Статті в журналах: "Byron Bay Sewage Treatment"

1

Bavor, H. J., and E. F. Andel. "Nutrient Removal and Disinfection Performance in the Byron Bay Constructed Wetland System." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0191.

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A constructed wetland system has been developed for polishing of treated sewage effluent at Byron Bay, northern New South Wales, Australia. Nutrient removal and disinfection performance of the system has been monitored in preliminary investigations and has been found to be promising. The system, monitoring program and ongoing research program are described

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2

Gemza, A. F. "Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Trends in Severn Sound, Georgian Bay, since the Introduction of Phosphorus Control Guidelines: Nutrients and Phytoplankton, 1973 to 1991." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 565–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.044.

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Abstract Severn Sound continues to exhibit signs of eutrophication despite initial identification of the problem in 1969 and the construction of several sewage treatment plants since then. In general, improvements in trophic state indicators have been marginal, suggesting that the sewage treatment plants have had limited success in controlling phosphorus concentrations. These discharges likely contributed to the increased total phosphorus levels and consequently the higher phytoplankton densities of the nearshore waters. Phytoplankton biovolumes were on average one order of magnitude higher than in the open waters of Lake Huron with mean summer biovolumes as high as 8.0 mm/L. Algal biovolumes were most dense in Penetang Bay, which experienced limited exchange with the main waters of the sound. No significant long-term trends were observed. Water clarity was declining significantly, however, at a rate of -0.60 to -0.78 m/year throughout the sound except in Sturgeon Bay. Total phosphorus levels were highly variable from year to year; however, concentrations from a 20-year perspective were declining in the open waters at a rate of 0.70 µg/L/year, but response was limited in nearshore areas. In Sturgeon Bay, mean annual euphotic zone total phosphorus as well as soluble reactive phosphorus levels declined by as much as 50% following the construction of a sewage treatment plant with tertiary treatment. Phytoplankton genera typical of eutrophic waters continued to dominate the algal assemblage but members indicative of mesotrophic conditions have become apparent in some areas of the sound.

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3

Volkman, John K., Teresa O'Leary, Rhys Leeming, Peter D. Nichols, and John K. Volkman. "Assessment of the sources, transport and fate of sewage-derived organic matter in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, using the signature lipid coprostanol." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98051.

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To evaluate the distribution of faecal material in Port Phillip Bay, surface sediments from sites throughout the bay and inflowing water courses were analysed for fatty acids and sterols. Water samples were also collected to identify possible sources of faecal contamination. Bay sediments had total fatty acid concentrations between 4 and 183 µg g–1 (dry weight) and total sterol concentrations between 0.6 and 39.2 µg g–1. Creek sediments contained more sterols, ranging from 22.8–148 µg g–1. These lipid distributions suggest that the bulk of the labile organic matter derives from marine microalgae, primarily diatoms. Coprostanol (5β-cholestan-3β-ol), a sterol often used as an indicator of faecal contamination, was also present. Concentrations ranged from <0.01–0.55 µg g–1 in surface sediments, with values over 0.25 µg g–1 and 5β-/5α-C27 stanol ratios greater than 0.4, indicative of sewage inputs. A clearer picture of distributions of sewage-derived organic matter was obtained when coprostanol was normalized to total organic matter rather than sediment dry weight. Areas showing higher coprostanol concentrations included those adjacent to the main sewage treatment plant and several low-volume drains and creeks, indicating localized problems of sewage contamination.

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4

NAGAO, Kentaro, Yoshiyuki NAKAMURA, Daiki TSURUSHIMA, and Yuto KOYAMA. "EFFECTIVENESS ASSESMENT OF NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT OPERATION AT SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN ISE-BAY." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 75, no. 2 (2019): I_1021—I_1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.75.i_1021.

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5

Kubo, A., M. Yamamoto-Kawai, and J. Kanda. "Seasonal variations in concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon in Tokyo Bay." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 10203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-10203-2014.

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Abstract. Concentrations of recalcitrant and bioavailable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and their seasonal variations were investigated at three stations in Tokyo Bay, Japan, and in two freshwater sources flowing into the bay to evaluate the significance of DOC degradation for the carbon budget in coastal waters and carbon export to the open ocean. Recalcitrant DOC (RDOC) was differentiated from bioavailable DOC (BDOC) as a remnant of DOC after 150 days of bottle incubation. On average, RDOC accounted for 78% of the total DOC in Shibaura sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent, 67% in the upper Arakawa River water, 66% in the lower Arakawa River water, and 78% in surface bay water. RDOC concentrations were higher than BDOC at all stations. In freshwater environments, RDOC concentrations were almost constant throughout the year. In the bay, RDOC was higher during spring and summer than during autumn and winter. The relative abundance of RDOC in the bay derived from phytoplankton, terrestrial, and open oceanic waters was estimated to be 9%, 33%, and 58%, respectively, by multiple regression analysis of RDOC, salinity, and chl a. In addition, comparison with previous data from 1972 revealed that concentrations of RDOC and BDOC have decreased by 33% and 74% at freshwater sites and 39% and 76% at Tokyo Bay, while the ratio of RDOC to DOC has increased. The change in DOC concentration and composition was probably due to increased amounts of sewage treatment plant effluent entering the system. Tokyo Bay exported DOC, mostly RDOC, to the open ocean because of remineralization of BDOC.

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6

Saini, Abhishek, and Geeta Singh. "Analysis of Sewage Treatment Plant at Rai, Sonipat Haryana." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 1, 2021): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/04255.

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Almost 80% of the raw water converted into the wastewater. Wastewater treatment of Municipal waste is the way toward eliminating pollutants from civil wastewater, containing fundamentally family unit sewage including some waste from industries. This research evaluates the performance efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plant operating on extended aeration process with the average inflow of 7.5 MLD. Fundamentally different wastewater boundaries like pH, TSS, BOD, COD and so forth are inspected at the inlet, outlet and different various destinations of treatment plant. Investigation of quality of water of this plant is a basic as the vast majority of the treated gushing released into Yamuna waterway staying utilized for water system, watering of parks and greens. The consequences of these assessments likewise decide if the emanating released into the water body are under cut-off points given by CPCB. Wastewater tests were gathered at various phases of treatment units and investigated for the significant waste water quality boundaries, for example, BOD, COD, TSS and biodegradability. The normal convergence of boundaries at bay inspecting site pH, BOD, COD, Total Suspended solids, are 7.358, 190.58 mg/l, 588 mg/l and 189.4 mg/l respectively. While the normal convergence of these boundaries, after treatment shows following qualities 7.792, 7.58 mg/l, 32.7 mg/l and 7.8mg/l respectively.

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7

Gimiliani, Giovana Teixeira, Roberto Fioravanti Carelli Fontes, and Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa. "Modeling the dispersion of endocrine disruptors in the Santos Estuarine System (Sao Paulo State, Brazil)." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 64, no. 1 (March 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592016072806401.

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Abstract Estrogens are hormones responsible for growth and reproduction. They are naturally synthesized by animals and humans alike. Xenoestrogens are identical to natural hormones, but they are man-made and used as oral contraceptives. Xenoestrogens are a specific group of drugs found in domestic wastewater and some environmental matrices. These compounds remain after conventional sewage treatment and, consequently, affect both the environment and non-target aquatic organisms. In this study, we used the Delft3D hydrodynamic model to estimate the amount of both natural and synthetic estrogens that have been released in the Estuarine System of Santos and São Vicente and the Santos Bay. The data on flow from the sewage treatment plants and on average concentrations of natural and synthetic estrogens released in aquatic environments were obtained from the literature. The results of the modeling showed higher concentrations of estrogens in the estuarine waters of the Largo Pompeba region, the São Vicente Canal, and the Santos Bay, which are regions that receive greater inflows of domestic sewage. The results also suggest that higher concentrations of estrogenic compounds are expected to be found in areas with higher levels of salinity.

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8

Zimmerman, Melvin C., and Lynette Dooley. "Water Quality Assessment of the Lower West Branch – Susquehanna River: Focus on Sewage Treatment." Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 88, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.88.1.0040.

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ABSTRACT The object of this study was to describe and determine the water quality of the Lower West Branch of the Susquehanna River between Lock Haven and Sunbury. Sites were selected in relation to location of sewage treatment plants along this stretch of river. Water chemistry data (pH, alkalinity, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity, orthophosphorus, total phosphorus, total dissolved solids, and turbidity) are presented from 2005 to 2013. Macroinvertebrate kick samples were collected from sample sites in the summer of 2013. These data were subjected to the EPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocol II (RBA-Family Level), Hillsenhoff Biotic Index and Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index in an attempt to describe water quality. All nine of the sewage treatment plants in this section of the river have made improvements to address discharge and combined sewer overflows (CSO's) concerns in the last decade. The overall quality of the water appears to have improved as a number of Chesapeake Bay Initiatives on sewage treatment plants has taken place. Noticeable success of the new standards for sewage treatment plants that have been or are currently being upgraded will need continued monitoring to demonstrate overall water quality improvements.

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9

Oh, Hyun-Taik, Jun-Ho Goo, Sung-Eun Park, Yun-Sun Choi, Rae-Hong Jung, Woo-Jeung Choi, Won-Chan Lee, and Jong-Soo Park. "Analysis of Water Quality caused by Improvement of Sewage Treatment Plant in Masan Bay." Journal of Environmental Science International 14, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jes.2005.14.8.777.

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10

Blomqvist, Sven, Ulf Larsson, and Hans Borg. "Heavy metal decrease in the sediments of a Baltic bay following tertiary sewage treatment." Marine Pollution Bulletin 24, no. 5 (May 1992): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(92)90564-m.

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11

Trei, T., and K. Piirsoo. "SHORT-TERM EFFECT OF THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT ON THE PHYTOPLANKTON IN KURESSAARE BAY." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Ecology 6, no. 3/4 (1996): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/ecol.1996.3/4.06.

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12

Kashutin, A. N., E. V. Egorova, I. A. Kashutina, and N. L. Rogalyova. "INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION ON MACROPHYTE ALGAE OF AVACHA BAY (SOUTHEASTERN KAMCHATKA)." Ekosistemy, no. 24 (2020): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2414-4738-2020-24-130-141.

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The results of assessing the sources and degree of anthropogenic pollution of the Avacha Bay (southeastern Kamchatka) are presented. The main sources of anthropogenic pollution of the bay and surrounding areas are towns and villages located on its shores, as well as its tributaries — the Avacha and Paratunka rivers. The Bay is permanently polluted with petroleum products, phenols, detergents, salts of heavy metals, and radioactive substances. The coastal waters of the Kamchatka Peninsula contain the most significant reserves of brown algae, mainly represented by the kelp order, including Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens and Eualaria fistulosa. In the Avacha Bay, micropopulations of some species of algae underwent changes, so the brown algae Eualaria fistulosa is currently found only in the estuary of the Avacha Bay. According to the latest data, E. fistulosa is found in the Bay in very small amounts, and in storm emissions it is recorded in the form of separate individual parts. The complex of indicators proves that the most contaminated hypertoxic sections of the coast include the shoreline starting from the Nikolskaya hill, coasts of Rakovaya, Mokhovaya, Seroglazka, and Petropavlovskiy Kovsh bays, where the entire fucoid belt was almost destroyed. The authors highlight the importance of regular environmental monitoring of the Avacha Bay. Much attention is given to urgency of technological reconstruction of sewage and sewage treatment plants, as well as the lifting of sunken ships and other large metal garbage.

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13

Fortin, John J., Joseph L. Davenport, and Eric J. Mills. "Feeding the Dragon: Seeding a Bay Park Sewage Treatment Plant Digester with No Seed Sludge." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 14 (January 1, 2016): 1657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864716819712980.

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14

Swanson, R. Lawrence, Robert Wilson, Bruce Brownawell, and Kaitlin Willig. "Environmental consequences of the flooding of the Bay Park Sewage Treatment Plant during Superstorm Sandy." Marine Pollution Bulletin 121, no. 1-2 (August 2017): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.034.

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15

Kuskopf, Laura, Madoc Sheehan, and Anna Whelan. "Contaminants of Emerging Concern." Water e-Journal 5, no. 3 (2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2020.019.

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There are potentially many thousands of municipally derived contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) present in discharged wastewaters that may cause adverse effects in receiving aquatic environments. Wastewater authorities, therefore, may face the momentous task of investigating these compounds with little or no prior CEC data for their sewage treatment plants (STPs). Such is the case for the Cleveland Bay Sewage Treatment Plant (CBSTP). To evaluate the potential environmental risk posed by municipal CECs, it is first necessary to understand which CECs are present in discharging wastewater, how they will be sampled and quantified, and which CECs are the most concerning regarding ecological risk. A Sampling Analysis and Quality Plan (SAQP) is a valuable tool that can be used to critically review and detail the strategy that will be adopted to achieve these outcomes. As such, this paper describes the development of a SAQP for screening wastewaters released from the CBSTP into Cleveland Bay as part of a preliminary CEC assessment. This paper describes the qualitative decision-making process employed to shortlist CECs into those perceived to pose the greatest ecological risk. In addition, the rationale and methods adopted to determine sampling locations and frequency are described.

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16

Janahi, Essam M., Sakina Mustafa, Saba F. D. Parkar, Humood A. Naser, and Zaki M. Eisa. "Detection of Enteric Viruses and Bacterial Indicators in a Sewage Treatment Center and Shallow Water Bay." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 6, 2020): 6483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186483.

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The incidence of enteric viruses in treated wastewater and their potential release into the environment or use for agriculture are very critical matters in public health. In our study, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of enteric viruses was performed on 59 samples of influents and effluents collected from Tubli wastewater treatment plant (Water Pollution Control Center (WPCC)) and Tubli Bay, where the effluents were discharged, in Kingdom of Bahrain during two sampling periods. Four clinically essential waterborne enteric viruses were examined: enterovirus (EV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), astroviruses (AV), and rotaviruses (RV) and compared to standard bacterial and bacteriophages indicators of fecal pollution. Detection rates of EV, AV, HAV, and RV in the influent samples were 100%, 75%, 12.5%, and 12.5%, respectively, while 50% of the effluent samples from Tubli WPCC contained only EV RNA. None of the tested enteric viruses could be detected in any of the samples collected directly from Tubli Bay. Effluent samples from Tubli plant did not show significant seasonal differences. Since detection of enteric viruses genome does not necessarily indicate infectivity, the infectivity of these viruses was evaluated through isolation and growth of indictor bacteria and bacteriophages. High concentration of fecal bacteriological indicators was detected in all effluents samples (100%): 3.20 × 103 cfu/mL for E. coli, 1.32 × 103 cfu/mL for Salmonella spp., and 1.92 × 103 cfu/mL for Shigella spp. E. coli and Salmonella specific bacteriophages were also detected in the effluent samples in high titers. The combined results of PCR and bacterial enumeration point to a probable public health risk via the use of these wastewaters in agriculture or their discharge into the sea. Continuous surveillance of viral and bacterial prevalence and their resistance to sewage disinfection procedures could contribute to a better control of risks associated with the recycling of effluent wastewater and its release into the environment.

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17

ISHIDA, Sei, Keisuke HANAKI, and Toshiya ARAMAKI. "INTRODUCTION OF TRADABLE PERMIT SYSTEM AMONG SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN TOKYO BAY WATERSHED AND ITS EFFECT." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 804 (2005): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2005.804_73.

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18

Hanson, James C., and K. E. McConnell. "Simulated Trading for Maryland's Nitrogen Loadings in the Chesapeake Bay." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 37, no. 2 (October 2008): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500003014.

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We investigate nutrient trading for point and non-point sources for the Bay Restoration Fund in Maryland. We demonstrate how to use the proceeds from the tax revenue to mimic a market by trading high-cost upgrades of sewage treatment plants for low-cost winter cover crops. Under an optimistic assumption about costs for non-point sources and naïve assumptions about the lag from planting cover crops to changes in nitrogen load, we calculate that 100 percent of abatement could be achieved at 56 percent of total costs, while in a pessimistic scenario, 100 percent of abatement could be could be achieved at 83 percent of total costs.

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19

Correll, D. L., T. E. Jordan, and D. E. Weller. "Cross Media Inputs to Eastern US Watersheds and Their Significance to Estuarine Water Quality." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0368.

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Extensive research on Chesapeake Bay estuary, its drainage basin, and its airshed have now demonstrated that atmospheric deposition and diffuse land discharges are the largest sources for many parameters affecting estuarine water quality. For example, phosphorus and sediments are transported to the Bay largely in overland storm flows, nitrate largely in atmospheric deposition and in ground water, many pesticides and other toxic materials in surface waters and atmospheric deposition, and silicate primarily in ground water. Concerns over point sources such as sewage treatment outfalls and industrial outfalls have led to greatly improved treatment methods, alleviating the relative magnitude of these sources. The realization of the magnitude and importance of diffuse sources has led to research on improved land use practices, including better patterns of land use in the Chesapeake Bay landscape. One example is the use of and improved management of forested riparian buffer zones in the coastal plain part of the drainage basin.

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20

Little, Joanne L., Roland I. Hall, Roberto Quinlan, and John P. Smol. "Past trophic status and hypolimnetic anoxia during eutrophicaton and remediation of Gravenhurst Bay, Ontario: comparison of diatoms, chironomids, and historical records." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-235.

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Quantitative paleolimnological inferences of diatom-inferred total phosphorus and chironomid-inferred hypolimnetic oxygen levels (measured as the anoxic factor) were compared along with historical records for Gravenhurst Bay, Ontario, prior to and following sewage treatment. Water quality declined dramatically following European settlement in the mid-1800s and reached its highest inferred nutrient concentrations during the first half of the twentieth century. After treatment of sewage began in 1972, surface water total phosphorus rapidly returned to near oligotrophic conditions. Diatom assemblages reflected the period of nutrient enrichment, as well as the subsequent recovery. Chironomid assemblages exhibited trends consistent with decreased availability of dissolved oxygen to deepwater habitats since ca. 1886, with profundal taxa being largely absent since ca. 1958 when deepwater anoxia became more severe. Despite remediation efforts, Gravenhurst Bay still experiences long periods of anoxia, and chironomid assemblages have shown no sign of recovery to the improved surface water quality. We suggest that chironomid assemblages responded more strongly to changes in deepwater oxygen availability than to epilimnetic nutrient concentrations, especially during periods of pronounced hypoxia. This study demonstrates the advantages of using both chironomids and diatoms in paleolimnological assessments of eutrophication, as the indicators track changes in different lake strata.

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21

Fabris, G. J., C. A. Monahan, and G. E. Batley. "Heavy metals in waters and sediments of Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98032.

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Despite significant inputs of heavy metals from rivers, creeks and drains and a major sewage treatment plant to Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, attenuation processes in the water column are such that metal concentrations in the bay waters are comparable to uncontaminated estuaries elsewhere in the world. Sedimentation appeared to be largely responsible for metal removal, with strong correlations between particulate metals and iron in input waters sampled over a storm event. Storm events contributed between 9 (Zn) and 21 (Cr) times the metal loads that enter the bay during low flow conditions. Although metal accumulations in sediments are below guideline concentrations in the major deposition zones, they are highest close to input sources. A unique feature of bay waters was the high concentration of dissolved arsenic (2.8 µg L–1). The source appears to be natural sediment mineralogy, and sediment cores were found to be depleted in arsenic near the sedimentŒwater interface. Overall, the findings suggested that current heavy metal inputs do not represent a threat to the health of the bay.

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22

Witherspoon, J. R., A. Sidhu, J. Castleberry, L. Coleman, K. Reynolds, T. Card, and G. T. Daigger. "Odour emission estimates and control strategies using models and sampling for East Bay Municipal Utility District's collection sewage system and wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 6 (March 1, 2000): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0094.

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For several years, public complaints regarding odours generated by East Bay Municipal Utility District's (EBMUD's) wastewater treatment plant and sewage collection system (SCS) have been increasing. In response, an Odor Control Master Plan was completed to develop near- and long-term odour abatement strategies for their wastewater system. The plan's strategies include using an advisory committee to assist in setting odour threshold levels, prioritizingodour sources, issuing an odour-status newsletter, and reviewing odour control options. The objective is to provide an odour-free community environment at least 99 percent of the year. This paper provides innovative approaches to estimate odour emissions and identify viable odour control options for SCSs through complete wastewater treatment. This paper also presents a CH2M HILL SCS odour model comparison to a comprehensive EBMUD sewage system corrosion study, illustrating that areas having high predicted odours also have high corrosion rates.

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23

Asami, Mari, Noriyuki Suzuki, and Junko Nakanishi. "Aquatic toxicity emission from Tokyo: wastewater measured using marine luminescent bacterium, photobacterium phosphoreum." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 6 (March 1, 1996): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0088.

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Aquatic toxicity of point-source discharges are examined with the MICROTOX system using luminescent bacteria, Photobacterium phosphoreum. Samples include treated wastewaters from industrial dischargers, municipal sewage treatment plants and community sewage treatment plants, all of which eventually flow into Tokyo Bay. Among 34 samples from industry, 11.7% exhibit high toxicity (EC50 =< 0.2), 17.6% exhibit low toxicity (0.2 < EC50 =< 1), and 70.7% were non- or only slightly toxic (1 < EC50). Aquatic toxicity of treated wastewater is mostly due to the chlorination process. Results suggest that 96% of the total toxicity load of all point-source discharges is caused by chlorination. The toxicity assessment with luminescent bacteria is shown to be effective and of practical use, since it facilitates the evaluation of the total toxicity which cannot be well embodied in the current regulation systems by specific indices.

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24

Fonseca, Raquel Batista Medeiros da, Kelly Cristine Costa de Abreu, Claudia Gutterres Vilela, and José Antônio Baptista Neto. "Análise dos foraminíferos bentônicos de dois testemunhos na região nordeste da Baía de Guanabara." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2007_1_27-29.

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Guanabara bay receives a large amount of industrial and domestic sewage, which contributes for its environmental degradation. For monitoring those environmental changes, two cores from the northeastern area of the bay were analized. They were subsampled in centimeter intervals and the laboratory treatment followed specific methodology for foraminifera. Foraminifera are much sensitive microorganisms as to environmental changes as to anthropogenic ones, thus they are useful as pollution indicators. The results show low values of diversity, however, a higher diversity in the core T15, between Paquetá island and São Gonçalo than in the core T14, at São Gonçalo south region. Both of them presented Ammonia tepida as a dominant species human pollution bioindicator, and Buliminella elegatissima as bioindicator of high levels of organic matter.

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25

Rocha, Arthur José da Silva, Marina Tenório Botelho, Fabio Matsu Hasue, Maria José de Arruda Campos Rocha Passos, Caroline Patricio Vignardi, Phan Van Ngan, and Vicente Gomes. "GENOTOXICITY OF SHALLOW WATERS NEAR THE BRAZILIAN ANTARCTIC STATION "COMANDANTE FERRAZ" (EACF), ADMIRALTY BAY, KING GEORGE ISLAND, ANTARCTICA." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 63, no. 1 (March 2015): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592015080906301.

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Series of biomonitoring surveys were undertaken weekly in February 2012 to investigate the genotoxicity of the shallow waters around the Brazilian Antarctic Station "Comandante Ferraz" (EACF). The comet assay was applied to assess the damage to the DNA of hemocytes of the crustacean amphipods Gondogeneia antarctica collected from shallow waters near the Fuel Tanks (FT) and Sewage Treatment Outflow (STO) of the research station, and compare it to the DNA damage of animals from Punta Plaza (PPL) and Yellow Point (YP), natural sites far from the EACF defined as experimental controls. The damage to the DNA of hemocytes of G. antarctica was not significantly different between sites in the biomonitoring surveys I and II. In survey III, the damage to the DNA of animals captured in shallow waters near the Fuel Tanks (FT) and Sewage Treatment Outflow (STO) was significantly higher than that of the control site of Punta Plaza (PPL). In biomonitoring survey IV, a significant difference was detected only between the FT and PPL sites. Results demonstrated that the shallow waters in front of the station may be genotoxic and that the comet assay and hemocytes of G. antarctica are useful tools for assessing genotoxicity in biomonitoring studies of Antarctic marine coastal habitats.

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Tadros, Hermine RZ, Samia Kh Hamdona, Mary G. Ghobrial, Mona F. El-Naggar, and Omayma H. Abd El-Hamid. "Wastewater Treatment of Mariout Lake Drains Using Combined Physical, Chemical, and Biological Methods in Microcosm Experiments." Aquatic Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ast.v7i2.14651.

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The treatment of wastewater is a must due to the decrease of clean water and the increase in the consumption of fresh water for domestic uses. This study discusses the physical, chemical, and biological treatments of water from different types of Mariout Lake drains. It also aims at a designation of appropriate wastewater treatment process for sewage water (El-Qalah drain), agriculture water (El-Umoum drain), and raw drinking water before treatment (Nubareya canal) so as to adopt an appropriate procedure to be applied as the drains discharge their wastewaters in Mariout Lake affecting its water quality as well as its fish productivity. Obtaining secure effluents for discharge in natural water bodies (El-Mex bay), or using treated effluents in agriculture or industrial purposes, is a target too, open for estimation. Alum, aeration beside two natural medicinal plants, piper nigrum (Black Pepper) and dry ginger (Zingiber officinalis), and the eukaryotic microorganism yeast, were used for treatment, in addition to the freshwater submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum.The results of the physicochemical parameters revealed that the best material for treatment in El-Qalaa sewage drain was by Alum + Aeration + Ginger + Ceratophylum demersum.The most preferable material for both the raw drinking water of Nubareya canal and El-Umoum agricultural wastewater was Alum + Aeration + Yeast + Ceratophylum demersum.Regarding the four trace metals' (Zn, Pb, Fe, and Cu) concentration treatments, the best treatment in all cases was found to be Alum + Aeration + Yeast + Ceratophylum demersum, except for Zn in El-Qalaa sewage water which had to be treated by Alum + Aeration + Ginger + Ceratophylum demersum.

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Kress, N., B. Herut, and D. Angel. "Environmental conditions of the water column in Haifa Bay, Israel, during September-October 1993." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 9-10 (November 1, 1995): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0670.

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During September 1993, the water in Haifa Bay, Israel, turned brown and turbid, and a phytoplankton bloom was observed. Preliminary examination of the seawater showed very high concentrations of o-phosphate, nitrate and dissolved oxygen, and high pH values. In order to investigate this unusual occurrence and determine the environmental conditions that allowed for its development, the chemical and physical characteristics of the water column were measured, one during the unusual bloom in September and one during October 1993, after the bay appeared to have returned to normal. The distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll-a at the surface corresponded closely to that of the salinity and temperature, with high concentrations in the region close to the Kishon estuary, decreasing northward and westward. It was possible to determine that the Kishon river was the main source of the nutrients to the bay, originating from the effluents discharged into the river by a sewage treatment plant and nearby industries. During September, the input of nutrients from the Kishon to the bay was twice as in October, and this, together with favorable hydrographic conditions, most probably caused the unusual extensive phytoplankton bloom.

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28

Yamamoto, Tamiji, Kaori Orimoto, Satoshi Asaoka, Hironori Yamamoto, and Shin-ichi Onodera. "A Conflict between the Legacy of Eutrophication and Cultural Oligotrophication in Hiroshima Bay." Oceans 2, no. 3 (August 16, 2021): 546–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans2030031.

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Although the water quality in Hiroshima Bay has improved due to government measures, nutrient reduction has sharply decreased fisheries production. The law was revised in 2015, where the nutrient effluents from the sewage treatment plants were relaxed, yet no increase in fishery production was observed. Herein, we investigate the distribution of C, N, S, and P within Hiroshima Bay. Material loads from land and oyster farming activity influenced the C and S distributions in the bay sediments, respectively. Natural denitrification caused N reduction in areas by the river mouths and the landlocked areas whose sediments are reductive. The P content was high in the areas under aerobic conditions, suggesting metal oxide-bound P contributes to P accumulation. However, it was low in the areas with reducing conditions, indicating P is released from the sediments when reacting with H2S. In such reductive sediments, liberated H2S also consumes dissolved oxygen causing hypoxia in the bottom layer. It was estimated that 0.28 km3 of muddy sediment and 1.8 × 105 ton of P accumulated in Hiroshima Bay. There remains conflict between the ‘Legacy of Eutrophication’ in the sediment and ‘Cultural Oligotrophication’ in the surface water due to 40 years of reduction policies.

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29

Nicholson, Geoff J., and Andy R. Longmore. "Causes of observed temporal variability of nutrient fluxes from a southern Australian marine embayment." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97176.

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Benthic chambers were used to measure temporal differences of sediment–water column flux of dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonium, nitrite plus nitrate, phosphate, silicate and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) in Port Phillip Bay. Three clear and three dark benthic chambers were deployed between October 1994 and January 1996 at each of three sites: near the outflow of a major sewage treatment plant, near the mouth of a river and in the deep centre of the bay. Analysis of variance indicated that chamber type did not significantly affect magnitude of flux for the majority of deployments. Water temperature at the time of deployment had a significant effect on the fluxes of DO, TCO2 , NH4 , and SiO4 at the central bay site and for all fluxes at the other two sites. There was a relationship between TCO2 flux in the sediment and C production in the water column (r2 = 0.6552). The denitrification efficiency at the central bay site was usually >80% at all times, and altered by ~30% seasonally at the other two sites. It is likely that the effect of water temperature on a suite of biological processes is the predominant source of temporal variation in these benthic fluxes.

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30

Kubo, A., M. Yamamoto-Kawai, and J. Kanda. "Seasonal variations in concentration and lability of dissolved organic carbon in Tokyo Bay." Biogeosciences 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-269-2015.

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Abstract. Concentrations of recalcitrant and bioavailable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and their seasonal variations were investigated at three stations in Tokyo Bay, Japan, and in two freshwater sources flowing into the bay. On average, recalcitrant DOC (RDOC), as a remnant of DOC after 150 days of bottle incubation, accounted for 78% of the total DOC in Shibaura sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent, 67% in the upper Arakawa River water, 66% in the lower Arakawa River water, and 78% in surface bay water. Bioavailable DOC (BDOC) concentrations, defined as DOC minus RDOC, were lower than RDOC at all stations. In freshwater environments, RDOC concentrations were almost constant throughout the year. In the bay, RDOC was higher during spring and summer than in autumn and winter because of freshwater input and biological production. The relative concentration of RDOC in the bay derived from phytoplankton, terrestrial, and open-oceanic waters was estimated to be 8–10, 21–32, and 59–69%, respectively, based on multiple regression analysis of RDOC, salinity, and chl a. In addition, comparison with previous data from 1972 revealed that concentrations of RDOC and BDOC have decreased by 33 and 74% at freshwater sites and 39 and 76% in Tokyo Bay, while the ratio of RDOC to DOC has increased. The change in DOC concentration and composition was probably due to increased amounts of STP effluent entering the system. Tokyo Bay exported mostly RDOC to the open ocean because of the remineralization of BDOC.

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31

Brzeska-Roszczyk, Paulina, and Lidia Kruk-Dowgiałło. "Preliminary results of monitoring studies on macrophytes in the area of brine discharge from the creation of gas storage caverns (Puck Bay, Baltic)." Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego 32, no. 1 (April 9, 2017): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.7976.

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The coastal zone of the Puck Bay (near Mechelinki cottage), located in the area protected within Natura 2000 network (Puck Bay and Hel Peninsula PLH 220032), is subjected to the influence of two media – wastewaters discharged through a collector of the sewage treatment plant in Dębogórze and brine effluent discharged by means of a pipeline as a result of construction of the underground gas storage – UGS Kosakowo. The results of the monitoring studies in 2009, 2012 and 2015 have shown that after 40 years, macrophytes were again noted in the area (in 2012 and 2015). They occur in small amounts, but slightly increase their bottom coverage. It indicates the improvement of the environment state in the area being under pressure of two media, and also points indirectly, that environmentally friendly technical solutions were applied for discharge of the effluents.

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32

Glibert, Patricia M., Frances P. Wilkerson, Richard C. Dugdale, and Alexander E. Parker. "Ecosystem Recovery in Progress? Initial Nutrient and Phytoplankton Response to Nitrogen Reduction from Sewage Treatment Upgrade in the San Francisco Bay Delta." Nitrogen 3, no. 4 (October 13, 2022): 569–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3040037.

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The San Francisco Bay Delta has been an estuary of low productivity, with causes hypothesized to relate to light limitation, grazing by invasive clams, and polluting levels of NH4+ discharge from a wastewater treatment plant. Suppression of phytoplankton NO3− uptake by NH4+ has been well documented, and thus this estuary may have experienced the counterintuitive effect of depressed productivity due to wastewater NH4+ enrichment. In 2021, a new wastewater treatment plant came online, with a ~75% reduction in nitrogen load, and within-plant nitrification, converting the discharge to NO3−. The expectation was that this change in nitrogen loading would support healthier phytoplankton production, particularly of diatoms. Here, responses of the post-upgrade Bay Delta phytoplankton were compared to five years of data collected pre-upgrade during the fall season. Indeed, increased chlorophyll a accumulation in the estuary was documented after the implementation of the upgraded wastewater treatment and photophysiological responses indicated comparatively less stress. Major differences in river flow were also observed due to drought conditions during the decade covered by this study. While short-term favorable effects were observed, understanding longer-term ecological feedback interactions that may follow from this major nutrient change under variable flow conditions will require more years of observations.

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33

He, Yanhu, Changcheng Tang, and Zirui Wang. "Spatial patterns and influencing factors of sewage treatment plants in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, China." Science of The Total Environment 792 (October 2021): 148430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148430.

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34

OZAKI, Noriatsu, Hiroki UEMURA, Tatsunori TANAKA, Fumitaka MORISHITA, Tomonori KINDAICHI, Akiyoshi OHASHI, Kai BESTER, and Per MOLDRUP. "Loadings of polycyclic musks and triclosan in separate sewage treatment plants and coastal marine sediments in Hiroshima bay area." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. G (Environmental Research) 69, no. 7 (2013): III_571—III_579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejer.69.iii_571.

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35

Wang, Shiliang, Xuezhi Cao, Hui Zhang, Yuewei Yang, and Min Zhang. "Oxidative conversion of potential perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in Jiaozhou Bay and nearby rivers and sewage treatment plant effluent in China." Marine Pollution Bulletin 136 (November 2018): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.045.

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36

Obiri‐Danso, K., and K. Jones. "The effect of a new sewage treatment plant on faecal indicator numbers, campylobacters and bathing water compliance in Morecambe Bay." Journal of Applied Microbiology 86, no. 4 (April 1999): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00703.x.

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37

Read, Paul. "The intertidal benthos and sediments of particulate shores in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, with particular reference to waste water discharges." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 3-4 (1987): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006849.

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SynopsisThe paper summarises and briefly discusses published and unpublished data relating to the physicochemical characteristics of the sediments and the occurrence and distribution of the intertidal macrobenthos of paniculate shores in the Firth of Forth. In general, the shores described are poor faunistically and in some areas this results partly from the influence of waste water discharges. Detailed information is available for only a limited number of the numerous beaches in the Firth of Forth. In consequence, this paper focusses attention on the results of a long term study of four beaches along the south shore of the firth which was undertaken as part of an environmental impact assessment in relation to the introduction of improved sewage treatment and disposal for the City of Edinburgh. Edinburgh Sewage Scheme and the firth into which it discharges are briefly described and data pertaining to changes in the intertidal sediments and the intertidal macrobenthic communities, which occurred in the Seafield Bay area of the firth following pollution abatement, are presented and discussed.

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38

Eleftheriou, G., C. Tsabaris, V. Kapsimalis, D. L. Patiris, E. G. Androulakaki, F. K. Pappa, M. Kokkoris, and R. Vlastou. "Radionuclides and Heavy Metals Concentrations at the Seabed of NW Piraeus, Greece." HNPS Proceedings 21 (March 8, 2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2023.

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The coastal area of Piraeus is an environmentally aggravated region since many decades due to persistent pollution sources as the international port of Piraeus, a coastal fertilizers plant, the Athens sewage outfall and the industrial zone of Eleusis Bay. Recent sediment samples from the seabed of NW Salamina strait (upper Saronikos Gulf) were collected and analyzed for radionuclides and heavy metals composition. Measurements of 22 samples were performed including gralunometrical analyses using wet sieving treatment, radiological measurements using high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry and determination of main heavy metals concentrations using the XRF technique. The activity concentrations of all radionuclides exhibited values expected in natural sediments, while the heavy metals concentrations are locally far above the sediment quality guidelines values. The most contaminated area is the small harbor of the ex fertilizers plant at Sfageion Bay, where discrepancy from the linear correlation between the unsupported210Pb with the trace Pb is indicative of the prior intensive pollution. The measured activity concentrations of 137Cs combined with these of naturally occurring radionuclides were also used to estimate the sedimentological texture of the studied region.

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39

Borja, Á., I. Muxika, and J. Franco. "Long-term recovery of soft-bottom benthos following urban and industrial sewage treatment in the Nervión estuary (southern Bay of Biscay)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 313 (May 11, 2006): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps313043.

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40

Abeyta, C., M. M. Wekell, C. A. Kaysner, R. F. Stott, E. V. Raghubeer, J. R. Matches, and J. T. Peeler. "Media Evaluation and Behavior of Clostridium Perfringens as an Adjunct Indicator of Quality in Shellfish Growing Areas." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1988): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0190.

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In numerous studies of estuaries of the West Coast of the United States, we have recovered C.perfringens, total and fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci from shellfish, sediments and water. In some areas closed to shellfish harvest and known to be subject to fecal contamination, C.perfrinqens were recovered regularly from shellfish and sediments. For example, in one estuary, prior to sampling, a local sewage treatment plant (STP) with a design capacity of 1 million gallons per day (MGD) was receiving high flows of raw sewage of 3.02 MGD. This resulted in an overflow or bypass of raw sewage into the estuary. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococci levels measured in impacted oysters showed an increase during the initial stages of the bypass and decreased to baseline levels by the 5th day of sampling. C.perfringens levels increased from 36 MPN/100 g and reached maximum levels in oysters (4600 MPN/100 g) on the 6th day when the sewage flow was returning to normal, but still over capacity (1.8 MGD) and sewage was being discharged into the bay. At this time, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci counts were near baseline levels (120 and 50 organisms/100 g respectively). Therefore, at the later stages of the sewage bypass, C.perfrinqens was a useful indicator of fecal contamination in oysters. The most recent and promising method for the enumeration of C.perfrinqens in all types of environmental samples is the Iron Milk Method (IMM). The method has been tested with water, marine and freshwater sediments, soil, fish gut contents and foods, and has been shown to enumerate C.perfrinqens without the need for confirmation. The IMM uses a 3 tube MPN procedure with each tube containing 10 ml of homogenized milk plus 0.2 g iron powder per tube. Inoculated tubes are incubated for 16-18 hrs at 45 °C. The presence of the classical stormy fermentation signifies a positive tube. Numbers of C.perfrinqens in samples are rapidly measured.

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41

Sin, Y. S., and K. W. Chau. "Eutrophication Studies on Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0785.

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Tolo Harbour is an almost land-locked waterbody with only one narrow marine inlet to the open sea at Mirs Bay in the Eastern Waters of Hong Kong. Due to its enclosed nature, the waste assimilative capacity is very limited. Besides, it receives substantial pollutant loads from the two sewage treatment plants in the Tolo catchment, livestock rearing industry and other industrial discharges. The building-up of the organic matter and nutrients in the Harbour has caused an increasing occurence of red tides in the past decade. This paper describes the trophic status of the Tolo Harbour based on the monitoring stations results obtained from the Hong Kong Government with particular reference to the chlorophyll-a, secchi depth, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentration.

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42

Jenkins, Gregory P., and Kerry P. Black. "Modelling the effects of changing loads of nitrogen discharged from a sewage treatment plant on plankton dynamics in a large, urbanised bay." Regional Studies in Marine Science 45 (June 2021): 101825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101825.

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43

I. Z., Mukasa-Tebandeke, Karume I., Wasajja H. Z., and Nankinga R. "Improving Quality of Water from Murchison bay Using Clay from Chelel, Kapchorwa District, Uganda." Academic Journal of Chemistry, no. 411 (November 10, 2019): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajc.411.102.117.

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Pollution resulting from increased human activities is threatening Lake Victoria, its effects are characterized by eutrophication, high turbidity, pH, iron(II) concentration and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In this study we have investigated the effect of Fe-montmorillonite clay from Chelel on turbidity, pH, concentration of iron, total suspended soils, total nutrients and COD of water sampled from Murchison bay watershed of Nakivubo channel south of Kampala. Varying amounts of clay powder was vigorously stirred with water samples for 5 minutes, filtered using Whatman paper at ambient temperatures. The optimum concentration of clay of 0.4 gL-1 was found to produce 73.5+2% fall in COD indicating elimination of microbes and organic waste. The pH of water became 6.3+ 0.2 showing that impurities had been bound to clay. The TSS and nutrients in MB water also decreased greatly when clay was stirred with water at ambient temperatures. The available data can be relied on to recommend use of this clay in treatment of waste water and/or sewage from Kampala. Further studies on combined use of clays with alums, zeolites and/or lime need to be carried out.

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44

Bícego, Márcia C., Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo, Satie Taniguchi, César C. Martins, Denis A. M. da Silva, Sílvio T. Sasaki, Ana C. R. Albergaria-Barbosa, Fernando S. Paolo, Rolf R. Weber, and Rosalinda C. Montone. "Results from a 15-year study on hydrocarbon concentrations in water and sediment from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 21, no. 3 (February 18, 2009): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102009001734.

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AbstractAdmiralty Bay on the King George Island hosts the Brazilian, Polish and Peruvian research stations as well as the American and Ecuadorian field stations. Human activities in this region require the use of fossil fuels as an energy source, thereby placing the region at risk of hydrocarbon contamination. Hydrocarbon monitoring was conducted on water and sediment samples from the bay over 15 years. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the analysis of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater samples and gas chromatography with flame ionization and/or mass spectrometric detection was used to analyse individual n-alkanes and PAHs in sediment samples. The results revealed that most sites contaminated by these compounds are around the Brazilian and Polish research stations due to the intense human activities, mainly during the summer. Moreover, the sediments revealed the presence of hydrocarbons from different sources, suggesting a mixture of the direct input of oil or derivatives and derived from hydrocarbon combustion. A decrease in PAH concentrations occurred following improvement of the sewage treatment facilities at the Brazilian research station, indicating that the contribution from human waste may be significant.

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45

Ballester, Nicola A., Justin H. Fontaine, and Aaron B. Margolin. "Occurrence and correlations between coliphages and anthropogenic viruses in the Massachusetts Bay using enrichment and ICC-nPCR." Journal of Water and Health 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.0006.

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We evaluated a two-step enrichment procedure to detect coliphages and an integrated cell culture-nested polymerase chain reaction (ICC-nPCR) to detect human astrovirus, enteroviruses, rotavirus and adenovirus type 40 and 41 in marine water samples collected by the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA). MWRA has been monitoring its receiving waters for coliphages, anthropogenic viruses and indicator bacteria in order to evaluate the impact of Boston's Deer Island Sewage Treatment Plant discharge. Coliphages and enteric viruses were originally assayed using single agar overlay and most probable number cell culture (MPN) methods, respectively. Reanalysis of these samples for enteric viruses by ICC-nPCR demonstrated that 46% were positive for at least one virus compared with 23% with the MPN method. Use of the enrichment method showed a 47% increase in the detection of male specific and somatic coliphages compared with the single agar overlay method. Correlations between the presence of coliphages, enteric viruses and indicator bacteria were based on proximity to the treatment plant discharge, seasonal variations and site levels. The presence of enteric viruses was significantly correlated to coliphages but not to indicator bacteria. Preliminary comparative results demonstrate that effective and efficient monitoring of anthropogenic contamination can be achieved using these more sensitive and specific techniques.

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46

Das, K. C. "The Upper James Estuary – A Study in Water Quality Management." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0061.

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The James River has its head waters in the Allegheny Mountains and flows generally southeasterly to Hampton Roads, Chesapeake Bay and thence to the Atlantic Ocean. Below Richmond, Virginia, the river is tidal with the channel meandering through the coastal plains. Below Hopewell it widens to a broad estuary, with a deep navigable channel bordered by tide marshes. The upper estuary, between Richmond and Hopewell, is heavily used for water supply, recreation, and industrial development. The water entering the estuary a few miles upstream of Richmond is of good quality. However, as one reaches Richmond, the quality of the water deteriorates. There are eleven major discharging municipalities and industries within a stretch of twenty two river miles between Richmond and Hopewell. The major factors contributing to water quality problems below the City of Richmond stem from the intermittent discharge from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) coupled with the continuous discharge from the City's sewage treatment plant. The CSOs contribute a large quantity of soluble BOD, suspended solids, settleable solids, and fecal coliforms to the estuary. The City's sewage treatment plant continuously discharges large quantities of ammonia-nitrogen and phosphorus, in addition to BOD and suspended solids. Rational Management and use of the waters of the upper James estuary appear to be critical. The objectives of this paper, therefore, are the discussion of the present water quality and the wastewater discharge reductions required in order to meet certain water quality and water use objectives.

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47

Samsunlu, A., L. Akça, and O. Uslu. "Problems related to an existing marine outfall: Marmaris - an example." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0108.

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Marmaris is a tourist city on the South-west Coast of Turkey. A sewage disposal project for Marmaris with an estimated population of 39,000 (excluding the temporary tourist population) for the year 2012, was completed in 1982. The sewage disposal system consisted of wastewater collection, treatment and deep sea discharge. The length of discharge pipe was determined as 520 m and a diffuser was placed 20 m below the sea level, so that the total coliform concentration at the protection zone boundary could be less than 1000/100 ml. Following the approval of the project, a wastewater collection and marine disposal system was constructed. The material of the discharge pipe was selected as glass reinforced plastic (GRP). The pipe was buried up to a point 10 m below sea level, so that effects of hydrodynamic forces would be minimized. After that point, the pipe was supported at some location by grout bags due to the uneven sea bed. A few years later, it was recognized that the discharge pipe was broken. The fragile GRP material had fractured as a result of the sliding of some of the supports with resultant free spanning conditions. As a result, the pipe had broken at one point. Although the breakage was repaired, recent data have shown that the water quality in Marmaris Bay has a tendency to be worsening; consequently, adding biological treatment units to the present system is advisable.

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48

Wilson, Robin S., Simon Heislers, and Gary C. B. Poore. "Changes in benthic communities of Port Phillip Bay, Australia, between 1969 and 1995." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 8 (1998): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97164.

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Анотація:

Changes in benthic communities in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, were assessed over a 25- year period by comparing an intense bay-wide survey carried out in the early 1970s, a 3-year study in the mid 1970s, a limited survey in the early 1990s, and a resurvey in the mid 1990s. A major division of benthic communities into those on deeper muddy sediments and those on marginal sandy sediments persisted was less well defined (by ordination methods) in the 1990s than in the 1970s. The densities of individuals and species declined significantly, but absolute numbers of taxa did not change noticeably. Nevertheless, temporal variability in all variables over 25 years was within the range reported for the 3- year study. Polychaetes have become relatively more abundant than crustaceans and molluscs, and the proportion of suspension-feeding organisms has increased at the expense of deposit feeders. The introduced Japanese bivalve Theora lubrica was the most abundant invertebrate in the 1970s. In the 1990s, this species, the European bivalve Corbula gibba and the polychaete Euchone limnicola were the most abundant. Decreasing abundances of macrobenthic invertebrates, and a decreasing proportion of deposit feeders, is consistent with a decrease in nutrient load from moderate to low levels—such as occurred with reduced discharge from Melbourne’s sewage treatment plant—but lack of contemporaneous data prevents further explanation.

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49

Nguyen, Lan Huong, and Viet Nga Thi Tran. "EVALUATING FUTURE WATER QUALITY OF URBAN RIVERS IN HANOI UNDER EFFECT OF URBANIZATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE - THE APPLICATION OF WEAP MODEL FOR CAU BAY RIVER." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 58, no. 3A (May 25, 2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/58/3a/14370.

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Every day, up to 750,000 cubic meters of wastewater in Hanoi metropolitan areas is discharged directly into rivers and lake, of which only 10% is treated to the Vietnamese standards. According to the water drainage development master plan for the capital city of Hanoi until 2030, the government aim at dealing with flooding and improve environmental sanitation for local residents. With respect to the baseline and Master plan implementation scenarios, this study evaluates the future water quality of urban rivers in Hanoi under the effect of urbanization and climate change using Water Evaluation And Planning tool (WEAP) and take the Cau Bay catchment as the case study. The result shows that, without implementation of wastewater treatment plant, the water quality of Cau Bay River will be worse with the DO in dry season is 0.2-1.2 mg/l and BOD is 52.0-55.0 mg/l. With the implementation of Master plan, the level of DO and BOD would be 7.1-7.3 mg/l and 7.0-13.8 mg/l respectively in the dry season whereas the values are 3.7 mgO/l and 36.1-41.8 mg/l in the wet season. The degradation of wastewater during the wet season is results from the combine- overflow sewage system as designed in the master plan.

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Craggs, Rupert J., Valerie J. Smith, and Paul J. McAuley. "Wastewater nutrient removal by marine microalgae cultured under ambient conditions in mini-ponds." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0479.

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Two endemic strains of the marine microalgal species Phaeodactylum tricornutum (designated B2 and B4), previously isolated from a sewage outfall site in St Andrews Bay, Scotland, were cultured in 20-litre mini-ponds to determine their ability to remove ammonium and orthophosphate from wastewater diluted with seawater. These strains had been selected from 102 species for optimal nutrient removal and culture dominance in both batch and continuous culture on wastewater under controlled environmental conditions. Wastewater (primary sewage effluent) was diluted 1:1 with sterile seawater and continuously added to algal cultures grown in an open greenhouse under ambient conditions. Nutrient concentrations in the diluted wastewater and in outflow from the cultures were measured daily. Both strains remained unialgal with little change in biomass during the 14-day culture period and continuously removed >80% of ammonium from the wastewater. However, while strain B2 removed >80% of orthophosphate, there was a gradual accumulation of orthophosphate in the culture of strain B4. Measurement of nutrient concentrations in diluted wastewater and outflow from the continuous culture of strain B2 over 24 hours showed that at night nutrient removal dropped to a minimum of >70% for both ammonium and orthophosphate. These results indicate the potential value of strain B2 for use in scaled-up treatment ponds.

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