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1
Bondorf, Linda, Lennart Köhler, Tobias Grein, Fabius Epple, Franz Philipps, Manfred Aigner, and Tobias Schripp. "Airborne Brake Wear Emissions from a Battery Electric Vehicle." Atmosphere 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030488.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although traffic exhaust emissions in Europe have been drastically reduced, airborne particle emissions caused by brakes and tires are still increasing with the number of vehicles. The measurement of non-exhaust emissions is an emerging technological challenge. We present a custom measurement setup to investigate the brake- and tire-wear emissions of an in-use battery electric vehicle. A separate brake housing and HEPA ventilation enabled airborne brake wear emissions to be measured under realistic conditions without external influences. The emission tests on a chassis dynamometer included particle number concentrations and particle size distribution for diameters of 4 nm to 10 μm. Emission indices were determined for three driving cycles: WLTC Class 3b, WLTC Brake Part 10, and a real driving cycle. Further investigations focused on emission control through regenerative braking and brake coating. Driving with regenerative braking reduced emissions by up to 89.9%, which related to the concentration of particles in the ultrafine/fine size range. Hard-metal brake coating led to a further significant reduction in emissions of up to 78.9%. The results point the way to future RDE measurement of non-exhaust emissions and show the potential of regenerative braking and brake coating to reduce airborne brake wear emissions.
2
Perricone, Guido, Mattia Alemani, Jens Wahlström, and Ulf Olofsson. "A proposed driving cycle for brake emissions investigation for test stand." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019841222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Particulate matter emission factors from vehicle brakes are difficult to assess directly from the field. Moreover, there is a lack of a standardized cycle and test stand for evaluating brake emissions. For these reasons, a test cycle was developed from real driving data collected from a car. This new test cycle was implemented on an inertia disc brake dynamometer appositely designed for brake particle emission studies. Results reveal that, for the brake system used as an example, the obtained emission factors for the urban driving conditions studied are comparable to EURO 6 regulations in terms of particle number and comparable to EURO 4 levels in terms of mass with brake emission factors equal to 4.37–6.46 × 1011 particles/km and 44–48 mg/km, respectively.
3
Mathissen, Marcel, Theodoros Grigoratos, Tero Lahde, and Rainer Vogt. "Brake Wear Particle Emissions of a Passenger Car Measured on a Chassis Dynamometer." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brake wear emissions with a special focus on particle number (PN) concentrations were investigated during a chassis dynamometer measurement campaign. A recently developed, well-characterized, measurement approach was applied to measure brake particles in a semi-closed vehicle setup. Implementation of multiple particle measurement devices allowed for simultaneous measurement of volatile and solid particles. Estimated PN emission factors for volatile and solid particles differed by up to three orders of magnitude with an estimated average solid particle emission factor of 3∙109 # km−1 brake−1 over a representative on-road brake cycle. Unrealistic high brake temperatures may occur and need to be ruled out by comparison with on-road temperature measurements. PN emissions are strongly temperature dependent and this may lead to its overestimation. A high variability for PN emissions was found when volatile particles were not removed. Volatiles were observed under high temperature conditions only which are not representative of normal driving conditions. The coefficient of variation for PN emissions was 1.3 without catalytic stripper and 0.11 with catalytic stripper. Investigation of non-braking sections confirmed that particles may be generated at the brake even if no brakes are applied. These “off-brake-event” emissions contribute up to about 30% to the total brake PM10 emission.
4
Niemann, Hartmut, Hermann Winner, Christof Asbach, Heinz Kaminski, Georg Frentz, and Roman Milczarek. "Influence of Disc Temperature on Ultrafine, Fine, and Coarse Particle Emissions of Passenger Car Disc Brakes with Organic and Inorganic Pad Binder Materials." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101060.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Passenger car disc brakes are a source of ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles. It is estimated that 21% of total traffic-related PM10 emissions in urban environments originate from airborne brake wear particles. Particle number emission factors are in the magnitude of 1010 km−1 wheel brake during real-world driving conditions. Due to the complexity of the tribological processes and the limited observability of the friction zone between brake disc and pad, the phenomena causing particle emission of disc brakes are only partially understood. To generate a basis for understanding the emission process and, based on this, to clarify which influencing variables have how much potential for reduction measures, one approach consists in the identification and quantification of influencing variables in the form of emission maps. The subject of this publication is the influence of disc brake temperature on ultrafine, fine, and coarse particle emissions, which was investigated with a systematic variation of temperature during single brake events on an enclosed brake dynamometer. The systematic variation of temperature was achieved by increasing or decreasing the disc temperature stepwise which leads to a triangular temperature variation. Two types of brake pads were used with the main distinction in its chemical composition being organic and inorganic binder materials. The critical disc brake temperature for the generation of ultrafine particles based on nucleation is at approximately 180 °C for pads with an organic binder and at approximately 240 °C for pads with inorganic binder materials. Number concentration during those nucleation events decreased for successive events, probably due to aging effects. PM10 emissions increased by factor 2 due to an increase in temperature from 80 °C to 160 °C. The influence of temperature could be only repeatable measured for disc brake temperatures below 180 °C. Above this temperature, the emission behavior was dependent on the temperature history, which indicates also a critical temperature for PM10 relevant emissions but not in an increasing rather than a decreasing manner.
5
Hesse, David, Christopher Hamatschek, Klaus Augsburg, Thomas Weigelt, Alexander Prahst, and Sebastian Gramstat. "Testing of Alternative Disc Brakes and Friction Materials Regarding Brake Wear Particle Emissions and Temperature Behavior." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, different disc brakes and friction materials are evaluated with respect to particle emission output and characteristic features are derived. The measurements take place on an inertia dynamometer using a constant volume sampling system. Brake wear particle emission factors of different disc concepts in different sizes are determined and compared, using a grey cast iron disc, a tungsten carbide-coated disc and a carbon ceramic disc. The brakes were tested over a section (trip #10) novel test cycle developed from the database of the worldwide harmonized Light-Duty vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). First, brake emission factors were determined along the bedding process using a series of trip-10 tests. The tests were performed starting from unconditioned pads, to characterize the evolution of emissions until their stabilization. In addition to number- and mass-related emission factors (PM2.5–PM10), the particle size distribution was determined. Another focus was the evaluation of temperature ranges and the associated challenges in the use of temperature readings in a potential regulation of brake wear particle emissions. The results illustrate the challenges associated with establishing a universal bedding procedure and using disc temperature measurements for the control of a representative braking procedure. Using tungsten carbide coated discs and carbon ceramic discs, emission reduction potentials of up to 70% (PM10) could be demonstrated along the WLTP brake cycle. The reduction potential is primarily the result of the high wear resistance of the disc, but is additionally influenced by the pad composition and the temperature in the friction contact area.
6
Perricone, Guido, Mattia Alemani, Ibrahim Metinöz, Vlastimil Matějka, Jens Wahlström, and Ulf Olofsson. "Towards the ranking of airborne particle emissions from car brakes – a system approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 6 (August 24, 2016): 781–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016662800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Airborne particulate matter emitted from motor vehicle brakes is a contributor to urban air quality. Therefore, a method to rank brake pairs (pads and rotors) with respect to their particle emission factors in a reliable way is needed to develop a low-emission disc brake. A novel inertial disc brake dynamometer designed for brake particle emission studies, a modified SAE J 2707 cycle, an electrical low-pressure cascade impactor and a filter are used to test five different pad materials against cast-iron rotors. By changing only the pad materials, it is shown that the differences between the mass emission factor and the number emission factor of the the worst brake pair and those of the best brake pair decreases by more than four times and 19 times respectively. Furthermore, the results show that the material combination ranked the best in terms of the mass emission factor is ranked the worst in terms of the number emission factor. The results reveal that this combination of a test stand, a test cycle and particle instruments can discriminate between different brake pair materials in a reliable way in the case of the mass emission factors while more research has to be carried out in the case of the number emission factors.
7
Rahimi, Mostafa, Daniele Bortoluzzi, and Jens Wahlström. "Input Parameters for Airborne Brake Wear Emission Simulations: A Comprehensive Review." Atmosphere 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2021): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Non-exhaust emissions, generated by the wear of brake systems, tires, roads, clutches, and road resuspension, are responsible for a large part of airborne pollutants in urban areas. Brake wear accounts for 55% of non-exhaust emissions and significantly contributes to urban health diseases related to air pollution. A major part of the studies reported in the scientific literature are focused on experimental methods to sample and characterize brake wear particles in a reliable, representative, and repeatable way. In this framework, simulation is an important tool, which makes it possible to give interpretations of the experimental results, formulate new testing approaches, and predict the emission produced by brakes. The present comprehensive literature review aims to introduce the state of the art of the research on the different aspects of airborne wear debris resulting from brake systems which can be used as inputs in future simulation models. In this review, previous studies focusing on airborne emissions produced by brake systems are investigated in three main categories: the subsystem level, system level, and environmental level. As well as all the information provided in the literature, the simulation methodologies are also investigated at all levels. It can be concluded from the present review study that various factors, such as the uncertainty and repeatability of the brake wear experiments, distinguish the results of the subsystem and system levels. This gap should be taken into account in the development of future experimental and simulation methods for the investigation of airborne brake wear emissions.
8
Hulskotte, J. H. J., H. A. C. Denier van der Gon, A. J. H. Visschedijk, and M. Schaap. "Brake wear from vehicles as an important source of diffuse copper pollution." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.456.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article we show that brake wear from road traffic vehicles is an important source of atmospheric (particulate) copper concentrations in Europe. Consequently, brake wear also contributes significantly to deposition fluxes of copper to surface waters. We estimated the copper emission due to brake wear to be 2.4 kiloton per year. For comparison, the official database for Europe (without brake wear) totals 2.6 kiloton per year. In Western Europe the brake wear emissions dominate the total emission of copper. Using the spatially resolved emission data, copper distributions over Europe were calculated with the LOTOS-EUROS model. Without brake wear the model underestimates observed copper concentrations by a factor of 3, which is in accordance with other studies. Including the brake wear emissions largely removes the bias. We find that 75% of the atmospheric copper input in the North Sea may be due to brake wear. We estimate that about 25% of the total copper input in the Dutch part of the North Sea stems from brake wear. Although the estimated brake wear copper emission is associated with a large uncertainty, it significantly improves our understanding of the copper cycle in the environment.
9
Mamakos, Athanasios, Michael Arndt, David Hesse, and Klaus Augsburg. "Physical Characterization of Brake-Wear Particles in a PM10 Dilution Tunnel." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A dilution tunnel was designed for the characterization of brake-wear particle emissions up to 10 μm on a brake dyno. The particulate matter emission levels from a single front brake were found to be 4.5 mg/km (1.5 mg/km being smaller than 2.5 μm) over a novel real-world brake cycle, for a commercial Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) pad. Particle Number (PN) emissions as defined in exhaust regulations were in the order of 1.5 to 6 × 109 particles per km per brake (#/km/brake). Concentration levels could exceed the linearity range of full-flow Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) over specific braking events, but remained at background levels for 60% of the cycle. Similar concentrations measured with condensation and optical counters suggesting that the majority of emitted particles were larger the 300 nm. Application of higher braking pressures resulted in elevated PN emissions and the systematic formation of nano-sized particles that were thermally stable at 350 °C. Volatile particles were observed only during successive harsh braking events leading to elevated temperatures. The onset depended on the type of brakes and their prehistory, but always at relatively high disc temperatures (280 to 490 °C).
10
Gramstat, Sebastian, Thilo Mertens, Robert Waninger, and Dmytro Lugovyy. "Impacts on Brake Particle Emission Testing." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The presented article picks out brake particle emission testing as a central theme. Those emissions are part of the so-called non-exhaust emissions, which play an increasing role for particle emissions from transportation. The authors propose a laboratory test setup by using a brake dynamometer and a constant volume sampling approach to determine the emissions in regard to the particle number concentration. Several impacts were investigated while the same test cycle (novel worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (novel-WLTP)) was applied. In a first item, the importance of the bedding process was investigated and it is shown that friction couples without bedding emit much more particles. Furthermore, the efforts for reaching a bedded friction state are discussed. Additionally, the impact of brake lining compositions is investigated and shows that NAO concepts own crucial advantages in terms of brake particle emissions. Another impact, the vehicle weight and inertia, respectively, shows how important lightweight measures and brake cooling improvements are. Finally, the role of the load profile is discussed, which shows the importance of driving parameters like vehicle speed and reservoir dynamics. The authors show that, under urban driving conditions, extreme low particle emissions are detected. Furthermore, it is explained that off-brake emissions can play a relevant role in regard to brake particle emissions.
11
Xiao, Helin, Pengfei Zeng, Liangrui Zhao, Zhongzhao Li, and Xiaowei Fu. "An experimental study of the combusition and emission performances of 2,5-dimethylfuran diesel blends on a diesel engine." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160526226x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Experiments were carried out in a direct injection compression ignition engine fueled with diesel-dimethylfuran blends. The combustion and emission performances of diesel-dimethylfuran blends were investigated under various loads ranging from 0.13 to 1.13 MPa brake mean effective pressure, and a constant speed of 1800 rpm. Results indicate that diesel-dimethylfuran blends have different combustion performance and produce longer ignition delay and shorter combustion duration compared with pure diesel. Moreover, a slight increase of brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency occurs when a Diesel engine operates with blended fuels, rather than diesel fuel. Diesel-dimethylfuran blends could lead to higher NOx emissions at medium and high engine loads. However, there is a significant reduction in soot emission when engines are fueled with diesel-dimethylfuran blends. Soot emissions under each operating conditions are similar and close to zero except for D40 at 0.13 MPa brake mean effective pressure. The total number and mean geometric diameter of emitted particles from diesel-dimethylfuran blends are lower than pure diesel. The tested fuels exhibit no significant difference in either CO or HC emissions at medium and high engine loads. Nevertheless, diesel fuel produces the lowest CO emission and higher HC emission at low loads of 0.13 to 0.38 MPa brake mean effective pressure.
12
Lazzari, Alessandro, Davide Tonazzi, Giovanni Conidi, Cristian Malmassari, Andrea Cerutti, and Francesco Massi. "Experimental Evaluation of Brake Pad Material Propensity to Stick-Slip and Groan Noise Emission." Lubricants 6, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants6040107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Frictional and dynamic responses of brake pad materials, when sliding on brake disc counterfaces, are at the origin of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) issues such as brake noise emissions. In more detail, groan is a low frequency noise emission often associated to the stick-slip frictional response of the brake system. The instability of such contact is the result of the coupling between the system dynamics and the frictional response of the materials in contact. In this work, an experimental approach is proposed for measuring the frictional response and the propensity to generate stick-slip of different lining materials, coming from commercial brake pads, when sliding on a worn surface of a brake disc, under the same controlled boundary conditions. The proposed methodology allowed for comparing the propensity of the tested pad materials to stick-slip vibrations, which is in agreement with feedback from automotive industry on groan emission.
13
Mathissen, Marcel, Theodoros Grigoratos, Sebastian Gramstat, Athanasios Mamakos, RaviTeja Vedula, Carlos Agudelo, Jaroslaw Grochowicz, and Barouch Giechaskiel. "Interlaboratory Study on Brake Particle Emissions Part II: Particle Number Emissions." Atmosphere 14, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030424.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) informal working group co-ordinated a global interlaboratory study (ILS) on brake wear particle emissions with the participation of 16 laboratories in 2021. Two articles present the results of the ILS: (I) particulate matter mass (PM) and (II) particle number (PN) emissions. The test matrix covered different brake systems, including ECE and NAO pad materials with grey cast iron discs and a drum brake. Regarding PN, the study measured the total particle number from approximately 10 nm to 2.5 µm (TPN). Some testing facilities measured solid particle number emissions (SPN) in parallel. The mean TPN concentrations ranged from 9.1 × 108 #/km/brake to 1.1 × 1010 #/km/brake. TPN and SPN emission levels were comparable, except for one lab that measured very high volatile particle emissions for one brake system. The minimum and maximum SPN emissions for a given brake differed by a factor of 2.5 ± 0.5, comparable to data from exhaust SPN ILS measurements. This article provides an overview of lessons learned and subsequent measures incorporated in an upcoming global technical regulation to reduce measurement variability when sampling and measuring brake particle emissions for light-duty vehicles up to 3.5 t.
14
Reddy, Sridhara, Maheswar Dutta, and K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy. "EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO ON PERFORMANCE OF A HYDROGEN BLENDED CNG-DIESEL DUAL FUEL ENGINE." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 44, no. 2 (January 2, 2015): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v44i2.21431.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Compression ratios of the engine considerably affect the performance and emission behavior of an engine.The paper discusses about effect of compression ratios on the operating parameters such as brake specific fuelconsumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and volumetricefficiency on a stationary diesel-CNG dual fuel engine by adding hydrogen fraction as a combustion booster. Theexhaust emission behavior of the engine is also presented. Addition of hydrogen in CNG has given better resultsthan diesel-CNG dual fuel operation of the engine. The volumetric efficiency and emissions like NOx are theparameters which needed attention towards this study. The paper presents experimental results and analyzes them.
15
Hamatschek, Christopher, Klaus Augsburg, David Schobel, Sebastian Gramstat, Anton Stich, Florian Gulden, and David Hesse. "Comparative Study on the Friction Behaviour and the Particle Formation Process between a Laser Cladded Brake Disc and a Conventional Grey Cast Iron Disc." Metals 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020300.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brake-wear particle emissions are the result of the components of a friction brake being in tribological contact, and they are classified as non-exhaust emissions. Since most of the emitted particles belong to the size classes of particulate matter (≤10 μm) and differ significantly in terms of their physico-chemical properties from automotive exhaust emissions, this source is of particular relevance to human health and, therefore, the focus of scientific studies. Previous studies have shown that coated brake discs offer significant wear and emission reduction potential. Nevertheless, no studies are available that describe the specific particle formation process, the contact conditions, the structure of the friction layer and the differences compared to conventional grey cast iron discs. The aim of this study is to describe those differences. For this purpose, the tribological behaviour, the structure of the friction layer and the associated particle dynamics within the friction contact between a laser cladding coated disc and a conventional grey cast iron disc are compared. The required investigations are carried out both ex situ (stationary) and in situ (dynamic). Parallel to the tribological investigations, the particle emission behaviour is determined on an inertia dynamometer using a constant volume sampling system (CVS) and equipment for particle number and particle size distribution measurement. The results show that, for two different brake pads, the laser cladding brake disc has lower wear and less particulate emissions than the grey cast iron brake disc. The wear behaviour of the coating varies significantly for the two brake pads. By contrast, the grey cast iron brake disc shows a significantly lower influence.
16
Venkatesh, Sai Vijay, and R. Udayakumar. "Performance and emissions of si engine with octane boosters." MATEC Web of Conferences 249 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824903008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In today’s world we see that the demand for gasoline and cars keep increasing and one problem which is significantly seen is that we either opt for a fuel which provides higher performance or for a fuel which provides lesser emissions. In this study we aim to provide higher performance and lower emissions by combining two chemicals or octane boosters, namely ethanol and toluene with gasoline and find out its performance and emission characteristics when compared with traditional gasoline and ethanol-gasoline blend. In this study we have made four blends which are PP, E10, E10T5 and E20T5 which are tested against two performance parameters which are Specific Fuel Consumption, Brake Thermal Efficiency with respect to brake power and emissions parameter which are Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Oxides of Nitrogen and Hydrocarbon with respect to brake power as well. In each of these performance and emissions parameters, the blends are compared and we find that E20T5 has the highest performance and E10T5 has the lowest emission.
17
Charron, Aurélie, Lucie Polo-Rehn, Jean-Luc Besombes, Benjamin Golly, Christine Buisson, Hervé Chanut, Nicolas Marchand, Géraldine Guillaud, and Jean-Luc Jaffrezo. "Identification and quantification of particulate tracers of exhaust and non-exhaust vehicle emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 7 (April 17, 2019): 5187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5187-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In order to identify and quantify key species associated with non-exhaust emissions and exhaust vehicular emissions, a large comprehensive dataset of particulate species has been obtained thanks to simultaneous near-road and urban background measurements coupled with detailed traffic counts and chassis dynamometer measurements of exhaust emissions of a few in-use vehicles well-represented in the French fleet. Elemental carbon, brake-wear metals (Cu, Fe, Sb, Sn, Mn), n-alkanes (C19-C26), light-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; pyrene, fluoranthene, anthracene) and two hopanes (17α21βnorhopane and 17α21βhopane) are strongly associated with the road traffic. Traffic-fleet emission factors have been determined for all of them and are consistent with most recent published equivalent data. When possible, light-duty- and heavy-duty-traffic emission factors are also determined. In the absence of significant non-combustion emissions, light-duty-traffic emissions are in good agreement with emissions from chassis dynamometer measurements. Since recent measurements in Europe including those from this study are consistent, ratios involving copper (Cu∕Fe and Cu∕Sn) could be used as brake-wear emissions tracers as long as brakes with Cu remain in use. Near the Grenoble ring road, where the traffic was largely dominated by diesel vehicles in 2011 (70 %), the OC∕EC ratio estimated for traffic emissions was around 0.4. Although the use of quantitative data for source apportionment studies is not straightforward for the identified organic molecular markers, their presence seems to well-characterize fresh traffic emissions.
18
Wang, Zhiqiang, and Lijun Li. "Effects of Different Ethanol/Diesel Blending Ratios on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Medium-Speed Diesel Engine." Processes 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010173.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to better evaluate the effects of ethanol/diesel blends on engine combustion and emission characteristics, we developed an engine cylinder model using the software CONVERGE combined with the program CHEMKIN. The model was validated experimentally. A modified chemical kinetic mechanism was used to calculate the combustion process of diesel fuel and ethanol for the diesel engine, including 154 reactions and 68 species. Furthermore, the influence of different ethanol proportions on diesel engine combustion and emission characteristics, including power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and soot emissions, was also investigated. Our results showed that cylinder pressure and temperature increased with increased ethanol content. When the ethanol content increased to 20% at 100% load, the cylinder pressure increased by 0.46%, and the thermal efficiency increased by 3.63%. However, due to the lower calorific value of ethanol, the power decreased by 4.12%, and the brake specific fuel consumption increased by 4.23%. In addition, the ethanol/diesel blends significantly reduced CO and soot emissions. Compared with diesel, soot and CO emissions from the D80E20 at 100% load reduced by 63.25% and 17.24%, respectively. However, NOx emission increased by 1.39%.
19
Skorupka, Zbigniew. "Thermographic Camera Use in Brake Oriented Friction Materials Tests / Użycie Kamery Termowizyjnej w Badaniach Hamulcowych Materiałów Ciernych." Journal of KONBiN 33, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Friction brake temperature due to its influence on brakes’ operation is subject to many test and studies. Measurements methods of this important brake parameter are being continuously developed. In order to withstand difficulty in temperature evaluation in full brake system as well as in isolated friction pair is use of contactless measurement methods. Currently, the most widespread contactless testing method of the thermal effects is to measure infrared emission by pyrometers or thermographic (infrared) cameras. Thermal imaging method wasn’t used so far during aviation brake materials usefulness evaluation and certification testing performed in Instytut Lotnictwa Landing Gear Laboratory. In this paper, author described performed friction materials tests which were recorded with thermal imaging camera as well as evaluated usefulness of the method by comparing its accuracy to thermocouple measurement.
20
Layek, Apurba. "Performance of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Jatropha Diesel Blends as Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1723.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Jatropha bio diesel blended with mineral diesel in proportion 2:1 by volume is used to conduct performance test and emission characteristics of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Jatropha-diesel blend is used to perform engine performance and emission tests at variable loads & throttle settings (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Observed data were utilized to obtain various performance parameters such as brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency at various loads and throttle settings. Simultaneously observations were also made to obtain exhaust gas temperatures and exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, HC and NOx). In existing engine diesel provides higher and economic power generating capacity for entire operating ranges but effect of varying load /throttle on performance behavior were fantastically similar. Reduced HC and NOx emission with the blend also better, highlights some positive aspects of combustion and allowance for higher compression ratio with the blend.
21
Li, Su, Xiaowei Wang, Tao Gao, Yongzhan Huo, Yang Lu, and Mingda Wang. "Effects of road slope on emission characteristics for a heavy-duty diesel vehicle based on engine-in-the-loop methodology." E3S Web of Conferences 358 (2022): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235801006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A dump truck with a maximum designed total mass of 24500 kg was selected to measure the emission characteristics of pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO2) under fully-loaded and unloaded conditions at the same simulated road with different road slope, same driver and vehicle model by using the engine-inthe- loop methodology. The results show that driving at gradient road will result in an increase in power and total emissions. The brake specific emissions of gaseous pollutant and CO2 are lower at gradient road, while the brake emission of particle number are higher at gradient road. Road slope affects exhaust temperature so as to affect nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Under unloaded conditions, long-slope conditions are more likely to cause an increase in NOx emissions.
22
Gu, Haoming, Shenghua Liu, Yanju Wei, Xibin Liu, Xiaodong Zhu, and Zheyang Li. "Effects of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers Addition in Diesel on Real Driving Emission and Fuel Consumption Characteristics of a CHINA VI Heavy-Duty Vehicle." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072379.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE), as the most potential oxygenated alternative fuel for diesel engines, is widely investigated. Considering the importance of research on real driving emissions (RDE) and the few studies focus on the emission characteristics of the PODE/diesel blended fuels under real driving conditions, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was applied to measure the RDE of a heavy-duty tractor fueled with diesel or PODE/diesel blends. The tests were carried out in accordance with the relevant regulations of the CHINA VI emission standards. The second-by-second data from PEMS and the OBD system were utilized to construct engine transient operating maps. The results indicated that the addition of PODE can still decrease CO and PN emissions significantly under real driving conditions, although the low load conditions are still the areas of high brake specific CO and brake specific PN emissions. The NOx emissions, however, were not reduced as the results of the steady-state experiment of the same model of the engine. Fuel mass consumption raised when PODE was added, while the overall brake thermal efficiency improved, especially for the blending ratio of 30%, up to 40.3%, which is higher than 38.4% of pure diesel operation.
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Bhat, Shrivathsa Nelly, Shreyas Shenoy, and P. Dinesha. "Effect of bio-ethanol on the performance and emission of a biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814404017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present study investigates the effect of bio-ethanol on the performance and emissions of a biodiesel blend fueled compression ignition engine. The experiments are conducted using pongamia biodiesel blend B20 (20% pongamia biodiesel +80% diesel) with 5, 7.5 and 10% (v/v) of bio-ethanol on a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine. The tests are conducted at different load conditions. Performance and emissions characteristics are investigated for different bio-ethanol compositions. The results show that the brake thermal efficiency is maximum for B20E7.5 blend with a minimum brake specific fuel consumption. Carbon monoxide emission is minimum for B20E7.5 blend and NOx emission decreases as the bio-ethanol percentage is increased from 5 to 7.5%. The study reveals that 7.5% bio-ethanol with B20 pongamia biodiesel blend results better performance and emission characteristics.
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Zhong, Yunhao, Yanhui Zhang, Chengfang Mao, and Ananchai Ukaew. "Performance, Combustion, and Emission Comparisons of a High-Speed Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel with Different Ethanol Addition Ratios Based on a Combined Kinetic Mechanism." Processes 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091689.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, different ethanol ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) blended with biodiesel were used to investigate the effects of ethanol addition on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a high-speed diesel engine in terms of brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, heat release rate, NOx, CO, and soot emissions. First, a three-dimensional CFD model was established by AVL-Fire combined with the CHEMKIN code. Then, an improved kinetic mechanism with 430 reactions and 122 species was developed by combining a three-component biodiesel combustion mechanism and ethanol mechanism to accurately simulate the blended fuel combustion processes. The results indicated that compared with biodiesel, the maximum brake specific fuel consumption increased by 6.08%, and the maximum brake thermal efficiency increased by 2.09% for the blended fuel. In addition, NOx and CO emissions for EE20 were reduced by 29.32% and 39.57% at full engine load. Overall, the ethanol addition can significantly decrease pollution emissions.
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Hushim, Mohd Faisal, Ahmad Jais Alimin, and Mohd Farris Mansor. "Effect of Intake Manifold Angle of Port-Fuel Injection Retrofit-Kit to the Performances of an S.I. Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fuelling system is one of the crucial variables that must be focused on, in order to achieve good fuel efficiency and low engine out emissions. Fuel injection system seems a promising technology as a medium to supply suppressed fuel because of its high fuel delivery efficiency, enhanced fuel economy and reduced engine out emission. Port-fuel injection (PFI) system has been used widely on small four-stroke gasoline engine because of its simplicity compared to direct injection (DI) system. In this study, the effects of intake manifold angle of a PFI retrofit-kit to the engine performances and emission characteristics were investigated. Experimental works comprised wide-open throttle with variable dynamometer loads for two different angles: 90° and 150°. From this study, it was observed that 150° was the best angle, which produced high brake power (BP) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and hydrocarbon (HC) emission.
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Jadhav, Mayur, Swati Jadhav, and Supriya Chavan. "Application of additives with gasoline fuel: A review." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017001026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Alternative fuels have become very important nowadays and proving their importance in both positive ignition engines and compression ignition engines, so as to reduce the consumption of gasoline and diesel respectively. Also, blending of these alternative fuels (additives) into gasoline has been proved important in improving various performance parameters and reducing emission parameters. Various studies have been carried out in the field of using additives in gasoline to see the effects on performance parameters like Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, Volumetric efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption. Also, this study emphasizes reducing the emissions to the ambient. The aim of this review is to compare and study various additives which can be blended with gasoline and study their effect on performance and emission characteristics of Spark ignition engines.
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Varudharajan, Gopinath, and Periyasamy R. "Effect of Corn Oil Methyl Ester and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Per-formance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine." Mechanics 29, no. 1 (February 6, 2023): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.30805.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current research work on the effect of exhaust gas recirculation on the diesel engine for the analysis of performance and emission characteristics with corn oil methyl ester blends. The engine was tested with three fuels are 100diesel, 20B (20%COME + 80% Diesel) and 40B (40%COME + 60% Diesel) with EGR condition of 0% and 20% rate. The engine was evaluated with performance characteristics such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and emissions such as carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen. The analysed results of the brake thermal efficiency was reduced with increased brake specific consumption and the exhaust emissions are decreased with increase of biodiesel blend and increased EGR rate.
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Philippe, Florian, Martin Morgeneyer, Maiqi Xiang, Maheandar Manokaran, Brice Berthelot, Yan-ming Chen, Pierre Charles, Frédéric Guingand, and Christophe Bressot. "Representativeness of airborne brake wear emission for the automotive industry: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 10-11 (April 6, 2021): 2651–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407021993011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brake wear gives 16%–55% by mass to total non-exhaust traffic related PM10 emissions in urban environments. While engines have become cleaner in the past decades, few improvements were made to lower non-exhaust emission until recently. Researchers have developed several experimental methods over the past years to assess brake emissions. However, observations tend to differ from a method to another with respect to many disciplines, ranging from particle system characterization to brake cycles, and it remains difficult to compare results of different research groups. It is so crucial to get a consensus on the standard experimental method. The following article lists limits which influence measurements and has to be taken into account when comparing works from different laboratories. This article also discusses how to design tests to get a relevant braking particle system characterization.
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Matějka, Vlastimil, Guido Perricone, Jozef Vlček, Ulf Olofsson, and Jens Wahlström. "Airborne Wear Particle Emissions Produced during the Dyno Bench Tests with a Slag Containing Semi-Metallic Brake Pads." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the present paper is to investigate the level of airborne wear particles released during the dyno-bench tests with the brake pads consisting of alkali-activated slag as an abrasive. Airborne wear particles are generated with a full-scale dyno-bench adapted for airborne wear particles emission studies. The tested disc brake is equipped with two semi-metallic brake pads and a grey cast iron brake disc. A reduced Los Angeles City Traffic (LACT) driving cycle, developed within the LOWBRASYS project (European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme), is used to mimic city driving. The same friction pair is used six times with reduced LACT cycle. The weight loss and thickness of the pads and disc are registered after each test cycle ends. The amount of the airborne wear particles emissions released during each test cycle are characterized using a PM10 impactor and electric low-pressure impactor. The obtained data of wear particle emissions are correlated with the parameters of the brake stops. The maximum disc temperature was indicated as the parameter having the largest influence on the production of particle emissions together with the duration of the brake event
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Ton, Phuong Nu Thanh, Giang Hoang Le, Hien Thi To, and Takenaka Norimichi. "Evaluating brake specific fuel consumption and gas emissions from palm biodiesel fuel used in diesel generator." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i1.1130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study evaluated brake specific fuel consumption and regulated emissions from palm biodiesel fuel (palm BDF) used on diesel generators. The tests were performed at an idle and high load with different mixing rate blends between diesel fuel and palm BDF (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 50 %, 100 % which was called B0, B5, B10, B15, B20, B50 and B100) respectively. The results showed at each loading mode, brake specific fuel consumption increased when the volume of palm BDF rose in the blends. At the idle mode, brake specific fuel consumption increased 1.32 %, 1.8 %, 2.8 %, 3.74 %, 5.61 %, 6.54 % for B5, B10, B15, B20, B50, B100, compared with B0. Similarly at the high load mode, brake specific fuel consumption improved 1.51 %, 1.86 %, 2.18 %, 4.78 %, 5.36 %, 6.76 % for B5, B10, B15, B20, B50, B100, compared with B0. In both two load modes, when the volume of palm BDF in the fuel blends grew gradually, the concentration of CO, SO2 and CxHy emission reduced while the concentration of NO and NO2, CO2 went up. Emission factors of CO, SO2 and CO2 at high load are higher than those at an idle load, regardless the ratio of palm BDF to diesel fue. Conversely, emission factors of NO, NO2 at high load are higher.
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Acharya, S. K., and S. P. Jena. "Performance and Emission Analysis of a CI Engine in Dual Mode with LPG and Karanja Oil Methyl Ester." ISRN Renewable Energy 2013 (September 18, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/540589.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is experimented with to improve the performance of a dual fuel compression ignition (CI) engine running on Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) blends. Diesel is used as a reference fuel for the dual fuel engine results. During the experimentation, the engine performance is measured in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and exhaust emission is measured in terms of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (). Dual fuel engine with LPG showed a reduction in and smoke emission; however, it suffers from high HC and CO emission, particularly, at lower loads due to poor ignition. Comparison of performance and emissions is done for diesel and blends of KOME. Results showed that using KOME blends (10% and 20%) has improved the CI engine performance with a reduction in HC and CO emissions.
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Rotaru, Silviu, Constantin Pana, Nicolae Negurescu, Alexandru Cernat, Dinu Fuiorescu, and Cristian Nikolaos Nuţu. "Effects of CNG quantity on combustion characteristics and emissions of a dual fuelled automotive diesel engine." E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018001008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper reveals some experimental aspects of compressed natural gas (CNG) use in dual fuel mode at an automotive diesel engine. Brake specific energetic consumption, incylinder pressure, emissions and variability of indicated mean effective pressure are analysed at operating regime of 2000 rpm and 40% load. Using CNG as an alternative fuel reduces brake specific energetic consumption by 50%, the CO2 emission by 10% and sets the in-cylinder maximum pressure 13 bar higher comparative to diesel fuel fuelling. The smoke and hydrocarbons emissions and the variability of indicated mean effective pressure are affected by the injection of compressed natural gas into intake manifold: HC emission grows 24 times, the smoke number and the coefficient of variability of IMEP double their values. The use of compressed natural gas at an automotive diesel engine improves its energetic performances and combustion process, having positive effects on CO2 emission and fuel consumption.
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Ramuhaheli, Shumani, Vasudevarao Veeredhi, and Christopher Enweremadu. "The Performance and Emission Characteristics Assessment of Hybrid Biodiesel/Ethanol Blends in a Diesel Engine." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 670–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this study, a biodiesel blend was developed from the waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) and soya bean oil methyl ester (SBME), namely, the optimum blend of WCOME-SBME (BM100) biodiesel. This biodiesel-biodiesel mixture (hybrid biodiesel) was in turn blended with 15 % of ethanol to give a biodiesel mixture-ethanol blend (BME15). The biodiesel-biodiesel mixture has a better density than the individual biodiesels, SBME had lower viscosity compared to BM100 and WCOME. The presence of ethanol in the hybrid biodiesel blend reduced both kinematic viscosity and the high density of the blend. BM100 also exhibited a better heating value compared to the individual biodiesels. Engine performance and emissions were tested using diesel (D100), WCOME, SBME, BM100, and BME15, and experimental results obtained compared with predicted using Diesel-RK software. The results indicated that at the maximum speed of 2500 rpm, BM100 performed better in terms of brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake mean effective pressure compared to the individual biodiesels (WCOME and SBME) but marginally poorer to D100. The BTE of BME15 is comparable to BM100. On the other hand, BME15 exhibited better emission characteristics having the lowest NO, particulate matter (PM), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions compared to D100, WCOME, SBME, and BM100. Overall, when both engine performance and emission are considered BM100 increased engine performance compared to WCOME and SBME while BME15 is more effective in decreasing NO, PM, and HC emissions.
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Bunyan, Sadiq T., and Abed AL-Khadim M. Hassan. "Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Adding Alumina to Diesel Fuel on the Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 4A (April 25, 2020): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i4a.498.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present experimental work is conducted to examine the influence of adding Alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles to diesel fuel on the characteristic of the emissions and engine performance. The size of nanoparticles which have been added to diesel fuel to obtain nano-fuel is 20 nm. Three doses of Aluminum oxide were prepared (25, 50 and 100) ppm. The nanoparticles mixed with fuel by mechanical homogenous (manual electrical mixer) and ultrasonic processor. The study reveals that the adding of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) to gas oil (Al2O3+DF) enhances the physical properties of fuel. Also, the adding of (Al2O3) reduce CO emissions by 20.5%, decrease NOx emission by 12.2%, increasing CO2 emissions by about 2.27% and decrease UHC emission about 13.5%. Furthermore, reduces the brake specific fuel consumption by 14.3%, decreasing the equivalence ratio by14.87% and improving the brake thermal efficiency by about 10.89%.
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Nair, Jayashri N., Thokchom Subhaschandra Singh, and Vallapudi Dhana Raju. "Effect of addition of bio-additive clove oil to ternary fuel blends (Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol) on compression ignition engine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The use of biodiesel reduces emissions like hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM); but increases nitrogen oxide emissions. Additives inculcated in diesel and biodiesel has served as one of the means to decrease NOx emissions. An attempt is made to investigate the effect of the addition of ethanol and clove oil, to Pongamia biodiesel, on performance and emission characteristics. Pongamia biodiesel was extracted by transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. 5% Ethanol and 0.5 and 1 ml clove oil were added to the esters produced. B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel), B20E5 (20% biodiesel + 75% diesel +5% ethanol), B20E5CL0.5 ( 20% biodiesel +75% diesel+5% ethanol +0.5 ml Clove oil) and B20E5CL1 (20% biodiesel + 75% diesel+5% ethanol +1 ml Clove oil) were analysed. The test was performed on a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine connected to an eddy current type dynamometer for loading. The addition of 1ml of antioxidant (clove oil) resulted in an increase in brake thermal efficiency by 8.9% and brake specific fuel consumption marginally by 1.53 %. At higher loads, the B20E5CL1 blend showed a 13% reduction in NOx emission. B20E5CL1 blend also resulted in a reduction in CO emission at higher loads. Ethanol addition to the biodiesel (B20E5 blend) resulted in the highest brake thermal efficiency but at the cost of NOx emissions. Blends with ethanol and clove oil reported good results at higher loads.
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Attar, Hassan M., Dawei Wu, and Adam P. Harvey. "Performance, Emissions and Durability Studies on Diesel Engine Fuelled with a Preheated Raw Microalgal Oil." Proceedings 58, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wef-06906.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Preheated Schizochytrium sp. raw microalgae oil (MAO) was evaluated as a fuel in a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine to produce a comparative study of MAO and diesel oil (DO) critical parameters. In particular, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), in-cylinder pressure (CP), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were investigated. Additionally, an engine durability test for longevity was undertaken over a 30-h period, using raw MAO as the fuel. The study demonstrated that the preheated MAO could be successfully used in a diesel engine smoothly. The use of MAO reduced the engine brake power by 26% and increased brake-specific fuel consumption by 20%. The most significant finding from this research study is that there was a significant reduction in NOx and CO emission by 42% and 60% when using raw MAO, respectively. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that algae oil is a highly credible fuel for use in diesel engines and offers a promising solution to diesel engine emissions.
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Zhang, Zhiqing, Jiangtao Li, Jie Tian, Guangling Xie, Dongli Tan, Boying Qin, Yuanxing Huang, and Shuwan Cui. "Effects of Different Diesel-Ethanol Dual Fuel Ratio on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine." Processes 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, a four-stroke engine diesel was employed to investigate the effects of different fuel mixture ratios of diesel and ethanol on engine performance and emission characteristics in terms of cylinder temperature, heat release rate, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and cylinder pressure. The corresponding simulation model of diesel engine was developed by AVL-Fire coupled CHEMKIN code, and an improved chemical kinetics mechanism containing 34 reactions and 19 species was employed to simulate the fuel spray process and combustion process. The simulation model was validated by experimental results under 100% and 50% load conditions and used to simulate the combustion process of diesel engine fueled with pure diesel and diesel–ethanol blends with 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol by volume, respectively. The results showed that the increase of ethanol content in the blended fuel had a certain negative impact on the performance characteristic of diesel engine and significantly improved the emission characteristic of the engine. With the ethanol proportion in the blended fuel increased to 10%, 20%, and 30%, the brake thermal efficiency of the engine increased by 2.24%, 4.33%, and 6.37% respectively. However, the brake-specific fuel consumption increased by 1.56%, 3.49%, and 5.74% and the power decreased by 1.58%, 3.46%, and 5.54% respectively. In addition, with the ethanol proportion in the blended fuel increased to 10%, 20%, and 30%, the carbon monoxide emission decreased by 34.69%, 47.60%, and 56.58%, and the soot emission decreased by 7.83%, 15.24%, and 22.52% respectively. Finally, based on the combining fuzzy and grey correlation theory, nitrogen oxide emission has the highest correlation with engine power and brake-specific fuel consumption. The values reach 0.9103 and 0.8945 respectively. It shows that nitrogen oxide emission and cylinder pressure have a significant relationship on engine power and brake-specific fuel consumption.
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Zhang, Zhiqing, Jie Tian, Jiangtao Li, Hongchen Ji, Dongli Tan, Jianbin Luo, Yuxiu Jiang, Dayong Yang, and Shuwan Cui. "Effects of Different Mixture Ratios of Methanol-Diesel on the Performance Enhancement and Emission Reduction for a Diesel Engine." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081366.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To improve the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines, methanol-diesel fuels with different mixing ratios (DM0, DM10, DM20, DM30, and DM40) were used to investigate the effects of methanol addition on the combustion and emission of a four-stroke diesel engine in terms of cylinder pressure, brake power, brake-specific fuel consumption, and nitrogen oxides, soot, and carbon monoxide emissions. Firstly, an improved entire diesel engine model was developed using AVL-BOOST software and validated by the experimental results. The results showed that the increase of methanol content in the fuel mixture had a negative impact on the performance characteristic of the diesel engine, but significantly improved the emission characteristic of the diesel engine. With the methanol ratio in the mixed fuel increased to 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, the cylinder pressure of the engine increased by 0.89%, 1.48%, 2.29%, and 3.17%, respectively. However, the power decreased by 3.76%, 6.74%, 11.35%, and 15.45%, the torque decreased by 3.76%, 6.74%, 11.35%, and 15.45%, respectively, and the brake specific fuel consumption increased by 3.77%, 6.92%, 12.33%, and 17.61%, respectively. In addition, with the methanol ratio in the mixed fuel increased to 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, the carbon monoxide emission decreased by 21.32%, 39.04%, 49.81%, and 56.59% and the soot emission decreased by 0.25%, 8.69%, 16.81%, and 25.28%, respectively. Therefore, the addition of methanol to the fuel can improve the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine.
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Ibrahim, I. U., M. Idris, I. A. Hussain, M. U. Kaisan, I. Ajunwa, and A. Shitu. "Investigating the Effects of Pentanol and Biodiesel Blends on the Performance and Emission Characteristic of Compression Ignition Engine." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, no. 4 (March 11, 2021): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i4.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Emissions from use of fossil fuels have consistently posed significant threat to the environment and wellbeing of man. This has prompted several studies aimed at finding solution to the emissions and their effects. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of adding pentanol and biodiesel from Moringa Oleifera seed to pure diesel content of 70% by volume. pentanol and biodiesel make up the remaining 30 percent by volume and were also varied, with pentanol percentage being increased from 2 percent to 8 percent so as to carefully monitored the effects of adding pentanol while the Moringa oleifera biodiesel made up the balance for the 30%. These blends were labelled according to the percentage composition of biodiesel and pentanol (B28P2, B26P4, B24P6, B24P6, and B22P8). The physicochemical properties of all blends such as viscosity, density, pour point, acid value and iodine value determined. From the result of the engine performance and emission tests, B24P6 blend has been noted to have the best engine performance parameters, haven shown the best engine brake power of 19.787 kW, and with the highest engine brake thermal efficiency of 19.78%.While in term of engine emission, B22P8 blend, have the lowest Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission, with a value of 82.4994 ppm which is about 3% lower than that of pure diesel, while B26P4 have the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emission among all the samples tested with value of 6.1556 ppm which is about 58% lower than that of Petro diesel. However, blends appeared to have good brake mean effective pressure except for B22P8 which have the lowest BMEP, that’s about 2.8% lower than that of Petro diesels. Conclusively, the addition of Moringa oleifera biodiesel with pentanol improved the diesel quality, yielding good improvement in engine performance and emission.
Keywords: Diesel, biodiesel, pentanol, biofuel blends, Moringa oleifera seed, engine emissions
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Sendilvelan, S., and K. Bhaskar. "Reduction of Nitrous Oxide in Diesel Engine using Metal Salt Macro-Emulsion." Journal of Surface Science and Technology 32, no. 3-4 (April 5, 2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jsst/2016/7681.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper four new emulsions were prepared by mixing 0.5% tween 85 and 0.5% span 80 with diesel fuel using 10% aqueous metal salt solution with concentration of 0.4 mol/dm<sup>3</sup>. The performance and emission tests were carried out by using these fuels in single cylinder water cooled diesel engine. The results were compared with that of diesel and comparison graphs were plotted to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of using the new emulsions over diesel. This report analyze on the effect of new emulsion fuels combustion on brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbon emissions. The emulsions used for analysis achieved reasonable reductions in the NOx emission from diesel engines without requiring any retrofitting of the engines and also there was no notable increase in emission of other pollutants.
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Usman, Muhammad, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Naqvi, Muhammad Wajid Saleem, Jafar Hussain, Salman Raza Naqvi, Shahzaib Jahangir, Hafiz Muhammad Jazim Usama, Saad Idrees, and Anthony Anukam. "Use of Gasoline, LPG and LPG-HHO Blend in SI Engine: A Comparative Performance for Emission Control and Sustainable Environment." Processes 8, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rising global warming concerns and explosive degradation of the environment requires the mainstream utilization of alternative fuels, such as hydroxy gas (HHO) which presents itself as a viable substitute for extracting the benefits of hydrogen. Therefore, an experimental study of the performance and emission characteristics of alternative fuels in contrast to conventional gasoline was undertaken. For experimentation, a spark ignition engine was run on a multitude of fuels comprising of gasoline, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hybrid blend of HHO with LPG. The engine was operated at 60% open throttle with engine speed ranging from 1600 rpm to 3400 rpm. Simultaneously, the corresponding performance parameters including brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and brake thermal efficiency were investigated. Emission levels of CO, CO2, HC and NOx were quantified in the specified speed range. To check the suitability of the acquired experimental data, it was subjected to a Weibull distribution fit. Enhanced performance efficiency and reduced emissions were observed with the combustion of the hybrid mixture of LPG with HHO in comparison to LPG: on average, brake power increased by 7% while the brake specific fuel consumption reduced by 15%. On the other hand, emissions relative to LPG decreased by 21%, 9% and 21.8% in cases of CO, CO2, and unburned hydrocarbons respectively. Incorporating alternative fuels would not only imply reduced dependency on conventional fuels but would also contribute to their sustainability for future generations. Simultaneously, the decrease in harmful environmental pollutants would help to mitigate and combat the threats of climate change.
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Chen, Shaoji, Jie Tian, Jiangtao Li, Wangzhen Li, and Zhiqing Zhang. "Investigation of the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine with Different Diesel–Methanol Dual-Fuel Ratios." Processes 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111944.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, the effects of different diesel–methanol blends on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines are investigated in terms of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cylinder temperature, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal brake efficiency, brake power, and soot, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide emissions in a four-stroke diesel engine. The corresponding three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was established using the Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List (AVL)-Fire coupled Chemkin program, and the chemical kinetic mechanism, including 135 reactions and 77 species, was established. The simulation model was verified by the experiment at 50% and 100% loads, and the combustion processes of pure diesel (D100) and diesel–methanol (D90M10, D80M20, and D70M30) were investigated, respectively. The results showed that the increase in methanol content in the blended fuel significantly improved the emission and power characteristics of the diesel engine. More specifically, at full load, the cylinder pressures increased by 0.78%, 1.21%, and 1.41% when the proportions of methanol in the blended fuel were 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. In addition, the power decreased by 2.76%, 5.04%, and 8.08%, respectively. When the proportion of methanol in the blended fuel was 10%, 20%, and 30%, the soot emissions were decreased by 16.45%, 29.35%, and 43.05%, respectively. Therefore, methanol content in blended fuel improves the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine.
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Kumar, Santosh, and Subrata Kumar Ghosh. "Particle emission of organic brake pad material: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 5 (October 5, 2019): 1213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019879839.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wear of a brake pad emits airborne particles and is a major environmental issue. This review paper deals with the analysis of different brake pad composite materials and their wear phenomenon. The volume fraction and size distribution of non-asbestos organic airborne particles emitted from the brake pad material with time, load and speed have also been discussed under different braking conditions. The airborne particles are measured by different aerosol instruments. TSI P-Trak, GRIMM aerosol spectrometer and scanning mobility particle sizer were used by different researchers for measuring ultrafine particles, micron-sized particles and aerodynamic nanoparticles, respectively. This paper shows that the wear particles emitted from the brake pad material vary in diameter between 10 nm and 10 μm under various loads and sliding velocities. These airborne particles such as coarse fine (diameters > 1 μm), fine (diameters between 100 nm and 1 μm) and ultrafine (diameters < 100 nm) particles are responsible for health hazards to the human respiratory system. This study has accumulated the data of different ingredients of the brake pad with airborne particle emission from various studies, which may be helpful for the evolution of new composite materials in the near future.
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Li, Qiang, Mo Tong, Mian Jia, and Jie Yang. "Towards Low Carbon: A Lightweight Design of Automotive Brake Hub." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 15122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have become important considerations in today’s manufacturing industry. Vehicle lightweight design can reduce carbon emissions and it is an important means to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality. In this study, the lightweight design method of automotive brake hub towards low carbon and the calculation method of low-carbon benefit are presented. A brake hub is the core of a drum brake, working together with a friction plate and brake shoe to complete the braking process. The requirements for the safety performance of brake hub are becoming increasingly more stringent in order to improve the stability and safety of the braking process. The brake hub ZD02-151122A manufactured by Anhui Axle Co., Ltd.(Suzhou, China), was used as the research object. The lightweight optimization of the brake hub was designed under the lightweight drive to reduce the shape variables and stress values of the brake hub and to reduce the mass. The proposed optimization scheme changed the chamfering to 45 × 45 and increased the number of bolt holes to eight. Compared with the original brake hub, the maximum strain, maximum stress value, stress concentration coefficient, and mass were reduced by 15.38%, 17.66%, 1.50%, and 17.40%, respectively, which achieved the specified optimization goal of improving mechanical properties and reducing mass. Towards low carbon, the reduction in carbon emissions from the optimized brake hub manufacturer and the vehicle during operation was calculated. For Anhui Axle Co., Ltd., the carbon emission can be reduced by 4.21 × 106 kg per year. Moreover, vehicle exhaust emissions can be reduced by 8.76 × 108 kg if all trucks produced by a medium-sized vehicle assembly company are driven on the road until being scrapped. This study serves as a reference for design optimization and low-carbon benefit analysis of other major automotive components.
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Rajasekar, V., P. K. Pattnaik, and P. Sarkar. "Experimental investigations on the performance and emission characteristics of a biodiesel fuelled engine using nanoparticles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Experiment was conducted to identify the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel with Graphene Oxide (GO) nanoparticle as an additive. The performance and emission characteristics of Rice Bran oil biodiesel (B100) with addition of graphene nanoparticle was studied and compared with diesel values by using “Enginesoft” software. Experiment was conducted in four phases by using DI engine. The engine was tested with four types of fuels i.e., Diesel, Rice Bran Oil Biodiesel (B100), Rice Bran Oil with Graphene Nanoparticle 50ppm (B100G50), Rice Bran Oil with Graphene Nanoparticle 100ppm (B100G100). The emission characteristics of the experiment resulted in decrease in NOx emissions by 7.5 %, HC Hexane emission by around 15 % and increase of CO emissions by 2.3 %. After successful validation of numerical study of the emission characteristics of the experiment, the combustion characteristics using the same fuels were verified. In the numerical study of performance characteristics, it is found that, BSFC (Brake specific fuel combustion) increases by almost 56.32% and BTE (Brake thermal efficiency) decreased by 11.78 % when pure Biodiesel (B100) was used. The combustion characteristics showed an increase in increase in peak cylinder pressure with a decrease in ignition delay period when pure RBO biodiesel (B100) and its nanoparticle blends were used (B100G50 and B100G100).
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Pireh, Meysam Eshaghi, Mohammad Gholami Parashkoohi, and Davood Mohammad Zamani. "Evaluation of combustion characteristics performances and emissions of a diesel engine using diesel and biodiesel fuel blends containing graphene oxide nanoparticles." Open Agriculture 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 935–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this study, the performance and emissions of a compression combustion diesel engine were investigated. The net diesel and the blends of diesel with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel (5 and 20%) were considered as control fuel and were blended with graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) (30, 60, and 90 ppm) and were evaluated. The engine was operated at full load at 1,500 rpm and the brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) besides CO, CO2, and NO x emissions appraised in the two sections of engine performance and emission, respectively, were evaluated. According to the results in the D95B5G90 fuel blend, GONPs had a positive effect on BP. BTE also showed a significant improvement in D95B5G60. GONPs increase NO x and CO2 emissions and decrease CO emissions. Overall, it can be concluded that GONPs can be introduced as a suitable alternative additive for diesel and WCOs biodiesel fuel blends.
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KISHORRE, V. Annanth, A. KAREN, K. Abhishek VEDA, H. NIRANJAN, K. Anusha KRISHNA, N. GOBINATH, and M. FEROSKHAN. "Evaluating the effect of DEE blending ratio in biogas-biodiesel fuelled dual-fuel engine." INCAS BULLETIN 13, no. 3 (September 4, 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2021.13.3.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fossil fuels are depleting faster than being consumed. Fuels with higher efficiency, less consumability, and ecocity are very much desired for the present scenario. In this investigation, a conventional single-cylinder CI engine is utilized in dual-fuel mode, in which biogas is the primary fuel while biodiesel (palm oil) with different DEE blending ratios is used (5%, 10%, and 15%) as a secondary fuel. For each DEE blend, biogas flow rate and loads are varied and their effect on brake thermal efficiency, pilot fuel energy ratio, CO, NOx, and HC emissions are estimated. Exhaust gas emissions were calculated using an AVL 5-gas emission analyser. The calorific value and density of each sample are calculated. It is witnessed from the experiments that 5% DEE used with lower biogas flow rate resulted in high brake thermal efficiency of 31.83%. Also, an increase in DEE is found to increase NOx emission while an increase in biogas flow rate resulted in a reduction in NOx emission. The addition of biogas is experimentally observed to have the potential in reducing pilot fuel consumption.
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Arunprasad, S., Thangavel Balusamy, and S. Sivalakshmi. "Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Mixed Biodiesel Fueled CI Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.557.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this present paper, an attempt has been made to examine the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of mixed biodiesel (Thevetia peruviana, Neem, Jatropha, Pongamia). Experiments were conducted with various blends of mixed biodiesel in CI engine for different loads. The results show that lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific fuel consumption were obtained with mixed biodiesel blends when compared with diesel. Lower the value of CO and HC and higher the value of CO2 emissions were determined for mixed biodiesel blends compared to that of diesel. Also, higher in NOx and lower smoke opacity were found compared to diesel.
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Balaji, S., Natesan Kapilan, and H. V. Srikanth. "Performance and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions of Mahua ester blends with pyrogallol antioxidant in a single cylinder diesel engine." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 12A (April 28, 2022): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biodiesel has attracted research because of its environmental benefits and energy security. In this research, the suitability of using Mahua B20 biodiesel blend in a single cylinder diesel engine has been carried out. The performance characteristics such as brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and NO<sub>x</sub> exhaust emissions of B20 Mahua biodiesel with pyrogallol antioxidant by changing its concentration from 0 ppm to 750 ppm is examined and compared to regular diesel. The engine performance results reveals that minor improvements in brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency is observed with considerable reduction in NOx emission at an optimum 750 ppm antioxidant concentration in comparison with B20 Mahua blend without antioxidant. Thus, Mahua B20 blend with antioxidant can be used to run diesel engine without any modification.
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Dąbrowski, Tomasz, Dariusz Kurczyński, Piotr Łagowski, and Michał Warianek. "The influence of the brake pad surface machining and finishing on its friction performance- examined by inertia brake dynamometr testing." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes the influence of brake pads surface machining and finishing on their friction characteristics. It shows the methods of machining and finishing of the brake pads surface and their influence on noise emission and performance. It shows the brake dynamometer test results obtained on three brake pads which have three different types of surface modification and their detailed analysis and comparison.