Статті в журналах: "Bully target"

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Donnery, Eucharia. "Deconstructing the Bully and Victim Dichotomy." Scenario: A Journal of Performative Teaching, Learning, Research IV, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/scenario.4.2.3.

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Although steps have been taken to address the issue of ijime or bullying, it remains is a serious social problem within the Japanese educational system. The main focus of this pilot study was to ascertain how beneficial process drama could be in developing oral communicative skills in the target language of English as well as to build social awareness through the deconstruction of the bully and victim dichotomy. Process drama in language acquisition is unique in its aim to fuse language learning and personal development. The average Japanese university student has had six years of compulsory English education, with an emphasis on grammar-translation and accuracy. This means that, while the average student excels at translation and test-taking, s/he has had little experience with communicative English and has no sense of ownership of the language. Because of this lack of oral communicative skills, process drama is an ideal means to build the bridge to communicative competence. This paper is part of a larger tri-semester process drama project and the data accumulated from all three will be used as evidence in a final PhD dissertation. Although steps have been taken to address the issue of ijime or bullying, it remains is a serious social problem within the Japanese educational system. The main focus of this pilot study was to ascertain how beneficial process drama could be in developing oral communicative skills in the target language of English as well as to build social awareness through the deconstruction of the bully and victim dichotomy. Process drama in language acquisition is unique in its aim to fuse language learning and personal development. The average Japanese university student has had six years of compulsory English education, with an emphasis on grammar-translation and accuracy. This means that, while the average student excels at translation and test-taking, s/he has had little experience with communicative English and has no sense of ownership of the language. Because of this lack of oral communicative skills, process drama is an ideal means to build the bridge to communicative competence. This paper is part of a larger tri-semester process drama project and the data accumulated from all three will be used as evidence in a final PhD dissertation.

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Runions, Kevin C., Donna S. Cross, Rena Vithiatharan, Mark Everard, and Graham Hall. "Bullying and psychosocial adjustment among children with and without asthma." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 31, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.32.

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AbstractChildren with asthma face serious mental health risk, but the pathways remain unclear. This study aimed to examine bullying victimisation and perpetration in children with asthma and a comparison sample without a chronic health condition, and the role of bullying in moderating psychosocial adjustment outcomes for those with asthma. A sample of children with (n = 24) and without asthma (n = 39), and their parents, were recruited from hospital clinics. Parents rated children’s psychosocial adjustment; children provided self-report of bullying victimisation and perpetration; from which co-occurring bully/victim status was derived. No differences in mean perpetration or victimisation were found, but children with asthma were more likely to be bully/victims (involved both as target and perpetrator), compared to those without asthma. Children with asthma who were victims of bullying had greater peer problems and overall adjustment problems; bully/victims did not show this pattern. Children with asthma may be more likely to be bully/victims, and those who are victims of bullying may be at elevated risk for psychosocial adjustment problems and require particular support in this area from school counsellors and psychologists.

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Wang, Yong, and Carl Roberts. "Schadenfreude: A Case Study of Emotion as Situated Discursive Display." Comparative Sociology 5, no. 1 (2006): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913306776915597.

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AbstractMost Americans are aware that joy was expressed in the Arab world over the suffering inflicted on Americans with the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. Less known is that such Schadenfreude was expressed by many Chinese citizens as well. This paper analyzes a sample of texts from postings on the Beijing University bulletin board system. Following a discursive approach to the social psychological study of emotion, we consider discourse as the means whereby power relations are asserted and maintained. These power relations comprise a domain within which actions and emotional displays are occasioned and understood. Based on the texts analyzed here, Schadenfreude can be understood as a discursive display by an observer of an event. This event must be recognized in terms of a "discursive history" within which a bully (here, the United States) has repeatedly violated the "rights" of bullied parties. In accordance with this discursive history, the event is seen as a reversal-in-tradition whereby rights presumed by the bully are violated. Finally, the observer must disidentify with the bully. As a discursive display, Schadenfreude not only comprises the overt performance of the observer's taken-for-granted understanding of the bully-as-bully, but also displaces any potential alternative discourse such as expressions of sympathy other observers may have for any target of such an event. This approach complements the social constructionist perspective within the literature on the sociology of emotions, but departs fundamentally from this literature's essentialist (or psycho-physiological) perspective.

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Blake, Jamilia J., Qiong Zhou, Oi-Man Kwok, and Michael R. Benz. "Predictors of Bullying Behavior, Victimization, and Bully-Victim Risk Among High School Students With Disabilities." Remedial and Special Education 37, no. 5 (August 2, 2016): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741932516638860.

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The literature on bullying among students with disabilities is burgeoning. The purpose of this study was to examine risk factors for adolescents’ involvement in bullying across the bullying continuum. Drawing from the National Longitudinal Transition Study–2 (NLTS2), 2,870 adolescents with disabilities were sampled. Results from multinomial regression analyses indicated that internalizing symptoms and interpersonal skills were significant predictors of victimization and bully-victimization risk, respectively. Disability status emerged as a significant predictor only for bullying behavior. Ethnic differences were found for victimization roles, but not for bullying, suggesting that Caucasian students were most vulnerable to being the target of bullying or serving dual roles as bully-victims relative to students from other ethnic backgrounds. Implications for these findings are discussed.

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5

Dodge, Toby. "Chapter Six: From bully to target: Iraq's changing role in the Middle East." Adelphi Series 52, no. 434-435 (December 2012): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19445571.2012.758342.

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Rohail, Iffat, Atteen Rohail, and Tayyaba Hanif. "Beggars as Bully Perpetrators and General Public as Victims." Foundation University Journal of Psychology 4, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v4i1.62.

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This qualitative study aimed to explore peoples’ experiences of being bullied and victimized while dealing with beggars phenomenologically. 14 Adults (7 males, 7 females) were included in the study. The age of participants was 25 years and above. The main objectives of the study were to explore how beggars emotionally victimize the general public, how do people get threatened at the hands of beggars as they exploit the publics’ emotions with the help of blackmailing tactics Therefore the Research Questions in this regard were: firstly, how people are entangled in situations and feel threatened while interacting with beggars? Secondly, what tactics are used by beggars to emotionally victimize the general public? Thirdly, how public is emotionally blackmailed by the tricks and tactics used by beggars? Phenomenological research design was used which provided a rich and detailed account of public experiences. The focus was on how people actually perceived the events rather than how the phenomena existed. Open ended questions were put forth which provided the lived experiences of the participants. Responses of the participants were transcribed and themes were generated. The major themes which emerged were named as Anger, Exploitation, Distress, Manipulation, Fraud, Fear, Assault, Fooling public, Emotionally charging, Threatening, Stealing, Target weakness, Harassed, Monitory gain by beggars. Hence the results revealed that people do felt threatened while interacting with beggars who blackmailed them with different tricks and at times also involved in stealing, intimidation unwanted touching, name calling, cursing and even snatching the money from wallets, etc The implication of this study can be at societal or governmental level where authorities and policy makers can adopt some preventive or remedial measures for beggars and their interaction with public. Key words: Perpetrators, Bully, Victim, General Public, Beggar, Phenomenological.

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7

Zhang, Ketian. "Cautious Bully: Reputation, Resolve, and Beijing's Use of Coercion in the South China Sea." International Security 44, no. 1 (July 2019): 117–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00354.

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Since 1990, China has used coercion in its maritime territorial disputes in the South China Sea, despite adverse implications for its image. China is curiously selective in its timing, targets, and tools of coercion: China rarely employs military coercion, and it does not coerce all countries that pose similar threats. An examination of newly available primary documents and hundreds of hours of interviews with Chinese officials to trace the decisionmaking processes behind China's use and nonuse of coercion reveals a new theory of when, why, and how China employs coercion against other states, especially in the South China Sea. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the findings show that China is a cautious bully that does not use coercion frequently. In addition, when China becomes stronger, it tends to use military coercion less often, choosing instead nonmilitary tools. Moreover, concerns with its reputation for resolve and with economic cost are critical elements of Chinese decisionmaking regarding the costs and benefits of coercing its neighbors. China often coerces one target to deter others—“killing the chicken to scare the monkey.” These findings have important implications for how scholars understand states' coercive strategies and the future of Chinese behavior in the region and beyond.

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Pichel, Rafael, Mairéad Foody, James O’Higgins Norman, Sandra Feijóo, Jesús Varela, and Antonio Rial. "Bullying, Cyberbullying and the Overlap: What Does Age Have to Do with It?" Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 8527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158527.

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School bullying and cyberbullying represent the most common forms of victimization during childhood and adolescence in many countries across the globe. Although they can be studied as distinct phenomena with their own defining characteristics, there is evidence to suggest that they are related and often co-occur. The present research aimed to estimate the rates of school bullying and cyberbullying, studied their evolution by age, and analyzed any possible overlap between the two. An empirical study was carried out with a large sample of children and adolescents in Galicia, Spain (N = 2083), where 10–17 year olds were presented with The European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. School bullying was found to be more prevalent than cyberbullying, with 25.1% involved as victims and 14.3% as bully-victims, while the cyberbullying rates were 9.4% for victims and 5.8% for bully-victims. Perpetration rates were similar for school and cyberbullying (4.4% and 4.3% respectively). The overlap between both phenomena adds to the evidence for a whole-community approach to tackling all types of bullying and victimization experiences, as opposed to each in silo. The clear age differences in bullying behaviours also suggest the appropriateness of tailoring anti-bullying programs to target specific age groups.

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P Hollis, Leah. "The Abetting Bully: Vicarious Bullying and Unethical Leadership in Higher Education." Journal for the Study of Postsecondary and Tertiary Education 4 (2019): 001–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4255.

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Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the phenomena of vicarious bullying, or an abetting bully, when a bully’s subordinate is used to inflict abuse on the target. This study examines who is most affected by this multi-faceted organizational abuse in American higher education. Background: Workplace bullying has received international attention. Recent studies in the United States have focused on workplace bullying in higher education. However, workplace bullying emerges from an elaborate social structure. This research article brings the unique perspective of vicarious bullying for analysis. Methodology: A data collection from 729 American higher education professionals was used to answer the following three research questions which were addressed in this study: RQ1: What is the overall prevalence of vicarious bullying in American higher education? RQ2: What is the likelihood of experiencing vicarious bullying in American higher education based on gender? RQ3: What is the likelihood of experiencing vicarious bullying in American higher education based on a woman’s race? A chi-square analysis was used to examine which demographic groups are more susceptible to vicarious bullying. Contribution: This article expands the literature on workplace bullying in American higher education by considering how unethical leadership can contribute to and inspire abetting and vicarious bullies who are enabled to maintain the toxic work culture. Findings: This article expands the literature on workplace bullying in American higher education by considering how unethical leadership can contribute to and inspire abetting and vicarious bullies who are enabled to maintain the toxic work culture. Recommendations for Practitioners: Vicarious bullying occurs when the organization fails to curtail managerial abuse. The result is higher turnover for women employees. Working with chief diversity officers and EEO officials can develop policies that stifle this behavior. Recommendation for Researchers: While workplace bullying has gained international attention, the organizational behavior of vicarious bullying is a unique organizational perspective that warrants further study. Impact on Society: Data confirm that women are more likely to leave their organizations to avoid workplace bullying. Women’s departures weaken an organization when they take their insight and knowledge with them. Future Research: Future research can consider the relationship between ethical leadership at the department level and executive level of higher education, and how that might have an impact on the prevalence of workplace bullying.

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Stavinoha, Peter L., Cody Solesbee, Susan M. Swearer, Steven Svoboda, Laura J. Klesse, and Alice Ann Holland. "Risk Factors for Bullying Victimization in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)." Children 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8020145.

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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal disorder associated with numerous physical stigmata. Children with NF1 are at known risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), academic struggles, and significant social difficulties and adverse social outcomes, including bullying victimization. The primary aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with bullying victimization in children with NF1 to better inform clinicians regarding targets for prevention and clinical intervention. Children and a parent completed questionnaires assessing the bully victim status, and parents completed a measure of ADHD symptoms. Analyses were completed separately for parent-reported victimization of the child and the child’s self-report of victimization. According to the parent report, results suggest ADHD symptoms are a significant risk factor for these children being a target of bullying. Findings for academic disability were not conclusive, nor were findings related to having a parent with NF1. Findings indicate the need for further research into possible risk factors for social victimization in children with NF1. Results provide preliminary evidence that may guide clinicians working with children with NF1 and their parents in identifying higher-risk profiles that may warrant earlier and more intensive intervention to mitigate later risk for bullying victimization.

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Anusiewicz, Colleen V., Maria R. Shirey, and Patricia A. Patrician. "Workplace Bullying and Newly Licensed Registered Nurses: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis." Workplace Health & Safety 67, no. 5 (March 17, 2019): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079919827046.

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Workplace bullying (WPB) among nurses, especially newly licensed registered nurses (NLRNs), negatively affects nurse, patient, and organizational outcomes. Despite empirical evidence addressing the prevalence and impact of WPB, the behavior continues to persist within nursing work environments. Increased conceptual clarity of WPB is needed for interventions to be developed, executed, and evaluated. The purposes of this concept analysis, in which we used Rodgers’ evolutionary method, were to obtain a clearer understanding of WPB, to differentiate the concept from other forms of workplace violence, and to describe a definition of WPB consistently used in the literature. Three attributes specific to WPB included negative behaviors directed toward an individual who perceives themselves to be a target, a time frame of experiencing these negative behaviors (e.g., daily or weekly) for a prolonged period (e.g., several weeks), and the inclusion of a power gradient or hierarchy between the bully and target. Antecedents identified for WPB included a scarcity of resources and poor leadership and management. Consequences associated with WPB included adverse nurse, patient, and health care organizational outcomes. WPB was conceptually defined as any negative behavior, exhibited by a nurse of either perceived or actual power, that was repeatedly (i.e., daily or weekly) and persistently directed toward NLRNs who have difficulty defending themselves against the behavior. Implications for researchers, health care organizations, nurse leaders, and nurses are included.

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Abdul Rahman, Nor Azian, Norashikin Hussein, Syezreen Dalina Rusdi, and Zarith Delaila Abd Aziz. "Factors Influencing Cyberbullying Behavior among Malaysian Tertiary Students." ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 6, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v6i2.10594.

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Cyberbully is an evolvement from traditional and physical bully to bullying through internet. The advancement of internet and social media has provided new platform through which children, adolescents, and young adults to explore the virtual world and exposes them to be involved in cyberbully as a target or an aggressor. Past studies have demonstrated that cyberbullying behavior has adverse physical and mental health consequences for individuals. However, study on cyberbully behaviour in the context of Malaysia is still limited. In fact tertiary students remain an understudied population regarding cyberbullying. Tertiary students are an important population due to the fact that this phase of age forms habits that persist into young adulthood which consequently shape the community in future. Thus, the aims of this study is to determine the relationship between netiquette, loneliness and emotional availability of parents and cyberbullying behavior. Based on the findings, it was found that only netiquette has a negative significant relationship with cyberbullying behavior. This study is significant to the Ministry of Education, instititutions of higher learning education and community on identifying the factors and subsequently creating awareness programs in dealing with cyberbullying behaviours.

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Medina, Alicia, Eduardo Lopez, and Rolf Medina. "The Unethical Managerial Behaviours and Abusive Use of Power in Downwards Vertical Workplace Bullying: A Phenomenological Case Study." Social Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9060110.

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The aim of this article is to introduce an ethical perspective of managerial behaviours to the study of vertical workplace bullying. A framework called the line of impunity was chosen that describes the missuses of power by certain ranks in organizations. Previous research on bullying addresses several perspectives such as the consequences of the bullying situation for the organization, the target and bystanders, the leadership style of the bully, the perceived structural support, and the manifestations of the abusive behaviours. However, to date, the ethical aspects have been poorly outlined. Applying the line of impunity brings light to several aspects of workplace bullying that are connected to an unethical use of power. This study is unusual because it is a phenomenological research based on two case studies that present the field experiences of two of the authors while working in different organizations, one in Sweden and the other in USA, during an extended period of time. The two main contributions of the study are the new concepts power methods and reinforcing, which highlight the connection between abusive behaviour and the ethical aspects that are present in downwards vertical workplace bullying situations.

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Alabdulrazaq, Raghad S., and Sanaa N. Al-Haj Ali. "Parental Reported Bullying among Saudi Schoolchildren: Its Forms, Effect on Academic Abilities, and Associated Sociodemographic, Physical, and Dentofacial Features." International Journal of Pediatrics 2020 (October 6, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8899320.

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Context. Bullying among schoolchildren is a serious phenomenon and a leading health concern. Aim. To determine the prevalence of bullying, its forms, and its effect on academic abilities and school attendance, as well as associated sociodemographic, physical, and dentofacial features among Saudi schoolchildren. Methods. This cross-sectional study recruited a sample of 1131 parents of schoolchildren 8-18 years old and requested them to complete internationally accepted questionnaires for their children. Chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data (p<0.05). Results. A majority (89.2%) of schoolchildren were bully victims. Physical bullying (48.9%) was the most common form of bullying. The youngest schoolchildren (8-11 years) and those who disliked school classes or neither liked nor hated them, as well as those who were truant from school, were more likely to be victims. In addition, those who had worse grades because of bullying and those who were very often bullied because of good grades or because they showed an interest in school were more likely to be victims. With regard to targeted physical features, teeth were the number one target, followed by the shape of the lips and strength, while tooth shape and color were the most common dentofacial targets, followed by anterior open bite and protruded anterior teeth. Boys and the youngest schoolchildren were more often subjected to bullying because of these features (p<0.05). Conclusions. The prevalence of bullying, mainly in a physical form, was high among Saudi schoolchildren, with a negative influence on students’ academic abilities. Problems related to teeth, in particular, which can be treated, were targets, mainly for boys and the youngest schoolchildren. More studies are required in Saudi Arabia to explore the issue further among schoolchildren themselves.

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Sari, Mila Triana, and Daryanto Daryanto. "UPAYA DETEKSI DAN PENCEGAHAN PERUNDUNGAN (BULLYING) DI SMPN SATU ATAP DESA SUKA MAJU KEC. MESTONG KAB. MUARO JAMBI." Jurnal Abdimas Kesehatan (JAK) 1, no. 1 (January 26, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36565/jak.v1i1.23.

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Cases of bullying or violence against children in Indonesian schools currently rank second largest after Japan. While the United States itself is under Indonesia. (Indra, 2016). As many as 84 percent of children aged 12 years to 17 years have been victims of bullying (Viva, 2017). The impact on children who experience Bully will cause adverse effects such as reluctance to go to school, decreased learning achievement, tension, bruises or injuries on the body and ask to change schools and so on. One of the efforts that nurses can do is provide health education to students and teachers. One Roof Junior Secondary School is a partner school, which cares about bullying, but has never carried out health education activities on prevention of Bulllying. The target and outcome of this activity to community service is to provide an understanding of the concept of bullying so that it can detect and make prevention efforts both as perpetrators and victims. The implementation method used is survey, observation, interview, discussion, question and answer through giving information about Bullying detection and prevention at the One Roof Junior High School of Suka Maju Village. The target of the Activity is all students and Teachers of One Roof Junior High School in Suka Maju Village, Kec. Mestong Kab. Muaro Jambi. The service activities are carried out starting from preparation, implementation and evaluation within April 24 to May 12, 2018. Before and after health education students are given questions about Bullying, detection and prevention. Students' knowledge about detection and prevention of bullying was measured before and 1 week after counseling. Results of the activity A total of 45 students and 4 teachers participated in the implementation. Most participants considered that health education activities were beneficial for them in early detection and actively made efforts to prevent bullying both as victims and perpetrators among students and teachers.

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Mortensen, Mille, and Charlotte Andreas Baarts. "Killing ourselves with laughter … mapping the interplay of organizational teasing and workplace bullying in hospital work life." Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 13, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 10–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrom-10-2016-1429.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the interplay of organizational humorous teasing and workplace bullying in hospital work life in order to investigate how workplace bullying can emerge from doctors and nurses experiences of what, at first, appears as “innocent” humorous interactions. Design/methodology/approach Based on an ethnographic field study among doctors and nurses at Rigshospitalet (University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark) field notes, transcriptions from two focus groups and six in-depth interviews were analyzed using a cross-sectional thematic analysis. Findings This study demonstrates how bullying may emerge out of a distinctive joking practice, in which doctors and nurses continually relate to one another with a pronounced degree of derogatory teasing. The all-encompassing and omnipresent teasing entails that the positions of perpetrator and target persistently change, thereby excluding the position of bystander. Doctors and nurses report that they experience the humiliating teasing as detrimental, although they feel continuously forced to participate because of the fear of otherwise being socially excluded. Consequently, a concept of “fluctuate bullying” is suggested wherein nurses and doctors feel trapped in a “double bind” position, being constrained to bully in order to avoid being bullied themselves. Originality/value The present study add to bullying research by exploring and demonstrating how workplace bullying can emerge from informal social power struggles embedded and performed within ubiquitous humorous teasing interactions.

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Moloney, A. P., E. G. O’Riordan, M. McGee, M. G. O’Sullivan, J. P. Kerry, S. S. Wilson, F. J. Monahan, A. K. Kelly, K. McMenamin, and L. Moran. "Carcass characteristics, colour and eating quality of beef from late maturing suckler bulls finished at pasture with or without concentrate supplementation or indoors on a high concentrate ration." Animal Production Science 62, no. 6 (February 17, 2022): 590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an21426.

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Context Their growth and feed efficiency advantages make bull beef production systems attractive alternatives for producers of beef from steers. Finishing bulls from pasture is less costly and would allow bull beef to be marketed as ‘grass-fed’. However, such carcasses may not meet the minimum fatness classification of 6.0 (on a 15-point scale) required for some beef markets. This is based in part on a perception that meat from bulls with a lower fatness classification per se is inferior in some quality characteristics. Aim To determine the comparative carcass and beef quality characteristics of grass-fed and concentrate-fed bulls. Methods Spring-born, late-maturing breed suckler bull weanlings sourced from commercial beef suckler herds were assigned after their first winter to one of four experimental treatments until they were slaughtered 199 days later at an average age of 19.3 months. Treatments were: (1) grazed grass for 98 days (G), then housed and offered concentrates + grass silage ad libitum indoors for 101 days (G-HC), (2) grazed grass supplemented with concentrates (target 500 g/kg total daily dietary dry matter intake) for 199 days (GC-GC), (3) grazed grass for 98 days, then supplemented with concentrates (target 500 g/kg total daily dietary dry matter intake) at pasture for 101 days (G-GC), or (4) grazed grass only for 199 days (G-G). After slaughter, carcasses were weighed and graded for conformation and fatness. After 72 h, longissimus thoracis (LT) colour was measured. After 14 days ageing, LT was assessed for eating quality characteristics. Results Carcass weight averaged 399, 381, 374 and 361 kg for G-HC, GC-GC, G-GC and G-G bulls, respectively. Corresponding carcass fat scores were 7.5, 5.1, 5.5 and 4.8, only G-HC exceeded the minimum fat score specification. Meat from bulls finished at pasture was less red but the differences were small. After ageing for 14 days at 2°C, there was no difference in tenderness, flavour or acceptability between striploin steaks from any of the treatment groups. Conclusions Although none of the grazing groups achieved the current market specification for carcass fat score, this was not reflected in inferior eating quality. Implications Carcass fat score is a poor indicator of the eating quality of grass-fed bull beef. There is therefore an opportunity for suckler bull producers to access the growing market for ‘grass-fed’ beef.

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Monks, Claire P., Peter K. Smith, and Kat Kucaba. "Peer Victimisation in Early Childhood; Observations of Participant Roles and Sex Differences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020415.

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During middle childhood and adolescence, victimisation appears to be a group process involving different participant roles. However, peer reports with younger children (four to six years old) have failed to identify the participant roles of assistant (to the bully) reinforcers or defenders with much reliability. This may be because peer victimisation is a more dyadic process among younger children (behavioural reality), or because of limitations in young children’s cognitive capacity to identify these behaviours (cognitive limitations). The findings of an observational study which examined the group nature of peer victimisation among young children are presented. Observations were made of 56 children aged four and five years using time sampling during free play at school (totalling 43.5 h of observation). Records were made of their behaviour when an onlooker witnessed aggression by others, and also of others’ behaviour when they were being aggressive or being victimised. Although children other than the aggressor and target were present in nearly two thirds of the episodes of peer victimisation observed, few exhibited behavioural responses in line with the assistant, reinforcer or defender roles. This supports the behavioural reality rather than the cognitive limitations explanation. Sex differences were observed in types of aggression displayed by children, with boys more likely than girls to be physically aggressive. Children were less likely to be aggressive to other-sex peers and were most likely to be victimised by children of the same sex as them. There were also sex differences in children’s onlooker behaviour. The implications for our understanding of the development of peer victimisation and bullying in children are discussed.

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Monks, Claire P., Peter K. Smith, and Kat Kucaba. "Peer Victimisation in Early Childhood; Observations of Participant Roles and Sex Differences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020415.

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During middle childhood and adolescence, victimisation appears to be a group process involving different participant roles. However, peer reports with younger children (four to six years old) have failed to identify the participant roles of assistant (to the bully) reinforcers or defenders with much reliability. This may be because peer victimisation is a more dyadic process among younger children (behavioural reality), or because of limitations in young children’s cognitive capacity to identify these behaviours (cognitive limitations). The findings of an observational study which examined the group nature of peer victimisation among young children are presented. Observations were made of 56 children aged four and five years using time sampling during free play at school (totalling 43.5 h of observation). Records were made of their behaviour when an onlooker witnessed aggression by others, and also of others’ behaviour when they were being aggressive or being victimised. Although children other than the aggressor and target were present in nearly two thirds of the episodes of peer victimisation observed, few exhibited behavioural responses in line with the assistant, reinforcer or defender roles. This supports the behavioural reality rather than the cognitive limitations explanation. Sex differences were observed in types of aggression displayed by children, with boys more likely than girls to be physically aggressive. Children were less likely to be aggressive to other-sex peers and were most likely to be victimised by children of the same sex as them. There were also sex differences in children’s onlooker behaviour. The implications for our understanding of the development of peer victimisation and bullying in children are discussed.

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Yan, Li, Qianqian Zhu, Xiaowen Tu, Xiayun Zuo, Chunyan Yu, Chaohua Lou, and Qiguo Lian. "Bullying victimization and child sexual abuse among left-behind and non-left-behind children in China." PeerJ 6 (June 4, 2018): e4865. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4865.

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BackgroundBullying is one of the most important factors associated with child abuse. However, robust tests supporting the assumption that being bullied can contribute to child sexual abuse (CSA) among left-behind children (LBC) remain sparse. This study aims to investigate the association of bullying victimization with CSA among LBC in China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in six middle schools of Sichuan and Anhui province in 2015. The bullying victimization was assessed by seven items from the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. The experience of CSA was measured by ten items CSA scale with good consistency.ResultsA total of 1,030 children met the sampling criteria, including 284 LBC and 746 non-LBC. The prevalence of CSA was 22.89% in LBC and 20.19% in non-LBC (p > 0.05). Bullying victimization was related to CSA among both LBC (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 2.52, 95% CI [1.34–4.73]) and non-LBC (aOR = 2.35, 95% CI [1.58–3.53]). The association between bullying victimization and CSA was much higher among left-behind girls (left-behind girls: aOR = 7.36, 95% CI [2.16–24.99]; non-left-behind girls: aOR = 2.38, 95% CI [1.08–5.27]). Also, LBC of a young age (11–15), children with siblings, living in rural areas and non-traditional family structure who were bullied were more likely to suffer CSA than their non-LBC peers.ConclusionsBullying victimization is associated with a significant increase in CSA among both LBC and non-LBC. Anti-bullying programs should target vulnerable populations including female LBC and LBC with siblings to reduce the risk of CSA.

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Tang, Indo, and Wido Supraha. "Program Pembinaan Korban dan Pelaku Perundungan (Bullying) pada Usia Remaja di SMP." Tawazun: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/tawazun.v14i2.4140.

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Bullying has a destructive impact, both on the victim and the perpetrator. Victims of bullying become pessimistic, lack passion, disappointment, and suicidal desire. The perpetrator of bullying becomes part of a criminal act. Victims and abusers need to get coaching from the age of adolescence. This study discusses cases of bullying in junior high school (junior high school) and the model of fostering bullying cases. This research is a field study at two junior high schools in Bogor. The results showed that bullying was classified into two types, namely active actors and passive actors. The active perpetrator is the perpetrator who directly performs the execution of the bully on the victim. Passive perpetrators are perpetrators who do not now execute bullying on victims. The program of fostering victims and abusers in junior high school is based on child development tasks that have not been achieved. These developmental tasks become indicators of the targets that children must achieve after the following coaching.AbstrakPerundungan (bullying) memiliki dampak buruk, baik bagi korban maupun pelaku. Bagi korban dampak buruk yang dapat ditimbulkan berupa pesimis, kurang semangat, kecewa berat, sampai pada tahap keinginan melakukan tindakan bunuh diri. Sedangkan bagi pelaku, dapat digolongkan ke dalam tindakan kriminalitas. Oleh karenanya perlu ada bimbingan program pembinaan korban dan pelaku sejak usia remaja. Penelitian ini mencoba menggali lebih jauh kasus perundungan dan program apa saja yang dilakukan di tingkat Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu studi lapangan di dua sekolah SMP di Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perundungan dapat digolongkan dua jenis, yaitu pelaku aktif dan pelaku pasif. Pelaku aktif adalah pelaku yang secara langsung melakukan eksekusi perundungan (bullying) pada korban. Pelaku pasif adalah pelaku yang tidak langsung mengeksekusi perundungan (bullying) pada korban. Program pembinaan korban dan pelaku perundungan (bullying) pada Remaja usia SMP, dibuat berdasarkan tugas-tugas perkembangan anak yang belum dicapai. Tugas-tugas perkembangan ini menjadi indikator dari target yang harus dicapai anak setelah mengikuti pembinaan.

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Reding, Suzanne C., Aaron L. Stepnoski, Elizabeth W. Cloninger, and Jon M. Oatley. "THY1 is a conserved marker of undifferentiated spermatogonia in the pre-pubertal bull testis." REPRODUCTION 139, no. 5 (May 2010): 893–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0513.

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The undifferentiated spermatogonial population consists of stem and progenitor germ cells which function to provide the foundation for spermatogenesis. The stem cell component, termed spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), is capable of self-renewal and differentiation. These unique attributes have made them a target for novel technologies to enhance reproductive function in males. With bulls, culture and transplantation of SSCs have the potential to enhance efficiency of cattle production and provide a novel avenue to generate transgenic animals. Isolation of SSCs is an essential component for the development of these techniques. In rodents and non-human primates, undifferentiated spermatogonia and SSCs express the surface marker THY1. The hypothesis tested in this study was that THY1 is a conserved marker of the undifferentiated spermatogonial population in bulls. Flow cytometric analyses showed that the THY1+ cell fraction comprises a rare sub-population in testes of pre-pubertal bulls. Immunocytochemical analyses of the isolated THY1+ fraction for expression of VASA showed that this cell population is comprised mostly of germ cells. Additionally, expression of the undifferentiated spermatogonial specific transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF, ZBTB16) protein was found to be enriched in the isolated THY1+ testis cell fraction. Lastly, xenogeneic transplantation of bull testis cells into seminiferous tubules of immunodeficient mice resulted in greater than sixfold more colonies from isolated THY1+ cells compared to the unselected total testis cell population indicating SSC enrichment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that THY1 is a marker of undifferentiated spermatogonia in testes of pre-pubertal bulls, and isolation of THY1+ cells results in their enrichment from the total testis cell population.

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Sharma, B. S., C. P. Verschoor, and N. A. Karrow. "Short Communication: Associations of BoLA alleles DRB3.2*16 and DRB3.2*23 with health-related traits in Holstein bulls." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 4 (December 2011): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2010-040.

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Sharma, B. S., Verschoor, C. P. and Karrow, N. A. 2011. Short communication:Associations of BoLA alleles DRB3.2*16 and DRB3.2*23 with health-related traits in Holstein bulls. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 597–600. The relationships between bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) DRB3.2 alleles and health and fertility traits were investigated. A group of 548 Canadian and American Holstein bulls was genotyped for the presence of DRB3.2*16 and DRB3.2*23 alleles using the multi-primer target polymerase chain reaction technique. The traits of interest included somatic cell score (SCS), lactation persistency, daughter fertility (DF), and herd life (HL). Higher frequencies were observed for alleles DRB3.2*16 and DRB3.2*23 in this bull population compared with previous reports. In a comparison-wise level, some significant contrasts were detected; however, no association was detected between the DRB3.2 alleles and SCS. Allele DRB3.2*16 had a favorable effect on HL compared with allele DRB3.2*23. On the other hand, these two alleles had a favorable influence on DF, additionally, individuals carrying both of these two alleles performed better than the individuals carrying either allele. Further investigation is warranted to examine the effects of these alleles on HL and reproduction performance.

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Ferreira, C. R., J. C. Borges, L. F. A. Santos, F. C. Gozzo, P. H. Franscechini, G. B. Sanvido, and M. N. Eberlin. "265 MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY (MALDI-MS) CHARACTERIZATION OF SPERM LIPID PROFILES OF BULLS WITH DIFFERENT CAPACITIES OF EMBRYO IN VITRO PRODUCTION." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab265.

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Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been applied to study sperm lipid profiles. Lipids are known to play a crucial role in sperm membrane physico-chemical behavior during cryopreservation. In this work, we show the results of characterization of sperm lipid profiles from 2 bulls with different capacities of in vitro embryo production by MALDI-MS direct analysis. The bull capacities judged by the rate of blastocyst formation after IVP with semen from seven different ejaculates per each animal were 19.1 and 35.3% for bulls 1 and 2, respectively (P < 0.05). For MALDI-MS analysis, frozen semen from each ejaculate was thawed in water at 25°C for 40 s. Sperm was washed 3 times by centrifugatin in 1 mL of PBS at 3000 × g for 10 min. Samples were stored at -20°C in 200 μL of methanol:PBS (vol/vol) solution until analysis. A Synapt HDMS mass spectrometer (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) equipped with a MALDI was used. All spectra were collected for 45 s in the positive ion mode at the mass range of m/z 450 to 1200. The volume of 1 μL of the semen pellet was spotted in the target plate and allowed to dry. Afterward, 1 μL of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) was added as matrix. The 50 most intense monoisotopic ions were considered for principal component analysis (PCA). Values of m/z and relative ion intensities were processed using the software Pirouette v.3.11 (Infometrix, Woodinville, WA, USA). Direct MALDI-MS analysis of bulls 1 and 2 spermatozoa with no extraction provided informative spectra containing either [M + Na]+ or [M + H]+ ions characteristic of sphingomyelins, such as m/z 753.6 for SM 18:0, phosphocholines (m/z 780.6 for PC 34 : 2; 782.6 for PC 34 : 1; 806.6 for PC 36 : 6; 808.6 for 36 :2; 828.6 for PC38 : 6; and 830.6 for PC38 : 5), plasmalogens (m/z 790.6 for 1-palmitenyl-2-docosahexanoyl-GPC and 814.6 for 1-palmityl-2-docosaheaenoyl-GPC); and triacylglycerols (m/z 881.7 for sn-glycerol-palmitoleate-oleate-oleate). PCA showed clear separation between bulls 1 and 2 ejaculates, indicating that each bull presented a characteristic and reproducible (from different ejaculates) profiles. Differences in the relative intensities of the ions mentioned above contributed for bulls 1 and 2 differentiation by PCA. PC1 and PC2 explained 86.5% of the data variance. In conclusion, a fast sample preparation protocol followed by MALDI-MS appears to provide characteristic lipid fingerprints for crude spermatozoa (ejaculates) of bulls with different capacities of embryo in vitro production. Experiments involving a larger and more statically relevant set of samples are underway. We thank the Brazilian research foundations FAPESP (2008/10756-7) and CNPq.

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San Martín, Jaime. "Book Review: Optimal stochastic control, stochastic target problems, and backward SDE." Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 54, no. 2 (August 24, 2016): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/bull/1548.

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Sabater, Laurent, Pei-Ju Fang, Chi-Fon Chang, Aurore De Rache, Enora Prado, Jérôme Dejeu, Antonio Garofalo, et al. "Cobalt(iii)porphyrin to target G-quadruplex DNA." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 8 (2015): 3701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt03631j.

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Sakban, Abdul, and Zaini Bidaya. "Desain Pola Integrasi Cyber dalam Mengurangi Kejahatan Cyberbullying." CIVICUS : Pendidikan-Penelitian-Pengabdian Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/civicus.v9i1.5815.

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Dampak akibat dibully adalah depresi berat oleh si remaja korban bullying makin besar bahkan ke arah bunuh diri, menyakiti diri sendiri kepada si anak hasil bully. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguraikan desain pola integrasi untuk mengurangi kejahatan cyberbullying. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitis dan studi kasus. Sasaran subyek penelitian adalah aparat sipil negera, pegawai dan staf yang pada Kepolisian Daerah, Kemenkominfo, Telkom dan Pengadilan Negeri di Nusa Tenggara Barat metode pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakaan, pengamatan, wawancara, analisis dokumen. Desain formulasi pola integrasi cyber dalam penelitian ini menggunakan desain grounded theory menurut Urguhard. Data yang terkumpul baik berupa data kepustakaan maupun data lapangan akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan deskriptif analitis untuk menguraikan data lapangan dengan studi literatur dengan pendekatan deduktif dan induktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola integrasi cyber untuk pencegahan cyberbullying menggunakan sistem siklus cyber dengan tahapan yaitu kolaborasi lembaga, pencegahan melalui penyuluhan, edukasi, kampanye dan pendampingan (PEKP), Patroli Siber, menjaga identitas, menjadi saksi ahli, mengklarifikasi berita hoax menjadi berita yang asli, dan memberikan efek jera kepada pelaku kejahatan cyberbullying.The impact of being bullied is that the teenager who is bullied suffers from severe depression, even leading to suicide, hurting himself or herself to the child who is the result of being bullied. The purpose of this study is to describe the design of integration patterns to reduce cyberbullying crimes. The method used in this research is qualitative research with descriptive analytical approach and case studies. The target subjects of the study were state civil servants, employees and staff at the Regional Police, the Ministry of Communication and Informatics, Telkom and the District Court in West Nusa Tenggara. The data collection methods used were library research, observation, interviews, and document analysis. The design of the cyber integration pattern formulation in this study uses a grounded theory design according to Urguhard. The data collected in the form of library data and field data will be analyzed using analytical descriptive to describe the field data by studying literature with deductive and inductive approaches. The results show that the cyber integration pattern for cyberbullying prevention uses a cyber cycle system with stages, namely institutional collaboration, prevention through counseling, education, campaigns and mentoring (PEKP), Cyber Patrol, maintaining identity, being an expert witness, clarifying hoax news into original news. , and provide a deterrent effect to perpetrators of cyberbullying crimes.

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Sakban, Abdul, and Zaini Bidaya. "Desain Pola Integrasi Cyber dalam Mengurangi Kejahatan Cyberbullying." CIVICUS : Pendidikan-Penelitian-Pengabdian Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/civicus.v9i1.5815.

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Dampak akibat dibully adalah depresi berat oleh si remaja korban bullying makin besar bahkan ke arah bunuh diri, menyakiti diri sendiri kepada si anak hasil bully. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguraikan desain pola integrasi untuk mengurangi kejahatan cyberbullying. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitis dan studi kasus. Sasaran subyek penelitian adalah aparat sipil negera, pegawai dan staf yang pada Kepolisian Daerah, Kemenkominfo, Telkom dan Pengadilan Negeri di Nusa Tenggara Barat metode pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakaan, pengamatan, wawancara, analisis dokumen. Desain formulasi pola integrasi cyber dalam penelitian ini menggunakan desain grounded theory menurut Urguhard. Data yang terkumpul baik berupa data kepustakaan maupun data lapangan akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan deskriptif analitis untuk menguraikan data lapangan dengan studi literatur dengan pendekatan deduktif dan induktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola integrasi cyber untuk pencegahan cyberbullying menggunakan sistem siklus cyber dengan tahapan yaitu kolaborasi lembaga, pencegahan melalui penyuluhan, edukasi, kampanye dan pendampingan (PEKP), Patroli Siber, menjaga identitas, menjadi saksi ahli, mengklarifikasi berita hoax menjadi berita yang asli, dan memberikan efek jera kepada pelaku kejahatan cyberbullying.The impact of being bullied is that the teenager who is bullied suffers from severe depression, even leading to suicide, hurting himself or herself to the child who is the result of being bullied. The purpose of this study is to describe the design of integration patterns to reduce cyberbullying crimes. The method used in this research is qualitative research with descriptive analytical approach and case studies. The target subjects of the study were state civil servants, employees and staff at the Regional Police, the Ministry of Communication and Informatics, Telkom and the District Court in West Nusa Tenggara. The data collection methods used were library research, observation, interviews, and document analysis. The design of the cyber integration pattern formulation in this study uses a grounded theory design according to Urguhard. The data collected in the form of library data and field data will be analyzed using analytical descriptive to describe the field data by studying literature with deductive and inductive approaches. The results show that the cyber integration pattern for cyberbullying prevention uses a cyber cycle system with stages, namely institutional collaboration, prevention through counseling, education, campaigns and mentoring (PEKP), Cyber Patrol, maintaining identity, being an expert witness, clarifying hoax news into original news. , and provide a deterrent effect to perpetrators of cyberbullying crimes.

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Marchenko, N. I. "FORMING ECONOMICALLY USEFUL TRAITS OF MEAT PRODUCTIVITY, INTRAMUSCULAR FATTING OF BULL-CALVES OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES AND AT DIFFERENT AGE PERIOD." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.14.

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Introduction. In 1997, Valeriy P. Burkat proposed by one of the methodological and organizational approaches to creating Simmental Beef cattle, to launch a series of experiments to study effectiveness of Simmental crossing with other breeds and to study the best combination for interbreed industrial crossing. The studies of comparative determination of meat quality at crossing of Simmental with specialized beef breeds found that these hybrids were well fattening and they had highly meat productivity. The methods of studying fattening and meat qualities of cattle recommend to conduct slaughtering and processing animals at meat processing plants, because under these conditions the standards for assessing meat productivity of animals and quality of their carcasses can be followed exactly. Compliance with instructions, recommendation for processing animal carcasses under such conditions and obtaining research results will be comparable with the slaughter of animals of different breeds, because all technological methods and sampling are conducted by specialists. General rules for testing laboratories for determination of quality parameters of agricultural raw materials and products under market conditions require the following: availability of specialists, a plan of sampling and the fastest transportation of them to place of laboratory testing, determination of research methods and conducting specific research, identified according to program (task) with followed analysis. Materials and methods. Experimental samples were the longest back muscle sampled from refrigerated right half-carcasses of bull-calves at the age of 12 months and 16 months. The animals were obtained from Black-and-White cows (BW) and bulls of Ukrainian Beef (UB), Volyn Beef (VB), Polesian Beef (PB), Simmental (S) breeds, grown in "Polesia", Ovruch district, Zhytomyr region. The control slaughter of experimental animals, followed deboned half-carcasses, was conducted by experts of Ovruch slaughterhouse, Zhytomyr region. The samples of the longest back muscle were taken at 9-12 ribs of refrigerated half-carcasses of clinically healthy bull-calves. The samples of muscle were labelled and fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin, cross sections were obtained using freezing microtome, histological specimens were produced by the method of colouring the muscle fat, performing a series of research works to enhance and improve existing methods for obtaining excellent results. Microscopy, morphometry and microscopic photography of histological sections of the longest back muscle were carried out using biological research microscope (MBI-6), division of muscular fibers by their size was conducted via ocular grid. Analysis of research results was statistically processed on a PC. Results. Based on the results of the experiment the higher live weight before slaughter was at bull-calves obtained from crossing with Simmental and Polesian Beef bulls, 304 kg and 285 kg, respectively in these groups, which was 53 kg and 72 kg more compared with animals of the same age of Black-and-White dairy breed. It is obvious that the formation of meat productivity from early age is associated with belonging to breed, specific soil and climatic and economic conditions at that time. All the cross-breeds of the research groups had better live weight before slaughter and weight of pair and chilled carcasses. But the greatest bone weight had animals of the same age of two research groups – ½PB½BW and ½UB½BW, respectively 16,8 kg and 15,8 kg. It is because of blood of Charolais bulls and consolidated trait of angularity during the selection. The highest live weight before slaughter had half-blooded genotypes with Simmental and Polesian Beef – 354 and 343 kg; it was slightly below compared with the target breed standard. The largest weight of pair carcasses had genotypes ½S½BW and ½PM½BW – 194 ± 6,2 and 193 ± 5,0 kg, the highest meatiness index had Volyn Beef counterparts at the level of 4.3 units. Medium muscle fibers (21-40mkm) had the highest share, from 72.4 to 43.6%, at the investigated bull-calves at the age of 12 months. Morphological structure of muscle of bulls at 16 months of age showed that average diameter of fine fibers at the animals of meat productivity was greater – 18.1mkm in combination with Simmental, 18.3 and 18.5 mkm – with Ukrainian and Polesian Beef against 17,9 mkm – at the counterparts of Black-and-White breed. The share of fine fibers was very high (15.3%) at the bull-calves of genotype with Ukrainian Beef against 7.3% and 7.2% – with Polesian Beef and Simmental. Some fat deposition and the small number of fat cells, located mainly around blood vessels, were observed in the longest back muscle of Black-and-White dairy bull-calves at the age of 12 months. Such changes in the number of fibers and size of their diameters, to some extent, affect the quantitative (meatiness index) and qualitative (the number of intramuscular fat) productivity characteristics of the investigated animals. Conclusions. Trend towards more intense growth and accumulation of muscle and fat was revealed at the researched bull-calves of meat productivity. Formation of economically useful traits on meat productivity of bull-calves depends on age, breed, genotypic and phenotypic factors. The results of histological studies indicate that internal structure of the longest back muscle and the ratio of different types of muscle fibers (thin, medium, thick), show breed and age features of meat productivity formation at bull-calves.

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Hamilton-Manns, Mark, and Rob Crothers. "Farmer experience of perennial ryegrass endophyte on a Manawatu dairy farm." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 7 (January 1, 1999): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.7.1999.3398.

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Case studies of two Manawatu properties currently experiencing ryegrass staggers (RGS) are presented; a dairy farm and a run-off grazing both dairy heifers and intensive bull beef. Before its conversion from a sheep and cattle enterprise to dairying an outbreak of RGS was experienced in 1987. Tall fescue-based pastures were established to minimise the potential threat of RGS. In the intervening 12 years high endophyte ryegrass cultivars have been established and hotter, drier summers are being experienced in this region. Severe cases of RGS have been observed in the last three years. On the dairy farm in 1998/99, 21 cows were dried off in January due to severe RGS. The loss in production is impossible to measure. Sixteen heifers and weaner bulls died during that summer due to RGS and those alive were 35 kg LWT below target. Management options to reduce the effects of endophyte-related disorders include establishing non-toxic pastures such as tall fescue or forage crops to utilise during periods of the year when RGS can be experienced. While limited in cultivar choice at present, the use of novel endophytes provides long-term options for farmers wishing to reduce RGS yet still maintaining ryegrass pastures. Including herbaceous species such as chicory or plantain in pasture mixes will provide high quality summer forage and can dilute the effects of endophyte in the total daily intake. Keywords: bull beef, dairy cows, endophyte, heifers, perennial ryegrass, ryegrass staggers

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Easteal, Patricia, and Allison J. Ballard. "Shutting-up or speaking-up: Navigating the invisible line between voice and silence in workplace bullying." Alternative Law Journal 42, no. 1 (March 2017): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17694793.

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In this article, we identify and discuss individual and organisational factors which contribute to bully victims’ or targets’ decisions about whether or not to voice complaints about workplace bullying in Australian workplaces. This article examines the costs of voice and silence in workplace bullying matters for both targets and organisations. ‘Voice’ is understood as existing on a continuum, which ranges from informally voicing concerns about bullying behaviour to making a formal complaint or report within the workplace or to an external agency. The ‘silence’ of workplace bullying is also considered to exist on a continuum and may include things such as not raising the bully issue at all, exiting the workplace rather than addressing the issue, and ‘being silenced’ by external influences after having made a complaint. We suggest some organisational changes to facilitate the reporting and better handling of bullying complaints.

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Avner, Jeffrey R., and M. Douglas Baker. "Dog Bites in Urban Children." Pediatrics 88, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.88.1.55.

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As a result of a perceived increase in pit bull injuries, all children who presented to The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia during 1989 for evaluation of dog bite injuries were prospectively studied. Epidemiologic information was collected from parents, either at the time of visit or by phone on the following day. A total of 168 children were enrolled; the mean age was 8 years. Males outnumbered females 1.5:1. Most (61%) injuries occurred in or around the home and involved dogs known to the patient (77%). Types of injuries included abrasions (33%), punctures (29%), and lacerations (38%). Thirteen bites had associated complications; nine developed infection. Twelve (7%) children required admission to the hospital. More than 12 different purebreeds or crossbreeds were identified as perpetrators, including German shepherds (n = 35), pit bulls (n = 33), rottweilers (n = 9), and Dobermans (n = 7). Most (54%) animals were contained (ie, leashed, fenced, in-house) at the time of injury. Fewer (46%) were provoked prior to biting. Significantly more pit bull injuries (94% vs 43%, P < .001) were the consequence of unprovoked attacks and involved freely roaming animals (67% vs 41%, P < .01). Children aged 5 or younger were more likely to provoke animals prior to injury than were older children (69% vs 36%, P < .001). It is recommended that families with young children be the target of pet safety education and that measures be sought that would lead to early identification of a potentially dangerous dog and restrict ownership.

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Bartoň, L., V. Kudrna, D. Bureš, R. Zahrádková, and V. Teslík. "Performance and carcass quality of Czech Fleckvieh, Charolais and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh bulls fed diets based on different types of silages." Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, No. 9 (January 7, 2008): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2267-cjas.

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A total of thirty-four Czech Fleckvieh (CF), Charolais (CH) and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh (CH × CF) bulls with an average weight of 284 kg were included in the experiment and fed ad libitum two mixed diets: MS (based on maize silage) and LCS (based on legume-cereal and lucerne silages) with different concentrations of dietary energy until slaughter at the target live weight of 600 kg. The CF bulls consumed more dry matter (DM) of feed daily than the CH bulls (P < 0.05) and gained weight less efficiently than the CH × CF and CH animals (P < 0.01) during the entire experiment. The killing-out percentage was lower in the CF than in the CH × CF and CH (P < 0.05). The CH bulls received a higher score for carcass conformation and a lower score for carcass fatness (P < 0.01) than the CF bulls, had lower proportions of kidney and cod fat (P < 0.01) than the CH × CF and CF bulls, and produced the highest percentage of high-priced meat (P < 0.05) and the lowest percentage of separable fat (P < 0.001). The bulls on the MS diet were younger than the others at the end of the experiment (P < 0.01), gained weight more rapidly (P < 0.001), consumed less DM (P < 0.001) daily, utilized nutrients more efficiently over the entire experimental period (P < 0.001), and had a higher proportion of internal fat than the LCS bulls. It can be concluded that purebred CH bulls were superior to the other breed groups in most of the traits observed. The intensive diet based on maize silage increased average daily gains, reduced the time needed to achieve the target slaughter weight, and improved the feed efficiency of bulls.

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Wingate, V. Skye, and Nicholas A. Palomares. "The severity of bullying messages predicts increased levels of targets’ depression and general anxiety as a function of targets’ inferences of a bully’s goals." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38, no. 4 (January 13, 2021): 1194–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407520983439.

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Being the recipient of severe bullying messages for a period of time is a meaningful predictor of subsequent mental health issues. Employing Goal Understanding Theory, we test an explanation for this association. Specifically, we hypothesize and generally confirm that targets’ adverse emotional reaction and hurt from bullying messages serially mediate the positive association between message severity and depression and general anxiety, depending on the goal understanding of targets (i.e., inferences of upward-mobility, personal-attack, and highlight-differences goals motivating a bully). That is, the mediation of message severity on mental health via emotional reaction and then hurt is present at high (not low) levels of goal inferences. Implications of the communicative processes connecting severe bullying with mental health are discussed.

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35

Muna, Afrida Arinal. "Ekspresi Keberagamaan Selebriti Hijrah: Sebuah bentuk ‘Accomodating Protest’ dan Ekonomi-Politik dari ‘Public Piety’." Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner 5, no. 1 (November 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jkii.v5i1.1134.

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Semakin gencarnya wacana kampanye hijrah di era digital, termasuk di media sosial, sebagaimana dapat kita temukan di ‘detiknews’ bahwa tagar #hijrah di kotak pencarian instagram terdapat lebih dari 1,7 juta postingan, akun hijrah di facebook juga sudah diikuti lebih dari 300 ribu akun. Fenomena ini tidak bisa dinafikan juga dari kalangan artis, karena fenomena ini masif ditemui di kalangan kelas menengah ke atas yang berkesempatan mengonsumi isu-isu yang menjadi tren atau viral di media sosial. Tren aktivitas hijrah ini pun mempengaruhi sederet selebriti yang memutuskan untuk hijrah dengan proses yang berbeda-beda. Saya berasumsi bahwa selebriti yang melakukan hijrah sebenarnya tidak hanya ingin menunjukkan ekspresi keberagamaan barunya dengan menunjukkan kesalehannya terhadap publik, tetapi juga sebagai sebuah bentuk ‘accomodating protest‘ bahwa sebelum mereka memutuskan untuk hijrah ada sejenis bully-an yaitu munculnya stigma-stigma ketakutan menurunnya citra mereka di hadapan publik ketika seorang artis melakukan hijrah dengan style hijab barunya, tetapi justru ada semacam perlawanan yang ingin ditunjukkan oleh para selebriti kepada masyarakat bahwa mereka tetap bisa eksis walaupun memakai jilbab dan juga ada strategi politik ekonomi yang dimainkan oleh artis-artis hijrah tersebut dengan membuat inovasi-inovasi industri halal, tren hijab yang semakin down-to-earth, dan yang lainnya. Industri halal tersebut menjadi sasaran mereka karena tren tersebut menjadi tren konsumerisme yang masif oleh kelas menengah muslim milenial yang diyakini sebagai penggerak ekonomi abad-21.[The more vigorous discourse of hijrah campaigns in the digital era, including on social media, as we can find on ‘detiknews’ that the hashtag hijrah in the Instagram search box there are more than 1,7 million posts, the hijrah account on Facebook has also been followed by more than 300 thousand accounts. This phenomenon cannot be denied also by the artists, because this phenomenon is massive in the middle to upper class who have the opportunity to consume issues that are trending or viral on social media. The trend in hijrah activities also influenced a series of celebrities who decided to hijrah with different processes. I assume that celebrities who do hijrah actually not only want to show their new religious expression by showing their piety to the public but also as a form of ‘accomodating protest’ that before they decide to hijrah, there is a kind of bullying that is the emergence of stigmas of fear of a decline in their image in publicly when an artist hijrah with his new hijab style, but instead there is a kind of resistance that celebrities want to show to the public that they can still exist even though wearing the hijab and there is also an economic-political strategy played by this hijrah artist by making innovations halal industry is their target because the trends have become a massive consumerism trend by the millennial Muslim middle class which is believed to be an economic booster of the 21st century.]

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Hetzel, Juergen, Michael Boeckeler, Richard A. Lewis, Marius Horger, and Maik Haentschel. "Use of 3-D navigation to target the site of autologous blood installation for lung volume reduction in bullous emphysema." Chronic Respiratory Disease 17 (January 1, 2020): 147997312090355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479973120903556.

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Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) using intrabullous autologous blood instillation has been reported in single cases where other techniques are not possible. We present the use of three-dimensional navigation to instill autologous blood into emphysematous bullae for BLVR. A 62-year-old man presented with increasing dyspnea, due to emphysema with a conglomerate of giant bullae with two particularly large bullae. Surgical treatment was refused, so bronchoscopic autologous blood instillation into the bronchial segment leading to the large bullae was attempted, but was unsuccessful; blood failed to penetrate into the bullous cavity. Dyspnea worsened over the following year. We therefore performed another bronchoscopy and punctured a large bulla with a needle and created a tunnel from the central airways. Puncture position and direction were determined using a prototype of an electromagnetic navigation system. Under fluoroscopic guidance, a catheter was placed via the tunnel into the bulla and blood was instilled. This resulted in an almost complete shrinkage of the bullae, reduction of residual volume, and marked improvement in dyspnea within 4 months. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of successful BLVR by navigated bronchoscopy with transbronchial puncture, dilatation, and autologous blood instillation into a giant bulla.

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TITTERINGTON, F. M., F. O. LIVELY, A. ASHFIELD, A. W. GORDON, D. E. LOWE, and S. J. MORRISON. "Impacts of on farm management factors on herd fertility of commercial beef breeding herds in Northern Ireland." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 6 (April 17, 2017): 1005–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000211.

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SUMMARYTo assess the impact of farm management on herd fertility, a survey of 105 beef farms in Northern Ireland was conducted to establish the relationship between management variables and fertility. Each herd's average calving interval (CI) and the proportion of cows with a CI > 450 days (extended calving interval, ECI) was calculated to establish herd fertility. The relationship between each response variable (CI and proportion ECI) and each explanatory variable (respondents’ answers to questionnaire) was examined using univariate linear regression analyses. All response variables found to be associated with the explanatory variables were modelled against each group in turn using a fully automated multivariate stepwise regression algorithm employing the method of forward selection with backward elimination. The optimum 365-day CI and a proportion of 0 cows per hundred calved ECI targets were not widely attained in the current study. The distribution of CI and proportion ECI in the current study suggests more realistic targets would be a 379-day CI and 5 cows per hundred calved with ECI in commercial beef breeding herds. Six management factors were found to be associated with herd fertility: herd vaccination, bull selection, fertility management, breeding female management, perception of extension service (rural education provided by the government) and record keeping. It was found that respondents who vaccinated cows had a reduction of 5 cows per hundred calved in the proportion of cows with ECI, and as the number of vaccines administered to a cow increased, the CI decreased. Regular vaccination of breeding bulls was associated with a 9-day reduction in CI. Bull selection strategy had several associations with herd fertility; most notable was that respondents who used visual selection rather than estimated breeding values (EBVs) to select bulls were found to have a 15-day longer CI and 7 cows per hundred calved higher proportion of cows with ECI. For each 0·01 increase in the proportion of cows served by artificial insemination, CI increased by 0·16 days. Respondents who rated their beef breeding herd fertility as ‘very good’ had lower ECI and CI than those who rated beef breeding herd fertility as poor or satisfactory. Condition scoring of cows at weaning lowered ECI by 5 cows per hundred calved. Those who perceived the extension service to be very useful had the lowest CI and lowest ECI. Respondents who did not keep a record of CI to assess herd fertility had an 11-day longer CI and 6 cows per hundred calved higher proportion ECI than those who did not. In conclusion, the survey found a number of important variables linked to improved fertility including selecting sires based on EBVs and using a robust vaccination programme.

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Mphaphathi, M. L., M. M. Seshoka, T. R. Netshirovha, Z. C. Raphalalani, T. C. Chokoe, M. Nkadimeng, N. L. Kanuya, J. P. C. Greyling, and T. L. Nedambale. "37 DOUBLE FREEZING AND THAWING OF NGUNI BULL SEMEN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab37.

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Indigenous bulls semen are important for conservation programs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of repeated freezing and thawing on sperm motility characteristics. Semen was collected from 4 Nguni bulls by means of electro ejaculator and stored in a thermo flask (37°C). Sperm total motility, progressive and nonprogressive motility, and velocity were assessed using computer-aided sperm analysis before and after freezing. Semen was then diluted with egg yolk citrate extender (fraction A), then followed by 12% of glycerol + egg yolk citrate extender (fraction B, Seshoka et al. 2012). Diluted semen samples were equilibrated for 4 h at 5°C. After the equilibration period, samples were loaded into 0.25-mL straws and transferred into a controlled rate programmable freezer. After the target temperature of –130°C was reached, semen straws were stored in a LN tank (–196°C). After 3 months of storage, straws were thawed at 15°C (first and second freezing and thawing followed the same process) for 5 min and further evaluated post-thawed at 0 and 15 min during incubation at 15°C. Treatment means were separated using Fisher’s protected t-test least. No significant differences were recorded between the raw semen total sperm motility percentage (93.2%) and first frozen-thawed at 0 min (82.6%), with the total sperm motility rate recovery of 88.6%. In addition, there was a marked decline recorded in sperm total motility during the first frozen-thawed at 15 min (77.6%), second frozen-thawed at 0 min (31.3%), and second frozen-thawed at 15 min (30.1%; P < 0.05). The sperm curvilinear velocity and average path velocity was reduced following first frozen-thawed (P < 0.05) but remained constant and stable between the treatment groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the freezing-thawing process did not reduce the Nguni bull total sperm motility during the first freezing and thawing process, compared with raw semen. However, a drastic decline was recorded during the second freezing-thawing processes, compared with raw semen.

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Seshoka, M. M., M. L. Mphaphathi, F. V. Ramukhithi, T. R. Netshirovha, C. Hlungwani, and T. L. Nedambale. "76 THE EFFECT OF GLYCEROL CONCENTRATIONS IN EGG-YOLK CITRATE EXTENDER ON THE QUALITY OF CRYOPRESERVED NGUNI BULL SEMEN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab76.

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There are bull shortages in South African poor rural areas. Artificial-insemination technology could play a significant role on breeding emerging farmer’s cattle. The objective of this study was to compare glycerol concentrations (0, 4, 8, or 12%) during freezing of Nguni bull semen to conduct AI in different villages. Semen was collected by electro ejaculator from 2 Nguni bulls of known and proven fertility. Collected semen samples were kept in a thermo flask (37°C) and transported to the laboratories within 10 min after collections. Semen samples were pooled and evaluated by Sperm Class Analyser® and allocated randomly per treatment. Semen was then diluted (1 : 2 v:v) with egg-yolk citrate extender supplemented with either 0% (negative control), 4, 8, and 12% of glycerol concentration or AndroMed® (positive control). Semen samples were equilibrated for 4 h at 5°C. After equilibration period, samples were loaded into 0.5-mL straws and placed horizontally into the controlled rate (–5, –8, –10, –12, –15, –25, –35°C min–1) from 5°C until target temperature of –80°C is reached. The frozen semen straws were stored in a liquid nitrogen tank (–196°C) until thawing. Treatment means were separated using Fisher’s protected t-test least, and data are presented as mean ± SD. There was a significant differences (P < 0.05) between raw total sperm motility (83.3 ± 19.3) and frozen–thawed sperm with either 0% (0.0 ± 0.0), 4% (30.2 ± 13.4), 8% (47.9 ± 12.5), or 12% (61.5 ± 4.7) of glycerol and on AndroMed® (27.7 ± 17.8) group. Regardless of the glycerol concentrations used, the freezing-thawing process reduced (P < 0.05) the Nguni total sperm motility rate compared to uncryopreserved sperm (83.3 ± 19.3). In conclusion, egg-yolk citrate extender supplemented with 12% glycerol yielded a better (P < 0.05) total sperm motility rate (61.5 ± 4.7) as compared with the 0% (0.0 ± 0.0), 4% (30.2 ± 13.4), 8% (47.9 ± 12.5), and AndroMed® (27.7 ± 17.8) group. Further studies are required to test other levels of glycerol concentrations (>12%) on freezing Nguni semen and conducting AI.

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Rawal, M. R., Omkar Powar, Pratiksha Pawar, Shwetakshirsagar, and Kamlesh Mulik. "Design and Development of Fertilizer Spraying and Weed Removal Machine." Asian Review of Civil Engineering 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/tarce-2020.9.1.2288.

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In order to meet the food requirements of the growing population and rapid industrialization, modernization of agriculture practices is need of today and crucial one. Mechanization enables the conservation of inputs through precision in metering, ensuring the better distribution and reduces the quantity required for better response. In addition to that it prevents the losses or wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost of production through higher productivity and optimized input. Though modernization is done in agriculture field, many farmers are using the traditional methods and equipment for weeding and fertilizer spraying. The spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack type sprayer which requires more human effort or it is done by fertilizer spraying unit tractor, which is not affordable and suitable for many agricultural fields as per the cultivation. Weeding is usually done with the help of bulls, which is very costly for farmers with small arable land. To overcome these above two problems a machine is developed on which both the tasks are performed simultaneously and beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and weeding operations.

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41

Banish, Nolan P., William R. Tinniswood, and Terry A. Smith. "Electrofishing, Snorkel Spearing, and Piscicide Eradicate Brook Trout From a Small, Isolated Bull Trout Population." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/092018-jfwm-088.

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Abstract In 1992, a sampling crew from a multiagency group discovered a population of Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus estimated at approximately 50 individuals in Threemile Creek, Oregon threatened with competition and hybridization with nonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis. The group implemented Brook Trout and Bull Trout × Brook Trout hybrid removal using multiple techniques to conserve this population of Bull Trout in the Klamath River basin. From 1996 to 2000, backpack electrofishing and night snorkel spearing were used upstream of a culvert barrier to eradicate Brook Trout and hybrid trout from a 3.59-km section of Threemile Creek over 101 total days of effort (274 person-days of effort). Night snorkel spearing removed a lower percentage (7%) of target fish relative to electrofishing (93%), although this technique eliminated the risk of electrofishing injury to Bull Trout. Concurrent with the reduction and subsequent removal of Brook Trout, Bull Trout observations increased over 15-fold from 19 in 1996 to 299 in 2012 and Bull Trout distribution more than doubled, from 1.48 to 3.43 km during that same time. Immediately downstream in a separate 2.3-km section, the group eradicated Brook Trout using backpack electrofishing and rotenone application upstream of two man-made barriers from 2004 to 2010 over 43 total days of effort (150 person-days of effort). By 2016, Bull Trout had expanded their distribution throughout the upper 3.59-km section of Threemile Creek. Effort expended to eradicate Brook Trout was similar to successful eradication in other streams with comparable habitat characteristics and similar treatment length (< 3.0 km). However, similar removal attempts have not been successful in streams with comparable habitat characteristics that had longer treatment length (> 7.0 km). Application of piscicide may be more cost effective than manual techniques to remove Brook Trout when there is no risk to native fish of conservation concern, where target species are allopatric, and when piscicide use is publicly accepted. Brook Trout eradication proved valuable in providing Bull Trout the opportunity for range expansion and increased abundance necessary for recovery in the Klamath River basin.

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Clare, Carl, and Ian Bullock. "Door to Needle Times Bulls' Eye or Just Bull? The Effect of Reducing Door to Needle Times on the Appropriate Administration of Thrombolysis: Implications and Recommendations." European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2, no. 1 (April 2003): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-5151(03)00005-7.

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The provision of thrombolysis in a timely fashion is the mainstay of treatment for acute myocardial infarction. With the publication of the National Service Framework (NSF) for Coronary Heart Disease increasing efforts have been put into the reduction of the ‘pain to needle time’. Of the various parts of the patient journey the time delays in hospital are the easiest to resolve. Published research shows that the time taken for the patient to call for help is intractable at present. Therefore, the obvious target for the reduction in the overall time from pain to treatment is the in hospital portion of the delay (the door to needle time). There are several methods that have been recommended for the reduction of the door to needle time. However, the increasing focus on the door to needle time is leading health care providers away from other issues such as the safety and accuracy of assessment by a non-cardiologist. Furthermore, the standards for audit of the door to needle time have not been set by the NSF and this has led to the presentation of selected data and the avoidance of discussing issues of accuracy and appropriateness.

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Kingser, Taren, and Patrick Schmidt. "Business in the Bulls-Eye? Target Corp. and the Limits of Campaign Finance Disclosure." Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy 11, no. 1 (March 2012): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/elj.2011.0135.

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Mir, Bilal Ahmad, Henry Reyer, Katrin Komolka, Siriluck Ponsuksili, Christa Kühn, and Steffen Maak. "Differentially Expressed miRNA-Gene Targets Related to Intramuscular Fat in Musculus Longissimus Dorsi of Charolais × Holstein F2-Crossbred Bulls." Genes 11, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060700.

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Intramuscular fat (IMF) is a meat quality indicator associated with taste and juiciness. IMF deposition, influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors, occurs through a transcriptionally coordinated process of adipogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are transcriptional regulators of vital biological processes, including lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. However, in bovines, limited data on miRNA profiling and association with divergent intramuscular fat content, regulated exclusively by genetic parameters, have been reported. Here, a microarray experiment was performed to identify and characterize the miRNA expression pattern in the Musculus longissimus dorsi of F2-cross (Charolais × German Holstein) bulls with high and low IMF. A total of 38 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs), including 33 upregulated and 5 downregulated (corrected p-value ≤ 0.05, FC ≥ ±1.2), were reported. Among DE miRNAs, the upregulated miRNAs miR-105a/b, miR-695, miR-1193, miR-1284, miR-1287-5p, miR-3128, miR-3178, miR-3910, miR-4443, miR-4445 and miR-4745, and the downregulated miRNAs miR-877-5p, miR-4487 and miR-4706 were identified as novel fat deposition regulators. DE miRNAs were further analyzed, along with previously identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the same samples and predicted target genes, using multiple bioinformatic approaches, including target prediction tools and co-expression networks, as well as Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. We identified DE miRNAs and their gene targets associated with bovine intramuscular adipogenesis, and we provide a basis for further functional investigations.

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Jung, Chang Hwa, Chang Bong Jun, Seung-Hyun Ro, Young-Mi Kim, Neil Michael Otto, Jing Cao, Mondira Kundu, and Do-Hyung Kim. "ULK-Atg13-FIP200 Complexes Mediate mTOR Signaling to the Autophagy Machinery." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 7 (April 2009): 1992–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-12-1249.

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Autophagy, the starvation-induced degradation of bulky cytosolic components, is up-regulated in mammalian cells when nutrient supplies are limited. Although mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is known as the key regulator of autophagy induction, the mechanism by which mTOR regulates autophagy has remained elusive. Here, we identify that mTOR phosphorylates a mammalian homologue of Atg13 and the mammalian Atg1 homologues ULK1 and ULK2. The mammalian Atg13 binds both ULK1 and ULK2 and mediates the interaction of the ULK proteins with FIP200. The binding of Atg13 stabilizes and activates ULK and facilitates the phosphorylation of FIP200 by ULK, whereas knockdown of Atg13 inhibits autophagosome formation. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin or leucine deprivation, the conditions that induce autophagy, leads to dephosphorylation of ULK1, ULK2, and Atg13 and activates ULK to phosphorylate FIP200. These findings demonstrate that the ULK-Atg13-FIP200 complexes are direct targets of mTOR and important regulators of autophagy in response to mTOR signaling.

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Cai, Xiangdong, Zhao Liu, Sha Zhao, Chen Song, Shouliang Dong, and Jianxi Xiao. "A single stranded fluorescent peptide probe for targeting collagen in connective tissues." Chem. Commun. 53, no. 87 (2017): 11905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc06056d.

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A novel single stranded fluorescent collagen mimetic peptide has been constructed by introducing a bulky FAM dye in the central region rather than the N terminus. Without the need for any prior thermal or ultraviolet treatment, the peptide probe can be conveniently applied to specifically target collagen in connective tissues for fluorescence imaging.

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Liu, Hongyu, Ibrar Muhammad Khan, Huiqun Yin, Xinqi Zhou, Muhammad Rizwan, Jingyi Zhuang, and Yunhai Zhang. "Integrated Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Testes of Calves and Sexually Mature Wandong Bulls (Bos taurus)." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072006.

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The mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs axes are playing a vital role in the regulating of post-transcriptional gene expression. Thereby, elucidating the expression pattern of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs underlying testis development is crucial. In this study, mRNA and long non-coding RNAs expression profiles were investigated in 3-month-old calves and 3-year-old mature bulls’ testes by total RNA sequencing. Additionally, during the gene level analysis, 21,250 mRNAs and 20,533 long non-coding RNAs were identified. As a result, 7908 long non-coding RNAs (p-adjust < 0.05) and 5122 mRNAs (p-adjust < 0.05) were significantly differentially expressed between the distinct age groups. In addition, gene ontology and biological pathway analyses revealed that the predicted target genes are enriched in the lysine degradation, cell cycle, propanoate metabolism, adherens junction and cell adhesion molecules pathways. Correspondingly, the RT-qPCR validation results showed a strong consistency with the sequencing data. The source genes for the mRNAs (CCDC83, DMRTC2, HSPA2, IQCG, PACRG, SPO11, EHHADH, SPP1, NSD2 and ACTN4) and the long non-coding RNAs (COX7A2, COX6B2, TRIM37, PRM2, INHBA, ERBB4, SDHA, ATP6VOA2, FGF9 and TCF21) were found to be actively associated with bull sexual maturity and spermatogenesis. This study provided a comprehensive catalog of long non-coding RNAs in the bovine testes and also offered useful resources for understanding the differences in sexual development caused by the changes in the mRNA and long non-coding RNA interaction expressions between the immature and mature stages.

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Marsh, S. P., and S. T. Brown. "Effect of feeding a compound feed with a low starch content on the performance of intensively fed beef cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200020305.

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The performance of Holstein Friesian bulls on commercial beef farms is highly variable and, on average, falls well short of the generally accepted cereal beef target of a minimum 260kg carcase at around a year old from cattle gaining at least 1.15kg per day from birth to slaughter (Allen and Browne 2005). The carcase weights and daily liveweight gains (DLWG) recorded by bottom 1/3rd and top 1/3rd commercial producers were 266kg and 0.95kg, and 299kg and 1.15kg respectively. It was suggested that many producers restricted concentrate feeds for at least part of the feeding period and included forage, including grazing in some cases. The formulation of the ration fed to the bulls could also have influenced performance. There is limited data on the optimum quantity of starch to include in a ration for intensively fed beef cattle The objective of this experiment was therefore to determine the effect of feeding compounds containing either a high or low level of starch to intensively reared Holstein Friesian bulls.

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Qi, Xuan, Lingyu Xia, Yunong Li, Tieqiang Wang, Xuemin Zhang, Junyi Chen, Liying Zhang, and Yu Fu. "The Fabrication of 2D Cu-Based MOF Nanosheets for DNA Detection." Australian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 12 (2019): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch19312.

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Анотація:

The Cu-based metal–organic framework (MOF) analogues, copper 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (CuBDC), copper 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (Cu(2,6-NDC)), and copper 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate (Cu(1,4-NDC)) MOF nanosheets, are prepared as biosensor nanoplatforms for DNA detection by a spray method. With the ultrathin 2D structure, the fabricated MOF nanosheets exhibited better detection of target DNA, in particular when compared with the corresponding 3D MOF bulky crystals, when used as a DNA biosensor platform. The Cu(1,4-NDC) nanosheets display a distinct sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.3nM and linear range of 0–20nM, and selectivity for the target DNA or target DNA mixture. The feasible biosensor nanoplatform composed of 2D MOF nanosheets broadens the application scope of MOF nanosheets.

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Gould, Katherine A., Xiao-Su Pan, Robert J. Kerns, and L. Mark Fisher. "Ciprofloxacin Dimers Target Gyrase in Streptococcus pneumoniae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 6 (June 2004): 2108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.6.2108-2115.2004.

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ABSTRACT We have examined the antipneumococcal activities of novel quinolone dimers in which ciprofloxacin was tethered to itself or to pipemidic acid by linkage of C-7 piperazinyl rings. Symmetric 2,6-lutidinyl- and trans-butenyl-linked ciprofloxacin dimers (dimers 1 and 2, respectively) and a pipemidic acid-ciprofloxacin dimer (dimer 3) had activities against Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 7785 that were comparable to that of ciprofloxacin, i.e., MICs of 2, 1, and 4 to 8 μg/ml versus an MIC of 1 to 2 μg/ml, respectively. Surprisingly, unlike ciprofloxacin (which targets topoisomerase IV), several lines of evidence revealed that the dimers act through gyrase in S. pneumoniae. First, ciprofloxacin-resistant parC mutants of strain 7785 remained susceptible to dimers 1 to 3, whereas a gyrA mutation conferred a four- to eightfold increase in the dimer MIC but had little effect on ciprofloxacin activity. Second, dimer 1 selected first-step gyrA (S81Y or S81F) mutants (MICs, 8 to 16 μg/ml) that carried wild-type topoisomerase IV parE-parC genes. Third, dimers 1 and 2 promoted comparable DNA cleavage by S. pneumoniae gyrase and topoisomerase IV, whereas ciprofloxacin-mediated cleavage was 10-fold more efficient with topoisomerase IV than with gyrase. Fourth, the GyrA S81F and ParC S79F enzymes were resistant to dimers, confirming that the resistance phenotype is largely silent in parC mutants. Although a dimer molecule could bind very tightly by bridging quinolone binding sites in the enzyme-DNA complex, the greater potency of ciprofloxacin against gyrase and topoisomerase IV suggests that dimers 1 to 3 bind in a monomeric fashion. The bulky C-7 side chain may explain dimer targeting of gyrase and activity against efflux mutants. Tethered quinolones have potential as mechanistic tools and as novel antimicrobial agents.

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