Статті в журналах: "Brick pattern"

1

Hao, Ya Han, and Li Jie He. "Experimental Study on Seismic Stability of Shear Wall by Laying Insulated Shale Hollow Brick outside." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.269.

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Based on the low cyclic reversed lateral loading tests of shear wall thermal insulation brick wall on build by laying bricks, shale brick masonry wall thermal insulation of the failure pattern, deformation and stability and seismic performance ability and shear wall deformation, the seismic performance were analyzed. The results of the study show that the shale hollow brick wall insulation bricks with a good seismic performance stability. If vertical slits were set properly, the transformative property of the shear wall was improved greatly and the seismic behavior was excellent under the condition that the bearing capacity decreased slightly.

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2

Saha, G. C., M. A. Hasanath, M. N. Uddin, and M. Hasan. "Sustainable Utilization of Textile Dyeing Sludge and Coal Fly Ash by Brick Production Through Traditional Kilns." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i03.004.

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The fundamental purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of incorporating fly ash (FA) and dyeing sludge (DS) in the production of brick. An attempt was taken to replace 10% to 100% clay by DS and FA in brick-making by volume. A brick firing kiln was used to burn the uniform-shaped bricks after replacing clay with DS and FA. Size and shape, hardness, soundness, water absorption, efflorescence, dry density, loss of ignition, firing shrinkage, specific gravity, compressive strength, and leaching tests were carried out to study the properties of these bricks. The compressive strength of the brink ranged from 6.25 MPa to 0.33 MPa and indicates a decreasing pattern in strength with the increase in the volume of DS and FA. Only 18.8% water absorption capacity was found in control bricks without DS and FA, while a maximum absorption of 40.19% was found for a particular combination of DS and FA. Similarly, dry density decreased with the increase in the volume of DS and FA. Besides, efflorescence in bricks was found within the allowable limits for certain combinations of DS and FA, which exceeded the allowable limits for other combinations. The presence of heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Pb) in the extraction solution was insignificant. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that up to 10% clay can be substituted with DS and FA without substantially affecting the quality of bricks.

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3

Zhou, Zhuo, Yi Lv, Hong Jun Ni, and Cheng Qun Wu. "Vista of Silt Brick Cutting Machine Development Situation." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 3228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.3228.

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Brick cutting machine is the important device during the process of making bricks. The automatic control system, device of power and the pattern of cutting machine have been developing well. The new ideas, new technology and achievement of the brick cutting machine are taken out. The important achievement and application of the cutting machines are introduced, as well as the development tendency.

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4

Vermeltfoort, A. T., D. R. W. Martens, and G. P. A. G. van Zijl. "Electronic speckle pattern interferometry observation of brick–mortar interface behaviour under compressionThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Masonry." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 11 (November 2007): 1467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-070.

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The brick–mortar interaction is important in the mechanical behaviour of masonry. It affects the load transfer considerably, as shown by detailed deformation measurements taken using electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), a laser speckle interference technique. A companion paper [Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 34(11), 1475 (2007)] by the authors of this paper argues that the joint is the only part of contemporary masonry significantly affected by manual action, which is why large material variations appear at the brick–mortar interface. To evaluate this phenomenon, ESPI measurements were performed and compared with accompanying linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) results. The behaviour of specimens loaded with various eccentricities was relatively soft in the brick–mortar interface area when compared with the behaviour shown in the surrounding stiff brick and mortar. The brick–mortar interface was characterized by a central part surrounded by fissures. Most of the load was transmitted in the central part. Because of this, the axial strain curve over the width of the specimens was U-shaped for concentrically loaded specimens (i.e., those with zero eccentricity). Over the height of the two-brick one-joint specimen, a smooth, B-shaped lateral strain curve was observed, in which the largest strains were found in the bricks.

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5

Focacci, Francesco, and Christian Carloni. "A Study of the Fracture Process at the FRP-Masonry Interface: The Role of the Periodic Pattern of Bricks and Mortar Joints." Key Engineering Materials 624 (September 2014): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.611.

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This paper sheds light into the effect of the periodic pattern of bricks and mortar joints on the load-carrying capacity of the interface between fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites and masonry. Two simplified cohesive material laws are proposed for the FRP-mortar and FRP-brick interfaces, which allow for the computation in closed form of a finite effective bond length Leff of the interfaces. The aforementioned simplified interfacial laws are employed to compute the load response of the FRP-masonry interface, and to obtain the interfacial shear stress, the FRP axial strain, and the slip profiles along the bonded length. The results indicate that length of the stress-transfer zone (LSTZ) of the FRP-masonry interface varies periodically as its location shifts with respect to the position of the mortar joints. Furthermore LSTZ can be different from the effective length of the FRP-brick interface and is influenced by the size of the bricks and mortar joints.

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6

Tjitradi, Darmansyah, and Eliatun Eliatun. "Visualisasi Dan Identifikasi Pola Retak Dinding Bata Akibat Penurunan Pondasi Struktur Bangunan Di Kota Banjarmasin." Jurnal Gradasi Teknik Sipil 2, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31961/gradasi.v2i1.575.

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The City of Banjarmasin has very low soil bearing capacity leading to a significant number of buildings experiencing foundation settlement. This causes many elements of the buildings to develop cracks and to lean. The foundation settlement is modelled using ANSYS by taking five building structure models with brick walls loaded with their selves weight. Through this modelling the crack pattern and the stress distribution on both walls and the structural elements can be visualised and identified. The results show that the following columns experiencing foundation settlement develop longitudinal cracks, crack patterns on brick walls are diagonal at every bottom corner of the columns and vertical at the edge of the inner columns if there is no foundation settlement. Crack patterns on brick walls take form of a letter V if only one or two outer column experience foundation settlement, and crack patterns on brick walls also take form of an inverted letter V if only the inner columns or two adjacent columns experience foundation settlement. Foundation settlement experienced by inner columns of a brick wall is a major cause of damage to structural components.

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7

Shutao, Zhang, Xu Juanjuan, Su Pengfei, and Su Jianning. "Study on design of Linxia brick carving products based on shape grammar." E3S Web of Conferences 179 (2020): 02089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017902089.

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In view of the problems such as the single type of cultural derivative products of Linxia brick carving and the weak cultural attraction, we carried out the application research of Linxia brick carving culture by using shape grammar. Firstly, we collected and combed the materials of brick carving culture in Linxia by means of literature research and field investigation. Then, we determined the target product, analyzed the product form and emotional demand, construct the reference product form database, screen the brick carving pattern through the matching of the product emotional demand, obtained the characteristic lines of the brick carving pattern by the way of the type spectrum analysis, and established the typical form factor database of brick carving; Finally, taking some lines in the typical form factor database as the initial shape, we combined them with the lines in the reference product form database. According to the shape grammar deduction rules, the scheme was generated, the best scheme was selected and further refined. Studies have shown that the use of shape grammar for product design can enhance the cultural connotation of products, promote cultural heritage, and effectively guide the design of Linxia brick carving products.

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8

Su, Hui, Guo Song Han, and Xin Pei Jiang. "Research on the Seismic Performance of Construction Waste Recycled Brick Masonry Structure." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1950.

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In order to research the seismic property of masonry building constructed with the construction waste recycled bricks, a four stories building model with 1:3 scale is constructed and tested on the shaking table. Based on the test results, the cracks pattern, displacement response, acceleration response of the building are studied. The failure mechanism of the infill building is investigated. The results show that the construction waste recycled brick is a qualified building material to construct the low rise building.

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9

Shenbagavalli, S., and Ramesh Babu Chokkalingam. "Flexural Strength of Fly ash Brick Masonry Wall with four different bond." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012190.

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Abstract The strength of the masonry mainly depends on type of bond, types of bricks, compressive strength of the bricks and mortar used. The types of bonds play a major role in the properties of brick masonry wall. The most common types of bond used in practice are English bond, Flemish bond, Stretcher bond and Header bond. A lot of study has been performed on the load-carrying capacity of masonry walls. In this paper, effort has been taken to study the influence of different bonds on the flexural strength of the flyash brick masonry wall. For this wall of size 1m × 0.76m × 0.22m has been casted, cured for 28 days and tested in a loading frame. From the results, it was found the English bond gave higher flexural strength compared to other bonds such as Flemish, Stretcher and Header bond. The flexural strength of English bond was around 45 to 50% higher than the other bonds. The crack pattern at failure was also noted for all the masonry walls.

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10

Kung, Chieh, Shin Yong Chen, Te Tan Liao, and Te Ming Chou. "Finite Element Modeling to a Pallet with Repeated Lattice Pattern." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.88.

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This paper presents finite element approaches to the strength assessment of a pallet having repeated lattice pattern. The pallet is made of recycled plastics similar to high density polyethylene (HDPE). Due to the nature of repeat, the direct full 3D finite element model consumes tremendous computational resource for analysis and hence is far inefficient. A full 3D model using brick elements is created as a benchmark for comparison. Three other models contain shell elements, beam elements and bricks, representing the plate, stringers and ribs of the pallet. A last model using substructure scheme with super-elements is created to conduct the structural analysis of the pallet. The results of this study discloses that the substructural method employing superelements gives the least percent error and is advantageous over either the benchmark model or the rest models proposed in the present study.

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11

SUGIHARA, Yuji, Kazutaka YAMASAKI, Hiromichi TSUMORI, Nobuhiro MATSUNAGA, and Kosei TAKEHARA. "Formation Scenario of Brick-Pattern Ripples in Oscillatory Flow." PROCEEDINGS OF COASTAL ENGINEERING, JSCE 54 (2007): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.54.481.

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12

Xu, Zi Fang, Ming Xu Zhang, and Jin Bo Zhu. "Application of Fly Ash and Coal Gangue for Preparing High-Class Solid Insulating Brick by Roasting at Low Temperature Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.883.

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Abstract: The fly ash and coal gangue were used as main raw materials to roast solid insulating brick.Lower than solid clay brick (300 °C) which belongs to low temperature roasting , roasting time cycle is 24 h ,the ratio of fly ash and coal gangue is 60% :35%. the B7 admixing expanded pearlite compressive strength is 30.25 MPa . Strength reach general clay brick MU30 high-class level .Thermal coefficient of conduction is 0.4 W/(m.K), lower than general clay brick thermal coefficient of conduction 0.78 W/(m.K); In addition , B7 XRD pattern has evident quartz、mullite diffraction character peak and TGA-DTA pattern between 900°C~1200°C, following temperature rise, green body heat-absorbing , begin melt 、glass reduction .The result is high in strengths . SEM scanning show : after being roasted in 950°C , globular solid glass bead 、pearlitic drusy pearlite 、flocculation aluminosilicate phase and so on , raw materials particle interstices were filled with viscous hyaline, so that B7 turned out high strengths . Acidproof、alkaliproof、freezing test and strengths results show: the lasting quality of solid insulating brick was best.

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13

Wang, Jian Guo, Xiao Yan Wang, Chang Jun Zhang, Jian Qiang Wang, and Kai Deng. "Pattern Analysis of Physico-Mechanical Anti-Seismic Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.879.

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Brick-concrete structures and common buildings are destroyed in strong earthquakes. Based on physical mechanics, a pattern contrast illustrates three special designs of building structure---removal of basal markets and underground garages, use of corrugated beams, adoption of trapezoid bars---that may effectively avoid damages and casualties.

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14

Ahmed, Asfandyar, Imad Ahmad, Khan Shahzada, Muhammad Tayyab Naqash, Bashir Alam, Muhammad Fahad, and Sajjad Wali Khan. "Seismic Capacity Assessment of Confined Brick Masonry Building: An Experimental Approach." Shock and Vibration 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4756352.

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Brick masonry is widely used for building construction throughout the world. However, unreinforced brick masonry buildings performed poorly in the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, in Pakistan, resulting in a decline in the use of brick masonry. In order to investigate and quantify the performance of brick masonry against the seismic forces by confining it through typical stiffer, line elements (column and beams), a full-scaled room model of an area 3048 × 3658 mm (10 × 12 ft) and height of 3353 mm (11 ft) was constructed using confined brick masonry. The model was tested under quasistatic loading system. Crack pattern was noted at the end of each loading cycle. The response of the model was interpreted through a hysteresis curve, which was then idealized by a bilinear curve. A comparison of the results has been made with four different studies done on the similar model made of unreinforced brick masonry before and after retrofitting and unreinforced concrete block masonry before and after retrofitting previously tested at the same testing facility.

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15

WANG, Yukun, Yunlong LI, Yuji SUGIHARA, Xianting ZHAO, Nobuhiro MATSUNAGA, and Osama ELJAMAL. "EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF BRICK-PATTERN RIPPLE FORMATION IN OSCILLATORY FLOW." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A2 (Applied Mechanics (AM)) 75, no. 2 (2019): I_551—I_558. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejam.75.2_i_551.

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16

Vittori, G. "Flow Field Induced by Sea Waves over Brick‐Pattern Ripples." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 118, no. 9 (September 1992): 1241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1992)118:9(1241).

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17

Woo, Byung-Seok, Sung-Min Yang, and Kang-Hyun Jo. "Brick Path Recognition Using Image Shape Pattern and Texture Feature." Journal of Korea Multimedia Society 15, no. 4 (April 30, 2012): 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9717/kmms.2012.15.4.472.

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18

Shah, Arshad, Farhan, Raza, Khan, Imtiaz, Shahzadi, Qurashi, and Waseem. "Sustainable Brick Masonry Bond Design and Analysis: An Application of a Decision-Making Technique." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 4313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204313.

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This research intends to explore the sustainable masonry bond formation and interface behaviour of brick masonry bonds with different cement mortar ratios. To test the sustainable behaviour of different brick bonds, different tests were applied to evaluate the performance of the developed five brick masonry structures with the help of four mortar ratios. Following that pattern, the methodologies of a prism triplet test, a bond wrench test, a shear bond test and strength tests for brick masonry were applied. The prism triplet test explained the bonding behaviour of mortar by producing a maximum strength (0.21 MPa) with a 1:3 mix ratio, and the minimum strength (0.095 MPa) with a 1:8 mix ratio. The bond wrench test showed a bond strength of maximum 0.0685 MPa with a mortar ratio of 1:3 and a minimum of 0.035 MPa with a mortar ratio of 1:8. The strength tests for masonry structures expressed that compressive strength (0.786 MPa) and flexural strength (0.352 MPa) were found to be at maximum level with a mortar ratio (1:3) with an English bond formation. For predictions of compressive and flexural strength, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were deployed, and successful predictions of these values along with the relationships between different properties of the material, mortar combinations and bond combinations are presented to complete the exploration of the relationship. This pattern can be helpful for the selection of sustainable brick masonry formations for housing development.

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19

Wu, Zhi Heng, and Wen Fang Zhang. "Loading Height on Reinforced Brick Masonry Wall's Failure Mode and Seismic Performance with Finite Element Analysis Method." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.546.

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Loading height is a key factor that affects brick masonry wall specimens failure mode and seismic performance. To explore reinforced brick masonry walls failure pattern and seismic performance in different loading height, reinforced brick masonry wall MARC finite element model with 1.44 aspect ratio is set up to analyze its failure mode and seismic performance at constant vertical stress and different loading height. Results are as follows: bending failure happens more easily at higher loading height and shear failure happens more easily at lower loading height; wall specimen shows better deformation ability, elastic and plastic energy dissipation capacity but lower ultimate bearing capacity at higher loading height.

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20

Li, Li, Li Hua Zhao, Rao Chao Chen, Xiao Qing Zhou, and Li Wei Xu. "Field Measurement on the Thermal Environment of Greenway in Guangzhou." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.666.

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To study the thermal environment of the greenway in Guangzhou, a field measurement was taken and a series parameters were measured such as air temperature, relative humidity (RH), the surface temperature of the underlying and the WBGT. The measurement studied the effect of grass, shrub, arbor and water to the different underlying pattern which were water permeable brick (WP brick), cement, asphalt and tile and discussed the design methods of the greenway thermal environment.

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21

Bhargava, Samhita, Brandon B. Johnson, Jennifer Hwang, Tamia A. Harris, Anu S. George, Amanda Muir, Justin Dorff, and Iruka N. Okeke. "Heat-Resistant Agglutinin 1 Is an Accessory Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Colonization Factor." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 15 (May 29, 2009): 4934–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01831-08.

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ABSTRACT Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an important cause of acute and persistent diarrhea. The defining stacked brick adherence pattern of Peruvian EAEC isolate 042 has previously been attributed to aggregative adherence fimbriae II (AAF/II), which confer aggregative adherence on laboratory E. coli strains. EAEC strains also show exceptional autoaggregation and biofilm formation, other phenotypes that have hitherto been ascribed to AAF/II. We report that EAEC 042 carries the heat-resistant agglutinin (hra1) gene, also known as hek, which encodes an outer membrane protein. Like AAF/II, the cloned EAEC 042 hra1 gene product is sufficient to confer autoaggregation, biofilm formation, and aggregative adherence on nonadherent and nonpathogenic laboratory E. coli strains. However, an 042 hra1 deletion mutant is not deficient in these phenotypes compared to the wild type. EAEC strain 042 produces a classic honeycomb or stacked brick pattern of adherence to epithelial cells. Unlike wild-type 042, the hra1 mutant typically does not form a tidy stacked brick pattern on HEp-2 cells in culture, which is definitive for EAEC. Moreover, the hra1 mutant is significantly impaired in the Caenorhabditis elegans slow kill colonization model. Our data suggest that the exceptional colonization of strain 042 is due to multiple factors and that Hra1 is an accessory EAEC colonization factor.

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22

Ibrahim, Yahya, Balázs Nagy, and Csaba Benedek. "Deep Learning-Based Masonry Wall Image Analysis." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 3918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233918.

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In this paper we introduce a novel machine learning-based fully automatic approach for the semantic analysis and documentation of masonry wall images, performing in parallel automatic detection and virtual completion of occluded or damaged wall regions, and brick segmentation leading to an accurate model of the wall structure. For this purpose, we propose a four-stage algorithm which comprises three interacting deep neural networks and a watershed transform-based brick outline extraction step. At the beginning, a U-Net-based sub-network performs initial wall segmentation into brick, mortar and occluded regions, which is followed by a two-stage adversarial inpainting model. The first adversarial network predicts the schematic mortar-brick pattern of the occluded areas based on the observed wall structure, providing in itself valuable structural information for archeological and architectural applications. The second adversarial network predicts the pixels’ color values yielding a realistic visual experience for the observer. Finally, using the neural network outputs as markers in a watershed-based segmentation process, we generate the accurate contours of the individual bricks, both in the originally visible and in the artificially inpainted wall regions. Note that while the first three stages implement a sequential pipeline, they interact through dependencies of their loss functions admitting the consideration of hidden feature dependencies between the different network components. For training and testing the network a new dataset has been created, and an extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluation versus the state-of-the-art is given. The experiments confirmed that the proposed method outperforms the reference techniques both in terms of wall structure estimation and regarding the visual quality of the inpainting step, moreover it can be robustly used for various different masonry wall types.

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23

Chowdhury, Nasrin, and Md Mamunur Rasid. "Assessment of Soil Fertility and Crop Nutrient Status in Agricultural Soils Near a Brick Kiln Cluster." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n1p122.

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Brick kiln exhaust when deposited can hamper the nutritional status of the agricultural soils and crops. To study the impact, soil and associated plant samples were collected from the vicinity of a brick kiln cluster in Chattogram, Bangladesh. The soil contamination was evaluated by heavy metal indices. Agricultural soils close to the brick kiln area were very strongly acid to slightly acid. Organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus content of the agriculture soils near brick kiln cluster were 0.35% to 1.01%, 0.10 to 0.24% and 2.21 to 13.48 mg kg-1 respectively and the significant different mean value of 0.70%, 0.22% and 14.65 mg kg-1 respectively in the reference soil. The nutritional status of sampling sites was lower than the previously reported data. The nutrition status of the plants was at an optimum level as regular fertilizer application was practiced but showed an irregular pattern along with all the soil parameters and heavy metal indices. The contamination factor (Cd), potential ecological risk index (PER) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) demonstrated that the agricultural soils in the vicinity of the brick kiln cluster were moderately- to highly-polluted. This indicates the deterioration of soil quality by uncontrolled brick kiln operation.

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24

Vittori, G., and P. Blondeaux. "Sand ripples under sea waves Part 3. Brick-pattern ripple formation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 239, no. -1 (June 1992): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112092004300.

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25

Sacher, Frederic, and Philippe Maury. "Early Repolarization Pattern: Another Brick in the Wall of Vagal Tone." Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 20, no. 5 (September 2015): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anec.12318.

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26

binti Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Nur Athirah Ideris, and Ahmad Shayuti Abdul Rahim. "Leaching of Heavy Metals Using TCLP and SPLP Method from Fired Clay Brick Incorporating with Mosaic Sludge." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.352.

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Mosaic sludge is sewerage from mosaic industrial activities such as cutting, polishing and grinding. This sludge mostly will be disposed directly to landfill and some of it was discharged in drainage system without proper treatment. Therefore, in this study, mosaic sludge from the mosaic industry were reused and incorporated into fired clay brick in order to provide alternative disposal method, producing adequate quality of brick as well as minimizing the heavy metal leachability to the environment. First, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was conducted to determine the heavy metal concentration from two types of mosaic sludge. The results indicate that the highest element concentration in mosaic sludge (BS and PS) shows that Barium is the highest with 3253ppm and 3260ppm. On the raw sludge, the lowest obtained in BS and PS is Cesium with 14ppm and 17ppm. SPLP and TCLP also conducted in this study and the results show that, even though the element such as ferum (Fe) and cadmium (Cd) was not detected in XRF but in SPLP and TCLP, it shows that these two elements exist in clay, BS and PS with low concentration. In term of properties, compressive strength was conducted by incorporating 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% bodymill and polishing sludge into fired clay brick. The results show that compressive strength of BS brick was stronger than PS brick. Lastly, Static Leachate Test (SLT) was conducted to measure the long term leachability of heavy metals from different percentages of mosaic sludge brick. In SLT result, ferum (Fe) shows the highest value of heavy metal concentration among other elements. The results for control brick, BS brick and PS brick show the same pattern and far from the limit set by USEPA.

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27

Javed, Mohammed, Guido Magenes, Bashir Alam, Akhtar Naeem Khan, Qaisar Ali, and Ali M. Syed. "Experimental Seismic Performance Evaluation of Unreinforced Brick Masonry Shear Walls." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 1 (February 2015): 215–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/111512eqs329m.

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Unreinforced masonry buildings, constructed with stones or bricks, are common in the northern areas of Pakistan. In the October 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the seismic performance of stone masonry buildings was found to be poor, which was the primary source of fatalities. Unreinforced brick masonry (URBM) buildings, however, performed well even in severely jolted areas. The performance of URBM could have been much better if the affected buildings were constructed by using proper guidelines. Taking lessons from the disaster, an experimental investigation, based on typical geometry and precompression levels of the URBM shear walls in the affected region, was conducted to evaluate their seismic performance. Twelve walls were tested in the in-plane direction using quasi-static cyclic loading. First-story drift ratios for various performance levels in URBM buildings are proposed. The influences of relative precompression level and aspect ratio on the damage pattern, ultimate drift ratio, and equivalent viscous damping of the walls are examined.

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28

Öztürk, B., and M. Özkar. "CREATING AND USING MASK IMAGES FOR SEGMENTATION IN POINT CLOUD DATA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2022 (May 30, 2022): 1133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2022-1133-2022.

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Abstract. The task of preparing the training data for machine learning is tedious but crucial for accurate results. Aiming at labelling meaningful features semi-automatically rather than manually in order to reduce time, we hereby present initial results for two cases of 13th century Seljuk brick-ornamentation. As our broader research involves machine learning methods for the segmentation of digital survey data for creating meaningful three-dimensional models, the primary goal here is to determine the parts of the patterns from the whole composition and to use this data for different buildings of the genre. Prior to any machine learning, labelling the data of either a whole pattern or pieces of a pattern is a time-consuming task prone to errors. We propose a semi-automated mask generating model for labelling. In order to create the black and white mask images of the original photographs, we utilise the colour difference between the pattern parts. Examined samples have at least three visually distinguishable colours that are turquoise, black and natural. We use photogrammetry-based survey data and image processing to create attributed point clouds and eventually 3D digital models. Using the ready batch processing of a commercial software, we create a distinct mask and apply it to all images of the photogrammetry process. Point cloud data is then created with RAW images, and the generated masks are used to filter desired patterns. As such, we are able to easily label the bricks in the point cloud towards a machine learning training set.

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Bacigalupo, Andrea, Andrea Cavicchi, and Luigi Gambarotta. "A Simplified Evaluation of the Influence of the Bond Pattern on the Brickwork Limit Strength." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 3495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.3495.

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The influence of the bond pattern on the in-plane limit strength of masonry is analyzed through a simplified procedure based on the application of the safe theorem of limit analysis to the unit cell that generates the whole masonry by periodic repetition. The limit strength domains of running bond, English bond and herringbone bond masonry are obtained with different orientations of the mortar bed joints with respect to the principal directions of the average stress. The effects of different brick geometries are analyzed and comparisons between strength properties of different masonry patterns are made.

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Zhang, J., Z. X. Guo, D. Wang, and H. Qian. "The quantitative estimation of the vulnerability of brick and concrete building impacted by debris flow." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 8 (August 26, 2015): 5015–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-5015-2015.

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Abstract. There is little historic data about the vulnerability of the damage elements in debris flow disaster in China. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate the vulnerability of debris flow quantitatively. This paper was devoted to the research of the vulnerability of brick and concrete building impacted by debris flow which widely existed in affected area. Under two assumptions, several prototype walls of brick and concrete were constructed to simulate the damaged structures in debris flow while the iron spheres were taken as the substitute of debris flow. The failure criterion of brick and concrete building was proposed with referring to the structure standards (brick and concrete) and the damage pattern in debris flow. The quantitatively estimation of vulnerability of brick and concrete building was finally established based on Fuzzy mathematics and the proposed failure criterion. The results show that the maximum impact bending moment is the best fit to be the disaster-causing factor in vulnerability curve and formula. The experiments in this paper is the preliminary research on the vulnerability of the element impacted by debris flow. The method and conclusion will be useful for the quantitative estimation of the vulnerability in debris flow and also can be referred in other types of the vulnerable elements research.

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Sambucci, Matteo, Abbas Sibai, Luciano Fattore, Riccardo Martufi, Sabrina Lucibello, and Marco Valente. "Finite Element Multi-Physics Analysis and Experimental Testing for Hollow Brick Solutions with Lightweight and Eco-Sustainable Cement Mix." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6040107.

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Combining eco-sustainability and technological efficiency is one of the “hot” topics in the current construction and architectural sectors. In this work, recycled tire rubber aggregates and acoustically effective fractal cavities were combined in the design, modeling, and experimental characterization of lightweight concrete hollow bricks. After analyzing the structural and acoustic behavior of the brick models by finite element analysis as a function of the type of constituent concrete material (reference and rubberized cement mixes) and hollow inner geometry (circular- and fractal-shaped hollow designs), compressive tests and sound-absorption measurements were experimentally performed to evaluate the real performance of the developed prototypes. Compared to the traditional circular hollow pattern, fractal cavities improve the mechanical strength of the brick, its structural efficiency (strength-to-weight ratio), and the medium–high frequency noise damping. The use of ground waste tire rubber as a total concrete aggregate represents an eco-friendlier solution than the ordinary cementitious mix design, providing, at the same time, enhanced lightweight properties, mechanical ductility, and better sound attenuation. The near-compliance of rubber-concrete blocks with standard requirements and the value-added properties have demonstrated a good potential for incorporating waste rubber as aggregate for non-structural applications.

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QIAN, J., G. ZHAO, T. LEI, and X. LU. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF AN EXISTING RC FRAME BY USING 3D ELEMENTS." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05, no. 01 (March 2011): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431111001066.

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In view of the fact that there are no suitable 1D elements that may adequately predict brittle shear failure, a refined finite element (FE) model using full 3D elements has been established for a existing frame structure. Numerical computation is performed to study the seismic damage and failure patterns of existing buildings. Emphases are focused on shear failure of beams and columns and additional stiffness effects of slabs and brick walls. The simulation results agree well with the in situ test and the general damage pattern observed in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.

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Lin, Lin, Bing Xun Ren, and Dao Dian Lu. "The Natural Primary Type of Energy-Saving in Changangtang Ancient Village in Huadu District, Guangzhou." Advanced Materials Research 224 (April 2011): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.224.229.

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Taking Changangtang ancient village in Guangzhou as a case, this paper investigated the village location, the village layout, as well as building structures and building materials regarding their contributions to energy saving. It is found that the location and the surrounding of artificial river system form natural energy-saving environment, the overall layout of “comb pattern” complies to the local predominant wind direction in summer which go further in reducing the energy consumption in building, the courtyard enhances the ventilation and lighting, and the "Black brick with loam brick inside " form of material for wall, materials used for roofs, and dimensions of doors and windows all contribute to energy-saving.

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ROOS, P. C., and P. BLONDEAUX. "Sand ripples under sea waves. Part 4. Tile ripple formation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 447 (October 30, 2001): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001005961.

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We investigate the formation of small-scale three-dimensional bedforms due to interactions of an erodible bed with a sea wave that obliquely approaches the coast, being partially reflected at the beach. In this case the trajectories of fluid particles at the top of the bottom boundary layer are ellipses in the horizontal plane, the axes of which depend on the angle of wave incidence and the distance from the shore. A weakly nonlinear stability analysis of an initially flat, cohesionless, sandy bottom is performed. We focus on the resonant interaction of three perturbation components. The results show that these elliptical forcing conditions are responsible for the formation of both brick-pattern ripples and tile ripples. In particular tile ripples are associated with a flow at the top of the bottom boundary layer which is near-circular (ellipticity close to one), whereas brick-pattern ripples are related to a unidirectional oscillatory flow (zero ellipticity).

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35

Chen, Shipeng, and Katalin Bagi. "Crosswise tensile resistance of masonry patterns due to contact friction." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2240 (August 2020): 20200439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0439.

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The presented research focuses on masonry shells with dry (cohesionless) contacts. In the mechanical analysis of such structures, the material is often assumed to have zero resistance to tension. This simplification can be questioned in light of the fact that due to the frictional resistance between masonry layers compressed to each other, significant tension can be carried perpendicularly to the direction of the compression. The effect can be so considerable that the typical orange-slice cracking of masonry domes can be prevented purely by choosing a suitable brick shape and bond pattern. Based on preliminary 3DEC discrete element simulations with realistic and experimentally validated material parameters in order to understand the failure modes, the phenomenon is quantified in the present paper for the two main types of bond patterns applied in masonry shells: (i) different versions of the running bond pattern, and (ii) two versions of the herringbone pattern. The theoretically predicted failure tensile stresses are checked and validated with 3DEC discrete element simulations.

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Zhang, J., Z. X. Guo, D. Wang, and H. Qian. "The quantitative estimation of the vulnerability of brick and concrete wall impacted by an experimental boulder." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 3, 2016): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-299-2016.

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Abstract. There is little historic data about the vulnerability of damaged elements due to debris flow events in China. Therefore, it is difficult to quantitatively estimate the vulnerable elements suffered by debris flows. This paper is devoted to the research of the vulnerability of brick and concrete walls impacted by debris flows. An experimental boulder (an iron sphere) was applied to be the substitute of debris flow since it can produce similar shape impulse load on elements as debris flow. Several walls made of brick and concrete were constructed in prototype dimensions to physically simulate the damaged structures in debris flows. The maximum impact force was measured, and the damage conditions of the elements (including cracks and displacements) were collected, described and compared. The failure criterion of brick and concrete wall was proposed with reference to the structure characteristics as well as the damage pattern caused by debris flows. The quantitative estimation of the vulnerability of brick and concrete wall was finally established based on fuzzy mathematics and the proposed failure criterion. Momentum, maximum impact force and maximum impact bending moment were compared to be the best candidate for disaster intensity index. The results show that the maximum impact bending moment seems to be most suitable for the disaster intensity index in establishing vulnerability curve and formula.

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Yu, Seung-Nam, Byung-Gab Ryu, Sung-Jin Lim, Chang-Jun Kim, Maing-Kyu Kang, and Chang-Soo Han. "Feasibility verification of brick-laying robot using manipulation trajectory and the laying pattern optimization." Automation in Construction 18, no. 5 (August 2009): 644–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2008.12.008.

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38

Barman, Robin, Sudipta Saha, Md Sayed Hossain, Anik Das, Md Kaosar Ahmmad Rabby, Abdullah Al Mahmud, and Debasish Chowdhury. "Study of Structural Characteristics of Ancient Bricks With Neutron Radiography Facility at BTRR." Image Analysis & Stereology 40, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.2593.

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Neutron radiography (NR) has been applied successfully to investigate different types of building materials, rock samples, sculptures, statues or monuments for since long. The utilization of neutron imaging for non-invasive investigations of cultural heritage objects is demonstrated on the example of ancient bricks found in Mahasthangarh and Sonargaon, two key archaeological sites in Bangladesh. The visualization of the internal structure of different brick samples, by means of Neutron Radiography (NR), has been experimented using the BTRR research reactor in Bangladesh - the only neutron imaging facility available in Bangladesh for R D purposes. Manufacturing building materials have become a very good option for business in developing countries like Bangladesh. Among the non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, neutron radiography is the most common procedure to identify light and organic materials, homogeneity, any inclusion or voids or cracks etc. inside the structure. The radiographic images in a dry condition for individual samples have been investigated. The image analysis was performed using ImageJ software and texture features were extracted using gray level co-occurrence matrix implemented by MATLAB for acquiring qualitative and quantitative information from this inspection technique at a high level of accuracy. The results obtained by neutron imaging provide the statement that the brick sample from Mahasthangarh is more homogeneous inside.

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39

Cavallaro, Raffael, and Izumi Shimada. "Some Thoughts on Sican Marked Adobes and Labor Organization." American Antiquity 53, no. 1 (January 1988): 75–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281155.

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This paper explores the applicability of the segmentary construction-labor tax model of marked adobe distribution proposed for the solid adobe Mochica pyramids in the Moche Valley on the Peruvian North Coast for Middle Sican monumental architecture in Batan Grande farther north. The model is found inadequate to account for the Middle Sican brick-marking pattern characterized by, among other things, a very high frequency of marking and lack of a one-to-one correspondence between brick size/shape and mark. The difference seems due in part to the chamber-fill building technique of the Middle Sican pyramids which required large scale, unitary construction. Cluster analysis was carried out to assess the relative merits of various alternative models. The most plausible models are those that posit a relatively complex labor organization and specify the role of local, lower-level administrators.

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40

Wakatsuki, T., H. Esumi, and S. Omura. "High Performance and N & P-Removable On-Site Domestic Waste Water Treatment System by Multi-Soil-Layering Method." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0010.

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Multi-Soil-Layering (MSL) method was applied to make appropriate, but high performance and N & P-removable, on-site domestic waste water treatment system. The MSL soil unit is composed from soil layer mixed with 10∼25% of metal iron and pelletized jute. The MSL units were piled in a brick pattern at 5cm vertical and 10cm horizontal distance, which were surrounded by layers of Zeolite. Air can be supplied through porous pipes installed at adequate depths of the MSL system. The systems were tested using model houses. The waste waters, which were pretreated by septic tank to the level of SS 29-75, BOD 42-116, COD 32-56, T-N 29-86, and T-P 6-11 mg−l−1 respectively, could be treated at the rate of 100-850 1·m−2·d−1 without significant clogging. The mean concentrations of treated waters were SS 15, BOD 8.7, COD 11, T-N 6.8, and T-P 0.86 mg·1−1 respectively. Zeolite layers and brick pattern prevent clogging. Metal iron and jute pellets were effective to remove Phosphate and Nitrate. Intensive aeration assists decomposition of BOD, COD, and SS as well as nitrification, but decreases denitrif ication and phosphate fixation. The degree of purification could be controlled by setting adequate aeration.

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41

Nafi’ah, Nafi’ah. "Analisis Praktek Kerjasama Pembuatan Batu Bata Perspektif Fiqih Mu’amalah di Desa Tanjungsari Kecamatan Jenangan Kabupaten Ponorogo." AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Islam 1, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v1i2.171.

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People do various ways to survive, they make every effort whether they are farmers, traders, employees or other professions. Likewise, some people in the village of Tanjung Sari, Jenangan, Ponorogo, chose to become bricks managers and entrepreneurs at the brick making center in the local village. The pattern of brick- making cooperation in Tanjung Sari village, Jenangan Ponorogo sub-district has fulfilled the terms and conditions of the agreement but in terms of profit sharing there is uncertainty because the capital owner has determined the price at the beginning, deducted the amount of the manager's loan but in this case found no elements that lead to fraud and compulsion, this is in accordance with Islamic ethical ethics. Whereas the cooperation agreement between the entrepreneur (owner of capital) and the manager of the brick is classified as mud syirkah mudh{a>rabah but in practice there is an element of non-compliance with syirkah muda>rabah condition in terms of determining the benchmark price at the beginning when the manager borrows money to the capital owner whereas capital owners can sell middlemen with a nominal that is much higher than the price of the manager. The contract lends a certain amount of money to the brick manager, which is classified as a qardlu contract which is lively (there is an excess of benefits. Beragam cara dilakukan orang untuk bisa berhahan hidup, mereka melakukan segala upaya baik menjadi petani, pedagang, pegawai maupun profesi-profesi lainnya. Demikian juga sebagian masyarakat di desa Tanjung Sari kecamatan Jenangan kabupaten Ponorogo yang memilih menjadi pengelola dan pengusaha batu bata di sentra pembuatan batu bata di desa setempat. Pola kerjasama pembuatan batu bata di desa Tanjung Sari Kecamatan Jenangan Ponorogo telah memenuhi syarat dan rukun akad tetapi dalam hal pembagian keuntungan terdapat ketidakjelasan karena pemilik modal sudah menentukan harga di awal, dipotong besarnya pinjaman pengelola tetapi dalam hal ini tidak ditemukan unsur-unsur yang mengarah pada penipuan maupun keterpaksaan, ini sesuai dengan etika Islami keridha>an. Sedangkan Akad kerjasama antara pengusaha (pemilik modal) dan pengelola batu batu bata digolongkan sebagai syirkah mud{a>rabah tetapi pada prakteknya ada unsur ketidak sesuaian syarat syirkah mud{a>rabah dalam hal penentuan patokan harga di awal ketika pengelola meminjam uang kepada pemilik modal sedangkan pemilik modal bisa menjual batu bata ketengkulak dengan nominal yang jauh lebih tinggi dibanding dengan harga dari pengelola. Akad meminjamkan sejumlah uang kepada pengelola batu bata tergolong dalam akad qardlu yang jarra naf’an (adanya kelebihan manfaat).

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42

Naciri, Khalil, Issam Aalil, Ali Chaaba, and Muzahim Al-Mukhtar. "Numerical analysis of the brick shape and bond pattern effects on the masonry cyclic behavior: a new brick shape to improve the masonry seismic performance." Asian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (January 2022): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42107-021-00409-5.

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43

曹, 婷婷. "Study on the Enrichment Pattern of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Abandoned Brick Factory." Hans Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 12 (2021): 1152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjas.2021.1112158.

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44

Kubat, Jan, and Jiří Karas. "The Corner Radius Influence on the Deformation Behavior of Brick Pillars Strengthened by CFRP Confinement." Advanced Materials Research 1122 (August 2015): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1122.273.

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The article addresses the issues of the application of materials based on high-strength carbon fibers as external glued transverse confinement of concentrically compressed masonry pillars. Transverse confinement of compressed pillars contributes to their enhanced load-bearing capacity and ductility due to the introduction of horizontal forces and creation of multi-axial compressive loading of masonry.The article describes experimental research within the NAKI, DF12P01OVV037 research project. The research was carried out on a set of brick pillars with dimensions of 286 x 286 x 870 mm, reinforced by confinement in carbon fibers in an epoxy resin matrix. The corner edges of brick pillars were treated by rounding with radii of 20 mm, 35 mm, 50 mm and 85 mm. To conclude, the article compares differently treated pillars in terms of the ultimate load reached, the deformation behavior, stress states in the transverse reinforcement, the pillars’ failure mode and the crack pattern along the cross section. Based on the comparison, some findings are formulated.

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45

Tyagi, H., and M. K. Gandhi. "A Study to Find Effects of Covid-19 on Brick and Mortar Stores in Roorkee in Uttarakhand." CARDIOMETRY, no. 23 (August 20, 2022): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.660665.

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Price downturn was long before the COVID-19 pandemic because most retailers have brick-and-mortar stores. It is crucial to review their store portfolios, including stores in at least three separate segments: shops in closed centers, band centers, or standalone locations and outlets. Once customers are happy to come back, each would possibly have a different pattern of traffic. Product will be modeled according to the type of product being sold and whether it is a purchasing requirement or a fringe. A high level of unemployment is also projected to impact the available revenues to be invested. World shocked by corona pandemic and the global economy as a result. No wonder traditional brick and mortar retail has continued to decline for many years. Widespread countermeasures in many countries are now massively escalating this decline to help slow the virus and close down all but main retail outlets (supermarkets/ businesses, pharmacies/drug shops, post office, and banks).

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46

Saibaba, G., and Prasanth Vaidya. "Developing an Userfriendly Online Shopping Web-Site." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i3.pp1126-1131.

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<p>In this era of internet, e-commerce is growing by leaps and bounds keeping the growth of brick-and-mortar businesses in the dust. In many cases, brick-and-mortar businesses are resorting to having a counterpart which is internet or e-commerce driven. People in the developed world and a growing number of people in the developing world now use ecommerce websites on a daily basis to make their everyday purchases. Still the proliferation of e-commerce in the underdeveloped world is not that great and there is a lot to desire for It consists of the planning process, which starts with determining the use case, domain modeling and architectural pattern of the web application. The entire development process is primarily divided into two parts: the front-end development and the back end development. The database design is also discussed with an emphasis on its relational connectivity.</p>

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Jønsson, Rie, Carsten Struve, Nadia Boisen, Ramona Valentina Mateiu, Araceli E. Santiago, Håvard Jenssen, James P. Nataro, and Karen A. Krogfelt. "Novel Aggregative Adherence Fimbria Variant of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 4 (January 26, 2015): 1396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02820-14.

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EnteroaggregativeEscherichia coli(EAEC) organisms belong to a diarrheagenic pathotype known to cause diarrhea and can be characterized by distinct aggregative adherence (AA) in a stacked-brick pattern to cultured epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated 118 EAEC strains isolated from the stools of Danish adults with traveler's diarrhea. We evaluated the presence of the aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAFs) by a multiplex PCR, targeting the four known major subunit variants as well as their usher-encoding genes. Almost one-half (49/118) of the clinical isolates did not possess any known AAF major fimbrial subunit, despite the presence of other AggR-related loci. Further investigation revealed the presence of an AAF-related gene encoding a yet-uncharacterized adhesin, termedagg5A. The sequence of theagg5DCBAgene cluster shared fimbrial accessory genes (usher, chaperone, and minor pilin subunit genes) with AAF/III, as well as the signal peptide present in the beginning of theagg3Agene. The completeagg5DCBAgene cluster from a clinical isolate, EAEC strain C338-14, with the typical stacked-brick binding pattern was cloned, and deletion of the cluster was performed. Transformation to a nonadherentE. coliHB101 and complementation of the nonadherent C338-14 mutant with the complete gene cluster restored the AA adhesion. Overall, we found theagg5Agene in 12% of the 118 strains isolated from Denmark, suggesting that this novel adhesin represents an important variant.

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48

Liu, Qing, Jian Xie, and An Xiang Ge. "Analysis on the Western-Style Structural System of Zizhulin Church." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.878.

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Built in Chinese specific historical period, most western-style historical buildings have the western pattern and Chinese structural type. In many years of existence, they mostly face a grave situation because of the damages and risks in structural safety. To better protect them, an in-depth understanding is required. Taking Zizhulin Church in Tianjin as the case, it adopted the brick-timber structure, with local technologies and concepts applied in this church to achieve the western pattern. The well-planned layout and facade, the materials, as well as the constructional details are analysed, which are favorable for the vibration resistance. These analyses can provide reference for protection and repair of other similar western-style historical buildings.

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49

Hameed, Rashid, Saba Mahmood, M. Rizwan Riaz, S. Asad Ali Gillani, and Muhammad Tahir. "Strengthening of Un-Reinforced Brick Masonry Walls Using Epoxy Mortar." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2021-0013.

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Abstract This study is carried out to investigate the effectiveness of using externally applied epoxy mortar on joints of masonry wall panels to enhance their load carrying capacity under axial compressive and lateral loads. A total of six 113 mm thick masonry wall panels of size 1200 x 1200 mm were constructed for this study. Four out of six walls were strengthened using locally available CHEMDUR-31 epoxy mortar on joints. The remaining two walls were tested as control specimens. The control and strengthened wall panels were tested under axial compression and lateral loads. In axial compression test, out of plane central deflection and vertical strain at the center of wall panel were recorded while in lateral load test, in-plane lateral displacement of wall and horizontal strain at the center were recorded at each load increment. Failure pattern of each wall panel is also studied to notice its structural behavior. The results of this experimental study showed an increase of 45% and 60% in load carrying capacity under axial compression and lateral bending, respectively by the use of strengthening technique employed in this study.

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50

Roberti, Giulio Mirabella, Giuseppe Ruscica, and Vittorio Paris. "From the herringbone dome by Sangallo to the Serlio floor of Emy (and beyond)." Curved and Layered Structures 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cls-2021-0023.

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Abstract The research starts from an analogy found between two apparently very different structural solutions: the double spiral pattern of the herringbone brick courses in the domes built by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484-1546) during the Renaissance, and the particular pattern of a wooden floor ‘à la Serlio’, described by Amand Rose Emy in his Treatise at the beginning of 19th century, made by diagonal beams reciprocally sustained. The diagonal pattern of the floor has a geometrical relationship with the cross-herringbone pattern, so that the latter can be obtained by some geometrical transformations of the former. This pattern was also used in thin shells built by Nervi, from the destroyed airplane hangars in Tuscany to the Palazzetto dello sport in Rome, and even by Piacentini in 1936 and earlier in some neoclassical domes. Thus the construction tool, useful for building domes without expensive scaffolding, could have a structural role at the completed construction stage. Within the research different structures were investigated, in order to observe the relevance of this peculiar structural scheme particularly in the construction of modern domes.

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