffeoyl quinic acids, coumaroyl caffeoyl quinic acids, dicaffeoyl quinic acids, feruloyl caffeoyl quinic acids, and dicaffeoyl quinic acid hexosides. Moreover, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of 5-caffeoyl quinic acid, 4-caffeoyl quinic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid in beagle plasma. The quantitative HPLC-MS/MS method was applied to quantify these six major caffeoyl quinic acids in beagle plasma after the subcutaneous administration of Kaliziri injection. All of the six analytes reached their peak plasma of concentrations within 30 min.

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10

Xu, Yu-Wen, Gui-Sen Zhao, Cha-Gyun Shin, Heng-Chang Zang, Chong-Kyo Lee, and Yong Sup Lee. "Caffeoyl naphthalenesulfonamide derivatives as HIV integrase inhibitors." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 17 (August 2003): 3589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00372-9.

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11

Wang, Yue-Hu, Qian-Yun Sun, Fu-Mei Yang, Chun-Lin Long, Fu-Wei Zhao, Gui-Hua Tang, Hong-Mei Niu, et al. "Neolignans and Caffeoyl Derivatives from Selaginella moellendorffii." Helvetica Chimica Acta 93, no. 12 (December 2010): 2467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.201000116.

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12

Szajwaj, Barbara, Jaroslaw Moldoch, Milena Masullo, Sonia Piacente, Wieslaw Oleszek, and Anna Stochmal. "Amides and Esters of Phenylpropenoic Acids from the Aerial Parts of Trifolium pallidum." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 9 (September 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600921.

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Two new derivatives of phenylpropenoic acids, N-trans-feruloyl-L-DOPA and O-trans-caffeoylmalic acid dimethyl ester, along with four known N-trans-caffeoyl-L-DOPA (clovamide), N-trans-caffeoyl-L-DOPA-methyl ester, O-trans-caffeoylmalic acid, O-trans-feruloyl-malic acid and quercetin 3- O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the aerial parts of Trifolium pallidum. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods including 1D- (1H, 13C) and 2D-NMR (DQF-COSY, HSQC, HMBC) experiments as well as mass spectrometry analysis.

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13

Berti, Federico, Luciano Navarini, Silvia Colomban, and Cristina Forzato. "Hydroxycinnamoyl Amino Acids Conjugates: A Chiral Pool to Distinguish Commercially Exploited Coffea spp." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071704.

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The synthesis of five hydroxycinnamoyl amides (HCAs) was accomplished and their identification and quantification in the green coffee bean samples of Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, and Coffea liberica was performed. The HCAs p-coumaroyl-N-tyrosine 1b, caffeoyl-N-phenylalanine 2b, caffeoyl-N-tyrosine 3b, and p-coumaroyl-N-tryptophan 4b were characteristic of the C. canephora species while caffeoyl-N-tryptophan 5b was present in both C. canephora and C. arabica, but with higher content in C. canephora. The HCAs presence was also analyzed in C. liberica for the first time and none of the targeted compounds was found, indicating that this species is very similar to C. arabica species. Between C. canephora samples from various origins, significant differences were observed regarding the presence of all the HCAs, with C. canephora from Tanzania containing all five derivatives.

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14

Yu, Huijuan, Jing Yang, Jiamin Ding, Ying He, Zhenzuo Jiang, Xin Chai, and Yuefei Wang. "Stability Study and Identification of Degradation Products of Caffeoylgluconic Acid Derivatives from Fructus Euodiae." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081975.

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Caffeoylgluconic acid derivatives are characteristic constituents isolated from the aqueous extract of Fructus Euodiae. In this research focusing on caffeoylgluconic acid derivatives, trans-caffeoyl-6-O-d-gluconic acid (CGA), trans-caffeoyl-6-O-d-gluconic acid methyl ester (CGA-ME), and trans-caffeoyl-6-O-d-glucono-γ-lactone (CGA-LT), a systematic study of stability was performed under different temperatures and pH levels by ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector/electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD/ESI-Q-TOF MS). From the concentration–time curves and sensitivity index (SeI), it was found that compared to CGA, which is inert to the variation of temperature and pH in the tested range, CGA-ME and CGA-LT were more sensitive, with stabilities more likely to be influenced by temperature. Considering the stability index (StI), the integrated stability of CGA was the best, and that of CGA-ME was the worst. In terms of the quasi-molecular and fragment ions of the tested compounds, the degradation products were identified or tentatively characterized, which could shed light on the degradation pathways. CGA-ME and CGA-LT were easily converted to CGA by hydrolytic reaction, all of which were susceptible to the formation of isomers. This study elucidated the degradation mechanism of caffeoylgluconic acid derivatives, contributing to better guidance on manufacturing and controlling the quality of drugs.

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15

Sattar, Essam Abdel, Ahmed Gala, and Omar Rashwan. "Caffeoyl Derivatives from the Seeds of Ipomoea fistulosa." International Journal of Pharmacognosy 33, no. 2 (January 1995): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209509055217.

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16

Ouyang, Ming-An, Jian-Nin Zhou, and Shi-Bin Wang. "New caffeoyl derivatives from the leaves ofDavidia involucrata." Natural Product Research 22, no. 6 (April 15, 2008): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410600898730.

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17

Dahia, Mostefa, Laura Siracusa, Hocine Laouer, and Giuseppe Ruberto. "Constituents of the Polar Extracts from Algerian Pituranthos scoparius." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 12 (December 2009): 1934578X0900401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900401216.

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The methanolic and aqueous extracts of Pituranthos scoparius (Coss. & Dur.) Benth. & Hook. (Apiaceae) have been analyzed and fifteen metabolites were identified: two cinnamic acids (5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid and 5-feruloyl quinic acid), and thirteen known flavonoids (vicenin-2, six quercetin and six isorhamnetin O-glycosylated derivatives). 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid was the main component, while, of the flavonoids, the isorhamnetin derivatives were present to a greater extent.

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18

Jeong, Hyeri, Young-Eun Jeon, Jin-Kyoung Yang, Jaehi Kim, Woo-Jae Chung, Yoon-Sik Lee, and Dong-Sik Shin. "Synthesis of Caffeoyl-Prolyl-Histidyl-Xaa Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Activities and Stability upon Long-Term Storage." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 6301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126301.

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Antioxidants play a critical role in the treatment of degenerative diseases and delaying the aging of dermal tissue. Caffeic acid (CA) is a representative example of the antioxidants found in plants. However, CA is unsuitable for long-term storage because of its poor stability under ambient conditions. Caffeoyl-Pro-His-NH2 (CA-Pro-His-NH2, CA-PH) exhibits the highest antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity among the histidine-containing CA-conjugated dipeptides reported to date. The addition of short peptides to CA, such as Pro-His, is assumed to synergistically enhance its antioxidative activity. In this study, several caffeoyl-prolyl-histidyl-Xaa-NH2 derivatives were synthesized and their antioxidative activities evaluated. CA-Pro-His-Asn-NH2 showed enhanced antioxidative activity and higher structural stability than CA-PH, even after long-term storage. CA-Pro-His-Asn-NH2 was stable for 3 months, its stability being evaluated by observing the changes in its NMR spectra. Moreover, the solid-phase synthetic strategy used to prepare these CA-Pro-His-Xaa-NH2 derivatives was optimized for large-scale production. We envision that CA-Pro-His-Xaa-NH2 derivatives can be used as potent dermal therapeutic agents and useful cosmetic ingredients.

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19

Chen, Hui-zhen, You-bao Chen, Ya-ping Lv, Fang Zeng, Juan Zhang, Yong-lie Zhou, Han-bing Li, et al. "Synthesis and antitumor activity of feruloyl and caffeoyl derivatives." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 24, no. 18 (September 2014): 4367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.024.

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20

CHEN, C. L., S. C. ZHANG, and J. M. SUNG. "BIOMASS AND CAFFEOYL PHENOLS PRODUCTION OF ECHINACEA PURPUREA GROWN IN TAIWAN." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 4 (October 2008): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006753.

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SUMMARYEchinacea purpurea has been introduced in to Taiwan and grown successfully. However, information regarding the effects of the growing climate on its active constituents (e.g. caffeoyl derivatives) and biomass production is very limited. In this study the biomass of field-grown E. purpurea plants harvested during three different crop seasons was compared. The content of caffeoyl phenols and the production of aerial plant parts were also assayed. The results indicated that both morphological and agronomic traits were affected by crop season, with spring-grown plants producing more stems and flowers but fewer leaves than autumn-grown plants. Autumn-grown plants produced more caffeoyl phenols, particularly cichoric acid and caftaric acid, in leaf and flower tissues than spring grown plants. Thus, transplanting E. purpurea seedlings in the autumn and harvesting the aerial parts at the beginning of winter first, and then harvesting the rhizome-regenerated plants again in the following summer are technically feasible. This farming system would give commercial cultivation of E. purpurea in Taiwan a great competitive advantage over other growing regions, provided that an environmentally suitable population is selected and established in Taiwan.

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21

Alkhatib, R., T. Hennebelle, V. Roumy, S. Sahpaz, S. Süzgeç, E. Akalın, A. H. Meriçli, and F. Bailleul. "Coumarins, caffeoyl derivatives and a monoterpenoid glycoside from Ferulago asparagifolia." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 37, no. 3 (July 2009): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2009.03.003.

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22

Sithisarn, Pongtip, Sarinthip Muensaen, and Siripen Jarikasem. "Determination of Caffeoyl Quinic Acids and Flavonoids in Acanthopanax trifoliatus Leaves by HPLC." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 9 (September 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600920.

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Анотація:

Extracts from the leaves of Acanthopanax trifoliatus, harvested at different seasons, were quantitatively analyzed for phenolic contents using high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods. Samples collected in winter contained high amounts of the major active components, mono and dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides. It was found that January and November were the preferred periods for collecting plant material containing high amounts of caffeoyl quinic acid and flavonoid constituents.

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23

Berto, Chiara, Filippo Maggi, Prosper C. Biapa Nya, Anna Pettena, Irene Boschiero, and Stefano Dall'Acqua. "Phenolic Constituents of Erigeron floribundus (Asteraceae), a Cameroonian Medicinal Plant." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 12 (December 2014): 1934578X1400901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400901207.

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HPLC-MSn analysis of extracts of the Cameroonian medicinal plant Erigeron floribundus (Kunth) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) led to the identification of 40 different phenolic constituents. Four triterpene derivatives were isolated using semi-preparative HPLC and structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR measurements. Compound 1, olean-3-oleil-12,18 diene, was a new natural product. Quali-quantitative measurements on the infusion obtained from dried aerial parts were also performed by HPLC-MSn and HPLC-DAD analysis showing that a cup of E. floribundus tea contains about 2.7 mg/mL of phenolics, with the caffeoyl quinic derivatives being the most abundant constituents.

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24

Danihelová, Martina, Miroslav Veverka, and Ernest Šturdík. "Inhibition of pathophysiological proteases with novel quercetin derivatives." Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2013-0018.

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Abstract Novel quercetin derivatives were prepared to change its physicochemical properties and effects on activity of proteolytic enzymes. For them preparation, the selective protection procedures some of the quercetin hydroxyl groups and acylation of the others with acylchlorides were used. The ability of these compounds to inhibit the activity of serine proteases e.g. trypsin, thrombin, urokinase and elastase was studied. In micromolar range, tested derivatives were the most potent inhibitors of thrombin. There was estimated better inhibition of thrombin for prenylated, acetylated, feruloyl and caffeoyl quercetin esters. Slight inhibitory effect of all quercetin derivatives on elastase was found. Among tested derivatives only diquercetin displayed better inhibiton. Trypsin and urokinase were inhibited by quercetin at comparable level. Slight improvement in inhibitory effect of trypsin and urokinase was seen for chloronaphtoquinone quercetin that revealed enhanced inhibiton of thrombin, too. However, no influence on elastase activity was determined for this compound. Obtained results indicate that certain modifications of quercetin structure could improve its biological properties.

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Li, Ya-Lin, and Wen-Fang Xu. "Design, synthesis, and activity of caffeoyl pyrrolidine derivatives as potential gelatinase inhibitors." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 12, no. 19 (October 2004): 5171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.025.

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26

Sahu, Kamlesh Kumar, Veerasamy Ravichandran, Vishnu Kant Mourya, and Ram Kishore Agrawal. "QSAR analysis of caffeoyl naphthalene sulfonamide derivatives as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors." Medicinal Chemistry Research 15, no. 7-8 (May 25, 2007): 418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00044-006-0020-2.

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27

Arciniegas, Amira, Luis Angel Polindara, Ana L. Pérez-Castorena, Ana María García, Guillermo Avila, José Luis Villaseñor, and Alfonso Romo de Vivar. "Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Laennecia schiedeana." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 66, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2011): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2011-3-404.

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The chemical study of Laennecia schiedeana afforded three sterols, five diterpenes, five flavonoids, three caffeoyl derivatives of quinic acid, and two triterpenes. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of the extracts and isolated metabolites showed that 15-methoxy-16-oxo- 15,16H-strictic acid was the most active compound [(15.05 ± 2.2) μg/mL against U-251 cells]. In antibacterial assays the acetonic extract of leaves was the only active extract exhibiting its highest effect against the multiresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC 0.25 mg/mL). The anti-inflammatory activity observed was mild in the extracts and not relevant in the isolated compounds

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28

Arbain, Dayar, Amri Bakhtiar, Nova Syafni, Nofrizal -, Goldha Faroliu, and Nanda Putra. "Isolation and Antibacterial Properties of Phenyl Acrylic Acid Derivatives from Balanophora elongata Blume." Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences 53, no. 2 (September 17, 2021): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2021.53.2.5.

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Balanophora elongata (Balanophoraceae) is a tropical parasitic flowering plant 9 cm in height. Four known phenyl acrylic acid derivatives, methyl caffeate (1), caffeic acid (2), 1,6-di-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranose (3), and coniferin (4), were isolated from this plant. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was determined by IR, LC-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR. Extracts and isolated compounds were tested toward some standard human pathogenic bacteria using the agar disk diffusion method. Their inhibition zones were compared to that of chloramphenicol as positive control. Compound 1 showed inhibition toward Streptococcus mutans, while compound 3 and 4 inhibited Staphylococcus aureus.

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Crisóstomo-Ayala, Karina Andrea, Ana Belén Sabater-Jara, Claudia Pérez Manriquez, Federico Ferreres, Ángel Gil-Izquierdo, Maria Ángeles Pedreño, Martha Hernández de la Torre, Manuel Sanchez-Olate, and Darcy Graciela Ríos Leal. "Comparative Study of Metabolomic Profile and Antioxidant Content of Adult and In Vitro Leaves of Aristotelia chilensis." Plants 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010037.

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This work aimed to identify the bioactive compounds present in adult maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) leaves from different stages of development and seasons of the year and compare them with leaves obtained from maqui plants grown in vitro. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of maqui leaf extracts by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn showed the presence of different polyphenolic compounds classified into galloyl and caffeoyl quinic acids, ellagitannins and ellagic acid- and flavonoid-derivatives. In general, the total phenolic content of the in vitro samples was higher than that of ex vitro samples, whereas the total flavonoid content was higher in winter basal leaves. Additionally, the analysis by HPLC-MS showed that the extract from spring basal leaves was enriched in quercetin, catechin, kaempferol and 3-caffeoyl quinic acids, while in the in vitro leaves extract, quercetin was not present. As regards lipophilic compounds identified by GC/MS, the samples of in vitro leaves showed a high presence of α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol. In contrast, the samples of adult leaves presented a hight level of linolenic and linoleic acids. These results suggest that maqui leaves could be an excellent source of antioxidants and lipophilic compounds for many industries, such as the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

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Yossa Nzeuwa, Irma B., Fatimata Nea, Junelle Maemteu, Gella M. Ngandeu Neubi, Florence D. Mabou, Jaures A. Noumedem Kenfack, Doriane E. Djeussi, and Guiju Sun. "Comparative study of polyphenols quantification, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of the fruits of three plants of the family of Solanaceae: Lycium ruthenicum, Lycium barbarum, and Lycium Chinense." Investigational Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology 5, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31183/imcp.2022.00067.

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Background: Fruits from L. ruthenium, L. barbarum, and L. Chinense, of the family Solanaceae are well-known in traditional Chinese medicine and have been used as popular functional foods, with a large variety of beneficial health effects. Methods: In The present study, ethanolic extracts (30%) of lycium fruits were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total phenolic content was determined together with the quantification of seventeen (17) phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of the three plants were investigated in vitro through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Results: Results revealed that all three Lycium fruits extracts had antioxidant activities. However, L. ruthenicum showed the highest radical scavenging capacity. Hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) class derivatives including N1, N10-bis(dihydrocaffeoyl)spermidine,N1-bishydrocaffeoyl,N10-caffeoyl spermidine, and N1,N10 -di(caffeoyl) spermidine were dominant in L. ruthenicum (15.56-310.80 mg/100g). A significant amount of chlorogenic acid was detected in all the extracts (L. ruthenicum: 238.59 mg/100g; L. barbarum: 25.76 mg/100g; L. chinense: 98.86 mg/100g). Cryptochlorogenic acid was not detected in L. barbarum, while protocatechuic acid and neochlorogenic acid were only found in L. ruthenicum. The content of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives was particularly high in L. chinense. Rutin was detected in all analyzed species, the highest amount being registered for L.chinense. (62.56±0.061 mg/100g). Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study show that Lycium fruit extracts have promising antioxidant potential to be used in food, nutraceutical, and biomedical field. These findings could serve as a scientific foundation for discrimination and quality assessment of the three Fructus Lycium. Keywords: Antioxidant activities; HPLC; Lycium ruthenicum; Lycium barbarum; Lycium chinense; phenolic content; Solanaceae.

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Fraisse, Didier. "Caffeoyl Derivatives: Major Antioxidant Compounds of Some Wild Herbs of the Asteraceae Family." Food and Nutrition Sciences 02, no. 03 (2011): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2011.23002.

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32

Adolpho, Luciana, Daniele Marin, Albert Puigpinos, Laura Mendieta, Teresa Tarragó, Ademir Morel, Ernest Giralt, and Ionara Dalcol. "In Vitro Evaluation of Caffeoyl and Cinnamoyl Derivatives as Potential Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors." Planta Medica 79, no. 16 (October 1, 2013): 1531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1350897.

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33

Castillo-Mitre, G. F., A. Olmedo-Juárez, R. Rojo-Rubio, M. González-Cortázar, P. Mendoza-de Gives, E. E. Hernández-Beteta, D. E. Reyes-Guerrero, et al. "Caffeoyl and coumaroyl derivatives from Acacia cochliacantha exhibit ovicidal activity against Haemonchus contortus." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 204 (May 2017): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.04.010.

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34

Ma, Chao-Mei, Takuya Kawahata, Masao Hattori, Toru Otake, Lili Wang, and Mohsen Daneshtalab. "Synthesis, anti-HIV and anti-oxidant activities of caffeoyl 5,6-anhydroquinic acid derivatives." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 2 (January 2010): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.043.

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35

Ye, Naike, Francesco Caruso, and Miriam Rossi. "Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease by Clovamide and Its Derivatives: In Silico Studies." Biophysica 1, no. 4 (September 24, 2021): 377–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biophysica1040028.

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The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) is an internally encoded enzyme that hydrolyzes the translated polyproteins at designated sites. The protease directly mediates viral replication processes; hence, a promising target for drug design. Plant-based natural products, especially polyphenols and phenolic compounds, provide the scaffold for many effective antiviral medications, and have recently been shown to be able to inhibit Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, polyphenolic compounds found in cacao and chocolate products have been shown by recent experimental studies to have strong inhibitory effects against Mpro activities. This work aims to uncover the inhibition processes of Mpro by a natural phenolic compound found in cacao and chocolate products, clovamide. Clovamide (caffeoyl-DOPA) is a naturally occurring caffeoyl conjugate that is found in the phenolic fraction of Theobroma Cacao L. and a potent radical-scavenging antioxidant as suggested by previous studies of our group. Here, we propose inhibitory mechanisms by which clovamide may act as a Mpro inhibitor as it becomes oxidized by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body, or becomes oxidized as a result of enzymatic browning. We use molecular docking, annealing-based molecular dynamics, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to study the interactions between clovamide with its derivatives and Mpro catalytic and allosteric sites. Our molecular modelling studies provide mechanistic insights of clovamide inhibition of Mpro, and indicate that clovamide may be a promising candidate as a drug lead molecule for COVID-19 treatments.

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36

Negishi, Osamu, Yukiko Negishi, Fumiyoshi Yamaguchi, and Tatsuyuki Sugahara. "Deodorization with Ku-ding-cha Containing a Large Amount of Caffeoyl Quinic Acid Derivatives." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, no. 17 (August 2004): 5513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf049693j.

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37

Hao, Yameng, Bolin Wu, Ying Chen, Xuefeng Sun, Yixing Sun, Junyi Liu, and Xiaowei Wang. "Study on Dual Inhibitors of HIV-1 IN/CCR5 Caffeoyl Derivatives as Neuroprotective Agents." ChemistrySelect 3, no. 22 (June 12, 2018): 6170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201801313.

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38

Hung, Tran Manh, MinKyun Na, Phuong Thien Thuong, Nguyen Duy Su, DaiEun Sok, Kyung Sik Song, Yeon Hee Seong, and KiHwan Bae. "Antioxidant activity of caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives from the roots of Dipsacus asper Wall." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108, no. 2 (November 2006): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.029.

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39

Kluska, Magdalena, Michał Juszczak, Jerzy Żuchowski, Anna Stochmal, and Katarzyna Woźniak. "Kaempferol and Its Glycoside Derivatives as Modulators of Etoposide Activity in HL-60 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073520.

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Kaempferol is a polyphenol found in a variety of plants. Kaempferol exerts antitumor properties by affecting proliferation and apoptosis of cancer cells. We investigated whether kaempferol and its glycoside derivatives—kaempferol 3-O-[(6-O-E-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranoside-7-O-β-D-glucuropyranoside (P2), kaempferol 3-O-[(6-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranoside-7-O-β-D-glucuropyranoside (P5) and kaempferol 3-O-[(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranoside-7-O-β-D-glucuropyranoside (P7), isolated from aerial parts of Lens culinaris Medik.—affect the antitumor activity of etoposide in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. We analyzed the effect of kaempferol and its derivatives on cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis, cell cycle progression and free radicals induced by etoposide. We demonstrated that kaempferol increases the sensitivity of HL-60 cells to etoposide but does not affect apoptosis induced by this drug. Kaempferol also reduces the level of free radicals generated by etoposide. Unlike kaempferol, some of its derivatives reduce the apoptosis of HL-60 cells (P2 and P7) and increase the level of free radicals (P2 and P5) induced by etoposide. Our results indicate that kaempferol and its glycoside derivatives can modulate the activity of etoposide in HL-60 cells and affect its antitumor efficacy in this way. Kaempferol derivatives may have the opposite effect on the action of etoposide in HL-60 cells compared to kaempferol.

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40

Romani, Annalisa, Pamela Vignolini, Francesca Ieri, and Daniela Heimler. "Polyphenols and Volatile Compounds in Commercial Chokeberry (Aronia Melanocarpa) Products." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 1 (January 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100129.

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Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott commercial products (dried fruit, juice and compote) were analyzed for their polyphenol content by chromatographic and spectrophotometric analyses in order to ascertain the fate of this group of compounds when fresh fruit is processed and sold in different forms on the market. Different classes of polyphenols were investigated: hydroxycinnamic derivatives ranged from 0.65 mg/g to 4.30 mg/g, flavonoids from 0.36 mg/g to 1.12 mg/g, and anthocyanins from 0.65 to 7.08 mg/g sample. 4- O-Caffeoyl-quinic acid was tentatively identified for the first time in Aronia. In order to characterize better chokeberry juice, a GC profile of aroma compounds was obtained. The aroma juice compounds belong mainly to the chemical classes of alcohols (48.9%) and ketones (30.28%). The most abundant compound is 3-penthen-2-one (23.6%).

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41

Muthusamy, V. S., C. Saravanababu, M. Ramanathan, R. Bharathi Raja, S. Sudhagar, S. Anand, and B. S. Lakshmi. "Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and regulation of insulin signalling markers by caffeoyl derivatives of chicory (Cichorium intybus) salad leaves." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 6 (May 6, 2010): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510001480.

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Evaluations of molecular mechanisms of dietary plants with their active molecules are essential for the complete exploration of their nutritive and therapeutic value. In the present study, we investigated the effect of chicory (Cichorium intybus) salad leaves in inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and evaluated their role in modulating the key markers involved in insulin cell signalling and adipogenesis using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Bioactivity-directed purification studies enlightened the additive effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) along with other caffeic acid derivatives present in methanolic extract of C. intybus (CME). Incubation of CME and CGA with 3T3-L1 adipocytes significantly enhanced the 2-deoxy-d-3[H]-glucose uptake and inhibited adipogenesis through altering the expressions of insulin signalling and adipogenesis markers. Extending to an in vivo model, the effect of CME was also investigated on insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet with low streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Supplementation of CME for 2 weeks reinstated the insulin sensitivity along with plasma metabolic profile. The present results demonstrate that the caffeoyl derivatives of chicory salad leaves show promising pharmacological effect on energy homoeostasis via PTP1B inhibition both in vitro and in vivo.

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42

Ogawa, Kazunori, and Yutaka Sashida. "Caffeoyl derivatives of a sugar lactone and its hydroxy acid from the leaves of Bidens pilosa." Phytochemistry 31, no. 10 (October 1992): 3657–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83752-k.

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43

Ayuso-Calles, Miguel, Ignacio García-Estévez, Alejandro Jiménez-Gómez, José D. Flores-Félix, M. Teresa Escribano-Bailón, and Raúl Rivas. "Rhizobium laguerreae Improves Productivity and Phenolic Compound Content of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under Saline Stress Conditions." Foods 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091166.

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Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a widely consumed horticultural species. Its significance lies in a high polyphenolic compound content, including phenolic acids and flavonols. In this work, we have probed the ability of Rhizobium laguerreae HUTR05 to promote lettuce growth, under in vitro and greenhouse conditions (both non-saline and saline conditions). This strain has shown several in vitro plant growth promotion mechanisms, as well as capacity to colonize lettuce seedlings roots. We have analyzed the effect of the rhizobacterium inoculation on mineral and bioactive compounds in lettuce, under greenhouse conditions, and found a rise in the content of certain phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as derivatives of caffeoyl acid and quercetin. The genome analysis of the strain has shown the presence of genes related to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) mechanisms, defense from saline stress, and phenolic compound metabolism (such as naringenin-chalcone synthase or phenylalanine aminotransferase).

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Mahmood, N., S. Piacente, A. Burke, Al Khan, and C. Pizza. "Constituents of Cuscuto Reflexa are anti-HIV Agents." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 8, no. 1 (February 1997): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108.

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Crude water extracts of Cuscuta reflexa exhibited anti-HIV activity. Fractionation of the crude extract led to the isolation of nine pure compounds with closely related structures, showing interesting structure activity relationships. 3,5,7,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone (aromadendrin) inhibited infection by binding to V3 loop of gp 120 and inhibiting its interaction with CD4, whereas 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavanone (taxifolin), with an extra OH group in the 3′ position in ring B was less specific and exhibited less selectivity in cell cultures. In general, flavanones containing an extra OH group in the 3′ position (taxifolin, taxifolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and coccinoside B) were less specific and inhibited viral protease, reverse transcriptase, CD4 /gp120 interaction in vitro and bound to non specific proteins. Other compounds isolated from C reflexa were derivatives of quinic acids; 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid was more active than 3-O-caffeoyl quinic acid. The anti-HIV activity of crude extract may be the result of combinatory effects with compounds of different modes of action.

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45

BASNET, Purusotam, Katsumichi MATSUSHIGE, Koji HASE, Shigetoshi KADOTA, and Tsuneo NAMBA. "Four Di-O-caffeoyl Quinic Acid Derivatives from Propolis. Potent Hepatoprotective Activity in Experimental Liver Injury Models." Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 19, no. 11 (1996): 1479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.19.1479.

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46

Ogbuji, Kelechi, Gloria S. McCutcheon, Alvin M. Simmons, Maurice E. Snook, Howard F. Harrison, and Amnon Levi. "Partial Leaf Chemical Profiles of a Desert Watermelon Species (Citrullus colocynthis) and Heirloom Watermelon Cultivars (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus)." HortScience 47, no. 5 (May 2012): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.5.580.

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Whiteflies [Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)] and aphids [Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] are serious threats to watermelon by direct feeding and by transmitting viruses of important virus diseases. The desert watermelon Citrullus colocynthis (L.) has been shown to exhibit resistance to these insect pests and could be a useful source for breeding resistance into watermelon [Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (Thunbs) Matsum & Nakai]. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we found differences among the chemical profiles of two U.S. PIs of C. colocynthis, one PI of C. lanatus var. citroides, and two heirloom watermelon (C. lanatus var. lanatus) cultivars (‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Mickey Lee’). Flavonoid and caffeic acid derivatives were identified in the leaf extracts by a combination of ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectral analyses. Four phenolic derivatives of caffeic and/or ferulic acid were found to be essentially unique to C. colocynthis. Total flavonoid content was found to be approximately four to 18 times higher in C. colocynthis accessions and seven to nine times higher in C. lanatus var. citroides as compared with watermelon cultivars. Caffeoyl-glucose was also identified in the leaves of watermelon cultivars for the first time. Leaf sugar concentrations (198 to 211 mg·dL−1), read from a glucometer, were statistically the same among the various germplasm entries. These results will help in the development of pest-resistant watermelon.

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47

Park, Kwan Hee, Min Park, Sun Eun Choi, Mi Sook Jeong, Joo Hee Kwon, Myung Hwan Oh, Hyung Kyun Choi, Seong Jun Seo, and Min Won Lee. "The Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Caffeoyl Derivatives from the Roots of Aconitum koreanum R. RAYMOND." Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 32, no. 12 (2009): 2029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.32.2029.

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48

Cabrita, Luis. "A Novel Acylated Anthocyanin with a Linear Trisaccharide from Flowers of Convolvulus althaeoides." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 11 (November 2015): 1934578X1501001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501001140.

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An acylated anthocyanin trioside was isolated from pink flowers of Convolvulus althaeoides using a combination of chromatographic techniques. On the basis of MS (MALDI-TOF) and NMR (1H NMR, 1H-1H COSY, 1D TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, 13C CAPT) its structure was determined as cyanidin 3- O-[6- O-(4- O-(6- O-( E-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside]-5- O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The absolute configuration of the aldose enantiomer moieties was determined from the separation of the corresponding thiazolidine diastereoisomer derivatives by HPLC-DAD. This is a novel trisaccharide within the flavonoids, and the first complete characterization of a linear glucosyl-rhamnosyl-glucoside (4′-glucosylrutinoside) within the anthocyanins. Whilst acylation of rhamnose moieties in position 4 is quite common, the occurrence in anthocyanins of a glycosylated rhamnose is a unique trait. Although many complex anthocyanins have been found amongst the Convolvulaceae, the genus Convolvulus had not yet been surveyed for anthocyanins and thus this account could be of significance within the current chemotaxonomy of this family.

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49

Li, Xiao-Jun, Si-Qi Tang, Hao Huang, Jiao Luo, Xiao-Dan Zhang, Chang-Soo Yook, Wan-Kyunn Whang, Youn-Chul Kim, and Xiang-Qian Liu. "Acanthopanax henryi: Review of Botany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082215.

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Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms (Araliaceae), also known as Eleutherococcus henryi and Caoyewujia (Hengliwujia) in Chinese, is a widely used traditional Chinese herb with the effects of expelling wind and removing dampness, relaxing the muscles and stimulating the blood circulation, and regulating the flow of qi to alleviate pain in the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Acanthopanax henryi (AH, thereafter) possesses ginseng-like activities and is known as ginseng-like herb. In the past decade, a great number of phytochemical and pharmacological studies on AH have been carried out. Several kinds of chemical compositions have been reported, including terpenoids (monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, and triterpenoid saponins), phenylpropanoids, caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, sterols, fatty acids, etc., among which, triterpenoid saponins were considered to be the most active components. Considerable pharmacological experiments in vitro have demonstrated that AH possessed anti-neuroinflammatory, anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-AChE, anti-BuChE, and antihyaluronidase activities. The present review is an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of the botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of AH.

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50

Fraisse, Didier, Catherine Felgines, Odile Texier, and Jean-Louis Lamaison. "Caffeoyl Derivatives: Major Antioxidant Compounds of Some Wild Herbs of the <i>Asteraceae</i> Family." Food and Nutrition Sciences 02, no. 03 (2011): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2011.230025.

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