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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Feng, Liuyan, Yi Liu, Wenjun He, Yajun You, Linyi Wang, Xin Xu, and Xiujian Chou. "Intramode Brillouin Scattering Properties of Single-Crystal Lithium Niobate Optical Fiber." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 26, 2022): 6476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136476.

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Ordinary step-type fiber usually has only one obvious Brillouin scattering gain peak with a low gain coefficient, resulting in a poor sensing performance. As a promising material for nonlinear photonics, lithium niobate can significantly improve the Brillouin gain due to its higher refractive index when replaced with the core material. Furthermore, the higher-order acoustic modes make the Brillouin gain spectrum exhibit multiple scattering peaks, which could improve the performance of sensors. In this study, we simulated the Brillouin scattering properties of different modes of intramode in step-index lithium niobate core fibers. We analyzed the intramode-stimulated Brillouin scattering properties of different pump–Stokes pairs for nine LP modes (LP01, LP11, LP21, LP02, LP31, LP12, LP41, LP22, and LP03) guided in fiber. The results show that both the effective refractive index and Brillouin scattering frequency shift are decreased with the increase in the nine mode orders, and the values of which are 2.2413 to 2.1963, and 21.17 to 20.73 GHz, respectively. The typical back-stimulated Brillouin scattering gain is obtained at 1.7525 m−1·W−1. These simulation results prove that the Brillouin gain of the LiNbO3 optical fiber structure can be significantly improved, which will pave the way for better distributed Brillouin sensing and for improving the transmission capacity of communication systems.

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2

She, C. Y., G. C. Herring, H. Moosmüller, and S. A. Lee. "Stimulated Rayleigh-Brillouin gain spectroscopy." Physical Review A 31, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 3733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.31.3733.

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3

Dragic, Peter D. "Brillouin Gain Reduction Via B." Journal of Lightwave Technology 29, no. 7 (April 2011): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2011.2107502.

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4

Hang Yuan, Hang Yuan, Yulei Wang Yulei Wang, Zhiwei Lu Zhiwei Lu, Rui Liu Rui Liu, and and Can Cui and Can Cui. "Measurement of Brillouin gain coefficient in fluorocarbon liquid." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 4 (2016): 041902–41905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.041902.

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5

Djadaojee, Lionel, Albane Douillet та Jules Grucker. "Stimulated Brillouin gain spectroscopy in a confined spatio-temporal domain (30 μm, 170 ns)". European Physical Journal Applied Physics 89, № 3 (березень 2020): 30701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020200012.

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The Brillouin gain spectrum of a test sample (liquid acetone at room temperature) on scales simultaneously confined in space (~30 μm) and time (~170 ns) is reported. This is done using a pulsed stimulated Brillouin scattering gain spectrometer in a θ ≈ 90° crossing beam configuration. After having identified and corrected for different sources of background signals, we obtained a Brillouin gain spectrum allowing an accurate measurement (MHz range) of the Brillouin frequency (few GHz). This is of interest for probing acoustic properties of transparent media subjected to repetitive fast transient phenomena on small length scales.

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6

Ajiya, M., J. A. Oladapo, and N. A. M. Ahmad Hambali. "Lasing threshold characteristics of multi-wavelength Brillouin–erbium laser in the L-band region assisted by delay interferometer." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 25, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863516500247.

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This paper reports the simulation of L-band multi-wavelength Brillouin–erbium fiber laser that utilizes delay interferometer as a comb filter. The simulation is performed using OptiSystem. The structure exhibits threshold power in terms of Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain of 10[Formula: see text]mW at a very low Brillouin pump power of 0.00316[Formula: see text]mW for the generation of first Stokes. Thirty one output channels were produced with minimum EDFA gain of 1[Formula: see text]W at Brillouin pump power of 0.00316[Formula: see text]mW. In line with theory, it has been observed that higher Brillouin pump power requires low threshold gain and vice versa to generate the Brillouin Stokes.

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7

Lin, Wenqiao, Zhisheng Yang, Xiaobin Hong, Sheng Wang, and Jian Wu. "Brillouin gain bandwidth reduction in Brillouin optical time domain analyzers." Optics Express 25, no. 7 (March 24, 2017): 7604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.007604.

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8

Zhan, Yage, Ziyang Shen, Zeyu Sun, Qiao Yu, Hong Liu, and Yong Kong. "A two-parameter distributed sensing system for temperature and strain monitoring based on highly nonlinear fiber." Sensor Review 39, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-10-2017-0230.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to theoretically analyze and experimentally demonstrate the investigation of and present a kind of sensing system for monitoring simultaneous temperature and strain measurements based on highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) and single mode fiber (SMF). Design/methodology/approach First, the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) characteristics of the HNLF have been studied, including the Brillouin gain bandwidth, Brillouin gain center frequency and SBS threshold. Second, based on the Brillouin gain center frequency, the Brillouin frequency shift coefficients of strain and temperature in HNLF have been studied. Third, the sensing and signal interrogation scheme for simultaneous monitoring of temperature and strain with high resolution has been presented. Findings It is found that the HNLF has a wider Brillouin gain bandwidth. The SBS threshold of HNLF is 78 mW, which is much larger than 7.9 mW of SMF. Also, the Brillouin frequency shift coefficients of strain and temperature in HNLF are 0.0308 and 0.413 MHz/°C, respectively. Originality/value The larger threshold of SBS is useful to avoid SBS under certain situations that Spontaneous Brillouin Scattering is necessary and should be applied. The technique is based on the fact that the Brillouin frequency shift coefficients of strain and temperature in HNLF are different from those in SMF. Therefore, the two-parameter monitoring can be achieved by producing SBS and obtaining the back-scattering Brillouin signal light simultaneously in HNLF and SMF.

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9

Li, Bo, Ningjun Jiang, and Xiaole Han. "Denoising of BOTDR Dynamic Strain Measurement Using Convolutional Neural Networks." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 4, 2023): 1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041764.

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Анотація:

The Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) system measures the distributed strain and temperature information along the optic fibre by detecting the Brillouin gain spectra (BGS) and finding the Brillouin frequency shift profiles. By introducing small gain stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), dynamic measurement using BOTDR can be realized, but the performance is limited due to the noise of the detected information. An image denoising method using the convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied to the derived Brillouin gain spectrum images to enhance the performance of the Brillouin frequency shift detection and the strain vibration measurement of the BOTDR system. By reducing the noise of the BGS images along the length of the fibre under test with different network depths and epoch numbers, smaller frequency uncertainties are obtained, and the sine-fitting R-squared values of the detected strain vibration profiles are also higher. The Brillouin frequency uncertainty is improved by 24% and the sine-fitting R-squared value of the obtained strain vibration profile is enhanced to 0.739, with eight layers of total depth and 200 epochs.

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10

Awsaj, Mohammed K., Thamer Fahad Al-Mashhadani, Mohammed Kamil Salh Al-Mashhadani, Rabi Noori Hammudi, Ali yaseen Ali, Mohad Saiful Dzulkefly Zan, and Norhana Arsad. "Tunable 60 GHz Multiwavelength Brillouin Erbium Fiber Laser." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 3275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053275.

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An experimental study of a tunable 60 GHz multiwavelength Brillouin erbium fiber laser is presented in this paper. Two unidirectional ring laser cavities and two pre-amplification laser cavities are used. In the first three cavities, a Brillouin gain medium is presented with a dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) spool, and a single-mode fiber (SMF) spool is used as a Brillouin gain medium in the fourth cavity. Three erbium amplifiers are utilized to supply enough gain to the generated Brillouin Stokes signal and to suppress cavity losses. For these three amplifiers, up to 450 mW (150 mW for each) of a 1480 nm pump power is used. In our proposed configuration, four sextuple Brillouin Stokes signals with a high power of 10 dBm and more than 55 dB as an optical signal-to-noise ratio are achieved. The obtained Brillouin Stokes signals can be tuned over 30 nm (1560–1590 nm) and can be easily used in dense wavelength division multiplexing in optics communication systems.

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11

Grubbs, W. Tandy, and Richard A. MacPhail. "High resolution stimulated Brillouin gain spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 65, no. 1 (January 1994): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144743.

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12

Ogusu, Kazuhiko, Hongpu Li, and Michihiko Kitao. "Brillouin-gain coefficients of chalcogenide glasses." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 21, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.21.001302.

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13

Yusof, N. Roshidah, N. A. M. Ahmad Hambali, R. Othman, W. Mokhzani, and M. H. A. Wahid. "Optimization of L-Band Ring Cavity Brillouin Erbium Fiber Laser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.380.

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In this paper, the performance of ring cavity Brillouin Erbium fiber laser (BEFL) within L-band wavelength region are discussed. Introducing Erbium doped fiber as a secondary gain medium into conventional Brillouin fiber laser configuration is the best alternative to maximize the Brillouin Stokes power (output power) and to sustain the gain flatness. Few parameters comprising length of fiber, pump power and tunable laser source power are varied to obtain the optimum output power. From the simulation process, a maximum Brillouin Stokes power of 54.75 dBm is produced as 16 dBm Brillouin pump power and 1480 nm pump laser are injected to the configuration.

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14

Laude, Vincent, and Jean-Charles Beugnot. "Spontaneous Brillouin Scattering Spectrum and Coherent Brillouin Gain in Optical Fibers." Applied Sciences 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8060907.

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15

Hou, Jiaxin, Yajun You, Yuan Liu, Kai Jiang, Xuefeng Han, Wenjun He, Wenping Geng, Yi Liu, and Xiujian Chou. "Ultra-Narrow Bandwidth Microwave Photonic Filter Implemented by Single Longitudinal Mode Parity Time Symmetry Brillouin Fiber Laser." Micromachines 14, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14071322.

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In this paper, a novel microwave photonic filter (MPF) based on a single longitudinal mode Brillouin laser achieved by parity time (PT) symmetry mode selection is proposed, and its unparalleled ultra-narrow bandwidth as low as to sub-kHz together with simple and agile tuning performance is experimentally verified. The Brillouin fiber laser ring resonator is cascaded with a PT symmetric system to achieve this MPF. Wherein, the Brillouin laser resonator is excited by a 5 km single mode fiber to generate Brillouin gain, and the PT symmetric system is configured with Polarization Beam Splitter (PBS) and polarization controller (PC) to achieve PT symmetry. Thanks to the significant enhancement of the gain difference between the main mode and the edge mode when the polarization state PT symmetry system breaks, a single mode oscillating Brillouin laser is generated. Through the selective amplification of sideband modulated signals by ultra-narrow linewidth Brillouin single mode laser gain, the MPF with ultra-narrow single passband performance is obtained. By simply tuning the central wavelength of the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) pumped laser to adjust the Brillouin oscillation frequency, the gain position of the Brillouin laser can be shifted, thereby achieving flexible tunability. The experimental results indicate that the MPF proposed in this paper achieves a single pass band narrow to 72 Hz and the side mode rejection ratio of more than 18 dB, with a center frequency tuning range of 0–20 GHz in the testing range of vector network analysis, which means that the MPF possesses ultra high spectral resolution and enormous potential application value in the domain of ultra fine microwave spectrum filtering such as radar imaging and electronic countermeasures.

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16

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Mathematical model of optical amplifier using nonlinear stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fiber." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 1 (March 4, 2007): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.1.142-146.

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We demonstrate the results of a mathematical model for investigation the nonlinear Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), which can be employed to achieve high optical amplifier. The SBS is created by interaction between the incident We demonstrate the results of a mathematical model for investigation the nonlinear Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), which can be employed to achieve high optical amplifier. The SBS is created by interaction between the incident light and the acoustic vibration fiber. The design criteria and the amplification characteristic of the Brillouin amplifier is demonstrated and discussed for fiber Brillouin amplifier using different pump power with different fiber length. The results show, high Brillouin gain can be achieved with high pump power and long effective fiber length.and the acoustic vibration fiber. The design criteria and the amplification characteristic of the Brillouin amplifier is demonstrated and discussed for fiber Brillouin amplifier using different pump power with different fiber length. The results show, high Brillouin gain can be achieved with high pump power and long effective fiber length.

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17

Malek, A. Zakiah, S. Nursyamimi Ariffin, N. A. M. Ahmad Hambali, M. H. A. Wahid, M. M. Shahimin, M. A. M. Azidin, and Siti S. Mat Isa. "Optimization of Output Coupling Ratio for Multi-Wavelength Brillouin Fiber Laser Employing FBG and DCF as Gain Medium." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.608.

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Анотація:

A ring-cavity multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser by employing a fiber Bragg grating and dispersion compensating fiber was experimentally demonstrated. The multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser has been analyzed at different output coupling ratios at 1550 nm of Brillouin pump wavelength. A ring-cavity multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser has been designed with a 16 km long of dispersion compensating fiber which acts as gain medium for stimulated Brillouin scattering effect. Dispersion compensating fiber is designed to have small core size and has higher nonlinear coefficient. As a result, 8 Brillouin Stokes signals were produced at maximum Brillouin power of 21 dBm and output coupling ratio of 80%. The best performance of output coupling ratio was determined by 70% with the highest of signal to noise ratio at 38.39 dB.

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18

Chen, Hui, Zhenxu Bai, Xuezong Yang, Jie Ding, Yaoyao Qi, Bingzheng Yan, Yulei Wang, Zhiwei Lu, and Richard P. Mildren. "Enhanced stimulated Brillouin scattering utilizing Raman conversion in diamond." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 18 (May 2, 2022): 181103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087092.

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Cascaded Brillouin lasers based on guided-wave structures are applied across a range of important fields such as optical communications, microwave photonics, and sensing. However, restricted by the volume and available transmission range of the gain medium, the power output and wavelength diversity of guided-wave Brillouin devices are somewhat limited. In this work, we report the design and development of a cascaded Brillouin laser based utilizing a free-space optical layout with a diamond crystal as the Brillouin gain medium. A quasi-continuous-wave, 1 μm laser was used as the pump laser, and Raman wavelength conversion is used as an intermediate process to facilitate stimulated Brillouin scattering with a low threshold. When the output transmission of the diamond cavity is 0.37% and the incident pump power is 220 W, cascading of the Brillouin–Stokes field to the eighth Stokes and the seventh anti-Stokes orders was observed. By adjusting the cavity length, the order of the cascaded Brillouin laser output is controlled. A comprehensive analysis of the Brillouin generation process and the cascade of Stokes orders is undertaken for different incident pump powers and cavity lengths. This work is expected to enable practical applications of high-power Brillouin lasers and Brillouin frequency combs.

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19

Jones, D. C. "Characterisation of Liquid Brillouin Media at 532 nm." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 06, no. 01 (March 1997): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886359700006x.

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A number of transparent liquids have been evaluated for use in stimulated Brillouin scattering at 532 nm. Measurements were made of frequency shift, SBS threshold, reflectivity and optical breakdown properties. It was found that the alkanes, and in particular n-pentane, performed well and measurements were made of Brillouin gain coefficient and phonon lifetimes. It is suggested that these liquids are promising candidates for use in self-pumped phase conjugate mirrors, high gain Brillouin amplifiers and four-wave mixing mirrors.

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20

Zhou, Xue Fang, and Shan Yuan. "Study on Structure Optimization of Multi-Wavelength Brillouin-Erbium Doped Fiber Laser." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 2792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.2792.

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A ring cavity multiwavelength Brillouin erbium-doped optical fiber laser （EDFL）based on the stimulated brillouin scattering effects and linear gain mechanism of erbium-doped fiber was demonstrated, in which single mode fiber was used as Brillouin gain medium and the Stokes signal was amplified by using the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, so that the laser can produce a stable multi-wavelength output at room temperature. Through the study and analysis of the position of the circular and coupler and the access mode of the coupler, we found that they both had influence on the output of the brillouin-erbium fiber laser. Then we have done some experiments at the Brillouin pump power of 14 dBm and the 980 nm pump power of 23 dBm, and single mode fiber length of 10km. The results showed that the access mode of the coupler affects the output of the brillouin-erbium fiber laser obviously. The detailed test results and the corresponding explanation were given.

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21

Feng, Cheng, and Thomas Schneider. "Benefits of Spectral Property Engineering in Distributed Brillouin Fiber Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051881.

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As one of the most consolidated distributed fiber sensors based on stimulated Brillouin scattering, the Brillouin optical time-domain analyzer (BOTDA) has been developed for decades. Despite the commercial availability and outstanding progresses which has been achieved, the intrinsic Lorentzian gain spectrum restricts the sensing performance from possible further enhancements and hence limits the field of validity of the technique. In this paper, the novel method of engineering the gain spectral properties of the Brillouin scattering and its application on static and dynamic BOTDA sensors will be reviewed. Such a spectral property engineering has not only provided improvements to BOTDA, but also might open a new way to enhance the performance of all kinds of distributed Brillouin fiber sensors.

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22

Sun, Xizi, Xiaobin Hong, Sheng Wang, and Jian Wu. "Narrowing Brillouin gain spectrum for distortion-free Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers." Optical Engineering 57, no. 06 (June 6, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.6.066104.

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23

Kobyakov, Andrey, Sergey Darmanyan, Michael Sauer, and Dipak Chowdhury. "High-gain Brillouin amplification: an analytical approach." Optics Letters 31, no. 13 (July 1, 2006): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.31.001960.

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24

Ratanaphruks, Krich, W. Tandy Grubbs, and Richard A. MacPhail. "cw stimulated Brillouin gain spectroscopy of liquids." Chemical Physics Letters 182, no. 3-4 (August 1991): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(91)80231-l.

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25

BAWA'ANEH, M. S., and T. J. M. BOYD. "Enhanced levels of stimulated Brillouin reflectivity from non-Maxwellian plasmas." Journal of Plasma Physics 73, no. 2 (April 2007): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377806004405.

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Abstract.A model that counts for temperature gradients in the target plasma, which leads to higher ion acoustic noise and enhanced levels of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) gain and SBS reflectivity, has been adopted. Enhanced Brillouin gain leading to higher SBS reflectivity levels has been computed for non-homogeneous, non-Maxwellian plasmas. SBS reflectivity levels obtained are higher than those predicted by linear convective gain theory by several orders of magnitude and coincide with the high values of experimental data known in literature, which could not be interpreted by the linear convective gain theory.

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26

Huang, Qiang, Junqiang Sun, Wenting Jiao, and Li Kai. "Improvement of Performance for Raman Assisted BOTDR by Analyzing Brillouin Gain Spectrum." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010116.

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Анотація:

We propose a simplified partitioned Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) analysis method to enhance the spatial resolution and measurement accuracy of a Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometer (BOTDR) assisted by a first-order Raman pump. We theoretically derive the mathematical model of the partitioned BGS and analyze the superposition process of sub-Brillouin signals within a theoretical spatial resolution range. We unified all the unknown constant parameters of the calculation process to simplify the partitioned BGS analysis method and the value of the uniform parameter is attained through the system test data and numerical analysis. Moreover, to automate data processing, the starting point of the temperature/strain change is determined by the first occurrence of the maximum Brillouin frequency shift (BFS), then the position where the partitioned BGS analysis method calculation begins is obtained. Using a 100 ns probe pulse and partitioned BGS analysis method, we obtain a spatial resolution of 0.4 m in the 78.45-km-long Raman-assisted BOTDR system, and the measurement accuracy is significantly improved. In addition, we achieve a strain accuracy of 5.6 με and a spatial resolution of 0.4 m in the 28.5-km-long BOTDR without Raman amplification.

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27

Wang, Wu-Yue, Yu Yu, Yun-Fei Li, Gong Wang, Kai Li, Zhi-Yong Wang, Chang-Yu Song, et al. "Ridge-type suspended waveguide Brillouin laser." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 2 (2022): 024203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211539.

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Анотація:

As is well known, the on-chip waveguide with high Brillouin gain has many applications in the field of photonics. Brillouin lasers on silicon substrates are widely used in frequency tunable laser emission, mode-locked pulsed lasers, low-noise oscillators and optical gyroscopes. However, in a silicon-based Brillouin laser, a long waveguide length is still used to achieve Brillouin laser output, which is not conducive to on-chip integration. In this work is proposed a new type of waveguide structure consisting of chalcogenide As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> rectangles and an air slit. Owing to the existence of the air gap, the radiation pressure makes the enhancement of Brillouin nonlinearity much higher than the enhancement caused only by the material nonlinearity. This makes the Brillouin gain reach 1.78 × 10<sup>5</sup> W<sup>–1</sup>·m<sup>–1</sup>, which is nearly 10 times larger than the previously reported backward SBS gain of 2.88 × 10<sup>4</sup> W<sup>–1</sup>·m<sup>–1</sup>, resulting in phonon frequency tuning in a 4.2–7.0 GHz range. This method provides a new idea for designing nano-scaled optical waveguides for forward stimulated Brillouin scattering, and at the same time, this enhanced broadband coherent phonon emission paves the way for improving the hybrid on-chip CMOS signal processing technology.

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28

Yeap, Soon Heng, Siamak Dawazdah Emami, and Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid. "Numerical model for enhancing stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical microfibers." F1000Research 10 (June 30, 2021): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51029.1.

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Анотація:

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is useful, among others for generating slow light, sensing and amplification. SBS was previously viewed as a poor method due to the limitation on optical power in high-powered photonic applications. However, considering the many possible applications using SBS, it is now of interest to enhance SBS in areas of Brillouin frequency shift together with Brillouin Gain. A numerical model, using a fully vectorial approach, by employing the finite element method, was developed to investigate methods for enhancing SBS in optical fiber. This paper describes the method related to the numerical model and discusses the analysis between the interactions of horizontal, shear and hybrid acoustic modes; and optical modes in optical fiber. Two case studies were used to demonstrate this. Based on this numerical model, we report the influence of core radius, clad radius and effective refractive index on the Brillouin frequency shift and gain. We observe the difference of Brillouin shift frequency between a normal silica optical fiber and that of a tapered fiber where nonlinearities are higher. Also observed, the different core radii used and their respective Brillouin shift. For future work, the COMSOL model can also be used for the following areas of research, including simulating “surface Brillouin shift” and also to provide in-sights to the Brillouin shift frequency vB of various structures of waveguides, e.g circular, and triangular, and also to examine specialty fibers, e.g. Thulium and Chalcogenide doped fibers, and their effects on Brillouin shift frequency.

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29

PARVIZI, R., and S. W. HARUN. "MULTIWAVELENGTH BRILLOUIN-ERBIUM FIBER LASER GENERATION WITH DOUBLE-BRILLOUIN-FREQUENCY SPACING IN A RING CAVITY." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 22, no. 02 (June 2013): 1350021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863513500215.

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We propose and demonstrate the most compact and stable multiwavelength Brillouin Erbium Fibre Laser (MBEFL) by incorporating a 10-km long nonzero dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF) acting as a Brillouin gain medium. This proposed configuration with only a single ring cavity is able to produce odd-order Brillouin Stokes waves appear in the backward direction with the line spacing 0.16nm (~20GHz). Brillouin pump and the even Stokes orders act as a Brillouin pump in the forward direction using a pre-amplified Brillouin power approach in a ring cavity. Up to 12 odd-order Brillouin Stokes lines are observed with the Brillouin pump power of around 8 dBm at injected 980 nm pump power of 125 mW. The anti-Stokes lines are also obtained due to four wave mixing and bidirectional operation.

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30

Kabakova, Irina V., Ravi Pant, Herbert G. Winful, and Benjamin J. Eggleton. "Chalcogenide Brillouin lasers." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 23, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863514500015.

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In recent years, chalcogenide glasses have emerged as a material platform for nonlinear signal processing and mid-infrared photonics. In addition, high Brillouin gain of these soft glasses enable compact and highly efficient Brillouin lasers (BL). We review recent progress on chalcogenide BL, compare fiber and waveguide laser geometries, and discuss the potential of chalcogenide platform for compact and high-coherence light sources.

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31

Malek, A. Zakiah, N. A. M. Ahmad Hambali, M. H. A. Wahid, M. M. Shahimin, and M. A. M. Azidin. "Correlation of Brillouin Stokes Signals and Optical-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio in Multi-Wavelength Brillouin Fiber Laser with Additional Fiber Bragg Grating." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.560.

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We experimentally demonstrate unidirectional propagation of multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser system with additional fiber Bragg grating. The configuration is arranged in a ring resonator by utilizing five different Brillouin gain mediums. In this experiment, the input Brillouin pump power was varied in order to maximize the generated Brillouin Stokes signals based on the respective fiber lengths. The influence of these controllable parameters leads to the correlation between of Brillouin Stokes signals and optical-signal-to-noise-ratio. In this case, at 10 km of single mode fiber the maximum of 38 Brillouin Stokes signals were generated together with 15.07 dB of average optical-signal-to-noise-ratio when the 17 dBm Brillouin pump power was launched into the ring resonator.

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32

Kim, Yong Hyun, and Kwang Yong Song. "Recent Progress in Distributed Brillouin Sensors Based on Few-Mode Optical Fibers." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062168.

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Brillouin scattering is a dominant inelastic scattering observed in optical fibers, where the energy and momentum transfer between photons and acoustic phonons takes place. Narrowband reflection (or gain and loss) spectra appear in the spontaneous (or stimulated) Brillouin scattering, and their linear dependence of the spectral shift on ambient temperature and strain variations is the operation principle of distributed Brillouin sensors, which have been developed for several decades. In few-mode optical fibers (FMF’s) where higher-order spatial modes are guided in addition to the fundamental mode, two different optical modes can be coupled by the process of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), as observed in the phenomena called intermodal SBS (two photons + one acoustic phonon) and intermodal Brillouin dynamic grating (four photons + one acoustic phonon; BDG). These intermodal scattering processes show unique reflection (or gain and loss) spectra depending on the spatial mode structure of FMF, which are useful not only for the direct measurement of polarization and modal birefringence in the fiber, but also for the measurement of environmental variables like strain, temperature, and pressure affecting the birefringence. In this paper, we present a technical review on recent development of distributed Brillouin sensors on the platform of FMF’s.

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33

Wang, Xiaorui, Yanfu Yang, Meng Liu, Yijun Yuan, Yunxu Sun, Yinglong Gu, and Yong Yao. "Frequency spacing switchable multiwavelength Brillouin erbium fiber laser utilizing cascaded Brillouin gain fibers." Applied Optics 55, no. 23 (August 9, 2016): 6475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.006475.

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34

Gan, Gabriel K. W., Y. G. Shee, K. S. Yeo, G. Amouzad Madhiraji, F. R. Mahamd Adikan, and M. A. Mahdi. "Brillouin slow light: substantial optical delay in the second-order Brillouin gain spectrum." Optics Letters 39, no. 17 (August 22, 2014): 5118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.005118.

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35

Xiao, Fen, Mingxing Lv, and Xinwan Li. "Fast Measurement of Brillouin Frequency Shift in Optical Fiber Based on a Novel Feedforward Neural Network." Photonics 8, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110474.

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Brillouin scattering-based distributed optical fiber sensors have been successfully employed in various applications in recent decades, because of benefits such as small size, light weight, electromagnetic immunity, and continuous monitoring of temperature and strain. However, the data processing requirements for the Brillouin Gain Spectrum (BGS) restrict further improvement of monitoring performance and limit the application of real-time measurements. Studies using Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) to measure Brillouin Frequency Shift (BFS) have been performed in recent years to validate the possibility of improving measurement performance. In this work, a novel FNN that is 3 times faster than previous FNNs is proposed to improve BFS measurement performance. More specifically, after the original Brillouin Gain Spectrum (BGS) is preprocessed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the data are fed into the Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) to predict BFS.

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36

GUPTA, PRADEEP K., and PRANAY K. SEN. "STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING IN n-TYPE III–V PIEZOELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTORS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 10, no. 02 (June 2001): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863501000590.

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Based upon the hydrodynamic model of an one-component semiconductor plasma, a detailed analytical study of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) processes in a doped weakly piezoelectric semiconductor has been made following the coupled mode approach. The nonlinear effective polarization and the corresponding third-order optical susceptibility at Stokes frequency for the SBS processes are obtained. The analysis deals with the qualitative behavior of threshold pump electric field required for the onset of SBS and the Brillouin gain with respect to the doping concentration well above threshold. Numerical analysis has been made for n-type InSb crystal duly irradiated by a nanosecond pulsed 10.6 μm CO 2 laser. The influence of piezoelectric properties of the crystal medium on both threshold pump field and Brillouin gain has been explored and it is found that SBS with significant gain at lower threshold pump field could be achieved in the weakly piezoelectric moderately doped n-type semiconductor. The Brillouin gain is noted to be significantly large only over a very narrow doping range. The theoretical analysis shows that the doped III–V semiconductors have a good potentiality in the fabrication of SBS based phase conjugate mirrors with high reflectivity well below the optical damage threshold.

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37

ABD-RAHMAN, M. KAMIL, M. KHAZANI ABDULLAH, and HARITH AHMAD. "MULTIWAVELENGTH GENERATION OF DUAL-CAVITY BRILLOUIN/ERBIUM FIBER LASERS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 09, no. 02 (June 2000): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863500000169.

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Dual-cavity Brillouin/erbium fiber laser demonstrate a multiwavelength output in a cavity comprises of nonlinear Brillouin gain and linear EDF gain. The system consists of two erbium-doped fiber lasers EDFL sharing a single mode fiber to produce bidirectional Stokes signals. One of the cavities was made to incur a higher cavity loss and this results in a wavelength-shift of the EDF peak gain. The cavity coupling leads to a slightly broader EDF peak gain and hence increases the number of Stokes lines. The dual-cavity BEFL generates an output of 22 GHz-comb 2×15-channels at 1560 nm that can be used for DWDM system.

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38

Yeap, Soon Heng, Siamak Dawazdah Emami, and Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid. "Numerical model for enhancing stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical microfibers." F1000Research 10 (February 17, 2022): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51029.2.

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Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is useful, among others for generating slow light, sensing and amplification. SBS was previously viewed as a poor method due to the limitation on optical power in high-powered photonic applications. However, considering the many possible applications using SBS, it is now of interest to enhance SBS in areas of Brillouin frequency shift together with Brillouin Gain. A numerical model, using a fully vectorial approach, by employing the finite element method, was developed to investigate methods for enhancing SBS in optical fiber. This paper describes the method related to the numerical model and discusses the analysis between the interactions of longitudinal, shear and hybrid acoustic modes; and optical modes in optical fiber. Two case studies were used to demonstrate this. Based on this numerical model, we report the influence of core radius, clad radius and effective refractive index on the Brillouin frequency shift and gain. We observe the difference of Brillouin shift frequency between a normal silica optical fiber and that of a microfiber - a uniformed silica fiber of a much smaller core and cladding dimensions where nonlinearities are higher. Also observed, the different core radii used and their respective Brillouin shift. For future work, the COMSOL model can also be used for the following areas of research, including simulating “surface Brillouin shift” and also to provide in-sights to the Brillouin shift frequency vB of various structures of waveguides, e.g circular, and triangular, and also to examine specialty fibers, e.g. Thulium and Chalcogenide doped fibers, and their effects on Brillouin shift frequency.

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39

SINGH, M., P. AGHAMKAR, and P. K. SEN. "SIMPLIFIED MODELING OF STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT BRILLOUIN GAIN IN MAGNETOACTIVE NON-CENTROSYMMETRIC SEMICONDUCTORS." Modern Physics Letters B 21, no. 10 (April 20, 2007): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984907013122.

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With the aid of a hydrodynamic model of semiconductor-plasmas, a detailed analytical investigation is made to study both the steady-state and the transient Brillouin gain in magnetized non-centrosymmetric III-V semiconductors arising from the nonlinear interaction of an intense pump beam with the internally-generated acoustic wave, due to piezoelectric and electrostrictive properties of the crystal. Using the fact that the origin of coherent Brillouin scattering (CBS) lies in the third-order (Brillouin) susceptibility of the medium, we obtained an expression of the gain coefficient of backward Stokes mode in steady-state and transient regimes and studied the dependence of piezoelectricity, magnetic field and pump pulse duration on its growth rate. The threshold-pump intensity and optimum pulse duration for the onset of transient CBS are estimated. The piezoelectricity and externally-applied magnetic field substantially enhances the transient CBS gain coefficient in III-V semiconductors which can be of great use in the compression of scattered pulses.

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40

Djadaojee, Lionel, Albane Douillet, and Jules Grucker. "Stimulated Brillouin Gain Spectroscopy of Superfluid Helium-4." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 203, no. 1-2 (March 8, 2021): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-021-02584-w.

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41

Yuhang Pan, 潘宇航, 路元刚 Yuangang Lu, 彭楗钦 Jianqin Peng, 马海霞 Haixia Ma, and 王吉明 Jiming Wang. "Brillouin Gain Spectrum Characteristics of Photonic Crystal Fibers." Acta Optica Sinica 39, no. 6 (2019): 0619001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201939.0619001.

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42

Lu, Zhiwei, Yongkang Dong, and Qiang Li. "Slow light in multi-line Brillouin gain spectrum." Optics Express 15, no. 4 (February 19, 2007): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.001871.

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43

Faris, Gregory W., Leonard E. Jusinski, Mark J. Dyer, William K. Bischel, and A. Peet Hickman. "High-resolution Brillouin gain spectroscopy in fused silica." Optics Letters 15, no. 12 (June 15, 1990): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.15.000703.

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44

Ursini, Leonora, Marco Santagiustina, and Luca Palmieri. "Polarization-Dependent Brillouin Gain in Randomly Birefringent Fibers." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 22, no. 10 (May 2010): 712–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2010.2044655.

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45

Tang, S. Y., C. Y. She, and S. A. Lee. "Continuous-wave Rayleigh–Brillouin-gain spectroscopy in SF_6." Optics Letters 12, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.12.000870.

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46

Preußler, Stefan, Andrzej Wiatrek, Kambiz Jamshidi, and Thomas Schneider. "Brillouin scattering gain bandwidth reduction down to 34MHz." Optics Express 19, no. 9 (April 18, 2011): 8565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.008565.

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47

Botineau, J., E. Picholle, and D. Bahloul. "Effective stimulated Brillouin gain in singlemode optical fibres." Electronics Letters 31, no. 23 (November 9, 1995): 2032–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19951355.

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48

Sontakke, Kirti, Nischhal Yadav, and S. Ghosh. "Transient Brillouin gain in direct band gap semiconductors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 365 (May 18, 2012): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/365/1/012043.

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49

Feng, Cheng, Xin Lu, Stefan Preussler, and Thomas Schneider. "Gain Spectrum Engineering in Distributed Brillouin Fiber Sensors." Journal of Lightwave Technology 37, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 5231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2019.2930919.

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50

Nouri Jouybari, Soodabeh. "Brillouin gain enhancement in nano-scale photonic waveguide." Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications 29 (May 2018): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2018.01.001.

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