Статті в журналах: "Brain lipids"

1

Dawson, Glyn. "Measuring brain lipids." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1851, no. 8 (August 2015): 1026–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.007.

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2

Su, Miya, Arvind K. Subbaraj, Karl Fraser, Xiaoyan Qi, Hongxin Jia, Wenliang Chen, Mariza Gomes Reis, et al. "Lipidomics of Brain Tissues in Rats Fed Human Milk from Chinese Mothers or Commercial Infant Formula." Metabolites 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9110253.

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Holistic benefits of human milk to infants, particularly brain development and cognitive behavior, have stipulated that infant formula be tailored in composition like human milk. However, the composition of human milk, especially lipids, and their effects on brain development is complex and not fully elucidated. We evaluated brain lipidome profiles in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula using non-targeted UHPLC-MS techniques. We also compared the lipid composition of human milk and infant formula using conventional GC-FID and HPLC-ELSD techniques. The sphingomyelin class of lipids was significantly higher in brains of rats fed human milk. Lipid species mainly comprising saturated or mono-unsaturated C18 fatty acids contributed significantly higher percentages to their respective classes in human milk compared to infant formula fed samples. In contrast, PUFAs contributed significantly higher percentages in brains of formula fed samples. Differences between human milk and formula lipids included minor fatty acids such as C8:0 and C12:0, which were higher in formula, and C16:1 and C18:1 n11, which were higher in human milk. Formula also contained higher levels of low- to medium-carbon triacylglycerols, whereas human milk had higher levels of high-carbon triacylglycerols. All phospholipid classes, and ceramides, were higher in formula. We show that brain lipid composition differs in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula, but dietary lipid compositions do not necessarily manifest in the brain lipidome.

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3

Li, Amy, Kelly M. Hines, Dylan H. Ross, James W. MacDonald, and Libin Xu. "Temporal changes in the brain lipidome during neurodevelopment of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome mice." Analyst 147, no. 8 (2022): 1611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2an00137c.

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Lipidomics revealed relative temporal changes in lipid abundances in mouse brains during embryonic development and differentially expressed brain lipids between wild-type and Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome mice.

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4

Kao, Yu-Chia, Pei-Chuan Ho, Yuan-Kun Tu, I.-Ming Jou, and Kuen-Jer Tsai. "Lipids and Alzheimer’s Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 22, 2020): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041505.

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Lipids, as the basic component of cell membranes, play an important role in human health as well as brain function. The brain is highly enriched in lipids, and disruption of lipid homeostasis is related to neurologic disorders as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aging is associated with changes in lipid composition. Alterations of fatty acids at the level of lipid rafts and cerebral lipid peroxidation were found in the early stage of AD. Genetic and environmental factors such as apolipoprotein and lipid transporter carrying status and dietary lipid content are associated with AD. Insight into the connection between lipids and AD is crucial to unraveling the metabolic aspects of this puzzling disease. Recent advances in lipid analytical methodology have led us to gain an in-depth understanding on lipids. As a result, lipidomics have becoming a hot topic of investigation in AD, in order to find biomarkers for disease prediction, diagnosis, and prevention, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel therapeutics.

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5

Wang, Xuewei, Hai Bui, Prashanthi Vemuri, Jonathan Graff-Radford, Clifford R. Jack Jr, Ronald C. Petersen, and Michelle M. Mielke. "Lipidomic Network of Mild Cognitive Impairment from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 81, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201347.

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Background: Lipid alterations contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Lipidomics studies could help systematically characterize such alterations and identify potential biomarkers. Objective: To identify lipids associated with mild cognitive impairment and amyloid-β deposition, and to examine lipid correlation patterns within phenotype groups Methods: Eighty plasma lipids were measured using mass spectrometry for 1,255 non-demented participants enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Individual lipids associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were first identified. Correlation network analysis was then performed to identify lipid species with stable correlations across conditions. Finally, differential correlation network analysis was used to determine lipids with altered correlations between phenotype groups, specifically cognitively unimpaired versus MCI, and with elevated brain amyloid versus without. Results: Seven lipids were associated with MCI after adjustment for age, sex, and APOE4. Lipid correlation network analysis revealed that lipids from a few species correlated well with each other, demonstrated by subnetworks of these lipids. 177 lipid pairs differently correlated between cognitively unimpaired and MCI patients, whereas 337 pairs of lipids exhibited altered correlation between patients with and without elevated brain amyloid. In particular, 51 lipid pairs showed correlation alterations by both cognitive status and brain amyloid. Interestingly, the lipids central to the network of these 51 lipid pairs were not significantly associated with either MCI or amyloid, suggesting network-based approaches could provide biological insights complementary to traditional association analyses. Conclusion: Our attempt to characterize the alterations of lipids at network-level provides additional insights beyond individual lipids, as shown by differential correlations in our study.

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6

Akyol, Sumeyya, Zafer Ugur, Ali Yilmaz, Ilyas Ustun, Santosh Kapil Kumar Gorti, Kyungjoon Oh, Bernadette McGuinness, et al. "Lipid Profiling of Alzheimer’s Disease Brain Highlights Enrichment in Glycerol(phospho)lipid, and Sphingolipid Metabolism." Cells 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10102591.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is reported to be closely linked with abnormal lipid metabolism. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of what causes AD and its subsequent development, we profiled the lipidome of postmortem (PM) human brains (neocortex) of people with a range of AD pathology (Braak 0–6). Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we employed a semi-targeted, fully quantitative lipidomics profiling method (Lipidyzer) to compare the biochemical profiles of brain tissues from persons with mild AD (n = 15) and severe AD (AD; n = 16), and compared them with age-matched, cognitively normal controls (n = 16). Univariate analysis revealed that the concentrations of 420 lipid metabolites significantly (p < 0.05; q < 0.05) differed between AD and controls. A total of 49 lipid metabolites differed between mild AD and controls, and 439 differed between severe AD and mild AD. Interestingly, 13 different subclasses of lipids were significantly perturbed, including neutral lipids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids. Diacylglycerol (DAG) (14:0/14:0), triacylglycerol (TAG) (58:10/FA20:5), and TAG (48:4/FA18:3) were the most notably altered lipids when AD and control brains were compared (p < 0.05). When we compare mild AD and control brains, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (p-18:0/18:1), phosphatidylserine (PS) (18:1/18:2), and PS (14:0/22:6) differed the most (p < 0.05). PE (p-18:0/18:1), DAG (14:0/14:0), and PS (18:1/20:4) were identified as the most significantly perturbed lipids when AD and mild AD brains were compared (p < 0.05). Our analysis provides the most extensive lipid profiling yet undertaken in AD brain tissue and reveals the cumulative perturbation of several lipid pathways with progressive disease pathology. Lipidomics has considerable potential for studying AD etiology and identifying early diagnostic biomarkers.

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7

Fonteh, Alfred N., Robert J. Harrington, Andreas F. Huhmer, Roger G. Biringer, James N. Riggins, and Michael G. Harrington. "Identification of Disease Markers in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Lipidomic and Proteomic Methods." Disease Markers 22, no. 1-2 (2006): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/202938.

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Lipids comprise the bulk of the dry mass of the brain. In addition to providing structural integrity to membranes, insulation to cells and acting as a source of energy, lipids can be rapidly converted to mediators of inflammation or to signaling molecules that control molecular and cellular events in the brain. The advent of soft ionization procedures such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) have made it possible for compositional studies of the diverse lipid structures that are present in brain. These include phospholipids, ceramides, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, cholesterol and their oxidized derivatives. Lipid analyses have delineated metabolic defects in disease conditions including mental retardation, Parkinson's Disease (PD), schizophrenia, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), depression, brain development, and ischemic stroke. In this review, we examine the structure of the major lipid classes in the brain, describe methods used for their characterization, and evaluate their role in neurological diseases. The potential utility of characterizing lipid markers in the brain, with specific emphasis on disease mechanisms, will be discussed. Additionally, we describe several proteomic strategies for characterizing lipid-metabolizing proteins in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These proteins may be potential therapeutic targets since they transport lipids required for neuronal growth or convert lipids into molecules that control brain physiology. Combining lipidomics and proteomics will enhance existing knowledge of disease pathology and increase the likelihood of discovering specific markers and biochemical mechanisms of brain diseases.

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8

Schipper, Lidewij, Gertjan van Dijk, and Eline M. van der Beek. "Milk lipid composition and structure; The relevance for infant brain development." OCL 27 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020001.

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The neurocognitive development of infants can be positively associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Differences in dietary lipid quality between human milk and infant milk formula may contribute to this effect. In this review, we describe some of the known differences between human milk and infant milk formula in lipid quality, including fatty acid composition, complex lipids in the milk fat globule membrane as well as the physical properties of lipids and lipid globules. We describe some of the underlying mechanism by which these aspects of lipid quality are thought to modulate infant brain development such as differences in the supply and/or the bioavailability of lipids, lipid bound components and peripheral organ derived neurodevelopmental signals to the infant brain after ingestion and on longer term.

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9

ANDO, Susumu. "Aging Brain and Lipids." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 41, no. 9 (1992): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1956.41.757.

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10

Guesnet, Philippe. "Lipids & Brain II." Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 18, no. 5 (September 2011): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0393.

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11

Delplanque, Bernadette. "Lipids & Brain II." Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 18, no. 4 (July 2011): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0404.

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12

Saito, Kosuke, Kotaro Hattori, Shinsuke Hidese, Daimei Sasayama, Tomoko Miyakawa, Ryo Matsumura, Megumi Tatsumi, et al. "Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Lipids and Their Relationship with Plasma Lipids in Healthy Humans." Metabolites 11, no. 5 (April 24, 2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11050268.

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Lipidomics provides an overview of lipid profiles in biological systems. Although blood is commonly used for lipid profiling, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is more suitable for exploring lipid homeostasis in brain diseases. However, whether an individual’s background affects the CSF lipid profile remains unclear, and the association between CSF and plasma lipid profiles in heathy individuals has not yet been defined. Herein, lipidomics approaches were employed to analyze CSF and plasma samples obtained from 114 healthy Japanese subjects. Results showed that the global lipid profiles differed significantly between CSF and plasma, with only 13 of 114 lipids found to be significantly correlated between the two matrices. Additionally, the CSF total protein content was the primary factor associated with CSF lipids. In the CSF, the levels of major lipids, namely, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, and cholesterolesters, correlated with CSF total protein levels. These findings indicate that CSF lipidomics can be applied to explore changes in lipid homeostasis in patients with brain diseases.

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13

Rol, N. V., S. I. Tsekhmistrenko, A. G. Vovkogon, V. M. Polishchuk, S. A. Polishchuk, N. V. Ponomarenko, and M. M. Fedorchenko. "PEROXIDATION PROCESSES IN THE RABBIT ORGANISM DURING POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS." Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva, no. 1(156) (May 25, 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2020-157-1-63-68.

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One of the pressing problems of modern biochemistry is the problem of adaptation of animal organism to the environment and the formation of an adaptive reaction to the negative impact of production stress factors. Among such adaptive mechanisms for rabbits in the conditions of intensive rabbit meat management is the development of oxidative stress, which causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the body and the development of reactive oxygen pathology. An important role in the mechanism of adaptation of the body belongs to lipids, because they are a structural component of cell membranes and act as energy and signal systems in cells. Peroxide oxidation of lipids is a compensatory reaction that ensures the functioning of the organism for changes in the environment. The content of total lipids and peroxide oxidation products of lipids, as well as the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant defense system in rabbits from birth to 90 days of age was investigated. It has been established that the content of total lipids in brain tissues increases throughout the period of postnatal ontogenesis due to the peculiarities of the functional and metabolic activity of brain cells. The content of common lipids is closely related to the processes of lipid peroxide oxidation and the activity of enzymes of antioxidant defense. The growth in concentration of peroxide oxidation products is accompanied by a decrease in the content of total lipids in the rabbit tissues. Reduced content of TBARSproducts in rabbit brain tissue from birth to 90-day age was noted. A moderate (r = 0.66) correlation between the content of lipid conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides, as well as the strong correlation (r = -0.77) between the contents of lipid conjugated dienes and TBARS-products has been established. In the heart of rabbits a reversible moderate (r = -0.62) correlation between the content of lipid conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides has been revealed. Key words: rabbits, development, lipid peroxidation, brain, heart, longest muscle of the back.

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14

Zheng, Lu, Mathilde Fleith, Francesca Giuffrida, Barry V. O'Neill, and Nora Schneider. "Dietary Polar Lipids and Cognitive Development: A Narrative Review." Advances in Nutrition 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 1163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz051.

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ABSTRACTPolar lipids are amphiphilic lipids with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Polar lipids mainly include phospholipids and sphingolipids. They are structural components of neural tissues, with the peak rate of accretion overlapping with neurodevelopmental milestones. The critical role of polar lipids in cognitive development is thought to be mediated through the regulation of signal transduction, myelination, and synaptic plasticity. Animal products (egg, meat, and dairy) are the major dietary sources of polar lipids for children and adults, whereas human milk and infant formula provide polar lipids to infants. Due to the differences observed in both concentration and proportion of polar lipids in human milk, the estimated daily intake in infants encompasses a wide range. In addition, health authorities define neither intake recommendations nor guidelines for polar lipid intake. However, adequate intake is defined for 2 nutrients that are elements of these polar lipids, namely choline and DHA. To date, limited studies exist on the brain bioavailability of dietary polar lipids via either placental transfer or the blood–brain barrier. Nevertheless, due to their role in pre- and postnatal development of the brain, there is a growing interest for the use of gangliosides, which are sphingolipids, as a dietary supplement for pregnant/lactating mothers or infants. In line with this, supplementing gangliosides and phospholipids in wild-type animals and healthy infants does suggest some positive effects on cognitive performance. Whether there is indeed added benefit of supplementing polar lipids in pregnant/lactating mothers or infants requires more clinical research. In this article, we report findings of a review of the state-of-the-art evidence on polar lipid supplementation and cognitive development. Dietary sources, recommended intake, and brain bioavailability of polar lipids are also discussed.

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15

Stuart, Jordyn M., Jason J. Paris, Cheryl Frye, and Heather B. Bradshaw. "Brain Levels of Prostaglandins, Endocannabinoids, and Related Lipids Are Affected by Mating Strategies." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/436252.

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Background. Endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) are involved in the development and regulation of reproductive behaviors. Likewise, prostaglandins (PGs) drive sexual differentiation and initiation of ovulation. Here, we use lipidomics strategies to test the hypotheses that mating immediately activates the biosynthesis and/or metabolism of eCBs and PGs and that specific mating strategies differentially regulate these lipids in the brain.Methods. Lipid extractions and tandem mass spectrometric analysis were performed on brains from proestrous rats that had experienced one of two mating strategies (paced or standard mating) and two nonmated groups (chamber exposed and home cage controls). Levels of PGs (PGE2 and PGF2alpha), eCBs (AEA and 2-AG,N-arachidonoyl glycine), and 4 related lipids (4N-acylethanolamides) were measured in olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, midbrain, cerebellum, and brainstem.Results. Overall, levels of these lipids were significantly lower among paced compared to standard mated rats with the most dramatic decreases observed in brainstem, hippocampus, midbrain, and striatum. However, chamber exposed rats had significantly higher levels of these lipids compared to home cage controls and paced mated wherein the hippocampus showed the largest increases.Conclusions. These data demonstrate that mating strategies and exposure to mating arenas influence lipid signaling in the brain.

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16

SAKAYORI, Nobuyuki, and Noriko OSUMI. "Lipids for Healthy Brain Development." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 21, no. 4 (2016): 4_59–4_62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.21.4_59.

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17

Chong, L. D. "NEUROSCIENCE: Lipids on the Brain." Science 300, no. 5624 (May 30, 2003): 1343b—1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.300.5624.1343b.

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18

Cockburn, F. "Neonatal brain and dietary lipids." Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): F1—F2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fn.70.1.f1.

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19

Al-Kenany, Nuha Auwaed Mashaly, Abdul Wahab R. Hamad, Walid W. H. Al-Rawi, and Raad K. Muslih. "Primary Brain Tumours and Lipids." Journal of Al-Nahrain University Science 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/jnus.8.1.10.

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20

Detre, John A. "Electroconvulsive therapy and brain lipids." Annals of Neurology 30, no. 3 (September 1991): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410300319.

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21

Salvati, S., L. Attorri, C. Avellino, A. Di Biase, and M. Sanchez. "Diet, Lipids and Brain Development." Developmental Neuroscience 22, no. 5-6 (2000): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000017479.

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22

Ghebremeskel, Keb, Martin Leighfield, Margaret Ashwell, T. A. B. Sanders, and Sheela Reddy. "Infant brain lipids and diet." Lancet 340, no. 8827 (October 1992): 1093–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)93109-z.

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23

Grassi, Sara, Paola Giussani, Laura Mauri, Simona Prioni, Sandro Sonnino, and Alessandro Prinetti. "Lipid rafts and neurodegeneration: structural and functional roles in physiologic aging and neurodegenerative diseases." Journal of Lipid Research 61, no. 5 (December 23, 2019): 636–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.tr119000427.

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Lipid rafts are small, dynamic membrane areas characterized by the clustering of selected membrane lipids as the result of the spontaneous separation of glycolipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol in a liquid-ordered phase. The exact dynamics underlying phase separation of membrane lipids in the complex biological membranes are still not fully understood. Nevertheless, alterations in the membrane lipid composition affect the lateral organization of molecules belonging to lipid rafts. Neural lipid rafts are found in brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and are characterized by a high enrichment of specific lipids depending on the cell type. These lipid rafts seem to organize and determine the function of multiprotein complexes involved in several aspects of signal transduction, thus regulating the homeostasis of the brain. The progressive decline of brain performance along with physiological aging is at least in part associated with alterations in the composition and structure of neural lipid rafts. In addition, neurodegenerative conditions, such as lysosomal storage disorders, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases, are frequently characterized by dysregulated lipid metabolism, which in turn affects the structure of lipid rafts. Several events underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases appear to depend on the altered composition of lipid rafts. Thus, the structure and function of lipid rafts play a central role in the pathogenesis of many common neurodegenerative diseases.

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24

Anyaegbu, Chidozie C., Harrison Szemray, Sarah C. Hellewell, Nathan G. Lawler, Kerry Leggett, Carole Bartlett, Brittney Lins, et al. "Plasma Lipid Profiles Change with Increasing Numbers of Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries in Rats." Metabolites 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12040322.

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Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) causes structural, cellular and biochemical alterations which are difficult to detect in the brain and may persist chronically following single or repeated injury. Lipids are abundant in the brain and readily cross the blood-brain barrier, suggesting that lipidomic analysis of blood samples may provide valuable insight into the neuropathological state. This study used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to examine plasma lipid concentrations at 11 days following sham (no injury), one (1×) or two (2×) mTBI in rats. Eighteen lipid species were identified that distinguished between sham, 1× and 2× mTBI. Three distinct patterns were found: (1) lipids that were altered significantly in concentration after either 1× or 2× F mTBI: cholesterol ester CE (14:0) (increased), phosphoserine PS (14:0/18:2) and hexosylceramide HCER (d18:0/26:0) (decreased), phosphoinositol PI(16:0/18:2) (increased with 1×, decreased with 2× mTBI); (2) lipids that were altered in response to 1× mTBI only: free fatty acid FFA (18:3 and 20:3) (increased); (3) lipids that were altered in response to 2× mTBI only: HCER (22:0), phosphoethanolamine PE (P-18:1/20:4 and P-18:0/20:1) (increased), lysophosphatidylethanolamine LPE (20:1), phosphocholine PC (20:0/22:4), PI (18:1/18:2 and 20:0/18:2) (decreased). These findings suggest that increasing numbers of mTBI induce a range of changes dependent upon the lipid species, which likely reflect a balance of damage and reparative responses.

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Tkachev, A. I., M. S. Osetrova, D. N. Smirnov, O. I. Efimova, and E. E. Khrameev. "Application of Mass Spectrometry Methods to the Analysis of Lipid Composition of the Human Brain." Biotekhnologiya 37, no. 5 (2021): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2021-37-5-80-87.

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Abstract-Lipids make up more than half of the dry matter of the human brain and play a key role in its functioning. However, the lipid composition of the brain anatomical structures remains poorly understood. The first such studies were carried out more than 50 years ago, but since then, a small number of works have been published describing the concentration of lipids in only a few areas of the human brain. A fundamentally new step towards understanding the molecular organization of the brain and identifying the molecular basis of human cognitive abilities should be a detailed large-scale study of the brain lipidome. However, there is no description in the literature of methods optimized for studying the lipid composition of the human brain. In this work, we develop and present methods for lipid extraction and mass spectrometry analysis, which ensure simultaneous detection of the maximum amount of different lipid classes and individual substances in the human brain, as well as the approaches to bioinformatics analysis of the obtained data. Their use makes it possible to create a comprehensive picture of the molecular organization of the human brain, which has no analogues in the world in terms of its completeness. Key words: lipidome, brain, mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, bioinformatics The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 20-34-70077.

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Peng, Congnan, Qian Zhang, Jian-an Liu, Zhen-peng Wang, Zhen-wen Zhao, Ning Kang, Yuxin Chen, and Qing Huo. "Study on titanium dioxide nanoparticles as MALDI MS matrix for the determination of lipids in the brain." Green Processing and Synthesis 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 700–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2021-0056.

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Abstract The structures of lipids are diverse, and thus, lipids show various biological functions. Systematic determination of lipids in organisms has always been a concern. In this paper, a methodology on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS), with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) as the matrix, was studied for lipid determination. The results showed that the following conditions were preferable in the determination of small-molecule lipids (such as hypoxanthine, guanosine, uridine, and cytidine), lipid standards (such as GC, GM, TG, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and ceramide), and mixed lipids (extracted from brain homogenate with methanol alone and with the B&D method): TiO2 NPs as the matrix, absolute ethanol as the solvent, 1 mg of TiO2 NPs dispersed in 1 mL of absolute ethanol as the matrix solution, NaCl as the ionization reagent, and positive mass spectrometry (MS) as the mode. Modified TiO2 NP as a new matrix for MALDI MS will be a future research direction; in addition, the characteristics of TiO2 NPs make it a potential matrix for imaging MS.

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27

Sakayori, Nobuyuki, Ryuichi Kimura, and Noriko Osumi. "Impact of Lipid Nutrition on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells." Stem Cells International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/973508.

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The neural system originates from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Embryonic NSPCs first proliferate to increase their numbers and then produce neurons and glial cells that compose the complex neural circuits in the brain. New neurons are continually produced even after birth from adult NSPCs in the inner wall of the lateral ventricle and in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These adult-born neurons are involved in various brain functions, including olfaction-related functions, learning and memory, pattern separation, and mood control. NSPCs are regulated by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Diet is one of such important extrinsic factors. Of dietary nutrients, lipids are important because they constitute the cell membrane, are a source of energy, and function as signaling molecules. Metabolites of some lipids can be strong lipid mediators that also regulate various biological activities. Recent findings have revealed that lipids are important regulators of both embryonic and adult NSPCs. We and other groups have shown that lipid signals including fat, fatty acids, their metabolites and intracellular carriers, cholesterol, and vitamins affect proliferation and differentiation of embryonic and adult NSPCs. A better understanding of the NSPCs regulation by lipids may provide important insight into the neural development and brain function.

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28

Torres, Nimbe, Claudia J. Bautista, Armando R. Tovar, Guillermo Ordáz, Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz, Victor Ortiz, Omar Granados, Peter W. Nathanielsz, Fernando Larrea, and Elena Zambrano. "Protein restriction during pregnancy affects maternal liver lipid metabolism and fetal brain lipid composition in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298, no. 2 (February 2010): E270—E277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00437.2009.

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Suboptimal developmental environments program offspring to lifelong metabolic problems. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of protein restriction in pregnancy on maternal liver lipid metabolism at 19 days of gestation (dG) and its effect on fetal brain development. Control (C) and restricted (R) mothers were fed with isocaloric diets containing 20 and 10% of casein. At 19 dG, maternal blood and livers and fetal livers and brains were collected. Serum insulin and leptin levels were determinate in mothers. Maternal and fetal liver lipid and fetal brain lipid quantification were performed. Maternal liver and fetal brain fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography. In mothers, liver desaturase and elongase mRNAs were measured by RT-PCR. Maternal body and liver weights were similar in both groups. However, fat body composition, including liver lipids, was lower in R mothers. A higher fasting insulin at 19 dG in the R group was observed (C = 0.2 ± 0.04 vs. R = 0.9 ± 0.16 ng/ml, P < 0.01) and was inversely related to early growth retardation. Serum leptin in R mothers was significantly higher than that observed in C rats (C = 5 ± 0.1 vs. R = 7 ± 0.7 ng/ml, P < 0.05). In addition, protein restriction significantly reduced gene expression in maternal liver of desaturases and elongases and the concentration of arachidonic (AA) and docosahexanoic (DHA) acids. In fetus from R mothers, a low body weight (C = 3 ± 0.3 vs. R = 2 ± 0.1 g, P < 0.05), as well as liver and brain lipids, including the content of DHA in the brain, was reduced. This study showed that protein restriction during pregnancy may negatively impact normal fetal brain development by changes in maternal lipid metabolism.

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ROUHI, MAUREEN. "New sleep-inducing brain lipids identified." Chemical & Engineering News 73, no. 24 (June 12, 1995): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v073n024.p007.

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Amarenco, Pierre, Julien Labreuche, Alexis Elbaz, Pierre-Jean Touboul, Fathi Driss, Assia Jaillard, and Éric Bruckert. "Blood Lipids in Brain Infarction Subtypes." Cerebrovascular Diseases 22, no. 2-3 (2006): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000093237.

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Hussain, Ghulam, Haseeb Anwar, Azhar Rasul, Ali Imran, Muhammad Qasim, Shamaila Zafar, Muhammad Imran, et al. "Lipids as biomarkers of brain disorders." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60, no. 3 (January 7, 2019): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1529653.

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32

Wellington, Cheryl L., and Ruth Frikke-Schmidt. "Relation between plasma and brain lipids." Current Opinion in Lipidology 27, no. 3 (June 2016): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mol.0000000000000291.

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Kolter, Thomas, and Konrad Sandhoff. "New Brain Lipids that Induce Sleep." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34, no. 21 (November 17, 1995): 2363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199523631.

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Beisiegel, Ulrike, and Arthur A. Spector. "Lipids and lipoproteins in the brain." Current Opinion in Lipidology 12, no. 3 (June 2001): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200106000-00001.

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Veloso, Antonio, Roberto Fernández, Egoitz Astigarraga, Gabriel Barreda-Gómez, Iván Manuel, M. Teresa Giralt, Isidro Ferrer, Begoña Ochoa, Rafael Rodríguez-Puertas, and José A. Fernández. "Distribution of lipids in human brain." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 401, no. 1 (March 26, 2011): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4882-x.

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Karpova, O. B., E. E. Kruglova, and M. V. Levitina. "Brain lipids in the temporal epilepsy." Neurochemistry International 21 (January 1992): B8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(92)91972-y.

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Custers, E. M. Emma, Kiliaan, and J. Amanda. "Dietary lipids from body to brain." Progress in Lipid Research 85 (January 2022): 101144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101144.

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Kloska, Anna, Marcelina Malinowska, Magdalena Gabig-Cimińska, and Joanna Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka. "Lipids and Lipid Mediators Associated with the Risk and Pathology of Ischemic Stroke." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 3618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103618.

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Stroke is a severe neurological disorder in humans that results from an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Worldwide, stoke affects over 100 million people each year and is the second largest contributor to disability. Dyslipidemia is a modifiable risk factor for stroke that is associated with an increased risk of the disease. Traditional and non-traditional lipid measures are proposed as biomarkers for the better detection of subclinical disease. In the central nervous system, lipids and lipid mediators are essential to sustain the normal brain tissue structure and function. Pathways leading to post-stroke brain deterioration include the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A variety of lipid mediators are generated from fatty acids and these molecules may have either neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects on the post-stroke brain tissue; therefore, they largely contribute to the outcome and recovery from stroke. In this review, we provide an overview of serum lipids associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. We also discuss the role of lipid mediators, with particular emphasis on eicosanoids, in the pathology of ischemic stroke. Finally, we summarize the latest research on potential targets in lipid metabolic pathways for ischemic stroke treatment and on the development of new stroke risk biomarkers for use in clinical practice.

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Pirro, V., P. O. Favaron, C. R. Ferreira, L. S. Eberlin, R. S. Barreto, R. G. Cooks, and M. A. Miglino. "61 UNVEILING THE ROLE OF LIPIDS IN ORGANOGESIS: MOLECULAR ANATOMY BY DESORPTION ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY IMAGING MASS SPECTROMETRY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab61.

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Even though the role of lipids in pandemic diseases such as obesity and diabetes is a focus of increasing research, the role of lipids during organogenesis, when diverse diseases may be triggered, is unexplored. Also, pig embryonic tissues represent an attractive option for organ transplantation. This study introduces a detailed morphological analysis of swine fetal tissues with matching location of lipids acquired by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging for the study of differential distribution of free fatty acids (FFA) and phospholipids (PL) in specific organs during fetal development. Samples from a pig fetuses around Day 50 of pregnancy were sectioned at a cryotome and mounted onto glass slides. Fixative agents were not used. DESI-MS images were run with a step size of 300 µm using a morphologically friendly (non-destructive) solvent combination, namely dimethylformamide/acetonitrile 1 : 1 (v/v). Data were acquired in the negative ion mode in the m/z range of 150 to 1000 from different sections representing the whole swine fetus body. Ion images were constructed using BioMAP software. After imaging, the whole-body tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and were overlaid to the DESI-MS lipid images. Differential distribution of FFA, phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylserines (PS), sulphatides (ST), and phosphatidylinositols (PI) was observed among organs, especially on nervous and circulatory systems, and digestive glands. Most lipids concentrated in the brain, spinal cord, and digestive glands such as the liver. For example, arachidonic acid was most abundant in neuronal tissue, whereas docosahexaenoic acid predominated in the liver and digestive glands. Distribution of PS (36 : 1) of m/z 788 was observed in all tissues except for the digestive system, but PS (40 : 6) of m/z 834.7 was exclusive of brain and spinal cord. Lipids related to brain and spinal cord were mostly polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as specific PS lipids. Arachidonic and eicosatrienoic acids are more concentrated in hindbrain and spinal cord, whereas PS was more abundant in the brain than in the spinal cord. There is no information on PS chemical composition during brain and spinal cord development, but PS concentration in the nervous tissue membranes varies with age, brain areas, cell type, and subcellular components. Several reports indicate that alteration in PS synthesis might participate in the mechanism of brain damage. Also, PS has been found to be altered in brain tumours. Oleic acid, fatty acid dimers, and the signalling lipid PI (38 : 3) were most significant for the digestive system and liver. Liver is one of the main organs involved in fatty acid metabolism (besides adipose tissue and muscle). By overlying morphological and molecular information, lipids seem to be a major player in the organogenesis process.

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Fraser, Karl, Leigh Ryan, Ryan N. Dilger, Kelly Dunstan, Kelly Armstrong, Jason Peters, Hedley Stirrat, et al. "Impacts of Formula Supplemented with Milk Fat Globule Membrane on the Neurolipidome of Brain Regions of Piglets." Metabolites 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12080689.

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The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) appears to play an important role in infant neurocognitive development; however, its mechanism(s) of action remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of a dietary MFGM supplement on the lipid profiles of different neonatal brain regions. Ten-day-old male piglets (4–5 kg) were fed unsupplemented infant formula (control, n = 7) or an infant formula supplemented with low (4%) or high (8%) levels of MFGM (n = 8 each) daily for 21 days. Piglets were then euthanized, and brain tissues were sectioned. Untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry lipidomics was performed on the cerebellum, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and the rest of the brain. The analyses identified 271 and 171 lipids using positive and negative ionization modes, respectively, spanning 16 different lipid classes. MFGM consumption did not significantly alter the lipidome in most brain regions, regardless of dose, compared to the control infant formula. However, 16 triacylglyceride species were increased in the hippocampus (t-test, p-value < 0.05) of the high-supplemented piglets. Most lipids (262 (96.7%) and 160 (93.6%), respectively) differed significantly between different brain regions (ANOVA, false discovery rate corrected p-value < 0.05) independent of diet. Thus, this study highlighted that dietary MFGM altered lipid abundance in the hippocampus and detected large differences in lipid profiles between neonatal piglet brain regions.

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Sanchez-Molina, Paula, Martin Kreuzer, Núria Benseny-Cases, Tony Valente, Beatriz Almolda, Berta González, Bernardo Castellano, and Alex Perálvarez-Marín. "From Mouse to Human: Comparative Analysis between Grey and White Matter by Synchrotron-Fourier Transformed Infrared Microspectroscopy." Biomolecules 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10081099.

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Fourier Transform Infrared microspectroscopy (μFTIR) is a very useful method to analyze the biochemical properties of biological samples in situ. Many diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) have been studied using this method, to elucidate alterations in lipid oxidation or protein aggregation, among others. In this work, we describe in detail the characteristics between grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) areas of the human brain by μFTIR, and we compare them with the mouse brain (strain C57BL/6), the most used animal model in neurological disorders. Our results show a clear different infrared profile between brain areas in the lipid region of both species. After applying a second derivative in the data, we established a 1.5 threshold value for the lipid/protein ratio to discriminate between GM and WM areas in non-pathological conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated intrinsic differences of lipids and proteins by cerebral area. Lipids from GM present higher C=CH, C=O and CH3 functional groups compared to WM in humans and mice. Regarding proteins, GM present lower Amide II amounts and higher intramolecular β-sheet structure amounts with respect to WM in both species. However, the presence of intermolecular β-sheet structures, which is related to β-aggregation, was only observed in the GM of some human individuals. The present study defines the relevant biochemical properties of non-pathological human and mouse brains by μFTIR as a benchmark for future studies involving CNS pathological samples.

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42

Fernandez, Regina F., Sora Q. Kim, Yingwei Zhao, Rachel M. Foguth, Marcus M. Weera, Jessica L. Counihan, Daniel K. Nomura, Julia A. Chester, Jason R. Cannon, and Jessica M. Ellis. "Acyl-CoA synthetase 6 enriches the neuroprotective omega-3 fatty acid DHA in the brain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 49 (November 6, 2018): 12525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807958115.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is highly abundant in the brain and confers protection against numerous neurological diseases, yet the fundamental mechanisms regulating the enrichment of DHA in the brain remain unknown. Here, we have discovered that a member of the long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase family, Acsl6, is required for the enrichment of DHA in the brain by generating an Acsl6-deficient mouse (Acsl6−/−). Acsl6 is highly enriched in the brain and lipid profiling of Acsl6−/− tissues reveals consistent reductions in DHA-containing lipids in tissues highly abundant with Acsl6. Acsl6−/− mice demonstrate motor impairments, altered glutamate metabolism, and increased astrogliosis and microglia activation. In response to a neuroinflammatory lipopolysaccharide injection, Acsl6−/− brains show similar increases in molecular and pathological indices of astrogliosis compared with controls. These data demonstrate that Acsl6 is a key mediator of neuroprotective DHA enrichment in the brain.

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43

Jain, Mohit, Soeun Ngoy, Sunil A. Sheth, Raymond A. Swanson, Eugene P. Rhee, Ronglih Liao, Clary B. Clish, Vamsi K. Mootha, and Roland Nilsson. "A systematic survey of lipids across mouse tissues." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 306, no. 8 (April 15, 2014): E854—E868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00371.2013.

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Lipids are a diverse collection of macromolecules essential for normal physiology, but the tissue distribution and function for many individual lipid species remain unclear. Here, we report a mass spectrometry survey of lipid abundance across 18 mouse tissues, detecting ∼1,000 mass spectrometry features, of which we identify 179 lipids from the glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, lysophospholipids, acylcarnitines, sphingolipids, and cholesteryl ester classes. Our data reveal tissue-specific organization of lipids and can be used to generate testable hypotheses. For example, our data indicate that circulating triglycerides positively and negatively associated with future diabetes in humans are enriched in mouse adipose tissue and liver, respectively, raising hypotheses regarding the tissue origins of these diabetes-associated lipids. We also integrate our tissue lipid data with gene expression profiles to predict a number of substrates of lipid-metabolizing enzymes, highlighting choline phosphotransferases and sterol O-acyltransferases. Finally, we identify several tissue-specific lipids not present in plasma under normal conditions that may be of interest as biomarkers of tissue injury, and we show that two of these lipids are released into blood following ischemic brain injury in mice. This resource complements existing compendia of tissue gene expression and may be useful for integrative physiology and lipid biology.

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44

Fil, Joanne E., Sangyun Joung, Jonas Hauser, Andreas Rytz, Courtney A. Hayes, and Ryan N. Dilger. "Influence of Dietary Polar Lipid Supplementation on Memory and Longitudinal Brain Development." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082486.

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Polar lipids, which are found in human milk, serve essential functions within biological membranes, hence their importance in brain development and cognition. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the longitudinal effects on brain macrostructural and microstructural development and recognition memory of early-life polar lipid supplementation using the translational pig model. Twenty-eight intact (i.e., not castrated) male pigs were provided either a control diet (n = 14) or the control diet supplemented with polar lipids (n = 14) from postnatal day 2 until postnatal week 4. After postnatal week 4, all animals were provided the same nutritionally-adequate diets until postnatal week 24. Pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 8 longitudinal time-points to model brain macrostructural and microstructural developmental trajectories. The novel object recognition task was implemented at postnatal weeks 4 and 8 to evaluate recognition memory. Subtle differences were observed between groups in hippocampal absolute brain volumes and fractional anisotropy, and no differences in myelin water fraction developmental patterns were noted. Behavioral outcomes did not differ in recognition memory, and only minimal differences were observed in exploratory behaviors. Our findings suggest that early-life dietary supplementation of polar lipids has limited effect on brain developmental patterns, object recognition memory, and exploratory behaviors.

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45

Haywood, Samuel C., Adam J. Bree, Erwin C. Puente, Dorit Daphna-Iken, and Simon J. Fisher. "Central but not systemic lipid infusion augments the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 297, no. 1 (July 2009): E50—E56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90673.2008.

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This study tests the hypothesis that lipids could act as an alternative fuel source in the brain during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to hyperinsulinemic (5 mU·kg−1·min−1) hypoglycemic (∼50 mg/dl) clamps. In protocol 1, intralipid (IL), a fat emulsion, was infused intravenously to prevent the fall in free fatty acid levels that occurs in response to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Intravenous lipid infusion did not alter the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. To test whether IL could have central effects in mediating the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, in protocol 2 the brains of precannulated rats were intracerebroventricularly (icv) infused with IL or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) as control. Unexpectedly, the epinephrine and glucagon response to hypoglycemia was significantly augmented with icv IL infusion. To determine whether central IL infusion could restore defective counterregulation, in protocol 3 rats were made recurrently hypoglycemic (RH) for 3 days and on the 4th day underwent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamps with icv IL or aCSF infusion. RH rats had the expected impaired epinephrine response to hypoglycemia, and icv IL infusion again significantly augmented the epinephrine response in RH rats to normal. With regard to our experimental model of hypoglycemic counterregulation, we conclude that 1) systemic lipid infusion did not alter the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, 2) the icv infusion of lipids markedly increased CSF FFA levels and paradoxically augmented the epinephrine and glucagon responses, and 3) the blunted sympathoadrenal response in recurrently hypoglycemic rats was completely normalized with the icv lipid infusion. It is concluded that, in the setting of insulin-induced hypoglycemia, increased brain lipids can enhance the sympathoadrenal response.

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46

Joshi, Alaumy, Minhaj Shaikh, Shubham Singh, Abinaya Rajendran, Amol Mhetre, and Siddhesh S. Kamat. "Biochemical characterization of the PHARC-associated serine hydrolase ABHD12 reveals its preference for very-long-chain lipids." Journal of Biological Chemistry 293, no. 44 (September 20, 2018): 16953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.005640.

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Polyneuropathy, hearing loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataract (PHARC) is a rare genetic human neurological disorder caused by null mutations to the Abhd12 gene, which encodes the integral membrane serine hydrolase enzyme ABHD12. Although the role that ABHD12 plays in PHARC is understood, the thorough biochemical characterization of ABHD12 is lacking. Here, we report the facile synthesis of mono-1-(fatty)acyl-glycerol lipids of varying chain lengths and unsaturation and use this lipid substrate library to biochemically characterize recombinant mammalian ABHD12. The substrate profiling study for ABHD12 suggested that this enzyme requires glycosylation for optimal activity and that it has a strong preference for very-long-chain lipid substrates. We further validated this substrate profile against brain membrane lysates generated from WT and ABHD12 knockout mice. Finally, using cellular organelle fractionation and immunofluorescence assays, we show that mammalian ABHD12 is enriched on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, where most of the very-long-chain fatty acids are biosynthesized in cells. Taken together, our findings provide a biochemical explanation for why very-long-chain lipids (such as lysophosphatidylserine lipids) accumulate in the brains of ABHD12 knockout mice, which is a murine model of PHARC.

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Roy, Debasish, and Andrea Tedeschi. "The Role of Lipids, Lipid Metabolism and Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Axon Growth, Regeneration and Repair after CNS Injury and Disease." Cells 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051078.

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Axons in the adult mammalian nervous system can extend over formidable distances, up to one meter or more in humans. During development, axonal and dendritic growth requires continuous addition of new membrane. Of the three major kinds of membrane lipids, phospholipids are the most abundant in all cell membranes, including neurons. Not only immature axons, but also severed axons in the adult require large amounts of lipids for axon regeneration to occur. Lipids also serve as energy storage, signaling molecules and they contribute to tissue physiology, as demonstrated by a variety of metabolic disorders in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in various tissues through the body. Detrimental changes in lipid metabolism and excess accumulation of lipids contribute to a lack of axon regeneration, poor neurological outcome and complications after a variety of central nervous system (CNS) trauma including brain and spinal cord injury. Recent evidence indicates that rewiring lipid metabolism can be manipulated for therapeutic gain, as it favors conditions for axon regeneration and CNS repair. Here, we review the role of lipids, lipid metabolism and ectopic lipid accumulation in axon growth, regeneration and CNS repair. In addition, we outline molecular and pharmacological strategies to fine-tune lipid composition and energy metabolism in neurons and non-neuronal cells that can be exploited to improve neurological recovery after CNS trauma and disease.

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48

Hossain, Md Shamim, and Toshihiko Katafuchi. "Roles of Brain Lipids in Glial Activation." Advances in Neuroimmune Biology 6, no. 2 (November 25, 2016): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nib-160120.

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49

Svennerholm, L., K. Boström, C. G. Helander, and B. Jungbjer. "Membrane Lipids in the Aging Human Brain." Journal of Neurochemistry 56, no. 6 (June 1991): 2051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03466.x.

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50

Domańska-Janik, K., Z. Dąbrowiecki, W. Gordon-Majszak, and J. Strosznajder. "Rabbit brain lipids during short-term hyperthermia." Neurochemical Pathology 4, no. 3 (June 1986): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02834355.

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