Дисертації з теми "Brise de mer et de terre"
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Dudouit-Fichet, Aurélie. "Brise de mer et brise de terre et risque de pollution photochimique dans la région caennaise (Basse-Normandie)." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN1464.
Повний текст джерелаHuguet, Frédéric. "Contribution à la modélisation numérique du phénomène de brise de mer." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10164.
Повний текст джерелаTeai-Dauphin, Gloria. "Tahiti entre terre, mer et pouvoir." Polynésie française, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POLF0005.
Повний текст джерелаTahiti between Land, Sea and Power’ details how power is wielded on a speck of land amidst a mastered ocean. Comparative and transdisciplinary, the dissertation focuses on the period going from English arrival to French Protectorate, when the main aspects of contemporary Polynesian society took shape. The civilisational upheaval involved forces us to redefine how religion and sacredness faced the challenge of alterity and universality, space and time, unicity and diversity. The quest for central power is the driving force imposing its dynamics to the whole system. Texts and images serve a ‘third eye involved ‘ approach
Tanguy, Manuel. "Impact de la température de surface sur les précipitations au nord du Golf de Guinée durant le printemps boréal aux échelles saisonnières à diurnes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03331652.
Повний текст джерелаThis work, concerning the West African monsoon, studies the role of surface temperature, mainly over the ocean, during the Spring Guinean coast rainfall season (north of the Gulf of Guinea), from May to July. The data used are mainly ECMWF ERA5 reanalyses, but also satellite observation data : ocean surface temperature, precipitation, cover of different types of clouds, and ocean surface wind.The first part describes the methods developed and the seasonal context in which this coastal phase of the monsoon occurs, before the migration of precipitation towards the Sahel latitude in summer.A climatological study taking into account the inter-annual variability is then carried out over the period 2008-2015. It evidences the determining role of the cold tongue (equatorial upwelling, which appears in May) on the beginning of the coastal rainy season. In addition, highlight is put on the probable role of coastal upwelling, which occurs in July along the Guinean coast between 8W and 5E. This occurence coincides with the end of this coastal precipitation, through the decrease of moisture transport coastal convergence. Then we study the diurnal cycle. Near the coast, it mainly consists in the modulation of the low layer convergence by the sea breeze / land breeze alternation. Again, the coastal upwelling seems to strengthen the sea breeze and decrease the intensity of the land breeze, thus reducing precipitation on the ocean side (which constitutes the major part of coastal precipitation).This work is completed by a study of intra-seasonal variability over the period 2000-2018. Main results are that the oceanic influence on coastal precipitation latitude gradually decreases towards the end of the coastal monsoon season, leaving then the regime of easterly waves around 700 hPa take control of precipitation. Our statistical results, nevertheless, suggest that these two synoptic « modes » interact with each other. Moreover, we find, at the intra-seasonal scale, a signal corresponding to what is found at the seasonal scale: an intensification (decrease) of coastal upwelling would indeed have the effect of reducing (increasing) coastal precipitation
Blanc, Gérard. "Geochimie de la fosse atlantis ii (mer rouge) : evolution spatio-temporelle et role de l'hydrothermalisme." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066268.
Повний текст джерелаDandrau, Alain. "La construction en terre dans le monde égéen protohistorique : les matériaux et leurs propriétés." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010615.
Повний текст джерелаThe most part of the protohistoric aegean sites has given a lot of pieces of earth architecture (pieces of bricks or daub, wall or floor-plasters. . . ). These are usually ignored by the archaeologist. This work, placed between archaeology and archaeometry, want to demonstrate that these construction materials can serve as a source of information of the past societies. The archaeological fragments came from Dikili Tash in Macedonian Greece (5th millenium bc), and from Malia in Crete (2000-1100 bc). The materials used give us informations about architectural structures, technics of building and relations between men and the environment. The analysis have proven that the clay was choosen because of special physical characteristics (waterproof properties for roofs and floors, cohesive earth for walls. . . ). For wall-plasters, physico-chemical analysis were indispensable complements for stylistic and iconographic studies. A typology of plasters, based on function and composition, bring up technological and chronological informations
Zhou, Jiayun. "The physical and biological controls on the distribution of gases and solutes in sea ice from ice growth to ice decay." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209219.
Повний текст джерелаTo better understand how sea ice biogeochemistry could change, we investigated the factors regulating the distribution of some dissolved compounds (e.g. nutrients, dissolved organic matter (DOM)) and gaseous compounds (e.g. Ar, O2, N2, CH4) in sea ice, from ice growth to ice decay. The results were obtained from a 19-day indoor experiment in Hamburg (Germany) and a five-month-long field survey in Barrow (Alaska). They were then compared to the physical properties of the ice (temperature, salinity, and other derived parameters such as brine volume fraction) and different biological parameters (bacterial activity, bacterial abundance, chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments).
Our work indicates that the physical properties of sea ice exert a strong influence on the distribution of the biogeochemical compounds in the ice, through their impact on brine dynamics, gas bubble formation and ice permeability. We have described 4 stages of brine dynamics, which affect the distribution of the dissolved compounds (e.g. silicate and DOM) in sea ice. However, inert gas (Ar) shows a different dynamic in comparison to the dissolved compounds, indicating a different transport pathway. We suggest that the formation of gas bubbles in sea ice is responsible for that different transport pathway, because gas bubbles should move upward owing to their buoyancy in comparison to brine, while dissolved compounds are drained downward due to gravity. Our observations further indicate that the critical permeability threshold for the upward gas bubble transport should range between 7.5 and 10 % of brine volume fraction, which is higher than the 5 % suggested for the downward brine transport. Increasing ice permeability and prolonged gas exchange tend to draw gas concentrations toward their solubility values, except when the under-ice water is supersaturated relative to the atmosphere (e.g. CH4) or when in-situ production occurs in sea ice (e.g. O2).
Because ammonium and O2 obviously accumulate in the ice layers where convection is limited, we suggest that the changes of these biogeochemical compounds in sea ice depend on the competing effect between the physical transport and the biological activity; the biological impact on these biogeochemical compounds in sea ice is obvious when the biological production rate exceeds largely the physical transport rate. We further discussed on the potential of using Ar and N2 as inert tracers to correct the physical controls on O2 and to determine the net community production in sea ice.
In addition to the physical and biological controls, the chemical properties of some biogeochemical compounds (e.g. nitrate, ammonium, DOM) may further influence their distribution in sea ice; further investigations are however needed to confirm this.
Finally, based on our findings, we present an update of the processes regulating the distribution of gases in sea ice, with references to recent observations supporting each of the process. We also provide some insights on how sea ice biogeochemistry could change in the future and the research priorities for an accurate quantification of these changes.
Les changements dans l’extension et les propriétés de la glace de la mer, liés au réchauffement climatique, affectent l’écosystème polaire, ainsi que les interactions entre l’atmosphère, la glace de mer et l’eau sous-jacente. Cependant, des incertitudes subsistent quant aux changements potentiels qui affecteront la biogéochimie de la glace de mer dans un futur proche.
Afin de mieux comprendre les changements potentiels qui affecteront la biogéochimie de la glace de mer, nous avons étudié les facteurs qui influencent la distribution de certains composés dissouts (e.g. nutriments, matière organique dissoute (DOM)) et gazeux (e.g. Ar, O2, N2, CH4) au sein de la glace de mer, depuis la croissance de la glace, jusqu’à sa fonte. Les résultats ont été obtenus à partir d’une expérience de 19 jours dans un bassin expérimental à Hambourg (Allemagne) et une étude de terrain de 5 mois à Barrow (Alaska). Ils ont été ensuite comparés aux propriétés physiques de la glace (température, salinité et autres paramètres dérivés) et à des paramètres biologiques (activité bactérienne, abondance bactérienne, chlorophylle-a et phaeopigments).
Nos travaux ont montré que les propriétés physiques de la glace exercent une forte influence sur la répartition des composes biogéochimiques dans la glace de mer, à travers leur impact sur la dynamique des saumures, la formation de bulles de gaz et la perméabilité de la glace. Nous avons décrit 4 stades dans la dynamique des saumures qui influencent la distribution des composés dissouts (e.g. silice et DOM) dans la glace. Cependant, le gaz inerte étudié (Ar) montre une dynamique différente de celle des composés dissouts, indiquant un mécanisme de transport différent. Nous suggérons que la formation de bulles de gaz dans la glace de mer est le mécanisme responsable de cette différence, parce que les bulles de gaz devraient migrer vers le haut, à cause de leur différence de densité par rapport aux saumures, alors que les saumures sont drainées vers le bas à cause de la gravité. Nos observations montrent également que le seuil critique de perméabilité pour l’ascension des bulles de gaz devrait se trouver entre 7.5 et 10 % de volume relatif en saumure ;seuil qui est plus élevé que les 5 % suggérés pour le transport de saumure vers le bas. L’augmentation de la perméabilité de la glace et les échanges de gaz prolongés tendent à amener les concentrations de gaz vers leur valeur de solubilité, sauf lorsque l’eau sous-jacente présente une sursaturation parrapport à l’atmosphère (e.g. CH4), ou lorsque une production in-situ se produit au sein de la glace (e.g. O2).
Etant donné que l’ammonium et O2 s’accumulent clairement dans les couches de glace où la convection est limitée, nous suggérons que les variations de ces composés biogéochimiques dans la glace dépendent de la balance entre le transport physique et l’activité biologique ;l’impact de cette dernière sur les composés biogéochimiques est particulièrement visible lorsque le taux de production biologique du composé excède largement la vitesse d’élimination du composé par le transport physique. Nous avons ensuite discuté du potentiel d’utiliser Ar et N2 comme traceurs inertes pour corriger l’impact des processus physiques sur les variations de O2, afin de déterminer la production communautaire nette dans la glace de mer.
Les propriétés chimiques de certains composés biogéochimiques (e.g. nitrate, ammonium, DOM) pourraient également influencer leur répartition au sein de la glace de mer, en plus des processus physiques et biologiques. Cependant, il est nécessaire d’avoir plus d’études à ce sujet pour confirmer cela.
Enfin, sur base de nos résultats, nous présentons une mise à jour des processus qui régulent la répartition des gaz dans la glace de mer, avec des références à des observations récentes qui illustrent chacun des processus. Nous donnons également un aperçu des changements qui pourraient affecter la biogéochimie de la glace de mer à l’avenir, et des pistes de recherches pour une quantification précise de ces changements.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Mertz, Jean-Didier. "Role des structures de porosite dans des proprietes de transport : application aux gres du buntsandstein et du brent (alwyn, mer du nord)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13041.
Повний текст джерелаSeoane, Corral Lucía. "Interprétation géophysique du mouvement du pôle : apport des observations de géodésie spatiale, de météorologie, d'océanographie et d'hydrologie." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01958536.
Повний текст джерелаThe polar motion excitation is mainly due to the mass transport of the atmosphere and the oceans. So far, the observed motion is not fully explained from seasonal to diurnal scales. Our effort has focused on the Chandler wobble as well as fluctuations with period smaller than 50 days and diurnal variations, which remain still partially unexplained. We show that the atmospheric and oceanic mass redistributions are the principal causes of the Chandler wobble irregularities and the rapid polar motion of periods between 3 and 50 days. However, major differences persist at diurnal scales. Moreover, the redistributions of the continental water are important but, modelling those processes is imprecise due to the complexity and lack of observations of terrestrial hydrology. Current models must be then validated and compared to the observed polar motion. We show that the hydrological models, coupled with oceanic and atmospheric effects, improve the seasonal and long term mass balance. Thanks to space mission Gravity Discovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), the total mass redistribution on the Earth can be determined with a different approach. Four analysis centers provide temporal variations of spherical harmonics C20, C21 and S21 of the gravity field that are proportional to the length of day and polar motion excitations caused by surface mass changes. We have analized the latest updates of these series. Despite a significant level of noise, their hydrological residual matches reasonably well the observed polar motion
BEAUMONT, HUBERT. "Caracterisation de la turbulence atmospherique et procedure d'amelioration des images pour des observations horizontales au dessus de la mer." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE5005.
Повний текст джерелаJacquemin, Odile. "Hyères, la formation d'un paysage urbain : entre mer et terre, de 1748 à nos jours." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS006S.
Повний текст джерелаFrom the city to the territory, the thesis makes out of a narration of a story of a landscape, an entryfor a little story on the art to manage the territory. Through a study case, Hyères and its harbour, seen under the angle of the projects and the point of view of the site, the thesis is a contribution as much to the urban history than to the knowledge of the littoral landscapes. This work questions methods and finality of the history, proposing to join together a long history and a history of present times, to offer a dynamic vision of the landscape, and to make of history a science of the action at the service of the territorial project and its prospective. The narration renews the genre of the local monograph, where the local gives way to a mondialized space, defined by the relations of the local to the global. The between land and sea is explored in its capacity to produce links and sets itself as a model of between two to extrapolate. To the state of the sites, the diagnostic by the landscape substitutes a state of the links. As an interface between culture and nature, between art and science, and in its capacity to join times, places and thematic, the landscape becomes language to speak about the complex, give a global vision of the present and to make understandable the fitting of the different scales of space and time. The narration and its fragmentation serves mediation. The tale opens to a pedagogy of the landscape by the landscape putting in position the representative figures by which a rural burg turned into a littoral city, territorializing the fundamental interrogations and the principal cultural transformations, economic and social, that must take into consideration the territorial geniuses to (re)invent
Dezutter, Thibaud. "Réchauffement et «match-mismatch» entre le phytoplancton et le zooplancton dans la mer de Beaufort." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27589.
Повний текст джерелаThe unprecedented pace of warming of the Arctic Ocean affect a wide range of pelagic processes, from microalgal production to fish recruitment. Sediment traps deployed on oceanographic moorings at the Beaufort Sea shelf break were used to investigate the impact of changes in ice cover and water temperature on the phenology of ice algae, phytoplankton and herbivorous copepods from the Calanus genus. Water temperature, salinity, microalgal fluxes and composition, and zooplankton abundance and composition in the traps were monitored over 5 of the 6 annual cycles from September 2009 to September 2015 (no data in 2014). Satellite-derived sea ice concentration and modeled snow depth were also retrieved for the same period. For 4 of the 5 years monitored, the upward migration of Calanus hyperboreus along with nauplii abundance were synchronized with peaks in diatoms export while the migration of Calanus glacialis preceded the peak in export of the ice algae Nitzschia frigida by 6 to 8 weeks. A disruption of these patterns was observed in 2013 as a mismatch between primary and secondary producers was observed. First, unusual warm water temperatures and significant diatom flux from October to December 2012 led to a shoaling of C. hyperboreus females winter vertical distribution and, thus, important egg spawning above 100 m with numerous nauplii swimming into the trap in March-April. Second, the late snow and ice melt in summer 2013 delayed the ice algae export, resulting in a mismatch with C. glacialis and N. frigida. As ice algae and phytoplankton are essential food source for the reproduction and development of Calanus copepods, a mismatch likely had negative impact on their recruitment and on the subsequent transfer of energy to carnivorous copepods, fish, and seabirds. Such mismatch events between phytoplankton and zooplankton will potentially occur more often owing to the rapidly changing environmental conditions in the Arctic Ocean.
Rivière, Pascale. "Venise entre Terre et Mer d'après la chronique de Nicolo Trevisan : contribution à l'édification d'un mythe." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20042.
Повний текст джерелаThis is a study of a Venitian manuscript (352 leaves in Venitian dialect) of Bibliotheca marciana assigned to Nicolo Trevisan. This manuscript, call chronicle, was wrote in XVI century. It's a chronological history of Venice from originate to 1585. The title of paragraph of this chronicle has been translated and indexes in database and after put on Internet site : http://www. Canal-tic. Com/trevisan for a best accessibility. This site and study want to be an historical tool for research workers for a best venetian mentality understanding facing one's own history and not a exhaustive study of this chronicle. After a short comparison between state records and chronicle, the conclusion is that manuscript is an event history with a few unknown informations and near state. With this study, we know the chronicle's usual subject like Venitian State, military, foreign and economical policy or the Venetian society. In this chronicle and for the writer, Venice is the centre between West and East, like the other representations of this time
Closier, Danièle. "La terre et la mer, les enjeux de la limite : France, littoral atlantique, XIXe-XXe siècle." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0157.
Повний текст джерелаThe limit between the land and the sea is a boundary between the private-owned property and the state property. From 1860 the limits between coastal areas and land territories have been disputed both by oyster-farming managers who wish to be granted a relative ownership of the public domain and also by local groups, most particularly by some mayors who claim to have a say in the future of « their coast ». This issue has called for adjustments to legal rules. It has been achieved by a new interpretation of the law after the necessary negotiations on a local and national basis and with the ones interested in the matter: the mayors, the residents, the industrials and the different ministries in charge. Ln the second half of the 19th century, the arguments developed by the law showed a true faith in progress and science, a wish for a social well-being and an attempt to lesser social inequalities, thus explains, by sides, the whole society at the time and the law history. Ln the 1970s, the legal rules were challenged by tourism and the practise of outdoor activities. It has been an opportunity to consider a turn in the legal rules and also to consider the future of the Atlantic coast developing into a tourist area and the necessary commitment of the civilian society. The principle of the common use of the coastal area is regaining favour and the residents are subjected to the contraint of leaving access to the sea on their private property
Conceição, António Rafael da. "Entre mer et terre : situations identitaires des populations côtières du nord mozambicain (Cabo Delgado) : 1929-1979." Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080763.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis offers an exploration of historical contexts within which the evolution of identities amongst the coastal populations of northern mocambique unfolded. For these coastal peoples, situated since the 16th cnetury within the wider orbit of swahili-speaking east africa, european colonization was experienced as a secular antaglonism in which islam played a critical role. The particular contribution of colonialism was to create a "natural" space for the nation-state, whose basic structures were laid down in cabo delgado towards the end of the 19th century. These work develops along four main axes : economic issues, the general historical context, the local history of islam and the problematic of relations with the state. Reflection is centred upon a coastal politics of identities in which autonimist sentiments were given ideological focus by islam. The analysis develops 1 dual focus : on the mocambican state (in its efforts to develop a framework of unity and cohesion) and on islam as the ideological substratum underpinning these identities
Bosc, Emmanuel. "Variations saisonnières et interannuelles de la biomasse phytoplanctonique et de la production primaire en Méditerranée : évaluation et utilisation des données satellitales de couleur de l'océan (SeaWiFs, Polder et OCTS)." Toulon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUL0008.
Повний текст джерелаTocquet, Nadine. "Biocinétiques d'un élément transuranien, le ²³⁸Pu, et d'une terre rare, le ¹⁵²Eu, chez le homard Homarus gammarus : organes et niveau cellulaire : modalités des transferts, accumulation et détoxication /." Gif-sur-Yvette : Service de documentation et d'édition multimédia, Centre d'études de Saclay, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35814087h.
Повний текст джерелаGeslin, Philippe. "La mer, la terre et le palétuvier : technologie et transfert de techniques : l'exemple du sel chez les Susu de Guinée." Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHESA018.
Повний текст джерелаTechnological transfers have always been current and essential actions in the story of societies. They are constituting one of the most important vector in the understanding of social groups relations. Thus the way people are bringind them into play, as well as their consequential effects are answereable to social anthropology. Technological transfer may fully form the subject of an ethnographic approach, as religion, economy and kinship. It is a social phenomenon which brings us into the heart of technological choices and transition processes. Linking the logic of different social systems, it is creating strong interactions between individuals and groups. In the first part the thesis we are describing and analysing the emergence conditions of a technological choice (salt production) in a susu community before the arrival of an ngo's program in which we were participating. This first stape respects the rule of the anthropology monographic approach. In regard to the social context we described in the first part, the second part deals with the anthropological implication modalities in such a program, knowing that in regard to the ethnographic and french ergonomic methodologies (we named anthropotechnology), we wanted to help in the conception of technical processes focusing more on the providers and users than on the pure technical aspect itself
Plouviez, David. "De la terre à la mer. . . La construction navale militaire française et ses réseaux économiques au XVIIIe siècle." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT3019.
Повний текст джерелаDeclercq, Amandine. "L'océan environnant, aux confins de la terre : comparaison des perceptions grecque et arabe des limites du monde connu." Toulouse 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU20035.
Повний текст джерелаThe Ocean, both a physical entity and an intellectual concept, has assumed a fundamental role into the cosmogonic and cosmographic thought of various civilisations. Each culture that has formulated the idea of a kosmos' genesis from water or the concept of a surrounding Ocean has, however, formulated a particular image of the Ocean. What have been the specific conception and representation of Okeanos into Greek thought ? From the interpretation of archaïc poetry, which has contributed to the definition of the Ocean as a concept, Ancient Greeks have formulated an image of the world considered, since the classic period, as traditional by posterity. What have been the permanence and the mutations of this image from the VIth century B. C. To late Antiquity ? How did Arabic culture, settled since the VIIth century A. D. On the deeply hellenized territories of the Mediterranean area and Near East, received the cosmographic heritage of Hellenic culture ? This study exposes the development and the transmission of an image of the kosmos – and, through this image, the transmission of a conception related to the place of humanity into the kosmos – from greek archaïc poetry (VIIth century B. C. ) to the late mediaeval arabic compilations (XIVth century A. D. )
Bresc-Litzler, Sophie. "Les algues : cultures, territoires et enjeux en France, aux Etats-Unis et en Chine : géographie d'une ressource à cultiver en mer et à terre." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010559/document.
Повний текст джерелаOur work is an original research that brings a new study example to the geography of sea and coastlines. We propose to describe and analyze the spatial and economic dynamics of a singular type of aquaculture: seaweed farming. Seaweed farming is a significant research area in coastal geography as well as in the geography of food and energy. We sought to identify the different scales of territories organized for the production of both macro- and microalgae. To conduct this research, we chose three study countries : China, the largest producer of macroalgae, France, where traditional production is being adapted to a new commercial and industrial demand, and finally the United States, where most innovations in the field of microalgae are made. This thesis has a cross- and forward-looking approach and is based on different research methods: field surveys on production sites, interviews with stakeholders, researchers, and distributors, bibliographic research at the intersection of the biological and social sciences. The study of crops, territories and issues of seaweed farming progresses along a three-step analysis: first, the presentation of algae farming (macro and microalgae) in its global and regional production with the production methods, second the analysis of the algae value chains, showing the development of local equipment and installations, and the investment of authorities in the territories of reference. Finally, we explore algae as a resource involved in energy, environmental and food issues of the twenty-first century
Adjaout, Abdelhamid. "Validation des mesures de gravité en mer : détermination du géoïde gravimétrique au large du Japon et détection du courant Kuroshio." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 1994. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01958570.
Повний текст джерелаBouyahiaoui, Boualem. "Structure profonde et réactivation de la marge est-algérienne et du bassin adjacent (secteur d'Annaba), contraintes par sismique réflexion multitrace et grand-angle terre-mer." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4116/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this study, we determine the deep structure of the eastern Algerian basin and its southern margin in the Annaba region (easternmost Algeria), to better constrain the plate kinematic reconstruction in this region. This study is based on new geophysical data collected during the SPIRAL cruise in 2009 that included a wide-angle, 240-km-long, onshore-offshore seismic profile, multichannel seismic reflection lines, and gravity and magnetic data, which was complemented by the available geophysical data for the study area. The analysis and modeling of the wide-angle seismic data using travel-times and amplitudes, and integrated with the multichannel seismic lines, reveal the detailed structure of an ocean-to-continent transition. In the deep basin, there is an ~5.5-km-thick oceanic crust that is composed of two layers. The upper layer of the crust is defined by a high velocity gradient and P-wave velocities between 4.8 km/s and 6.0 km/s from the top to the bottom. The lower crust is defined by a lower velocity gradient and P-wave velocity between 6.0 km/s and 7.1 km/s. The Poisson ratio in the lower crust deduced from S-wave modeling is 0.28, which indicates that the lower crust is composed mainly of gabbros. Below the continental edge, a typical continental crust with P-wave velocities between 5.2 km/s and 7.0 km/s from the top to the bottom shows a gradual seaward thinning of ~15 km over an ~35-km distance
Lavallée, Jean. "Entre terre et mer : l'homme de l'estran : influences du changement social et économique : mode de production et rapports de parenté chez les ostréiculteurs de Marennes-Oléron." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR21006.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this thesis is the study and the analysis of social and economic mutations for breeders of oysters. In the introduction, our hypothesis is that biological and economic constraints directly influence the family relations. These family relations turn into social production relations by the concept of the social and sexual partition of work. These relations move and influence the breeders of oysters when they can be neither checked nor quantified. In the second part, we shall see the social relations of producers : men and women place in production, the domination and the oyster-representations system, the exchange disposition and the distribution of the social produce. The third part treats of social and economic mutations in the oyster-society. The conclusion resumes the main points of the different parts and teaches us that, in the reproduction system of production way, imagination and dynamism in the oyster society play a leading role in the relations between biological constraints and economic constraints
Herlédant, Olivier. "Etude numérique et expérimentale de la micro-météorologie des sites de régates côtières appliquée à la baie de Quiberon." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980030.
Повний текст джерелаNivet, Fantine. "Fonctionnement hydro-climatique de trois rivières est-africaines et impacts sur les transferts de carbone le long du continuum terre-mer." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS283.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding the biogeochemical response of tropical rivers to climate and socio-economic changes is a key scientific challenge. In such context, however, the hydrological functioning and transfer of carbon along tropical rivers – and the potential control of the tropical atmospheric circulation features – remain poorly documented and understood. To address this challenge, water, soil, sediment and suspended matter samples were collected in March and in October-November 2016 over three rivers basins from East Africa, located along a latitudinal transect across the Intertropical Convergence Zone and analysed for their chemical, isotopic and carbon compositions. Depending on internal characteristics of each basin, the three rivers have their own hydrological functioning identified during the low-water period. During the high-water period, all the rivers are mainly supplied by runoff and their isotopic signatures allow to reconstruct the origin of rains. The carbon originated from lateral inputs (rock weathering and soil erosion) depend on the geological geomorphological characteristics, on the hydro-climatological context, and on surrounding land use activities. In addition, the in situ primary production increases from upstream to downstream and provides an important part of the particulate organic carbon to the river. The carbon fluxes of the three basins are already impacted by climate and socio-economic patterns, and such impacts will most likely increase in the future. This will result on an increase of soil degradation and a decrease of carbon storage over the basins and an increase the production of organic carbon in streams by biological activities
Ben, Rais Lasram Frida. "Diversité ichtyologique en Méditerranée : patrons, modélisation et projections dans un contexte de réchauffement global." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20004.
Повний текст джерелаDue to its semi-enclosed shape, to its high species richness and high endemism levels and to its invasiveness, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most particular and critical ecosystems of the world. The Mediterranean has been intensively studied since the Antiquity, yet foundations underlying fish diversity patterns have been overlooked. In this study, as a first step, we studied fish diversity patterns in the Mediterranean and their determinants. Towards this objective, we built the first comprehensive database on the spatial distributions of the 619 Mediterranean fish species. We then carried out spatial analyses in order to assess the relative contribution of historical and geometric contingencies as well as environmental influences in shaping fish biodiversity patterns. In a second step, we analyzed the correlates of dispersal success of exotic species and we assessed the spatial congruence with the endemic ichtyofauna within a global warming context. Finally, we modeled the present climatic envelopes of the most vulnerable Mediterranean fish species, i. E. The endemic species. We used those models to project expected spatial distributions of endemic species according to a global warming scenario in order to identify winner versus loser species as well as areas where a strong species turnover would occur. We showed that geometric constraints, primary production and temperature have an influence on species diversity patterns. It also appeared that the climate and the year of introduction into the Mediterranean are key determinants of the dispersal success of Lessepsian species. Within a global warming context, our results revealed an increasing spatial congruence between endemic and exotic fish faunas and for the latter, deep modifications in their assemblages expected in 2041-2060 and 2070-2099. In sum our results suggest that endemic species undergo a biotic pressure via exotic species and an abiotic pressure via global warming. The additional and potentially the synergetic effect of those pressures is likely to increase endemic species vulnerability
Chevallier, Matthieu, and Matthieu Chevallier. "Prévisibilité saisonnière de la glace de mer de l'océan Arctique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00806125.
Повний текст джерелаGarric, Gilles. "Simulation couplée globale : atmosphère, banquise et océan superficiel." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30241.
Повний текст джерелаConstant, Mel. "Source, transfert et devenir des microplastiques (MPs) en mer Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0057/document.
Повний текст джерелаAnthropogenic litter, particularly plastic litter and their fragments (microplastics or “MPs”; < 5 mm) represent a highly pervasive and persistent global threat to marine ecosystems, as they can be ingested by a wide range of marine species. As a landlocked sea with a high population density, the Mediterranean Sea is highly exposed to marine litter pollution. This thesis aims tounderstand the origin and the future of marine MPs thanks to a holistic approach from terrestrial sources to marine sinks. This strategy was applied at the regional scale of the Gulf of Lion (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea) on all coastal compartments. MPs were observed in every studied matrices (water, sediment, atmospheric fallout) with a high variability within and betweenthe different compartments. No significant qualitative trend seems to occur during the transfer of MPs between compartments and fibers were the most abundant shape found in samples. MP concentrations changed at a short spatial and temporal scale (< 1 hour and < 1 kilometer), overlaying other variabilities (i.e. seasonal or between sites). If no obvious relationship betweenexternal forcing (e.g. precipitations, river flow rates, winds) and MP concentrations was observed, rainfall events seemed to have an important impact on the amount of MPs transferred into the sea. Extrapolating our results to the whole Gulf of Lion watersheds, 30 ± 20 tons of MPs would settle on urban areas and 7 ± 10 tons would be supplied by rivers into the Mediterranean Sea every year. The extrapolation of MP quantities within marine environments seems to indicate that the sea surface and beaches are only transitory compartments (<1 ton) whereas sea floor and water column couldbe more impacted (up to 350 tons for marine sediment). New data on water column and marine sediments are needed to confirm this hypothesis, but those results suggest that both latter compartments could be major sinks for marine MPs
Moppert, Clotilde. "ECHANGES DANS LA COUCHE LIMITE ET LA BASSE TROPOSPHERE ET CONSEQUENCES SUR LA POLLUTIONDANS LA REGION DE FOS-BERRE-MARSEILLE (EXPERIENCE ESCOMPTE)." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00081960.
Повний текст джерелаPuygrenier, Vincent. "Etude de la couche limite atmosphérique côtière durant ESCOMPTE 2001. Evaluation et amélioration des performances d'un radar UHF." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011691.
Повний текст джерелаDans le cadre de la campagne ESCOMPTE-2001, ce travail de thèse est consacré à l'étude de la basse troposphère en période de brise de mer, situation météorologique défavorable à la qualité de l'air des zones côtières. Il a permis notamment de mettre en évidence une oscillation de l'intensité de la brise de mer et des compétitions de brises de mer locales et régionales, qui modifient le temps d'advection de l'air marin sur la surface terrestre et ont donc des répercussions importantes sur le développement de la CLA et sa concentration en polluants. Ces travaux s'appuient principalement sur le réseau de quatre radars profileurs de vent UHF mis en place sur la zone côtière de Marseille/Fos/Berre, permettant une description en trois dimensions et en continu dans le temps des écoulements de brises de mer et de la CLA.
Pour les besoins de cette étude phénoménologique, des développements méthodologiques sont apportés sur la mesure des propriétés turbulentes de la CLA par les radars UHF (termes du bilan de l'énergie cinétique turbulente) et sur leur utilisation en réseau pour l'étude de la trajectographie de panaches de polluants.
Bouchlaghem, Karim. "Étude expérimentale et numérique de la pollution atmosphérique dans les villes côtières tunisiennes." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2002.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of a morning sea breeze triggers the increase of O3 and SO2 concentrations in Sousse (Tunisia). The wind field changes its direction anticlockwise getting even stronger during the sea breeze. We have shown that during this sea breeze type, the power plant emissions are responsible for harming the air quality in the region. The launching of the afternoon sea breeze favours a late rapid increase of O3 concentration. The recirculation of pollutants coupled with the photochemical production control the variation of O3 concentration in Sousse region. This breeze type generates the front breeze and the retum flow circulation at the summit of the atmospheric boundary layer. The experimental measurements obtained from a fixed and mobile stations supported by satellite imageries (MODIS and SEAWIFS) have served the study of seasonal evolution of the principal atmospheric pollutants over the Tunisian coasts. The obtained results show that the evolution of O3 concentration is due to the late breeze setting. As far as dust is concerned, this study shows that the increase in its concentration bas been observed simultaneously in the four measurement sites (Bizerte, Sousse, Sfax and Tunis). This fact has permitted us to point out the Saharan dust implication. The evolution of the concentration of primary pollutants NO, NO2 and SO2 depends on the movement of the air masses and the photochemical transformation. In order to validate these experimental results, we achieved a numerical study using the FLUENT code, simulating the phenomenon of dispersion of a pollutant in presence of a three dimensional flow. The model results fit with the experimental measurements. We pointed out the 3D behaviour of the pollutants dispersion and their contribution to the increase in their surface concentration
Llovel, William. "Hausse du niveau de la mer et impact du changement climatique global." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00558287.
Повний текст джерелаTrottier, Annie-Pier. "Géomorphologie et stratigraphie Quaternaire de systèmes de fjords-lacustres du Québec-Labrador." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66568.
Повний текст джерелаSediments contained in fjords have a high potential to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes since these glacial valleys located at the interface of continent and ocean are generally characterized by high sedimentation rates. Fjords are long narrow valleys that were deeply incised during successive glaciations and interglacial periods. They typically contain glacial deposits and landforms that inform on past variations of ice margins. Fjords can also exist in lacustrine environments, such as in alpine area or formerly glaciated regions, where the glacio-isostatic rebound combined with the postglacial marine regression isolated the fjord from the sea. Many fjord-lakes are found in Québec and Labrador, but the evolution of these lacustrine basins since deglaciation is poorly documented, as many worldwide analogues of these type of lakes are still glaciated today, or are located in alpine regions where no marine transgression ever occurred. Hydroacoustic technologies such as multibeam bathymetry and sub-bottom profiles allow visualizing at a high resolution the morpho-stratigraphy of subaquatic basins in order to interpret the major events that modeled their basins and lead to a better understanding of their past and modern sedimentary dynamics. Using such an approach in fjord-lakes located at key locations would also allow refining history of last glaciation in areas where only few paleoenvironmental studies exist. This thesis reports and describes multibeam bathymetry data and sub-bottom profiles collected in eight fjord-lakes of Québec (lakes Mékinac, Jacques-Cartier, Pohénégamook, Témiscouata, Pentecôte, Walker & Pasteur) and Labrador (Grand Lake), as well as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of their valleys and surrounding areas. The analysis that combine geomorphology and sismostratigraphy allow: 1) reconstructing the sequence of deglaciation in Mauricie (Southern Québec) and eastern Labrador; 2) refining the location of the Mars-Batiscan morainic belt as well as the transgression limit of the deglacial Champlain Sea on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River; 3) a better understanding of the dynamics of ice retreat in the fjords of Mékinac and Grand during climatic cold episodes (Younger Dryas and 8.2 ka BP event, respectively); and 4) establishing a model of morpho-stratigraphic evolution for fjord-lakes of Québec-Labrador, from deglaciation to the postglacial period.
Evrard, Catherine. "Processus métallogéniques associés aux interactions hydrothermales entre l'eau de mer et les roches ultrabasiques du manteau, exemple de la ride Médio-Atlantique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00927274.
Повний текст джерелаPapa, Fabrice. "Nouvelles applications scientifiques des missions altimétriques pour l'étude des océans et des terres émergées." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30093.
Повний текст джерелаSilvy, Yona. "Emergence des changements de température et de salinité dans l’océan intérieur en réponse au changement climatique : échelles de temps et mécanismes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS124.
Повний текст джерелаHuman-induced climate change is already affecting every inhabited region of the planet. Yet, over 90% of the excess heat associated with human activities has been absorbed by the ocean since the 1970s, which acts to largely damp atmospheric warming, but has large impacts on human societies and marine life. In this thesis, I explore when and where thermohaline changes in the ocean interior become large enough to be unambiguously set apart from internal variability and investigate their associated physical drivers, using ensembles of climate models and dedicated numerical experiments. We find that the climate signal in the upper ocean water-masses emerges between the late 20th century and the first decades of the 21st. The Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude Mode Waters emerge before their Northern Hemisphere counterparts. The associated warming at these timescales is mostly caused by the uptake of heat from the atmosphere, passively transported into the ocean interior. In the deeper parts of the ocean, circulation changes play a more important role in the emergence timescales of the climate signals. Increased buoyancy gain at the surface in the subpolar areas cause a slowdown in the meridional overturning circulation. This warms the subsurface and abyssal waters in the Southern Ocean as soon as the mid-20th century, adding up to the weaker passive uptake of heat, but counteracts it in the deep North Atlantic over the 21st, delaying the emergence. Although climate models miss some important aspects of the ocean response to climate change, they allow to shed light on the balance of processes at play, and suggest anthropogenic influence has already spread to large parts of the ocean
Courboules, Jérôme. "Contribution de la télédétection à haute et très haute résolution spatiale à la perception des ressources naturelles renouvelables : exemples d'applications aux zones littorales tropicales de la Mer Rouge (données TM de LANDSAT4, HRV de SPOT1 et photographies aériennes numérisées)." Nice, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NICE4333.
Повний текст джерелаTassy, Aurélie. "Karsts côtiers et canyons sous-marins de la marge provençale au Cénozoïque : Contrôle géodynamique, eustatique, hydrologique et structural." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830299.
Повний текст джерелаBringer, Alexandra. "Description statistique de la surface océanique et mesures conjointes micro-ondes : une analyse cohérente." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794381.
Повний текст джерелаBigot, Marianne. "Biogeochimie de la matiere organique dans l'estuaire du huang he et en mer de bohai." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066083.
Повний текст джерелаToucanne, Samuel. "Reconstruction des transferts sédimentaires en provenance du système glaciaire de mer d'Irlande et du paléo-fleuve Manche au cours des derniers cycles climatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13699/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Pleistocene has been period of fluctuating climate accompanied by prominent sea-level lowstands during the glacial intervals, when massive continental ice sheets extended from mountainous to lowland European areas. The retreat of the shoreline on the extensive present-day shallow continental shelf of the southern part of the British Isles induced the appearance of the ‘Fleuve Manche’ palaeoriver, one of the largest systems that drained the European continent. Sedimentary records from the Bay of Biscay offer an independent record allowing the reconstruction of the freshwater and sediment discharges of the ‘Fleuve Manche’, and the possibility of detecting the imprint of surrounding ice-sheet oscillations and attendant modification of hinterland drainage directions throughout the Pleistocene. For the last 1.2 Ma, the progressive development of extensive Pleistocene ice-sheets over Europe during cold periods favoured sedimentary transfers in the Bay of Biscay, particularly since MIS 12 when the British and Fennoscandian ice sheets merged in the North Sea for the first time, forcing the North Sea fluvial system to flow southwards through the Dover Strait, which opened 455 000 years ago according to our data. From this point onwards, the North Sea drainage, as well as meltwaters that flowed westwards along the southern margin of the Fennoscandian ice-sheet could drain into the Bay of Biscay, as reported through significant terrigenous supplies in the northern Bay of Biscay during the MIS 6 (ca.150 ka) and MIS 2 (ca.18 ka). We assume for example that sediment load delivered to the Bay of Biscay by the ‘Fleuve Manche’ reached 130 M t yr-1 at time of the last melting of the European ice sheet ca. 18 000 years ago. On the whole, we demonstrate, for the studied period, that climate forcing strongly affects the sediment transfer into the northern Bay of Biscay and the turbiditic activity of the Celtic and Armorican turbidite systems. Finally, the recognition of melting events of the European ice sheets throughout the last 1.2 Ma allows, for the first time, the correlation of the European continental glaciation-derived chronology with the marine isotope stratigraphy
FONTAINE, CHRISTINE. "Sismicite et structure en vitesse de la bordure cotiere de la marge nord ligure a partir des donnees de la campagne a terre et en mer sisbalig ii. Hypotheses sur la formation et l'evolution actuelle de la marge." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066555.
Повний текст джерелаDarras, Marc. "Dilution à la surface de la mer de rejets flottants." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10005.
Повний текст джерелаToucanne, Samuel. "Reconstruction des transferts sédimentaires en provenance du système glaciaire de Mer d'Irlande et du paléofleuve Manche au cours des derniers cycles climatiques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389403.
Повний текст джерелаDulongcourty, Michel. "Modélisation numérique de la propagation d'une onde électromagnétique très basse fréquence (0,1 à 100 Hz) et de fréquence nulle émise par des sources 2 et 3D au voisinage d'une transition terre/mer de profil côtier quelconque." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-97.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAvant d'attaquer l'élaboration de différentes solutions numériques, les résultats d'une étude bibliographique regroupant les caractéristiques de propagation des ondes très basses fréquences et les caractéristiques de solutions numériques existants très simplistes sont présentées. Par la suite, les différentes solutions numériques utilisant la méthode des différences finies et simulant la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques très basses fréquences et à courant continu émises par une source à deux ou à trois dimensions à proximité d'une transition terre/mer de profil côtier abrupt, à double transition abrupte, vallonné et à pente constante sur une distance horizontale de 500 mètres sont exposées. Les résultats numériques ont permis d'expliquer entre autres les caractéristiques de propagation des ondes électromagnétiques en mode te et tm, l'importance de l'orientation d'un dipôle électrique immerge, de la fréquence d'émission et du type de relief sous-marin côtier sur la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques à proximité d'une transition terre/mer
Lebrun, Marion. "De l'interaction entre banquise, lumière et phytoplancton arctique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS524.
Повний текст джерелаLarge weaknesses remain considering our understanding of the drivers of phytoplankton growth in Arctic sea ice zone, especially due to large uncertainties in the interactions between sea ice, light and phytoplankton.The aim of this PhD thesis is to better understand these interactions and to highlight the main uncertainties considering these interactions in Earth System Models. I first show that the ice-free period is mainly led by the solar irradiance cycle and by the ocean-atmosphere thermodynamic exchanges during summer. It is consequently projected to extend into fall in the future. Then, I evaluate the radiative transfer scheme in the ocean model NEMO, in arctic sea ice zone. I show that NEMO largely underestimates the transmitted shortwave radiation in ice-covered waters, especially due to the overestimation of the snow and the first level of the ocean attenuation. I finally define a diagnostic to describe available light seasonality in the sea ice zone and I study the impact of this diagnostic on simulated phytoplankton in the bio-geochemistry model PISCES. However, large uncertainties remain in the study of the relation between this diagnostic and the phytoplankton growth. This is especially due to the non-linearity between available light and phytoplankton growth and also due to the lake of knowledge about the phytoplankton physiology
Law-Chune, Stephane. "Apport de l'océanographie opérationnelle à l'amélioration de la prévision de dérive océanique dans le cadre d'opérations de recherche et de sauvetage en mer et de lutte contre les pollutions marines." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838293.
Повний текст джерелаOblinger, Arnaud. "Caractérisation morphodynamique des sites de Malo-les-Bains et de Calais Hoverport, Nord de la France : Spécificités de deux sites macrotidaux originaux du sud de la Mer du Nord." Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0236.
Повний текст джерелаSeries of hydrodynamic and morphological readings have been carried out on the beaches of Malo-Les Bains and Calais Hoverport between 2004 and 2007. These readings have been backed up with monthly topometric surveys in order to understand the morphodynamic behaviour of two macrotidal beaches, which stand out in the area because of their relative stability despite an ever-rising sea level. Malo-Les Bains is heavily anthropised – it is set against a dam and is protected by a breakwater. The latter is responsible for ridges and runnels, which contrast with the rest of the area because of the smooth aspect of this morphology. Calais-Hoverport is a typical accreting beach. It has a vast sandy platform with convex ridges and runnels on the seaside and accreting dunes on the eastside. The hydrodynamic readings we carried out led to an analysis of swells and medium currents and how their behaviour was influenced by weather conditions. Like other local beaches, the prevailing easterly current may be forced to change to the opposite direction under certain weather conditions. However, we highlighted features that are specific to our two sites such as stronger currents and swelles behind the breakwater, especially with westerly currents, or, in the case of Calais-Hoverport, currents oscillating between West at the top and bottom of the tide and East the rest of the time. We have also tried to evaluate the theoretical speed of currents required to move sediments. Our calculations show that only longshore currents are able to generate such currents for a significant time. In Malo-Les Bains, these easterly currents, with a N to NW forcing might reach their maximal speed towards the W. The same forcing phenomenon occurs in Calais, where those currents can only head East. Various topometric readings enabled us to establish the morphological changes to the beach determined by the weather and swell. It appears that both the building up and destruction of ridges are linked to strong energy conditions