Дисертації: "Buildings stock"

1

Leach, Jamison Dane. "Prediction of Building Count and Dimensions from U.S. Census Data Using Multiple Regression." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35424.

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Providers of high-speed, wireless data services need to know where in their service area to place transmitters to reach potential customers. Viewshed analysis, a technique found in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, can be used to model propagation of the wireless signals from different locations to find the best transmitter site. To carry out viewshed analysis, digital data are required for all obstructions the signal may encounter along its path. One such obstruction, terrain, can be represented in the GIS by easily available Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). Another obstruction is buildings, which are common in populated areas, and therefore of particular concern to wireless providers. Unfortunately, digital data for buildings in U.S. cities and towns are often non-existent, difficult to obtain, or very costly. In light of the difficulties surrounding acquisition of building data for wireless propagation studies, this study used Multiple Regression analysis to construct models to predict building count and dimensions. U.S. Census Housing and Demographic data, aggregated at the Census Block level, served as the predictor variables in the regression equations. The models were built from sample data collected from four U.S. cities. For each variable to be predicted (Y), the top models were compared to find the optimum one. The model chosen for Building Count (per Block) showed quite good results, and future research in the prediction of this variable shows promise. Results for the models of Average Building Height and Average Building Footprint Area (both per Block) were not nearly as encouraging, but additional work modeling these variables may still yield insights.
Master of Science

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2

Szecsödy, Emma. "Green Buildings – Legal and economic possibilities and limitations to increase the green building stock." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190979.

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Buildings account for about thirty percent of the total emissions of greenhouse gases annually in the world. Forty percent of the world´s energy is consumed by buildings. Buildings are a large part of the world´s environmental problems and it´s hard to ignore this fact. The last decade, awareness of the negative environmental impact we humans have on our planet has increased, and many different environmental commitments flourish in the world today. One way for the construction and real estate sector to reduce its environmental footprint is through green buildings. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the economic and legal possibilities and limitations in order to increase the stock of green buildings. The thesis will be based on four questions: What are the incentives for green buildings, Does the law differ for green buildings compared to conventional buildings? Are other markets using green incentives?, What does property management companies think of green buildings? The study is based on literature studies and interviews with industry professionals. The results of the study show that green buildings mean many economic opportunities, such as lower operating and maintenance costs, higher property value, better indoor environment a stronger brand. One economic limitation is that many people mistakenly believe that green buildings means a higher investment cost, but it doesn’t have to be. The lack of knowledge regarding green buildings could mean that some choose not to build them, which is an indirect economic limitation. The Swedish car market and the real estate market in the US use tax reliefs and various forms of green bonuses to push environmental commitments, which is proved to work as environmental cars and green buildings increased in use and in stock. In Sweden there is no specific legislation for green buildings. Swedish buildings comply under the same laws, whether they are green or not. The laws to apply are the planning and building act, the environmental code and the law of energy declaration. In addition to these laws, there are also government regulations from Boverket in boverkets building regulations that has to be followed. These laws, rules and regulations demands certain building performances and are relatively tough. A green building has tougher demand on a building’s technical features than a conventional building has. In 2015 a new legislation was formed that prohibited municipalities to set higher demands on a buildings technical features, than what is in the law. The law is to be followed by the municipality when they operate as an administrative authority and when they enter into land allocation agreements. This means that municipalities themselves in these two cases can’t require a building with higher demands. But in those cases when the developer requires stricter requirements in partnership with municipalities, there is still a possibility to get a green building, as the law doesn’t mention this exception. By offering economic incentives, such as the US housing market and the Swedish car market does to push environmental commitments, it can be used on the Swedish housing market to increase the want to build green buildings. To increase the opportunities for municipalities to build green the law needs to change. Both these methods are expensive and time consuming. Since it within a few years probably will be a requirement for building companies and other companies to build, manage and offer green buildings in order to be able to compete on the market, the conclusion of the thesis is that it is more efficient to let the development of society take its time. The development will mean that the demand for green buildings will increase and in the future will make green building market position even stronger.
Byggnader står för ungefär trettio procent av de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser årligen i världen. Fyrtio procent av all världens energi förbrukas av byggnader. Det senaste decenniet har medvetenheten kring den negativa miljöpåverkan vi människor har på vår jord ökat och många olika miljöengagemang florerar i världen. Ett sätt för bygg- och fastighetssektorn att minska dess miljöavtryck är genom gröna byggnader. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vilka ekonomiska och juridiska möjligheter och begränsningar som finns för att öka beståndet av gröna byggnader. Arbetet kommer utgå från fyra frågeställningar: Vilka är incitamenten för gröna byggnader?, Skiljer sig lagen åt för gröna byggnader jämfört med konventionella byggnader?, Använder andra marknader sig utav gröna incitament?, Hur ställer sig fastighetsförvaltningsbolag sig till gröna byggnader? Undersökningen baseras på litteraturstudier och intervjuer med branschfolk. Resultatet av undersökningen visar på att gröna byggnader innebär många ekonomiska möjligheter, som lägre drift- och underhållskostnader, högre fastighetsvärde, bättre inomhusmiljö och ett starkare varumärke. En ekonomisk begränsning som finns är att många felaktigt tror att gröna byggnader innebär högre investeringskostnader, vilket det inte behöver göra. Okunskapen kring gröna byggnader kan göra att många väljer att inte bygga dessa vilket innebär en indirekt ekonomisk begränsning. Bilmarknaden i Sverige och fastighetsmarknaden i USA använder sig utav skattelättnader och olika former av gröna bonusar för att driva på miljöengagemang, vilket visat sig fungera då miljöbilar och gröna byggnader ökat i användning respektive bestånd. I svensk lag finns det ingen särlagstiftning för gröna byggnader. Svenska byggnader lyder alla under samma lag, oavsett grön eller inte. De lagar som gäller är plan- och bygglagstiftningen, miljöbalken och lagen om energideklaration. Utöver dessa lagar finns det även myndighetsföreskrifter från Boverket i boverkets byggregler som ska följas. Dessa lagar, regler och föreskrifter ställer alla krav på byggnaders prestanda och är relativt hårda. För att få till en grön byggnad kräver det att kraven på byggnadens tekniska egenskaper skärps, men inget i lagen begränsar en byggherre att sätta högre krav. 2015 blev det dock förbjudet för kommuner att ställa högre krav på en byggnads tekniska egenskaper än vad som står i lag. Lagen ska tillämpas då kommuner agerar myndighet och vid markanvisningar. Detta medför att kommuner i dessa fall inte själva kan kräva en byggnad som möter hårdare krav. Men i de fall byggherren själv kräver hårdare krav vid samarbeten med kommuner finns fortfarande en möjlighet att få till en grön byggnad, eftersom att lagen inte nämner detta undantag. Genom att erbjuda ekonomiska incitament så som fastighetsmarknaden i USA och bilmarknaden i Sverige gör för att driva på miljöengagemang kan man få fler att vilja bygga grönt även på fastighetsmarknaden i Sverige. För att öka möjligheterna för kommuner att bygga grönt måste man ändra lagen. Båda dessa metoder är kostsamma och tar lång tid. Eftersom det inom några få år förmodligen kommer vara ett måste för byggaktörer och andra företag att bygga, förvalta eller erbjuda gröna byggnader för att kunna konkurrera på marknaden är slutsatsen med arbetet att det är effektivare att följa med i den samhällsutveckling som idag sker. Utvecklingen kommer innebära att efterfrågan på gröna byggnader ökar och i framtiden kommer göra gröna byggnaders position på marknaden vara ännu starkare.

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3

Arababadi, Reza. "Energy Use in the EU Building Stock - Case Study: UK." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-85840.

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Previous studies in building energy assessmnet have made it clear that the largest potential energy efficiency improvements are conected to the retrofitting of existing buildings. But, lack of information about the building stock and associated modelling tools is one of the barriers to assessment of energy efficiency strategies in the building stocks. Therefore, a methodology has been developed to describe any building stock by the means of archetype buildings. The aim has been to assess the effects of energy saving measures. The model which is used for the building energy simulation is called: Energy, Carbon and Cost Assessment for Buildings Stocks (ECCABS). This model calculated the net energy demand aggregated in heating, cooling, lighting, hotwater and appliances. This model has already been validated using the Swedish residential stock as a test case. The present work continues the development of the methodology by focusing on the UK building stock by discribing the UK building stock trough archetype buildings and their physical properties which are used as inputs to the ECCABS. In addition, this work seekes to check the adequacy of applying the ECCABS model to the UK building stock. The outputs which are the final energy use of the entire building stock are compared to data available in national and international sources. The UK building stoch is described by a total of 252 archetype buildings. It is determined by considering nine building typologies, four climate zones, six periods of construction and two types of heating systems. The total final energy demand calculated by ECCABS for the residential sector is 578.83 TWh for the year 2010, which is 2.6 % higher than the statistics provided by the Department of Energy and Climate Change(DECC). In the non-residential sector the total final energy demand is 77.28 TWh for the year 2009, which is about 3.2% lower than the energy demand given by DECC. Potential reasons which could have affected the acuracy of the final resualts are discussed in this master thesis.

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4

Kelly, Scott. "Decarbonising the English residential sector : modelling policies, technologies and behaviour within a heterogeneous building stock." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244708.

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The residential sector in England is often identified as having the largest potential for emissions reduction at some of the lowest costs when compared against other sectors. In spite of this, decarbonisation within the residential sector has not materialised. This thesis explores the complexities of decarbonising the residential sector in England using a whole systems approach. It is only when the interaction between social, psychological, regulatory, technical, material and economic factors are considered together that the behaviour of the system emerges and the relationships between different system components can be explained giving insight into the underlying issues of decarbonisation. Building regulations, assessments and certification standards are critical for motivating and driving innovation towards decarbonising the building stock. Many existing building performance and evaluation tools are shown to be ineffective and confound different policy objectives. Not only is the existing UK SAP standard shown to be a poor predictor of dwelling level energy demand but it perversely incentivises households to increase CO2 emissions. At the dwelling level, a structural equation model is developed to quantify direct, indirect and total effects on residential energy demand. Interestingly, building efficiency is shown to have reciprocal causality with a household’s propensity to consume energy. That is, dwellings with high-energy efficiency consume less energy, but homes with a propensity to consume more energy are also more likely to have higher energy efficiency. Internal dwelling temperature is one of the most important parameters for explaining residential energy demand over a heterogeneous building stock. Yet bottom up energy demand models inadequately incorporate internal temperature as a function of human behaviour. A panel model is developed to predict daily mean internal temperatures from individual dwellings. In this model, socio-demographic, behavioural, physical and environmental variables are combined to estimate the daily fluctuations of mean internal temperature demand. The internal temperature prediction model is then incorporated in a bottom-up engineering simulation model. The residential energy demand model is then used to project decarbonisation scenarios to 2050. Under the assumption of consistent energy demand fuel share allocation, modelling results suggest that emissions from the residential sector can be reduced from 125 MtCO2 to 44 MtCO2 after all major energy efficiency measures have been applied, the power sector is decarbonised and all newly constructed dwellings are zero carbon. Meeting future climate change targets will thus not only require extensive energy efficiency upgrades to all existing dwellings but also the complete decarbonisation of end use energy demand. Such a challenge can only be met through the transformation of existing building regulations, models that properly allow for the effects of human behaviour, and flexible policies capable of maximising impact from a heterogeneous residential building stock.

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5

Wang, Qian. "Toward Industrialized Retrofitting : Accelerating the Transformation of the Residential Building Stock in Sweden." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Installationsteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-133994.

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Energy utilization issues are becoming increasingly important around the world. Existing residential and building service sectors represent a large part of total energy utilization, and the corresponding operational costs and environmental impacts are high. Retrofitting is considered an effective way to accelerate the sustainable transformation of the existing building stock. In Sweden, 1945–1975 was a boom period for the construction of residential buildings. After 40–70 years of use, large contingents of buildings need to be systematically retrofitted. In the past, most Swedish buildings were retrofitted individually, and occasionally in small clusters. Cost-effective retrofitting for large-scale implementation has not yet been substantially attained. Standardizing and industrializing the retrofitting process is expected to produce the following benefits: availability of standardized toolkits based on building typologies; simplified and more efficient decision-making process; lower retrofitting costs; shorter project durations; greater resource-efficiency; lower environmental impact; and higher profitability.The overall aim of the present study is to contribute to the knowledge regarding industrialized retrofitting toolkits in Swedish residential buildings and evaluate the various toolkits. More specifically, the study aims to analyze the energy demand saving potential of different retrofitting measures and long-term profits based on the typology of residential buildings. Based on a systematic set of building properties and classification of existing residential types in Sweden, four slab houses (lamellhus) were selected as the major sub-types of building stock for the demonstration cases. The case buildings were constructed between 1945 and 1975 and are currently used as single-family houses, multi-family houses, or apartment blocks. The main approaches applied to model the retrofitting profits were Consolis Energy +, parametric-based sensitivity analysis, and life-cycle-based economic assessment.Based on the theoretical modeling and analytical results from the case studies, it was found that the energy-saving potential is strongly dominated by the building type, which affects the design of retrofitting toolkits and defines life cycle costs. The results show that improving the efficiency of heat recovery in exhaust ventilation systems is an effective retrofitting measure for energy demand savings in the studied building types. However, the efficiency of other measures is highly dependent on the typology of the buildings. From an economic perspective, toolkits that include all of the possible retrofitting measures may not lead to larger expected reduction in LCC compared to standard retrofits that only include the most sensitive parameters. In addition, the impacts of energy price changes to the LCC in the future are highly diverse in different types of residential buildings. Developing systematic retrofitting guidelines for Swedish residential buildings requires both further research and a close collaboration between all stakeholders involved in the retrofitting process.

QC 20131118

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6

Sousa, Ramírez Gustavo Alfonso. "Analysis of strategies to decarbonise the UK housing stock." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/47390/.

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The purpose of this Thesis is to revise the adoption of strategies for both new and existing housing towards the reduction of carbon emissions associated to energy demand, particularly by identifying promising technical improvements, as well as by capturing potential incentives to adopt these improvements. The case of housing is particularly interesting because although it is straightforward to categorise each building, perhaps by its physical properties, it can be considered unique because of the quasi-random behaviour of their occupants which can be determined as collective (e.g. peer pressure influencing the installation of solar panels), circumstantial (e.g. local incentives or sales in efficient devices), biological (e.g. occupants needs according to age and health conditions), or cultural (e.g. habits and patterns). It is also interesting because domestic buildings—or dwellings—represent a starting point in which our decisions to improve energy demand are taken, specially because these are biased by the exercise of rights and privileges, which do not necessarily comply with inhabitant’s comfort and satisfaction. The Thesis describes the development of an open-source platform for energy simulation, and its subsequent application in the development and testing of strategies to reduce energy demand in dwellings. The platform summarises the steps taken for its systematic development, which consist of the optimisation of a database to generate archetypes, the conformation of richer archetypes with more useful variables, the generation of volumetric archetypes, the dynamic simulation of archetypes and, finally, the systematic evaluation of results. Under this protocol, the foundations for developing scenarios are established in this work. This Thesis summarises the relevant elements that must be considered to improve robustness in the development of strategies to improve energy conservation and to reduce energy demand in dwellings. It also identifies those points that should be considered promptly in the future, and concludes with the vitality of this project for the participation of multiple disciplines and the use of new paradigms of work that today are paramount.

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7

Liddiard, Robert. "Characterising space use and electricity consumption in non-domestic buildings." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/6105.

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Energy used in the operation of the United Kingdom’s non-domestic buildings contributes 18% of national carbon dioxide emissions and reducing these is government policy. The use of electrical equipment in buildings is a major contributor to overall consumption, due to both its intrinsic energy consumption and the effects of incidental internal gains resulting from its operation. Knowledge of how and where consumption and internal gains occur in buildings is important in understanding the consumption characteristics of the building stock. The overall aim of this research was to improve the prediction of energy consumption in the non-domestic stock through the inference of appliance electricity consumption and resultant heat gains, for internal space uses of premises, as identified in UK property taxation data. To achieve this, the objectives were to: 1. Develop a method for inferring space usage in premises. 2. Infer values for the electricity consumption of appliances, and hence internal gains, for space uses within premises. 3. Apply the method to a dataset at the urban scale and use a suitable model to deduce the energy consumption. 4. Compare the results with measured data. Objectives 1 and 2 were achieved through analyses of detailed energy surveys of more than 300 non-domestic premises. By excluding equipment used for heating and cooling, both intrinsic electricity consumption and internal gains from appliances have been characterised for combinations of internal space use and premises activity type. For each combination, the characteristics include the energy intensity (kWh/m2/year) for: • overall appliance use • 14 end uses of appliances (e.g. lighting, catering, computers) • 18 groups of appliance activity descriptions (e.g. sales, office work, process) These characteristics were mapped onto subdivisions of space use, within premises, listed in property taxation data for a test urban area (City of Leicester). Using only 115 descriptions of space use, appliance consumption characteristics have been inferred for 91.5% of the measured internal floor area of the test dataset; this achieved the third objective. More than 80% of the floor area was identified using standard space use descriptions utilised in real estate taxation datasets. The total estimated consumption accounted for 75% of the recorded annual electricity consumption of the test area (the fourth objective). This result is acceptable, given the known limitations of the datasets and suggests that the method constitutes an improvement to stock energy modelling, thus meeting the overall aim. By inferring appliance electricity consumption and internal gains at a finer spatial resolution than previous methods, the diversity of energy consumption characteristics of the non-domestic stock may be represented more faithfully than by values applied to entire homogenised premises or premises types. The method may be used by policy makers as part of an urban energy model and as a means of evaluating potential energy interventions in the non-domestic stock, or parts thereof.

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8

Heier, Johan. "Energy Efficiency through Thermal Energy Storage : Possibilities for the Swedish Building Stock." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118734.

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The need for heating and cooling in buildings constitutes a considerable part of the total energy use in a country and reducing this need is of outmost importance in order to reach national and international goals for reducing energy use and emissions. One important way of reaching these goals is to increase the proportion of renewable energy used for heating and cooling of buildings. Perhaps the largest obstacle with this is the often occurring mismatch between the availability of renewable energy and the need for heating or cooling, hindering this energy to be used directly. This is one of the problems that can be solved by using thermal energy storage (TES) in order to save the heat or cold from when it is available to when it is needed. This thesis is focusing on the combination of TES techniques and buildings to achieve increased energy efficiency for heating and cooling. Various techniques used for TES as well as the combination of TES in buildings have been investigated and summarized through an extensive literature review. A survey of the Swedish building stock was also performed in order to define building types common in Sweden. Within the scope of this thesis, the survey resulted in the selection of three building types, two single family houses and one office building, out of which the two residential buildings were used in a simulation case study of passive TES with increased thermal mass (both sensible and latent). The second case study presented in the thesis is an evaluation of an existing seasonal borehole storage of solar heat for a residential community. In this case, real measurement data was used in the evaluation and in comparisons with earlier evaluations. The literature reviews showed that using TES opens up potential for reduced energy demand and reduced peak heating and cooling loads as well as possibilities for an increased share of renewable energy to cover the energy demand. By using passive storage through increased thermal mass of a building it is also possible to reduce variations in the indoor temperature and especially reduce excess temperatures during warm periods, which could result in avoiding active cooling in a building that would otherwise need it. The analysis of the combination of TES and building types confirmed that TES has a significant potential for increased energy efficiency in buildings but also highlighted the fact that there is still much research required before some of the technologies can become commercially available. In the simulation case study it was concluded that only a small reduction in heating demand is possible with increased thermal mass, but that the time with indoor temperatures above 24 °C can be reduced by up to 20%. The case study of the borehole storage system showed that although the storage system worked as planned, heat losses in the rest of the system as well as some problems with the system operation resulted in a lower solar fraction than projected. The work presented within this thesis has shown that TES is already used successfully for many building applications (e.g. domestic hot water stores and water tanks for storing solar heat) but that there still is much potential in further use of TES. There are, however, barriers such as a need for more research for some storage technologies as well as storage materials, especially phase change material storage and thermochemical storage.
Behovet av värme och kyla i byggnader utgör en betydande del av ett lands totala energianvändning och att reducera detta behov är av yttersta vikt för att nå nationella samt internationella mål för minskad energianvändning och minskade utsläpp. En viktig väg för att nå dessa mål är att öka andelen förnyelsebar energi för kylning och uppvärmning av byggnader. Det kanske största hindret med detta är det faktum att det ofta råder obalans mellan tillgången på förnyelsebar energi och behovet av värme och kyla, vilket gör att denna energi inte kan utnyttjas direkt. Detta är ett av problemen som kan lösas genom att använda termisk energilagring (TES) för att lagra värme eller kyla från när det finns tillgängligt till dess att det behövs. Denna avhandling fokuserar på kombinationen av TES och byggnader för att nå högre energieffektivitet för uppvärmning och kylning. Olika tekniker för energilagring, samt även kombinationen av TES och byggnader, har undersökts och sammanfattats genom en omfattande litteraturstudie. För att kunna identifiera byggnadstyper vanliga i Sverige gjordes även en kartläggning av det svenska byggnadsbeståndet. Inom ramen för denna avhandling resulterade kartläggningen i valet av tre typbyggnader, två småhus samt en kontorsbyggnad, utav vilka de två småhusen användes i en simuleringsfallstudie av passiv TES genom ökad termisk massa (både sensibel och latent). Den andra fallstudien som presenteras i denna avhandling är en utvärdering av ett existerande borrhålslager för säsongslagring av solvärme i ett bostadsområde. I detta fall användes verkliga mätdata i utvärderingen samt i jämförelser med tidigare utvärderingar. Litteraturstudien visade att användningen av TES öppnar upp möjligheter för minskat energibehov och minskade topplaster för värme och kyla samt även möjligheter till en ökad andel förnyelsebar energi för att täcka energibehovet. Genom att använda passiv lagring genom ökad termisk massa i byggnaden är det även möjligt att minska variationer i inomhustemperaturen och speciellt minska övertemperaturer under varma perioder; något som kan leda till att byggnader som normalt behöver aktiv kylning kan klara sig utan sådan. Analysen av kombinationen av TES och byggnadstyper bekräftade att TES har en betydande potential för ökad energieffektivitet i byggnader, men belyste även det faktum att det fortfarande krävs mycket forskning innan vissa av lagringsteknikerna kan bli kommersiellt tillgängliga. I simuleringsfallstudien drogs slutsatsen att en ökad termisk massa endast kan bidra till en liten minskning i värmebehovet, men att tiden med inomhustemperaturer över 24 °C kan minskas med upp till 20 %. Fallstudien av borrhålslagret visade att även om själva lagringssystemet fungerade som planerat så ledde värmeförluster i resten av systemet, samt vissa problem med driften av systemet, till en lägre solfraktion än beräknat. Arbetet inom denna avhandling har visat att TES redan används med framgång i många byggnadsapplikationer (t.ex. varmvattenberedare eller ackumulatortankar för lagring av solvärme) men att det fortfarande finns en stor potential i en utökad användning av TES. Det finns dock hinder såsom behovet av mer forskning för både vissa lagringstekniker samt lagringsmaterial, i synnerhet för lagring med fasändringsmaterial och termokemisk lagring.

QC 20130225

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9

GULOTTA, Teresa Maria. "TOWARDS THE DECARBONIZATION OF THE EU BUILDING STOCK: AN INTEGRATED BUILDING STOCK RENOVATION MODELING APPROACH." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/395546.

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In Europe, the residential building stock is responsible for about 40% of the energy demand and about 36% of the CO2 emission at global level. Considering that almost 70% of the existing building stock will still be used in 2050, a long-term vision is needed to align with future challenges to avoid having significant increases in carbon emissions. The European policymakers have a long-recognized potential energy saving associated with the renovation of the existing building stocks, as demonstrated by the directives on the Energy performance of buildings (EPBD), introducing also the need to developed an integrated buildings design approach with environmental analysis. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the existing building stock that could be renovated. The basis of a good renovation strategy is establishing an accurate understanding of the building stock, including age, building typology, heating source, etc. A detailed bottom-up breakdown by building type, age, energy carrier, climatic zone, energy performance, occupancy, and ownership are developed to underpin subsequent steps in the European decarbonization strategies in the residential sector. In this thesis, the energy and environmental effects of four possible renovation scenarios are studied using the dynamic energy simulation and the Life Cycle Assessment. Also, to account for the possible use of bio-based materials, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the improvement of the building’s envelope for four types of materials (as stone wool, wood wool cement board, cellulose fiber, and cork slab). Another two scenarios are relative to the installation of renewable energy systems (RES) as a solar thermal collector and photovoltaic systems. In particular, in some countries, the results show how the use of insulation materials could require less time for repaying the environmental impacts generated during their whole life cycle that the RES, comparing the environmental impacts generated during their production with the potential energy saving during their use. The models developed to allow to evaluated energy and environmental effects of a greater number of renovation strategies, highlighting the needs of an integrated approach for helping the policymakers, the designer and the engineering into the definition of the most sustainable solutions for EU-28.

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10

Gallardo, Carla. "Residential building stocks and flows as dynamic systems : Chilean dwelling stock and energy modeling, including earthquakes." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18786.

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The building sector comprises a very important part of each country’s economy, playing an important role in the consumption of resources and energy. In practice there is little knowledge on how the building stock develops. It is useful then to understand the dynamics and the metabolism of the built environment. Research on building stocks, predominantly on the residential sector, has been performed mainly for developed countries. There is little or none research on building stock for developing countries, so given that there is still a big gap regarding service levels (floor area per capita) between developed and developing countries, it is of importance to understand the dynamics of developing countries as well.Given that earthquakes occur in populated areas, it is important to assess the dynamics of such systems. The Chilean dwelling stock is subjected to earthquakes, so this focused on including earthquake activity to the dynamic MFA model of the dwelling stock. A leaching approach was used, basing the analysis on the typology distribution of different vulnerability classes. Different scenarios were defined in order to analyze the effect of policies on building codes and practices on the typology distribution of the stock, and hence on the demolition and renovation rate due to earthquakes. Policies for strengthening and renovating the building stock have a large positive impact on overall demolition rates. Patching types of policies have little effect when it comes to making the stock less vulnerable in the long term.An energy analysis was carried out for the overall stock, based on the mass balance yielded by the building stock dynamic MFA model. Effects of policies on energy and renovation standards are observed through the analysis of scenarios as well. The energy consumption of the stock has not reached saturation yet, and the timing for this will be strongly influenced by the energy intensity development of the stock. The combined effect of policies for decreasing the vulnerability of the dwelling stock and energy efficiency policies could be further explored if each vulnerability class could be described by an energy intensity factor. Further data gathering or modeling on this would be of importance to further understand the system.Even if there is data uncertainty and the model present weaknesses, the approach used for modeling the Chilean dwelling stock allows for a systematic view of the effects earthquakes on the system. The building sector is an important contributor of CO2 emissions. A detailed carbon analysis for the future development of the building stock is then relevant to this study. However, considering the time constraints, this research has focused on the modeling of the building stock including earthquake activity and an overall energy assessment of it. A simplified carbon analysis was left out due to the fact that by considering a constant emission factor the analysis of the trends of CO2 emissions would be equivalent to the analysis of the energy model.

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11

Sartori, Igor. "Modelling energy demand in the Norwegian building stock." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2332.

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Energy demand in the building stock in Norway represents about 40% of the final energy consumption, of which 22% goes to the residential sector and 18% to the service sector. In Norway there is a strong dependency on electricity for heating purposes, with electricity covering about 80% of the energy demand in buildings. The building sector can play an important role in the achievement of a more sustainable energy system. The work performed in the articles presented in this thesis investigates various aspects related to the energy demand in the building sector, both in singular cases and in the stock as a whole. The work performed in the first part of this thesis on development and survey of case studies provided background knowledge that was then used in the second part, on modelling the entire stock.

In the first part, a literature survey of case studies showed that, in a life cycle perspective, the energy used in the operating phase of buildings is the single most important factor. Design of low-energy buildings is then beneficial and should be pursued, even though it implies a somewhat higher embodied energy.

A case study was performed on a school building. First, a methodology using a Monte Carlo method in the calibration process was explored. Then, the calibrated model of the school was used to investigate measures for the achievement of high energy efficiency standard through renovation work.

In the second part, a model was developed to study the energy demand in a scenario analysis. The results showed the robustness of policies that included conservation measures against the conflicting effects of the other policies. Adopting conservation measures on a large scale showed the potential to reduce both electricity and total energy demand from present day levels while the building stock keeps growing. The results also highlighted the inertia to change of the building stock, due to low activity levels compared to the stock size. It also became clear that a deeper understanding of the stock dynamics was needed as a precondition for addressing energy demand in a more consistent way.

A methodology was developed for assessing in a coherent way both the stock and the building activities, i.e. construction, renovation and demolition. This methodology applies only to the residential stock. The analysis showed that in the coming decades renovation is likely to overtake construction as the major activity in the Norwegian residential stock.

Finally, the two models, the energy model and the activity model, were merged to perform an integrated analysis of the energy demand at a regional level. The result showed how considering the stock dynamics have a great impact in determining the effectiveness of a policy.

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12

Berg, Fredrik. "Categorising a historic building stock - an interdisciplinary approach." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Konstvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259149.

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The EU Directive for building energy performance requires all member states to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the existing building stock. A key instrument in achieving this is using building stock modelling as a tool for planning and development of policies. But since the building stock as a whole is a complex element to study, new interdisciplinary methods are required to facilitate a sustainable management of the built heritage. Moreover, as the goal of energy conservation is brought into a supposed conflict with the built heritage, the field of integrated conservation has a responsibility to be a part of the development of such methods. This thesis accordingly investigates state-of-the-art building stock models from several disciplines with the aim of developing a new method for categorising historic building stocks. The historic buildings in the case study of World Heritage Site Visby, Sweden, were surveyed and triangulated using e.g. on-site inspections, digital cadastre maps, the national EPC database and existing inventories, ultimately leading to 1048 buildings from before 1945 being included in a new inventory. This inventory, along with tools acquired from previous buildings stock models, enabled an iterative process to develop and validate the new categorisation method. The proposed method itself is based on the principal idea of categorisation where the building stock is represented by a limited number of categories which allow for further typology investigations, e.g. energy modelling, and extrapolation back to district level. The results show that the building stock can be represented by nine physical categories covering 86 % of the total number of buildings, and 70 % of the entire building volume. To encompass aspects regarding cultural heritage significance, the respective historic character of the buildings are assessed and described by combining statistical information and the Conservation plan of Visby. In all, the method shows to provide a supportive platform for investigations of a trade-off between energy conservation on one hand and building conservation on the other.
EFFESUS
Spara och Bevara

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13

Li, Meng M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "An optimal stock building strategy in a manufacturing company." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42323.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 54).
This thesis aims to tackle a demand seasonality problem by building either work-in-process inventory or finished goods inventory before the peak season. A linear programming algorithm is developed to determine the optimal way for stock building in order to satisfy the demand with minimum inventory holding cost. An optimization software ILOG OPL Studio 5.1 is used to solve the LP model to optimality within several seconds. The purpose of the analysis is three fold: (1) to identify the bottleneck processes where the capacities fall short of demand; (2) to generate the optimal stock building policy that minimizes the inventory holding cost; (3) to derive a cost-efficient executable production plan with consideration of the operating labor cost. The strategy outlined can be applied easily in actual manufacturing. This efficient and robust model can be used to obtain optimal stock building policy with various demand and capacity scenarios. It can be a useful tool for the company to develop stock building strategy for future demand with improved installed capacity. Key words: Optimization, linear programming, inventory building policy Disclaimer: Theeontent of the thesis is modified to protect the real identity of the attachment company. Company name and confidential information are omitted.
by Meng Li.
M.Eng.

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14

Valnek, Tomas. "Essays on mutual and stock financial intermediaries." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363023.

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15

Hasdemir, Berna. "Analysis Of Existing Building Stock According To Mitigation Plan Objectives." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611563/index.pdf.

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Earthquakes in Turkey, among all natural disasters claim the highest losses in terms of human lives, material and economic assets. Most of the lives are lost within the collapsed buildings, and most of the material and economic losses are again directly related to the functional capacities of the building stock. The method of risk assessment in the existing building stock is therefore an essential step in the maintenance of safer urban environments. Analysis of risks in the building stock is usually claimed to demand surveys of engineering studies. Yet risk determination studies by planners could prove not only a more comprehensive approach, but less time consuming and cheaper. As carried out by engineers, most of safety studies in the building stock are directly related with estimating the probability of collapse and damage in individual buildings. It is necessary to recognize the need for analysis of the building stock not only in terms of structural robustness, but as part of a mitigation plan, taking into consideration all sources of hazards and the urban pattern, densities, landuse, forms of ownership, social features, management capacities, and local opportunities. Risky buildings determined by a simple set of criteria within a comprehensive planning context are comparatively explored in this study to observe the level of fit with those determined by engineering surveys. The case of Fatih District in Istanbul provides an opportunity to carry out comparative analyses. It indicates that a &lsquo
perfect fit&rsquo
can not be achieved if for nothing but due to the disregard of multi-hazard areas, hazardous activities and other vulnerabilities like timber buildings other than reinforced concrete in the district by the engineering survey. Several trials indicated that there is a trade-off between ratio of fit and the total volume of relative vulnerability assumed. Ratios like 70% or more could make the planning approach a preferable method owing to its nature of least time-consuming and costly alternative in the determination of what constitutes risk in any urban area. Ultimate assessment could be made with the occurance of the earthquake itself.

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16

Schreiner, David. "Cyberbranding of Swedish Stock Photography Agencies." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1268.

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This study intends to find out how Swedish stock photography agencies use the Internet and specifically their websites as tools for building their brands.

Lately more and more specialized stock agencies are emerging and due to the digital revolution these agencies are almost solely Internet based. Thus online-branding tools and strategies are especially important in order to survive in this competitive market. Even though there are plenty of dot-com companies out there running an Internet-only stock agency is a rather new way of conducting business. Thus the author is of the opinion that there is a limited research on the subject.

A qualitative research method was chosen as the research problem demanded in-depth information in order to reveal the studied area. Three stock agencies, Folio, Miro and Picturo, were sampled and in order to obtain the necessary information telephone interviews were conducted.

According to existing marketing literature the theory section is built up of the three basic foundations: Brand building, the Internet and One-to-one marketing.

Moreover the theory chapter in this study intends to function as a framework in the process of gaining new information about this business area. That is also the reason why the study is built up on an inductive scientific approach without testing an already existing theory model.

The analysis concludes that none of the examined companies utilizes the power of the Internet and its features to a satisfying extent. Partly they do not even provide standard tools and thus creating a strong bond between the company and the customer is made difficult. The author argues that in order to become an innovative and dynamic company it is crucial to have an effective, well-designed and easy to use website. Hence it is not only important to have an esthetical appealing site but also one that provides a high level of service and one-to-one tools. To be ahead of time as well as to be sensitive for technologies on the rise is especially important for stock agencies, as they now almost solely are web-based. To sum up existing technology should be used to it’s fullest extend in order to create a professional website and strong online-brand building tools.

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17

Fabris, Ian. "Effects of closely-spaced buildings on dispersion of stack exhaust gases." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0001/MQ34360.pdf.

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18

Rit, Martin. "Évaluation du potentiel de rénovation énergétique d'un territoire dans le cadre de démarches de massification." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLM009.

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L'effort de recherche doit se concentrer sur la résolution des problématiques énergétiques à l'échelle mondiale en visant la réduction de la consommation énergétique et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour atténuer l'impact du dérèglement climatique. En 2020, le secteur du bâtiment en France était à l'origine d'environ 45% de la consommation finale d'énergie et de 19% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, constituant un gisement d'économies important.Cette thèse explore la rénovation énergétique du parc bâti résidentiel français, en se concentrant sur l'évaluation des stratégies territoriales à travers la modélisation et l'optimisation. Dans cette optique, ces travaux permettent (1) de caractériser et simuler le parc bâti français à l'aide de données et d'un modèle de simulation énergétique Open Source, (2) de calibrer ce modèle sur les consommations réelles d'électricité et de gaz pour l'ensemble du territoire français, (3) d'optimiser des trajectoires de rénovation énergétique en actionnant des leviers au niveau de chaque bâtiment du territoire et (4) d'appliquer ce modèle à un parc de plusieurs dizaines de milliers de bâtiments à l'aide d'algorithme de clustering. Une analyse de la combinatoire du problème d'optimisation est réalisée, mettant la question de la dimensionnalité des solutions de rénovations, de la granularité temporelle dans l'optimisation et du nombre de contraintes au cœur de ce travail.La méthode développée dans ces travaux a été appliquée pour discuter la pertinence de plans climats définis dans différentes agglomérations françaises pour atteindre la Stratégie Nationale Bas Carbone en 2050. Les résultats issus de cette étude ont fourni une évaluation chiffrée des investissements nécessaires et des subventions publiques à octroyer dans ces grandes villes, ainsi qu'un calendrier pour la réalisation des travaux de rénovation en fonction des différents types de bâtiments. Cette thèse propose ainsi un outil d'aide à la décision, utilisable pour un grand nombre de bâtiments (plusieurs milliers), indépendamment de leur localisation géographique en France et avec une méthode réplicable et transparente
Research efforts must focus on resolving energy issues on a global scale, with the aim of reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in order to mitigate the impact of climate change. In 2020, the building sector in France was responsible for around 45% of final energy consumption and 19% of greenhouse gas emissions, representing amajor source of savings.This thesis explores the energy renovation of the French residential building stock, focusing on the evaluation of territorial strategies through modelling and optimisation.With this in mind, the work involves (1) characterising and simulating the French building stock using data and an Open Source energy simulation model, (2) calibrating this model on actual electricity and gas consumption for the whole of France, (3) optimising energy renovation trajectories by activating levers at the level of each building in the territory and (4) applying this model to a stock of several tens of thousands of buildings using clustering algorithms. An analysis of the combinatorics of the optimisation problem is carried out, placing the question of the dimensionality of the renovation solutions, the temporal granularity of the optimisation and the number of constraints at the heart of this work.The method developed in this work was applied to discuss the relevance of climate plans defined in various French conurbations for achieving the National Low Carbon Strategy in 2050. The results of this study provided a quantified assessment of the investments required and the public subsidies to be granted in these major cities, as well as a timetable for carrying out the renovation work according to the different types of building. This thesis proposes a decision-making tool that can be used for a large number of buildings (several thousand), regardless of their geographical location in France, and with a replicable and transparent method

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19

Smith, Stefan Thor. "Modelling thermal loads for a non-domestic building stock : associating a priori probability with building form and construction : using building control laws and regulations." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10895/.

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Building Energy Assessment at stock level is an important task in identifying the best strategies for achieving a more energy efficient and low carbon society. Non-domestic buildings are identified to make up 17% of total energy consumption in England and Wales and 19% of CO2 emissions. To understand the energy requirement of the non-domestic stock, large scale (empirically based) energy surveying has been carried out namely in the Non-Domestic Building Stock project and Carbon Reductions in Buildings project. It is recognised that building energy surveys are difficult to carry out; expensive on time, technical resources, and metered energy use is (on a large scale) necessarily crude. With improving computer ability, dynamic energy modelling tools allow for detailed assessment of building energy use and comfort performance. Using Monte Carlo simulation a method of assessing the probable variability in non-domestic building thermal energy loads was developed. The method was developed to capture the heterogeneity in non-domestic buildings at national stock level and determine how stock level physical form variations impact thermal loading. Non-domestic building form and surrounding topography are considered to be influenced by building control laws and building regulations. Control documentation often stipulates guidelines and best practice - hence building heterogeneity. As such, historical regulations were used to develop basic probability distributions of potential physical characteristics associated with non-domestic buildings. Stating that form and site characteristics are randomly determined from the defined probability distributions, a stochastic modelling process to represent thermal variation in a building stock was developed. This provided potential for categorising building thermal performance by period of construction. The model utilised a dynamic simulation model as a 'black-box' for predicting base thermal loads.

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20

Sandels, Claes. "Modeling and Simulation of Electricity Consumption Profiles in the Northern European Building Stock." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-184093.

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The electric power systems are currently being transformed through the integration of intermittent renewable energy resources and new types of electric loads. These developments run the risk of increasing mismatches between electricity supply and demand, and may cause non-favorable utilization rates of some power system components. Using Demand Response (DR) from flexible loads in the building stock is a promising solution to overcome these challenges for electricity market actors. However, as DR is not used at a large scale today, there are validity concerns regarding its cost-benefit and reliability when compared to traditional investment options in the power sector, e.g. network refurbishment. To analyze the potential in DR solutions, bottom-up simulation models which capture consumption processes in buildings is an alternative. These models must be simple enough to allow aggregations of buildings to be instantiated and at the same time intricate enough to include variations in individual behaviors of end-users. This is done so the electricity market actor can analyze how large volumes of flexibility acts in various market and power system operation contexts, but also can appreciate how individual end-users are affected by DR actions in terms of cost and comfort. The contribution of this thesis is bottom-up simulation models for generating load profiles in detached houses and office buildings. The models connect end-user behavior with the usage of appliances and hot water loads through non-homogenous Markov chains, along with physical modeling of the indoor environment and consumption of heating and cooling loads through lumped capacitance models. The modeling is based on a simplified approach where openly available data and statistics are used, i.e. data that is subject to privacy limitations, such as smart meter measurements are excluded. The models have been validated using real load data from detached houses and office buildings, related models in literature, along with energy-use statistics from national databases. The validation shows that the modeling approach is sound and can provide reasonably accurate load profiles as the error results are in alignment with related models from other research groups. This thesis is a composite thesis of five papers. Paper 1 presents a bottom-up simulation model to generate load profiles from space heating, hot water and appliances in detached houses. Paper 2 presents a data analytic framework for analyzing electricity-use from heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) loads and appliance loads in an office building. Paper 3 presents a non-homogeneous Markov chain model to simulate representative occupancy profiles in single office rooms. Paper 4 utilizes the results in paper 2 and 3 to describe a bottom-up simulation model that generates load profiles in office buildings including HVAC loads and appliances. Paper 5 uses the model in paper 1 to analyze the technical feasibility of using DR to solve congestion problems in a distribution grid.
Integrering av förnybara energikällor och nya typer av laster i de elektriska energisystemen är möjliga svar till klimatförändringar och uttömning av ändliga naturresurser. Denna integration kan dock öka obalanserna mellan utbud och efterfrågan av elektricitet, och orsaka en ogynnsam utnyttjandegrad av vissa kraftsystemkomponenter. Att använda efterfrågeflexibilitet (Demand Response) i byggnadsbeståndet är en möjlig lösning till dessa problem för olika elmarknadsaktörer. Men eftersom efterfrågeflexibilitet inte används i stor skala idag finns det obesvarade frågor gällande lösningens kostnadsnytta och tillförlitlighet jämfört med traditionella investeringsalternativ i kraftsektorn. För att analysera efterfrågeflexibilitetslösningar är botten-upp-simuleringsmodeller som fångar elförbrukningsprocesser i byggnaderna ett alternativ. Dessa modeller måste vara enkla nog för att kunna representera aggregeringar av många byggnader men samtidigt tillräckligt komplicerade för att kunna inkludera unika slutanvändarbeteenden. Detta är nödvändigt när elmarknadsaktören vill analysera hur stora volymer efterfrågeflexibilitet påverkar elmarknaden och kraftsystemen, men samtidigt förstå hur styrningen inverkar på den enskilda slutanvändaren. Bidraget från denna avhandling är botten-upp-simuleringsmodeller för generering av elförbrukningsprofiler i småhus och kontorsbyggnader. Modellerna kopplar slutanvändarbeteende med elförbrukning från apparater och varmvattenanvändning tillsammans med fysikaliska modeller av värmedynamiken i byggnaderna. Modellerna är byggda på en förenklad approach som använder öppen data och statistisk, där data som har integritetsproblem har exkluderats. Simuleringsresultat har validerats mot elförbrukningsdata från småhus och kontorsbyggnader, relaterade modeller från andra forskargrupper samt energistatistik från nationella databaser. Valideringen visar att modellerna kan generera elförbrukningsprofiler med rimlig noggrannhet. Denna avhandling är en sammanläggningsavhandling bestående av fem artiklar. Artikel 1 presenterar botten-upp-simuleringsmodellen för genereringen av elförbrukningsprofiler från uppvärmning, varmvatten och apparater i småhus. Artikel 2 presenterar ett dataanalytiskt ramverk för analys av elanvändningen från uppvärmning, ventilation, och luftkonditioneringslaster (HVAC) och apparatlaster i en kontorsbyggnad. Artikel 3 presenterar en icke-homogen Markovkedjemodell för simulering av representativa närvaroprofiler i enskilda kontorsrum. Artikel 4 använder resultaten i artiklarna 2 och 3 för att beskriva en botten-upp-simuleringsmodell för generering av elförbrukningsprofiler från HVAC-laster och apparater i kontorsbyggnader. Artikel 5 använder modellen i artikel 1 för att analysera den tekniska möjligheten att använda efterfrågeflexibilitet för att lösa överbelastningsproblem i ett eldistributionsnät.

QC 20160329

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21

Wong, Siu. "Investigating the performance of drainage stack of high rise buildings in Hong Kong." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/62512/.

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The design and proper operation on the above-ground drainage systems can be challenging in a densely populated city like Hong Kong. Discharge loading imposed to a single vertical stack can be large enough that those systems without a proper design, installation or maintenance would suffer problems such as backflow of foul water, contaminated foul air, or even soil waste to the sanitary fitments at lower floors. Any of these nuisances can be regarded as failure because the soil and waste water cannot be properly disposed away from a building. The risk of such a failure would be higher in densely occupied tall buildings. SARS outbreak in 2003 revealed that the consequence of failing to properly manage the drainage system can be as serious as a fatal disaster. The contaminated aerosols, with water droplets with the microorganisms are fatal to human like the SARS virus since it will flow back to the living environment. This research aims at proposing advanced design and monitoring practices upon the drainage system and its components, to minimize the risk of failure and nuisances occurrence. A brief review on several types of failure will be gone through. Besides, a simulation model has been established to predict the air pressure in drainage system. The result will be compared with those from real 1:1 test-rig experiments. This assists the development of innovative inventions of system components such as 8S twin drainage stack which is designed to self-balance air pressure generated by falling water discharge in drainage stack. It ensures better protection of water seal in traps. Smart trap is available to enlarge retention time of water seal due to evaporation. Regarding the management of existing installed drainage system, a protocol has been proposed to troubleshoot the nuisances. It includes remote-control air pressure monitoring and statistical analysis with the development of probability density functions to decide future remedial engineering measures. All of these are integrated as a risk management model aimed to reduce the risk of occurrence of the nuisances.

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22

Täljsten, David. "Exploring procedural generation of buildings." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20639.

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This thesis explores the procedural generation of 3D buildings from the ﬂoor plan all the way to the fa¸cade and building’s details such as doors, windows, and roof. Through this, the study explores several techniques and approaches to create diﬀerent layers of the building generation pipeline. The focus is on implementing a set of algorithms that, when running sequentially, are able to create complete 3D buildings in a short time (so they can be used in online generation), could be used in any open-world game, and with a limited count of triangles per building. Furthermore, the tool provides a clear and easy-to-use interface for designers in Unity, where they can interact with the multiple parameters of each building layer, giving designers a high degree of controllability. The tool is evaluated using the resulting buildings based on diﬀerent metrics and how individual changes to diﬀerent parameter starting from a template aﬀect the output of the generator in terms of the metrics and the resulting building. The result from the analysis show that the polygon mathematics is well suited for generating 3D buildings for games.

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23

Jack, Lynne B. "An investigation and analysis of the air pressure regime within building drainage vent systems." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/699.

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24

Luque, Lucio. "Optimisation before growth: New property formations for a resource-efficient use of the existing building stock." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-241145.

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The building industry accounts for around one third of the total energy use and GHG emissions in Sweden. Despite the implementation of energy efficiency measures focusing on new buildings, embodied impacts from material extraction, manufacturing, construction and maintenance have grown in significant proportions. While cities like Stockholm are currently experiencing a strong demographic growth and a high pressure on the supply of new spaces and facilities for new residents, national environmental goals aim to reduce energy use and GHG emissions in the coming decades. For instance, the new Climate Act in Sweden expects the country to become carbon neutral by 2045 and the European Commission urges the decarbonisation of national building stocks by 2050. The dual pressure of growth and environmental targets urges the exploration of alternatives for the supply and use of space. In fact, some sources indicate that many spaces remain unused during several hours a day/week and estimations show that most of the buildings that will be in use in 2050 have already been built today. This study explores the potential for a resource-efficient use of space in the existing building stock in Stockholm, leading to a positive impact on the reduction of energy consumption and GHG emissions. The inquiry is conducted with a mixed methods approach in three sequential steps: the identification of relevant stakeholders, instruments and initiatives; the analysis of use of space in a sample of commercial spaces at the street level; and the formulation of strategies allowing an increase in their temporal and spatial capacity. The study suggests that one way to optimise the use of space in existing buildings is to create new property rights. Specifically, it illustrates how merging commercial spaces on the street level through the constitution of 3D properties can increase the capacity to accommodate activities in space and time. Together with digitalisation and the development of new services based on sharing solutions, this opens up new possibilities for decreasing new construction and to absorb new demands for heated floor area.

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25

MARKU, Aguljeln. "SUSTAINABILITY : Low-cost strategies for renovation of Residential Building Stock of the 70s-80s in Albania." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2485794.

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Nel 21° secolo, la parola più usata era sostenibilità. Questo perché uno dei problemi principali della ns secolo è il cambiamento climatico, causato principalmente dalle emissioni di carbonio. D'altra parte, il le emissioni di carbonio sono causate dall'uso di energia. La riduzione della domanda del consumo di energia sarebbe impatto sul cambiamento climatico. La maggior parte del consumo di energia proviene dagli edifici. i nuovi edifici, a causa delle nuove normative energetiche europee, sono molto efficaci nel loro utilizzo energetico. il problema principale di utilizzare tale efficienza energetica deriva dagli edifici esistenti. secondo il BPIE. edifici esistenti contengono un enorme potenziale di risparmio energetico. Pertanto, è un must nel retrofit di questi edifici per quanto riguarda il loro consumo energetico. Il focus della tesi sta nel trovare diverse misure per una ristrutturazione totale del patrimonio edilizio esistente. Queste misure possono aiutare a migliorare le prestazioni energetiche e sismiche. gli interventi verranno effettuati in l'isolamento dell'edificio nella tecnica dell'edificio poi e anche nella muratura dell'edificio muro resistente. anche, verranno discusse le possibilità di integrazione dei due tipi di retrofit. deve essere menzionato questo edificio, vive una popolazione a basso reddito, quindi le misure di adeguamento devono soddisfare il minimo requisiti, pur essendo conveniente. ci sono diverse misure di retrofit che ne sono state adottate un'altra paese e hanno avuto successo. tuttavia, ci sono diverse difficoltà e barriere nel migliorare l'energia e sismica eseguono risposta di costruzione. tali possono essere le misure tecniche, i problemi di proprietà, politiche di governo e soprattutto costi. Il retrofit di edifici esistenti è una delle realtà dell'Unione Europea. la maggior parte di questi esistenti gli edifici sono edifici plurifamiliari. Prima che anche il miglioramento sismico delle prestazioni sia molto importante, poiché in caso di terremoto causerebbe molti Danni, comprese vite umane. L'Albania è un paese del terzo mondo, quindi il problema principale per il retrofit sarà l'aspetto economico.
In the 21st century, the most used word was sustainability. That is because one of the main problems of our century is the climate change, which is caused mostly by the carbon emissions. On the other hand, the carbon emissions are cause by the use of energy. The reduce demand of the energy consumption Would impact in the climate change. The most part of the energy use comes from the buildings. the new buildings, because of the new European energy regulations, are very effective in their energy use. the main problem of using that energy efficiency comes from the existing buildings. according to the BPIE. existing buildings contain a huge potential in the energy savings. Therefore, it is a must in retrofitting these buildings regarding their energy use. The focus of the thesis lies of finding different measures for a total renovation of the existing building stock. These measures can help improve the energy and the seismic performance. interventions will be done in the building insulation in the building technical then and also in the building masonry resisting wall. also, will be discussion about the possibilities of integrating the two types of retrofits. it must be mentioning this building, live a low-income population, therefore the retrofit measures must fulfil the minimum requirements, while being cost-effective. there are several retrofit measures that have been adopted another country and have been successful. yet, there are several difficulties and barriers in improving the energy and seismic perform answer of building. such can be the technical measures, ownership problems, government politics and mostly costs. Retrofitting existing buildings is one of the realities of the European Union. the most part of these existing buildings are multi-family buildings. Before also the seismic improving performance is very important, since in an event of an earthquake it would cause a lot of Damages, including human lives. Albanian is a third world country, therefore the main issue for the retrofit will be the economy aspect.

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26

Rao, Jyothi G. "A Theoretical Model And Empirical Analysis Of Components Of Spread In Over The Counter Exchange Of India." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2001. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/267.

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Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) was established in 1992 mainly to provide a platform for small and medium sized companies to raise money for their capital requirements. It is a well defined dealer market with market makers giving bid and ask quotes. It was established with state-of-the art technology with ringless, scripless trading. In this study, we develop a theoretical model to decompose spread into its three components in a dealer market. This model is further empirically examined by using OTCEI data. We find that Inventory holding cost to be the highest on OTCEI followed by Adverse Information cost and Order Processing cost. The result reflects market microstructure which is peculiar to OTCEI. The methodology developed in this study is basically a generalization of S toll's (1989) methodology. . Roll(1984) shows that in a pure order processing world, spread equals the square root of negative of serial covariances of successive differences of transaction prices. Stoll (1989) relates spread to the covariance of successive difference of transaction prices and that of the quotes. Stoll introduces two parameters, 5, which is a measure of magnitude of price change and JI, the probability of reversal of type of transaction, that is, from Bid to Ask or vice-versa, to model the Bid/Ask price movements from one transaction to the next. Thus Stoll, from this model, establishes a theoretical relationship between serial covariances of successive differences of transaction and quote returns and spread. 5 and n are estimated via regression of serial covariances of transaction and quote, returns on average proportional spread square. With these two parameters, Stoll finally decomposes spread into three components. δ, is the amount of price change between transactions for two reasons- Inventory holding reason and adverse information reason. Stoll explains these price changes due to two reasons with just one parameter, 5. This forms the main motivation of this study. In our study, we let 8 assume two different values, 5i and 82 which attempts to capture the price changes due to the two different causes viz inventory holding and adverse information. It is convenient to think of these two S's being associated with two different states of transactions. However, these states themselves are indeterminate . In other words, the price change could be due to inventory reasons, or due to trading with an informed trader, or due to both. Thus, while Stoll assumes only one 8, in our study, we have two different values of 8. Thus, with three parameters, 81, 82 and n, this study attempts to estimate the relevant parameters and realistically decompose the three components of spread in a dealer market. Just like Stoll, the developed theoretical model also relates serial covariances of transaction price changes and quoted price changes to spread square. However, unlike Stoll, now there are 3 parameters, namely, 5j, 82 and n. As it is impossible to solve three unknowns with just two equations, it becomes necessary to introduce one more equation relating the three parameters to the spread. It is here that we introduce, for the first time, the serial covariance of the second order differences of the transaction price changes, which is related to spread via an equation. Intuitively, we can explain this relationship using Roll's result. Roll(1984) has shown that spread equals square root of the negative serial covariances of transaction price changes in a pure order processing world. Since the second order difference is nothing but the rate of price changes, it also must be related to spread, since the price change themselves are related to it, empirically, we find that spread square significantly affects the serial covariance of second order difference of price changes as well. Besides explaining the price changes with just one 5, Stoll's method of decomposition is not realistic. Though his method of decomposition does yield three components of spread, in reality, it lumps Adverse information cost and Inventory holding cost together. In our study, we make use of the state-of-the art Huang and Stoll's (1997) methodology of decomposition of spread. We first embed the developed theoretical price-movement model into that of Huang and S toll's this yields a functional relationship between 5i and 52 and a and |3 of Huang and Stoll, which directly refers to the adverse information and inventory holding components respectively. Thus, in our study, we realistically decompose the components of spread and OTCEI and empirically too, we find that the components estimated from our methodology does reflect the market microstructure of OTCEI. Apart from developing and empirically testing the theoretical model, we also see if it fits the observed data on OTCEI. We find that the theoretical model does not exactly conform to the observed data in OTCEI, necessitating some empirical fine-tuning. We build an empirical model which is again used to get the three components of spread. We also estimate components of spread in OTCEI using Stoll's and Huang and Stoll's methodology and we compare them with the estimates obtained using our methodology. We find that Stoll's methodology overstates the Adverse information component of spread and understates the inventory holding component of spread and Huang and Stoll's methodology and Our methodology and model yields estimates of components of spread which is more in tune with the market micros tructure of OTCEI. The estimates obtained from empirical model too conforms to the market microstructure of OTCEI.

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27

Rao, Jyothi G. "A Theoretical Model And Empirical Analysis Of Components Of Spread In Over The Counter Exchange Of India." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/267.

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Анотація:

Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) was established in 1992 mainly to provide a platform for small and medium sized companies to raise money for their capital requirements. It is a well defined dealer market with market makers giving bid and ask quotes. It was established with state-of-the art technology with ringless, scripless trading. In this study, we develop a theoretical model to decompose spread into its three components in a dealer market. This model is further empirically examined by using OTCEI data. We find that Inventory holding cost to be the highest on OTCEI followed by Adverse Information cost and Order Processing cost. The result reflects market microstructure which is peculiar to OTCEI. The methodology developed in this study is basically a generalization of S toll's (1989) methodology. . Roll(1984) shows that in a pure order processing world, spread equals the square root of negative of serial covariances of successive differences of transaction prices. Stoll (1989) relates spread to the covariance of successive difference of transaction prices and that of the quotes. Stoll introduces two parameters, 5, which is a measure of magnitude of price change and JI, the probability of reversal of type of transaction, that is, from Bid to Ask or vice-versa, to model the Bid/Ask price movements from one transaction to the next. Thus Stoll, from this model, establishes a theoretical relationship between serial covariances of successive differences of transaction and quote returns and spread. 5 and n are estimated via regression of serial covariances of transaction and quote, returns on average proportional spread square. With these two parameters, Stoll finally decomposes spread into three components. δ, is the amount of price change between transactions for two reasons- Inventory holding reason and adverse information reason. Stoll explains these price changes due to two reasons with just one parameter, 5. This forms the main motivation of this study. In our study, we let 8 assume two different values, 5i and 82 which attempts to capture the price changes due to the two different causes viz inventory holding and adverse information. It is convenient to think of these two S's being associated with two different states of transactions. However, these states themselves are indeterminate . In other words, the price change could be due to inventory reasons, or due to trading with an informed trader, or due to both. Thus, while Stoll assumes only one 8, in our study, we have two different values of 8. Thus, with three parameters, 81, 82 and n, this study attempts to estimate the relevant parameters and realistically decompose the three components of spread in a dealer market. Just like Stoll, the developed theoretical model also relates serial covariances of transaction price changes and quoted price changes to spread square. However, unlike Stoll, now there are 3 parameters, namely, 5j, 82 and n. As it is impossible to solve three unknowns with just two equations, it becomes necessary to introduce one more equation relating the three parameters to the spread. It is here that we introduce, for the first time, the serial covariance of the second order differences of the transaction price changes, which is related to spread via an equation. Intuitively, we can explain this relationship using Roll's result. Roll(1984) has shown that spread equals square root of the negative serial covariances of transaction price changes in a pure order processing world. Since the second order difference is nothing but the rate of price changes, it also must be related to spread, since the price change themselves are related to it, empirically, we find that spread square significantly affects the serial covariance of second order difference of price changes as well. Besides explaining the price changes with just one 5, Stoll's method of decomposition is not realistic. Though his method of decomposition does yield three components of spread, in reality, it lumps Adverse information cost and Inventory holding cost together. In our study, we make use of the state-of-the art Huang and Stoll's (1997) methodology of decomposition of spread. We first embed the developed theoretical price-movement model into that of Huang and S toll's this yields a functional relationship between 5i and 52 and a and |3 of Huang and Stoll, which directly refers to the adverse information and inventory holding components respectively. Thus, in our study, we realistically decompose the components of spread and OTCEI and empirically too, we find that the components estimated from our methodology does reflect the market microstructure of OTCEI. Apart from developing and empirically testing the theoretical model, we also see if it fits the observed data on OTCEI. We find that the theoretical model does not exactly conform to the observed data in OTCEI, necessitating some empirical fine-tuning. We build an empirical model which is again used to get the three components of spread. We also estimate components of spread in OTCEI using Stoll's and Huang and Stoll's methodology and we compare them with the estimates obtained using our methodology. We find that Stoll's methodology overstates the Adverse information component of spread and understates the inventory holding component of spread and Huang and Stoll's methodology and Our methodology and model yields estimates of components of spread which is more in tune with the market micros tructure of OTCEI. The estimates obtained from empirical model too conforms to the market microstructure of OTCEI.

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28

Zhao, Fei. "Agent-based modeling of commercial building stocks for energy policy and demand response analysis." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43704.

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Managing a sustainable built environment with a large number of buildings rests on the ability to assess and improve the performance of the building stock over time. Building stock models are cornerstones to the assessment of the combined impact of energy-related building interventions across different spatial and temporal scales. However, such models, particularly those accounting for both physical formulation and social behaviors of the underlying buildings, are still in their infancy. This research strives to more thoroughly examine how buildings perform aggregately in energy usage by focusing on how to tackled three major technical challenges: (1) quantifying building energy performance in an objective and scalable manner, (2) mapping building stock model space to real-world data space, and (3) quantifying and evaluating energy intervention behaviors of a building stock. This thesis hypothesizes that a new paradigm of aggregation of large-scale building stocks can lead to (1) an accurate and efficient intervention analysis model and (2) a functionally comprehensive decision support tool for building stock energy intervention analysis. Specifically, this thesis presents three methodologies. To address the first challenge, this thesis develops a normative building physical energy model that can rapidly estimate single building energy performance with respect to its design and operational characteristics. To address the second challenge, the thesis proposes a statistical procedure using regression and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling techniques that inverse-estimate building parameters based on building stock energy consumption survey data. The outcomes of this statistical procedure validate the approach of using prototypical buildings for two types of intervention analysis: energy retrofit and demand response. These two cases are implemented in an agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) framework to tackle the third challenge. This thesis research contributes to the body of knowledge pertaining to building energy modeling beyond the single building scale. The proposed framework can be used by energy policy makers and utilities for the evaluation of energy retrofit incentives and demand-response program economics.

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29

Mistry, Dilip. "Building a Predictive Model on State of Good Repair by Machine Learning Algorithm on Public Transportation Rolling Stock." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28754.

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Achieving and maintaining public transportation rolling stocks in a state of good repair is very crucial to provide safe and reliable services to riders. Besides, transit agencies who seek federal grants must keep their transit assets in a state of good repair. Therefore, transit agencies need an intelligent predictive model for analyzing their transportation rolling stocks, finding out the current condition, and predicting when they need to be replaced or rehabilitated. Since many transit agencies do not have good analytical tools for predicting the service life of vehicles, this simple predictive model would be a valuable resource for their state of good repair needs and their prioritization of capital needs for replacement and rehabilitation. The ability to accurately predict the service life of revenue vehicles is crucial achieving the state of good repair. In this dissertation, three unique tree-based ensemble learning methods have been applied to build three predictive models. The machine learning methods used in this dissertation are random forest regression, gradient boosting regression, and decision tree regression. After evaluation and comparison of the performance results amongst all models, the gradient boosting regression model with the top 30 most important features was found to be the best fit for predicting the service life of transit vehicles. This model can be used to predict the projected retired year for all nationwide vehicles in operation, the single transit agency?s transit vehicle, and any single vehicle. The revenue vehicle inventory data from National Transit Database (NTD) has been used to build the machine learning predictive model. Before feeding the data into the model, a variety of new features were created, missing data were fixed, and extreme values or outliers were handled for the machine learning algorithm.

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30

Eixenberger, Joseph G. "Seismic Analysis of and Provisions for Dry-Stack Concrete Masonry Wall Systems with Surface Bond in Low-Rise Buildings." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6547.

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Masonry is one of the oldest forms of construction materials that is still in use today. However, construction practices in the modern age demand faster and more economical practices. Dry-stack masonry, or masonry that doesn't use mortar to bind the blocks together, is a unique system to make masonry more economical. Though several systems of dry-stack masonry have been suggested little to no data exists as most of these systems are patented. This research used dry-stacked normal weight concrete masonry units with an eccentrically placed reinforcement. The wall system is connected through a surface bond and lacks any geometric connection. Previously, research has been conducted on the wall system for its axial compressive capacity, but little information is known about its ability to withstand lateral forces such as earthquakes. Research was conducted on the wall system in order to determine the seismic parameters, including the force reduction factor, overstrength factor, and the displacement amplification factor. To determine these factors the guidelines from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors 2009 were followed. The guidelines are explicit that both experimental data and computer modeling are needed to quantify these parameters. Experimental data was obtained from a diagonal tension test, and an in-plane shear test. The diagonal tensions test provided preliminary values on the shear modulus and shear resistance. The in-plane shear test was of primary interest and what would be used to verify the computer model. Computer modeling of the wall system was accomplished with Vector 2. Initially the computer modeling was done to reproduce experimental data. Then, a parametric study was performed using the model to see what component of the wall most effected its capacity. This analysis showed that the surface bond was the component of the wall that most affects its capacity. Finally, the computer model was run through the FEMA Far-Field earthquake suite to gather data on the strength and ductility. Values of the force reduction factor, overstrength factor, and displacement amplification factor were determined based on the time history analysis and pushover analysis on the computer model.

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31

Lateb, Mohamed. "Numerical study of near-field pollutant dispersion around a building complex emitted from a rooftop stack." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2013. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1251/1/LATEB_Mohamed.pdf.

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Le sujet de la pollution environnementale est d’une importance significative dans la couche limite atmosphérique, particulièrement dans les zones urbaines où elle est l’une des principales sources de la mauvaise qualité de l’air intérieur des habitations due à la contamination au niveau des prises d’air neuf. Dans les centres-villes où le niveau de la pollution de l’air extérieur est relativement élevé, on suppose généralement que la ventilation naturelle est incapable d’assurer une qualité d’air adéquate à l’intérieur des édifices. Par conséquent, les systèmes de ventilation mécaniques et d’air climatisé sont de plus en plus sollicités pour la "purification" de l’air introduit dans le bâtiment (Kukadia and Palmer, 1998). Il est évident que de tels systèmes n’arrivent pas toujours à produire de l’air propre à l’intérieur des édifices car plusieurs sources de pollution existent dans le voisinage extérieur (ex. gaz d’échappement des automobiles, émissions des cheminées de toit, poussières et débris transportés par le vent). Il est donc nécessaire de prendre en compte le contrôle de ces sources polluantes et la compréhension des mécanismes de dispersion en premier lieu afin d’évaluer correctement ces phénomènes nocifs. Cette thèse porte sur la dispersion et le transport des émissions polluantes de cheminée de toit d’un immeuble situé dans le sillage d’une tour voisine obtenus à l’aide de la modélisation numérique. L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’apporter une contribution vers une meilleure modélisation numérique de la dispersion des polluants atmosphériques. Pour ce faire, des expériences menées en soufflerie et sur le terrain ont été numériquement reproduites pour mettre en évidence les incertitudes relatives à la modélisation numérique du phénomène de dispersion. Dans la première étude de cet ouvrage, le comportement du champ de l’écoulement et du champ de concentration a été examiné autour du site considéré à l’aide de différents modèles de turbulence k − ��(c.-à-d. les modèles standard, re-normalization group (RNG) et realizable k − �). Les résultats montrent que le modèle realizable k − � donne de meilleurs résultats, comparés à ceux de la soufflerie, pour de petites hauteurs de cheminée et faibles vitesses d’émission du polluant. Le modèle RNG k − � performe mieux pour de grandes hauteurs de cheminée, quelle que soit la vitesse d’émission du polluant. Cependant, malgré la surestimation de la concentration par le modèle realizable k − �, ce dernier reste le seul capable de reproduirecorrectement l’évolution de la concentration dans la basse région entre les deux immeubles. Se basant sur ce résultat, la deuxième étude est consacrée à la capacité de la CFD à simuler un environnement contrôlé (essais de soufflerie) et non contrôlé (essais de terrain) à l’aide du modèle realizable k − �. Dans cette partie, les différentes étapes principales et nécessaires pour réaliser une étude numérique fiable et consistante de la dispersion sont détaillées. L’étude démontre que la CFD reproduit mieux un environnement contrôlé qu’un environnement non contrôlé. La troisième étude de cet ouvrage examine l’influence de deux paramètres importants reliés à la source de pollution, c.-à-d. la hauteur de cheminée et de la vitesse d’émission du polluant, sur les concentrations mesurées dans une soufflerie. Les résultats indiquent que l’augmentation de la hauteur a un effet similaire à l’augmentation de la vitesse d’émission sur la distribution des concentrations et que la nature de ces effets dépend de la façade de l’immeuble considérée. Par la suite, des recommandations sur les emplacements des entrées d’air frais sont formulées. Dans la dernière étude, le modèle de turbulence instationnaire "detached-eddy simulation" est analysé pour évaluer le champ de l’écoulement et le champ de la dispersion. Les résultats révèlent que la capture des fluctuations de l’écoulement est cruciale pour mieux reproduire la dispersion dans la région du sillage des immeubles. Par conséquent, l’avantage de l’approche instationnaire est illustré comparé aux méthodes tationnaires RANS qui donnent toutefois de bons résultats loin de la source de pollution. Les résultats de cette vaste recherche suggèrent d’exploiter d’avantage la modélisation numérique instationnaire pour les futurs travaux de recherche.

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32

DI, PILLA LORENZA. "A methodology for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of residential building stocks retrofits in Italy and Denmark." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266492.

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Buildings are at the centre of our social and economic activity. Not only do we spend most of our lives in buildings, we also spend most of our money on buildings. The built environment is not only the largest industrial sector in economic terms, it is also the largest in terms of resource flow1. The rising energy costs, the growing concern about environmental issues and the approaching exhaustion of world energy resources are urging the entire European Community and the several national governments to improve energy management. Special attention is usually paid to public administrations, as European and national legislations often point out that these bodies must provide energy efficiency measures, as well as for the reasons mentioned above, also in order to represent an example for the entire community and for citizens as well. But it is also very important to find out how to foster and encourage energy efficiency improvements and saving measures in private dwellings to achieve the double advantage of reducing the global energy consumption level within the private sector and increasing investments, favoring the creation of additional cash flows as well. The possible combination of such multiple benefits makes the building sector a crucial field for policy makers at EU and national levels. Hence a policy framework that supports national markets in unlocking these potentials is strongly needed. With overall European policy aimed at significantly decarbonizing its economy by 80% to 95% by 2050, the building sector must undoubtedly play a key role. And any strategy to tackle the challenge in this field will clearly require both a significant amount of financial investments and long-term political commitments. The main goal of the present research is to propose an optimized methodology and cost effective decision-making process - based on the main facts emerging from the adoption of the key energy policies and financial instruments currently in force at European level (particularly in Italy and Denmark) - also to outline the next policy steps in improving the energy performance of buildings. After a global overview of the policies adopted at European level, the analysis focuses on the two different regulations implemented at the national level by Italy and Denmark. Furthermore, to define the best mixture of energy retrofit measures for the different geographical areas of Italy - applying a methodology based on simple and available data to improve residential buildings' energy efficiency - the work started with the analysis of the several reports produced by ENEA (the Italian Research Agency for Energy Efficiency) since year 2007. These were based on the data collection performed in order to assess the effectiveness of the Italian government’s financial policies established to support energy saving actions in private dwellings. The first steps of such a top-down analysis are then carried out both through manual cost/benefit spreadsheets, as well as with the implementation of a linear programming analysis tool. The study defines different linear programming models, depicting different optimization problems (e.g. energy saving maximization vs. retrofit cost minimization), along with the respective different background scenarios. Such investigations are therefore carried out through the implementation and development of Dantzig's simplex algorithm. Moreover, to carry out a global comparison between the overall Italian and Danish situations, also achieving a deeper single-dwelling-focused analysis, further studies are developed through a Building Energy Optimization tool, implementing the EnergyPlus dynamic energy simulation software. Thence, the research moves on to a more specific analysis, shifting to a bottom-up approach and involving in the enquiry a comparison between the different assessment settings (climatic, political, economic, cultural) depicted both by Italy and Denmark. Two different dwelling models are defined for the above countries, focusing the analysis on those building typologies most representative of such European nations and thence different retrofit solutions are depicted and analyzed. The results obtained by means of this dynamic assessment are then used to group the respective energy savings vs. retrofit cost considerations within a global cost-effectiveness assessment. Finally, some “guidelines” are outlined to address the challenge of renovating the existing building stock, also in order to keep pace with the aims of both the nations and the European Union.

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33

Larsson, Rasmus, and Sebastian Haq. "The dynamics of stock market returns and macroeconomic indicators: An ARDL approach with cointegration." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189993.

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Macroeconomic indicators are amongst the most important and used tools for investors as they provide an outlook for the economy and thus improve the assessment of investments e.g. for asset allocation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the short- and long-run relationship between the US stock market index S&P500 and six selected macroeconomic indicators during different time regimes during 2000-2016. The chosen indicators are Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index and the ISM Manufacturing index as they measure different parts of the economy and are commonly used by investors. We achieve the purpose by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lags model (ARDL) as it has several advantages in relation to comparable time series models. The results show that all indicators except Personal spending are significant in the long-run on the 1-percent level, in at least one time-regime. All indicators have significant results also in the short-run except the Money Supply (M1), depending on which time period that is under investigation. Our conclusion is that our chosen indicators have different characteristics depending on the current dynamics of the stock market, economic state and other related markets. The practical implication for investors is that different indicators are of limited use depending on the current market dynamics and investors must evaluate the underlying premises of the development of the indicator rather than interpreting a specific datapoint.
Makroekonomiska indikatorer är bland de mest viktiga och använda verktygen av investerare eftersom man kan få en överblick av den ekonomiska utvecklingen och således förbättra beslutsunderlaget vid till exempel tillgångsallokering. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka de kort- och långsiktiga förhållandena mellan det amerikanska aktiemarknadsindexet S&P500 och sex utvalda makroekonomiska indikatorer under olika tidsperioder mellan 2000-2016. De valda indikatorerna är Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index och ISM Manufacturing index eftersom de mäter olika delar av ekonomin och används kontinuerligt av investerare. Vi uppnår syftet genom att använda en Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) modell då den har flertalet fördelar i förhållande till jämförbara tidsseriemodeller. Resultaten visar att alla indikatorer utom Personal spending är signifikant på lång sikt på enprocentsnivån, över olika tidsperioder. Alla indikatorer har även signifikanta resultat på kort sikt förutom M1 Money supply, beroende på vilken tidsperiod som studeras. Vår slutsats är att dem valda indikatorerna har olika egenskaper beroende på den aktuella dynamiken i aktiemarknaden, ekonomin eller andra relaterade marknader. Den praktiska konsekvensen för investerare är att eftersom olika indikatorer är av begränsad användning beroende på den rådande marknadsdynamiken, måste investeraren noggrant utvärdera de underliggande villkoren för utvecklingen av en unik indikator snarare än att endast tolka en unik datapunkt.

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34

Hallberg, David, and Erik Renström. "PC Regression, Vector Autoregression, and Recurrent Neural Networks: How do they compare when predicting stock index returns for building efficient portfolios?" Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252557.

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This thesis examines the statistical and economic performance of modeling and predicting equity index returns by application of various statistical models on a set of macroeconomic and financial variables. By combining linear principal component regression, vector autoregressive models, and LSTM neural networks, the authors find that while a majority of the models display high statistical significance, virtually none of them successfully outperform classic portfolio theory on efficient markets in terms of risk-adjusted returns. Several implications are also discussed based on the results.
Detta examensarbete undersöker den statistiska och ekonomiska prestationen i att modellera och prognostisera aktieindexavkastning via applikation av flertalet statistiska modeller på en datamängd bestående av makroekonomiska och finansiella variabler. Genom att kombinera linjär huvudkomponentsregression (principal component analysis), vektorautoregression och den återkopplande neurala nätverksmodellen LSTM finner författarna att även om majoriteten av modellerna påvisar hög statistisk signifikans så överpresterar praktiskt taget ingen av dem mot klassisk portföljteori på effektiva marknader, sett till riskjusterad avkastning. Flera implikationer diskuteras också baserat på resultaten

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35

Behnisch, Martin, and Gotthard Meinel. "Kleinräumige quantitative Abschätzung des deutschen Gebäudebestandes - Ausgangslage und Perspektive." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-152093.

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Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf Ansätze, die der Abschätzung des deutschen Bestandes von Wohn- und Nichtwohngebäuden dienen. Insbesondere werden rasterbasierte Gebäudedaten sowie gemeindescharfe Schätzergebnisse eines bereits etablierten Ansatzes vorgestellt, analysiert und bewertet. In Verbindung mit modernen Daten der amtlichen Geoinformation (Geobasisdaten) zeichnen sich neue, innovative Möglichkeiten ab, um künftig auf kleinräumiger Ebene den Gebäudebestand zu bestimmen. Das Leibniz-Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung (IÖR) verfolgt vor diesem Hintergrund mit dem Projekt „Raumbezogenes Data Mining“ das Ziel, analytische Potenziale und Visualisierungsmöglichkeiten von zeitgemäßen Methoden des Data Mining und der Knowledge Discovery für die Raumforschung zu erschließen und in der Perspektive verborgene planungsrelevante Raummuster und Zusammenhänge im hochdimensionalen Geodatenbestand zu extrahieren.

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Storvolleng, Ragni Kristin. "Dynamics of Energy and Carbon Emissions in Residential Building Stocks : The role of solutions for single-family houses." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26838.

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With an ever increasing global energy consumption associated with Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, energy efficiency is becoming an important concept in most developed countries. In order to meet the future demand, while simultaneously reduce the fossil fuel consumption, both the renewable energy production and energy efficiency need to be increased. Consequentially, a strong focus is placed on energy efficiency within all sectors. Amongst these legislative acts are imposed on the building sector. The objective of the current MSc Thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the long-term dynamics of energy and carbon emissions in the residential building stock. This work is only concerned with single-family dwellings originating from before 1980, with other theses focusing on the rest of the dwelling stock. A three part analysis has been carried out assessing the energy demand, economics and future possible scenarios in the Norwegian dwelling stock. The first part established and examined the energy balance of current dwellings, as well as how it changes due to rehabilitation. An economic analysis was carried out in the second part considering the economics of implementing the rehabilitation measures. Based on the outcome of the economic assessment, some rehabilitation measures were further used in a scenario analysis, providing possible projections of future energy demand and associated emissions, as a result of these rehabilitation measures being implemented.According to the results, rehabilitation of old single-family dwellings managed the TEK 10 standard and further approached Passive House level as long as balanced ventilation was installed. Nevertheless, due to the constructional thermal bridge surcharge factor, which was held constant, Passive House level, was not entirely reached. According to the economic analysis balanced ventilation was profitable with full Passive House rehabilitation, while not with TEK 10 rehabilitation, where the energy savings were not great enough to counterbalance this additional investment. Furthermore, air-to-air heat pumps were profitable for all cases. On the other hand air-to-water heat pumps were not, as these require installment of a waterborne space heating system, which is very expensive. Additionally the electricity price was found to be very influential. For instance, the Base Case Net Present Value (NPV) increased by 37% if the electricity price was doubled throughout the period, and all rehabilitation packages, but one, will become profitable.If zero-energy level was imposed on all rehabilitated buildings the accumulated energy savings would increase with 28% compared to the Base Case situation. However, this is not a very likely scenario, and savings indicated by less ambitious scenarios are 12 – 19%, with accumulated emission saving of up to 7 Mton CO2-eq. Emissions resulting from the building stock was remarkable high compared to other studies, and is due to emission intensities being attributed to both the electricity mix and biomass combustion. The electricity mix was found to have major influence on the emissions resulting from the building sector. Hence, rehabilitation measures lowering the electricity demand will induce the largest emission savings. Furthermore, a preliminary analysis of primary energy showed that taking this into account will increase the energy consumption significantly and the electricity mix chosen will greatly influence the results.

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Miller, Matthew Michael. "Modeling, Designing, Building, and Testing a Microtubular Fuel Cell Stack Power Supply System for Micro Air Vehicle (MAVs)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76880.

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Research and prototyping of a fuel cell stack system for micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) was conducted by Virginia Tech in collaboration with Luna Innovations, Inc, in an effort to replace the lithium battery technology currently powering these devices. Investigation of planar proton exchange membrane (PEM) and direct methanol (DM) fuel cells has shown that these sources of power are viable alternatives to batteries for electronics, computers, and automobiles. However, recent investigation about the use of microtubular fuel cells (MTFCs) suggests that, due to their geometry and active surface areas, they may be more effective as a power source where size is an issue. This research focuses on hydrogen MTFCs and how their size and construction within a stack affects the power output supplied to a MAV, a small unmanned aircraft used by the military for reconnaissance and other purposes. In order to conduct this research effectively, a prototype of a fuel cell stack was constructed given the best cell characteristics investigated, and the overall power generation system to be implemented within the MAV was modeled using a computer simulation program. The results from computer modeling indicate that the MTFC stack system and its balance of system components can eliminate the need for any batteries in the MAV while effectively supplying the power necessary for its operation. The results from the model indicate that a hydrogen storage tank, given that it uses sodium borohydride (NaBH4), can fit inside the fuselage volume of the baseline MAV considered. Results from the computer model also indicate that between 30 and 60 MTFCs are needed to power a MAV for a mission time of one hour to ninety minutes, depending on the operating conditions. In addition, the testing conducted on the MTFCs for the stack prototype has shown power densities of 1.0, an improvement of three orders of magnitude compared to the initial MTFCs fabricated for this project. Thanks to the results of MTFC testing paired with computer modeling and prototype fabrication, a MTFC stack system may be possible for implementation within an MAV in the foreseeable future.
Master of Science

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38

Gren, Amanda. "Energieffektivisering i befintligt fastighetsbestånd : En fallstudie och dataanalys av energideklarationer i Norrbottens län." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79180.

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Bostads- och servicesektorn står för den största energianvändningen i hela Sverige på 40 %, följt av industrisektorn och transportsektorn. Sveriges riksdag har satt upp ett klimatpolitiskt ramverk från energiöverenskommelsen, bland annat med målet om att energianvändningen ska vara 50 % effektivare till år 2030 i jämförelse med år 2005, uttryckt i termer av tillförd energi i relation till BNP. Det finns stora besparingsmöjligheter att hämta i bostäder, och för att göra en skillnad måste information och kunskap spridas till både fastighetsägare och privatpersoner. Det här examensarbetet är en del av Energikontor Norrs projekt ”Stratus” som arbetar med att stötta 12 kommuner i Norrbottens län, genom att strategiskt arbeta mot att hitta en effektiv och framgångsrik väg för att nå de nationella energi- och klimatmålen anpassad till respektive kommuns förutsättningar. Syftet med projektet har varit att kartlägga behovet/potentialen för energieffektivisering i olika befintliga byggnader hos alla de 14 kommunerna i Norrbottens län genom analys och bearbetning av data från energideklarationer, lantmäteriet och litteratur. Byggbeståndet har kategoriserats i fyra byggnadskategorier: ”en- och tvåbostadshus”, ”flerbostadshus”, ”lokal- och specialbyggnader” och ”lokalbyggnader”. Resultatet visar ett energideklarerat byggnadsbestånd där 80 % av byggnaderna har en energiklass mellan D-G, där stor andel av beståndet är byggt under 60–80 talet, därav i behov av någon form av renovering. Byggnadsbeståndet som saknar energideklaration är främst komplementbyggnader som ofta inte behöver en energideklaration, följt av bostäder, där friliggande småhus hör till den största andelen. Den största besparingspotentialen utifrån förslagna åtgärdsförslag finns att hämta i lokal- och specialbyggnader följt av lokalbyggnader enligt energideklarationerna. En estimerad besparingspotential för energianvändningen i hela Norrbottens län, baserat på åtgärdsförslag från energideklarationerna, visar sig vara 1,65 TWh, mest troligt mycket större än det. Exempel på vanliga förekommande åtgärdsförslag är ”isolera tak” och ”byte/installation av värmepump” för alla byggnadskategorier tillsammans. En prognos för energiprestandan (kWh/m2 och år) fram till år 2030 visar en minskning med cirka 36 % från hur läget var år 2009 då de första energideklarationerna gjordes i Norrbottens län. Det indikerar att energiprestandan är på rätt väg och potentialen för att minska energianvändningen i våra bostäder finns där, men kommer inte utav sig själv utan det finns fortfarande stora behov av renovering och åtgärder i byggnadsbeståndet.
The housing and service sector accounts for the largest energy consumption, 40 % in Sweden followed by the industrial and transport sectors. The Swedish Parliament has established a climate policy framework from the energy agreement, including the goal of energy use being 50 % more efficient by 2030, compared to 2005, expressed in terms of energy input in relation to GDP. There are great savings opportunities to obtain in housing, and to make a difference knowledge must be disseminated to both property owners and private individuals. This project is part of the Energikontor Norr project "Stratus", which works to support 12 municipalities in Norrbotten County, by strategically working towards finding an effective and successful way to achieve the national energy and climate goals adapted to the respective municipalities' conditions. The purpose of the project has been to identify the need / potential for energy efficiency in various existing buildings in all the 14 municipalities in Norrbotten County through analysis and processing of data from energy performance certificates (EPC’s), surveying and literature. The building stock has been categorized into four categories: “one- and two-dwelling houses”, “apartment buildings”, “local- and special buildings” and “local buildings”. The result shows an energy-declared building stock where 80 % of the buildings have an energy class between D-G, where a large proportion of the stock is built in the 60-80s, hence in need of renovation to reduce the energy consumption. The building stock that does not have an EPC is mainly complementary buildings, that do not even need an EPC, followed by housing, where detached houses belong to the largest proportion. The greatest savings potential based on policy proposal can be found in the “local and special buildings”, followed by “local buildings” according to the EPC’s. An estimated saving potential for energy use in the entire county of Norrbotten, based on policy proposal proposed by the EPC’s, turns out to be 1.65 TWh, most likely much larger than that. Examples of common policy proposal are "insulate roofs" and "replacement / installation of heat pump" for all building categories together. A forecast for the energy performance (kWh/m2 and year) until 2030 shows a decrease of approximately 36% from 2009 when the first EPC’s in the Norrbotten was made. This indicates that energy performance is on the right track and the potential for reducing energy use in our homes is there, but will not come by itself, there is still a great need of renovation and policy proposal in the building stock.

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Krejčová, Dita. "Komerční objekt." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226391.

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An intention of this thesis is to create a project documentation of commercial building. This house is situated at the edge of Brno. Ground plan of this three-floored partly basement house is designed as broken shape. Roof of this building is designed as flat. This building is used as a company headquarters and a stock.

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Dobinson, C. S. "Studies in Romano-British urban structure : a consideration of aspects of planning, building stock and internal structure of the major towns of Roman Britain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272561.

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Malz, Angela. "Erst Spinnerei, dann Universitätsbibliothek." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2019. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A38662.

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Für die Universitätsbibliothek und das Universitätsarchiv Chemnitz wird ein alter Industriebau modernisiert – die Alte Aktienspinnerei. Das Gebäude behält den Charakter eines Fabrikgebäudes aus dem 19. Jahrhundert und wird eine moderne Bibliothek beherbergen, die rund um die Uhr geöffnet haben wird. Es entsteht eine sehr besondere Bibliothek, die nicht nur ein Speicher für gedruckte und elektronische Medien ist, sondern vielmehr eine Atmosphäre bietet, in der sich wissenschaftlich interessierte Menschen treffen, gedruckte und digitale Informationen finden, miteinander diskutieren und neue Ideen entwickeln können.
An old industrial building is being modernised for the University Library and the University Archive of Chemnitz - the Alte Aktienspinnerei. The building retains the character of a 19th century factory building and will house a modern library that will be open around the clock. A very special library will be created, which will not only be a home for printed and electronic media, but will also provide an atmosphere in which people interested in science can meet, find printed and digital information, discuss with each other and develop new ideas.

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Behnisch, Martin, Gotthard Meinel, Manuel Burckhardt, and Robert Hecht. "Auswertungen zum Gebäudebestand in Deutschland auf Grundlage digitaler Geobasisdaten." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-157189.

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Das Leibniz-Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung (IÖR) verfolgt u. a. das Ziel, präzise Kenntnisse über das Mengengerüst des deutschen Gebäudebestandes und seiner Eigenschaften zu gewinnen und räumlich hochauflösende Indikatoren als Grundlage einer nachhaltigen Raumentwicklung für Planer und Entscheidungsträger zu erarbeiten. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf Ansätze der räumlichen Analyse, die eine Quantifizierung und Charakterisierung des Gesamtbestandes von Wohn- und Nichtwohngebäuden unterstützen. Vorgestellt werden erste Ergebnisse einer deutschlandweiten Auswertung amtlicher Hauskoordinaten und Hausumringe. Der Gebäudebestand wird nach Bundesländern und nach Raumstrukturtypen des Bundesinstituts für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) gegliedert. Es besteht Bedarf, nicht nur Datenmodelle zu entwickeln, sondern daraus auch Erklärungs- und Messmodelle abzuleiten, die einen expliziten Raumbezug aufweisen und sich zur bestandsorientierten Wissensgewinnung sowie zur Strategieentwicklung eignen – auch im europäischen Kontext.

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Folstad, Marie. "Dynamics of energy and carbon emissions in residential building stocks : - The role of solutions for multi-family houses and apartment blocks." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26834.

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Three building typologies are analyzed in this report, where the first one is apartment blocks built before 1956, the second one is apartment blocks built in the period 1956-1970, and the last typology is apartment blocks built in the period 1971-1980. A literature study of typical dwellings throughout time is completed and typical apartments from each of the time periods are defined. The model used to calculate the building’s energy need for space heating and domestic hot water is based on the TABULA methodology, but is constructed as an energy balance model that uses the principles of a material flow analysis. This model is used to calculate the energy need before and after renovation. For each time period two building states are analyzed; original building state and historical refurbished building state. This is done since a big part of the buildings built before 1980 have already gone through some sort of renovation, and the energy saving potential by implementing new energy efficiency measures to these partly refurbished buildings are smaller than the energy saving potential for the same building types in original state. A life cycle costing model that uses the principles of net present value is used to calculate the economical output of each renovation package analyzed in this Master Thesis. A scenario model, that uses inputs from the segmented building stock model (see chapter 3.3.1) and the energy model (see chapter 3.1), is used to estimate the future energy need for space heating and domestic hot water for the part of the Norwegian dwelling stock analyzed in this report.The energy reduction potential for improving a typical building constructed before 1956 from original state to TEK10 level is 68 % for space heating. Improving it further down to a passive house level gives a reduction potential of 81 %, which shows that these buildings have a major improvement potential. Only a minority (16%) of the apartment blocks from this period are however in original state, which means that a more realistic reduction potential is seen from historical refurbished state to TEK10- or passive house level. The reduction potential for a TEK10-refurbishment is then 46 % and 67 % for a passive house refurbishment. For the two other building typologies the general pattern is that the energy savings decrease as the quality of the building in original and historical refurbished state improves. Apartment blocks built between 1971 and 1980 have the lowest saving potential since the quality before new renovation is high. This also makes these building types less economical efficient for different renovation projects. General it is shown that almost all renovations are efficient for apartment blocks built before 1956 and between 1956-1970 in original state, as these building types have the highest energy use before renovation. However, improving the building envelope to TEK10 or passive house level, as well as installing air-to-air heat pumps as supplementary measures are seen profitable for all the building types analyzed over a period of 36 years. Installation of a balanced ventilation system is only estimated to be profitable for apartment blocks built before 1956 and between 1956-1970 in original state. However, when upgrading the building envelope to passive house level it is recommended to install a balanced ventilation system to ensure a satisfactory air quality (Thomsen & Berge, 2012). Since there is high willingness to pay for comfort it is anticipated that installation of a balanced ventilation system combined with a passive house envelope upgrade is realistic for all building types even though the net present value is up to 400 NOK/m2 BRA higher than for base case (no energy-related upgrades to the building).

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Skaran, Anja Myreng. "Dynamics of energy and carbon emissions in residential building stocks : The role of solutions for multi-family houses and apartment blocks." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26840.

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A decrease in energy consumption is an important part of the effort to reduce fossil emissions. Buildings contribute to a considerable share of the energy consumption in Norway, mainly because of the cold climate and low energy prices. Building regulations today set low limits for maximum energy use for heating, but existing buildings have a higher potential for reductions, as the maximum energy limit has changed over the years. This report covers possible strategies for reducing energy demand in a specific part of the Norwegian building stock: Apartment blocks constructed between 1981 and 2010. Earlier projects have also evaluated the energy reduction potentials in the Norwegian dwelling stock. However, this has mostly been done on an aggregated level, and as buildings vary greatly in size, location, and age, the same recommendations cannot be expected to apply to all buildings. The effects of rehabilitations and demolitions on the building stock are often simplified to linear behaviour, but this is not accurate.Calculations were carried out on defined standardised buildings in a climatic zone represented by Oslo. First, an energy balance was established for evaluating the energy consumption of the various buildings, both in their original state, and subject to various combinations of rehabilitations to heating system, insulation, and ventilation. Then, heating-related costs were calculated in order to find the options with the lowest net present value, based on an investment horizon of 36 years. Based on these results, possible scenarios for energy use and CO_2 emissions were calculated for the years 2014-2050, based on the average building being rehabilitated after 40 years.In line with other studies, the energy consumption in the original buildings were found to be low, and close to the current TEK 10 regulation, which must be followed if major rehabilitations are conducted. Hardly any rehabilitations were found to be profitable with the costs of today, and a doubling of the electricity costs affected the outcome to a small degree only. In most cases, the best option is to change as little as possible, although replacements of windows and doors were profitable for the oldest buildings. Using electric radiators for all room heating is the most common heating system today, but this is not in line with the TEK 10 standard. If the heating system is to be changed, air-air heat pumps are the best alternative. However, the savings from these depend highly on climate conditions. Fuel oil heaters are the least profitable option, and these should be removed, as is mandatory soon anyway.Demolitions alone result in a 15 % energy reduction within 2050, close to the scenario based on lowest possible costs at 21 %. The low emissions case results in a 50 % reduction, while rehabilitations to zero energy buildings would reduce the energy by 72 %. No official reduction target is presently set for Norway, although a 50 % energy reduction between 2010 and 2040 has been expressed in a report for the former Government. This target is only possible to reach with zero energy upgrades. Emissions follow similar paths as the energy when Norwegian electricity mix is used as a basis. However, definitions on electricity mix and related emissions affect the results more than the chosen energy rehabilitations when estimating total emissions.

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Baltruszewicz, Marta. "Dynamics of energy and carbon emissions in residential building stocks. : The role of solutions for single-family houses built between 1980-1990." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26849.

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The objective of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of renovating an exemplary single-family house built between 1980 and 1990 to the TEK10 or NS3700 (passive house) standard. The scope of the analysis is split in two steps. First, one exemplary house is analysed and impacts from renovation depending on the refurbishment scenario and different shares of primary energy mix are compared against each other. Subsequently, the analysis of the whole stock of single –family houses built between 1980 and 1990 is presented. Dynamic modelling is used for assessment of changes due to demolition, renovation rate and erection of new buildings. The scope of this study includes analysis for two characterizations: cumulative energy demand (CED) and climate change (CC). Both materials used for renovation and energy needed for the operation of the house are investigated. Beyond the scope of this thesis is assessment of the demolition of the house and materials and impacts related to the construction of the exemplary house. The results indicate that retrofitting with the NS3700 scenario gives bigger energy and GHG savings than with the TEK10 scenario. During renovation, the biggest impacts occur due to usage of high-density insulation and production of solar collector system. Overall, the renovation package for NS3700 scenario contributes more to the CC impact than for TEK10 scenario. The total difference between those two scenarios is 2.38E+03 kgCO2-eq (11%). This difference is relatively small when compared to the GHG reduction potential for both scenarios. Results from dynamic modelling shows that cumulated GHG savings during period 2010-2050 with reference to 2010 level were very low for TEK10 scenario. By 2050 the cumulated saving potential was estimated to be 112 ktoneCO2-eq which was 8% of cumulative saving potential for NS3700 scenario achieved by the same time.For NS3700 scenario, the accumulated GHG emissions saving potential would be positive for all of the energy scenarios, assuming that either 7% or 12% of electricity is imported from Nordic or EU mix for Norwegian use. The saving potential would still be positive even when assuming, the worst-case scenario for the EU mix (red scenario). That shows the potential and role of renovating the existing building stock. The level of renovation as well plays a significant role. If the existing single-family houses stock built between 1980 and 1990, would be renovated to the TEK10 standard the cumulated GHG emissions saving potential would be positive for only the ultra-green EU mix scenario, which is the most optimistic. If the shares of imported electricity will increase and the EU mix would be imported, the potential for saving GHG emissions could be highly dependent on the level and quality of deep renovations. That is assuming that other variables such as behavior linked to energy use would not change.

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Clegg, E., S. Faltas, G. McDonald, and C. Waszink. "Reducing the Stock of the Illicit Trade: Promoting Best Practice in Weapons Collection Programmes." Thesis, British American Security Information Council (BASIC), International Alert and Saferworld, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4271.

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yes
It is now widely recognised that, to be successful, efforts towards preventing and combating the illicit trade in SALW will require a multifaceted approach which simultaneously tackles the demand for and the supply of these weapons. In this regard, developing and promoting international norms, standards and mechanisms for the effective removal of illicit weapons from circulation is a major challenge for the UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects. There are two distinct scenarios within which weapons collection initiatives operate: the peace-time scenario, where efforts are focused on reducing criminal violence; and the postconflict scenario, where efforts are focused on the objective of conflict prevention through peace-building.

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47

Muldoon-Smith, Kevin. "Taking stock : an investigation into the nature, scale and location of secondary commercial office vacancy in the UK and an appraisal of the various strategies and opportunities for its management and amelioration." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2016. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/32571/.

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There has been little comprehensive investigation of secondary office vacancy in the UK, nor its potential management or amelioration. In response, this thesis is a study of the nature, scale and location of this situation and an appraisal of the various strategies for its management and amelioration. There are three strands of research. An investigation into the nature, scale and location of secondary commercial office vacancy in the UK. An appraisal of potential management strategies and the development of policy recommendations in relation to the potential amelioration of this situation. An appraisal of the literature was conducted to develop an initial theoretical interpretation of secondary office vacancy. A multi attribute database of commercial office vacancy was then developed to evidence the stock of secondary office vacancy in the UK. Finally, a Delphi exercise was conducted to understand the underlying conditions of this phenomenon, its management and potential amelioration. Findings indicate that secondary office vacancy is ambiguous and colloquial. Vacant secondary office property exists in abundance while prime office property is in short supply. The institutions of the commercial office market over simplify and potentially disguise its manifestation. The incidence of secondary office vacancy is primarily caused by a structural change in the nature of demand. It can be held in reserve to support prime office supply, however, it can also overhang less buoyant locations. Consequently, the management strategies for secondary office vacancy are stratified, ranging from exploitation, to demand repositioning, to renewal and finally removal and redevelopment. Findings suggest that these management strategies should be predicated upon the demonstration of economic viability and mediated by the relative era of construction and underlying institutional characteristics. Finally, policy recommendations suggest that the amelioration of secondary office vacancy would be assisted by the promotion of more agile ways of working based on functional tolerance, and optionality.

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48

Behnisch, Martin, Ulrike Hagemann, and Gotthard Meinel. "Analyseergebnisse zum Gebäudebestand in Deutschland auf der Grundlage von Geobasisdaten." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-159809.

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Seit 2010 werden die Geobasisprodukte „Amtliche Hausumringe“ und „Amtliche Hauskoordinaten“ (auch georeferenzierte Adressdaten genannt) – geometrische Teilauszüge der Automatisierten Liegenschaftskarte (ALK) – von der Zentralen Stelle für Hauskoordinaten, Hausumringe und 3D-Gebäudemodelle (ZSHH) der Bezirksregierung Köln für länderübergreifende oder bundesweite Untersuchungen angeboten. Erstmals sind dadurch umfassendere Untersuchungen zum deutschen Gebäudebestand möglich und Ausdifferenzierungen nach Menge, geometrischer Eigenschaften (u. a. Gebäudetyp) sowie seiner Nutzung durchführbar. Das Analysepotenzial ist aber noch weitaus größer, da sowohl auf administrativer Ebene als auch auf Rasterebene räumliche Muster für unterschiedliche thematische Fragestellungen abbildbar werden. Das raumbezogene Informationsinstrument Monitor der Siedlungs- und Freiraumentwicklung (IÖR-Monitor) ist eine wissenschaftliche Dienstleistung des Leibniz-Instituts für ökologische Raumentwicklung und stellt seit 2012 auch Gebäudeindikatoren auf Grundlage dieser Katasterdaten bereit. In diesem Beitrag werden dazu erste Arbeitsergebnisse vorgestellt.

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Skogfeldt, Alexander. "Energy efficiency measures and energy pricing : The effect of different price schemes on energy efficiency measures." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325895.

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This project investigates the relationship between energy efficiency measures in the Swedish building stock and different price schemes based on energy prices. Data from different categories was gathered and used in a regression model. They were based on what type of pricing and fees that are behind the energy prices for electricity and district heating. These predictors were used to get an equation of the temperature corrected energy use which can be linked to how much energy efficiency measures have been implemented over the investigated time period. The result for the main equation, that includes all the studied building types, indicated that it is possible to predict energy efficiency measures with different price schemes,and therefore it is possible to increase the rate at which measures are implemented. It showed that there is a negative relationship between energy consumption and theprice of energy from district heating. If the price of district heating increases the temperature corrected energy use decreases. The other relationships between predictors and the dependent variable were positive. It also described the geographical location as a statistically significant variable, regarding all climate zones in Sweden.

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Behnisch, Martin, and Gotthard Meinel. "Kleinräumige quantitative Abschätzung des deutschen Gebäudebestandes - Ausgangslage und Perspektive." Rhombos-Verlag, 2011. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A4661.

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Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf Ansätze, die der Abschätzung des deutschen Bestandes von Wohn- und Nichtwohngebäuden dienen. Insbesondere werden rasterbasierte Gebäudedaten sowie gemeindescharfe Schätzergebnisse eines bereits etablierten Ansatzes vorgestellt, analysiert und bewertet. In Verbindung mit modernen Daten der amtlichen Geoinformation (Geobasisdaten) zeichnen sich neue, innovative Möglichkeiten ab, um künftig auf kleinräumiger Ebene den Gebäudebestand zu bestimmen. Das Leibniz-Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung (IÖR) verfolgt vor diesem Hintergrund mit dem Projekt „Raumbezogenes Data Mining“ das Ziel, analytische Potenziale und Visualisierungsmöglichkeiten von zeitgemäßen Methoden des Data Mining und der Knowledge Discovery für die Raumforschung zu erschließen und in der Perspektive verborgene planungsrelevante Raummuster und Zusammenhänge im hochdimensionalen Geodatenbestand zu extrahieren.

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